03 02
03 02
03 02
𝑎) 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 15
= 𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 + 5𝑥 − 15
= 𝑥(𝑥 − 3) + 5(𝑥 − 3)
= (𝑥 − 3)(𝑥 + 5)
When 𝑓(𝑥) = 0
(𝑥 − 3)(𝑥 + 5) = 0
When 𝑥 = 0
When 𝑦 = 0,
𝑥 + 10
=0
𝑥−5
𝑥 + 10 = 0
𝑥 = −10
Therefore, the x intercept is -10
When 𝑥 = 0,
10
𝑦= = −2
−5
Therefore, the y intercept is -2
Question 2:
𝑥 2 −3𝑥+2 (𝑥−1)(𝑥−2)
a) 𝑦 = =
𝑥−4 𝑥−4
As the function is a polynomial, there is no restrictions on it. The function is defined for all values of x.
Domain: (−∞, ∞)
c) 𝑓(𝑥) = √2𝑥 − 10
The restriction is 2𝑥 − 10 > 0 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 > 5 as we cannot take the square root of a negative term.
Domain: [5, ∞)
Question 3:
1
a) 𝑓(𝑥) = (𝑥 3 +𝑥5 )2
1
𝑓(−𝑥) =
{(−𝑥)3
+ (−𝑥)5 }2
1 1 1
= 3 5 2
= 3 5 2
= 3 = 𝑓(𝑥)
{−𝑥 − 𝑥 } {−(𝑥 + 𝑥 )} (𝑥 + 𝑥 5 )2
So, it is an even function
b) 𝑦 = 𝑥 5 + 𝑥 3 + 7
Plugging in -x instead of x,
𝑦 = (−𝑥)5 + (−𝑥)3 + 7 = −𝑥 5 − 𝑥 3 + 7
Thus the function is neither even nor odd
3
c) 𝑓(𝑥) =
𝑥+𝑥 3
3 3 3
𝑓(−𝑥) = 3
= 3
= −( ) = −𝑓(𝑥)
−𝑥 + (−𝑥) −𝑥 − 𝑥 𝑥 + 𝑥3
Therefore, it is an odd function
Question 4:
𝑥 3 +5𝑥−7 𝑥 3 +5𝑥−7 𝑥 3 +5𝑥−7
a) 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 −3𝑥−28 = 𝑥 2 +4𝑥−7𝑥−28 = (𝑥−7)(𝑥+4)
Therefore, the function has vertical asymptotes at x=7, and x=-4
𝑥 5 +4𝑥 3 −4𝑥+6
b) 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 +2𝑥2 −5𝑥−6
Factorizing the denominator we get,
𝑥 3 + 2𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 − 6
= 𝑥 2 (𝑥 + 1) + 𝑥(𝑥 + 1) − 6(𝑥 + 1)
= (𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 2 + 𝑥 − 6)
= (𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 3𝑥 − 6)
= (𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 + 3)
Therefore,
𝑥 5 + 4𝑥 3 − 4𝑥 + 6
𝑓(𝑥) =
(𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 + 3)
So, the function has vertical asymptotes at x=-1,2,-3
Question 5:
𝑥 3 +2𝑥 2 −6 6
a) 𝑦 = 𝑥2
= 𝑥 + 2 − 𝑥2
When 𝑥 → ±∞, 𝑦 → ±∞
Therefore, there is no horizontal asymptote
1 3 1 7
𝑥 4 +3𝑥 3 +𝑥 2 −7 + 2+ 3− 5
b) 𝑦 = 𝑥 5 −3𝑥 3 +8
=𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
3
𝑥
8
1− 2 + 5
𝑥 𝑥
When 𝑥 → ±∞, 𝑦 → 0
Therefore, there is a horizontal asymptote at y=0
2𝑥 2 2
c) 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 +3𝑥−4 = 3 4
1+ − 2
𝑥 𝑥
When 𝑥 → ±∞, 𝑦 → 2
Therefore, there is a horizontal asymptote at y=2
Question 6:
a) 𝑓(𝑥) = 4𝑥 2 + 12𝑥 − 7
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 8𝑥 + 12
When 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 0,
8𝑥 + 12 = 0
3
𝑥=−
2
3
The critical value is at 𝑥 = − 2
3
When 𝑥 < − , 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) < 0
2
3
When 𝑥 > − 2 , 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) >0
Therefore,
3 3
𝑓(𝑥) 𝑖𝑠 𝑑𝑒𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑎𝑙 (−∞, − ) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑖𝑡 𝑖𝑠 𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑎𝑙 (− , ∞)
2 2
𝑓 ′′ (𝑥) = 8
3
Therefore 𝑓(𝑥) has a minimum at 𝑥 = − 2
3 3 2 3
𝑓 (− ) = 4 (− ) + 12 (− ) − 7 = −16
2 2 2
b) 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 − 9𝑥 2 + 24𝑥 − 10
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 3𝑥 2 − 18𝑥 + 24
When 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 0,
3𝑥 2 − 18𝑥 + 24 = 0
𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 + 8 = 0
(𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 − 4) = 0
Therefore the critical points are 𝑥 = 2,4
When 𝑥 < 2, 𝑓(𝑥) > 0
When 2 < 𝑥 < 4, 𝑓(𝑥) < 0
When 𝑥 > 4, 𝑓(𝑥) > 0
Therefore, increasing interval : (−∞, 2) ∪ (4, ∞)
Decreasing interval: (2,4)
𝑓 ′′ (𝑥) = 6𝑥 − 18
At 𝑥 = 2,
𝑓 ′′ (2) = 6 ∗ 2 − 18 = −6
𝑓(2) = 23 − 9 ∗ 22 + 24 ∗ 2 − 10 = 10
Therefore there is a maximum at (2,10)
At 𝑥 = 4,
𝑓 ′′ (4) = 6 ∗ 4 − 18 = 4
𝑓(4) = 43 − 9 ∗ 42 + 24 ∗ 4 − 10 = 6
Therefore there is a minimum at (4,6)
𝑥2 𝑥2
c) 𝑓(𝑥) = =
𝑥 2 +2𝑥−15 (𝑥−3)(𝑥+5)
2𝑥(𝑥 + 2𝑥 − 15) − 𝑥 2 (2𝑥 + 2)
2
2𝑥(𝑥 − 15)
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = = 2
(𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 15)2 (𝑥 + 2𝑥 − 15)2
When 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 0,
2𝑥(𝑥 − 15)
=0
(𝑥 + 2𝑥 − 15)2
2
𝑥 = 0, 15
15
𝑓(0) = 0, 𝑓(15) =
16
15
Therefore, the critical values occur at (0,0) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 (15, 16)
The maximum point is (0,0) and the minimum point is (15, 15/16)
Question 7:
a) 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 4 − 2𝑥 3 + 𝑥 − 2
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 4𝑥 3 − 6𝑥 2 + 1
𝑓 ′′ (𝑥) = 12𝑥 2 − 12𝑥
When 𝑓 ′′ (𝑥) = 0,
12𝑥 2 − 12𝑥 = 0
𝑥(𝑥 − 1) = 0
𝑓(0) = 04 − 2 ∗ 03 + 0 − 2 = −2
𝑓(1) = 14 − 2 ∗ 13 + 1 − 2 = −2
Therefore, the inflection points are at (0,-2) and (1,-2)
When 𝑓 ′′ (𝑥) > 0
𝑥(𝑥 − 1) > 0
Therefore, 𝑥 > 1 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 < 0
When 𝑓 ′′ (𝑥) < 0
𝑥(𝑥 − 1) < 0
Therefore, 0 < 𝑥 < 1
So, 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑖𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑎𝑣𝑒 𝑢𝑝 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑎𝑙 (−∞, 0) ∪
(1, ∞) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑖𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑎𝑣𝑒 𝑑𝑜𝑤𝑛 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑎𝑙 (0,1)
𝑥2 𝑥2
b) 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 −4 = (𝑥−2)(𝑥+2)
2𝑥(𝑥 2 − 4) − 𝑥 2 (2𝑥) 2𝑥 2𝑥 3 −8𝑥
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 2 2
= 2
− 2 2
= 2
(𝑥 − 4) (𝑥 − 4) (𝑥 − 4) (𝑥 − 4)2
2
32𝑥 8
𝑓 ′′ (𝑥) = 2 −
(𝑥 − 4)3 (𝑥 2 − 4)2
2
8(3𝑥 + 4)
=
(𝑥 2 − 4)3
When 𝑓 ′′ (𝑥) = 0,
8(3𝑥 2 +4)
(𝑥 2 −4)3
=0
3𝑥 2 + 4 = 0
4
𝑥2 = − 3
4
𝑥 = √− 3
Therefore, 𝑓′′(𝑥) has no real roots, i.e, there are no inflection points.
𝑥2 − 4 = 0
(𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 + 2) = 0
𝑥 = 2, −2
Therefore, vertical asymptotes occur at 𝑥 = 2, −2
Question 8:
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 4 − 8𝑥 2 + 5
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 4𝑥 3 − 16𝑥
When 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 0,
4𝑥 3 − 16𝑥 = 0
𝑥 3 − 4𝑥 = 0
𝑥(𝑥 2 − 4) = 0
𝑥(𝑥 + 2)(𝑥 − 2) = 0
Therefore the critical points are 𝑥 = −2,0,2
𝑓 ′′ (𝑥) = 12𝑥 2 − 16
When 𝑥 = −2,
𝑓 ′′ (−2) = 12 ∗ (−2)2 − 16 = 32
Therefore, there is a minimum at 𝑥 = −2
When 𝑥 = 0,
𝑓 ′′ (0) = 12 ∗ 02 − 16 = −16
Therefore there is a maximum at 𝑥 = 0
When 𝑥 = 2,
𝑓 ′′ (2) = 12 ∗ 22 − 16 = 32
Therefore there is a minimum at 𝑥 = 2
𝑓(0) = 04 − 8 ∗ 02 + 5 = 5
𝑓(2) = 24 − 8 ∗ 22 + 5 = −11
Question 9:
a) If a function changes from a decreasing interval to an increasing one, it can be said that a local
minimum of the function exists there.
b) There is a vertical asymptote at x=0
Question 10:
𝑦 = 𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 21
At 𝑥 = 2,
𝑦 = 22 − 4 ∗ 2 + 21 = 17
Therefore, the point of the local minimum is (2,17)
Question 11:
When finding one-sided limits 0+ implies approaching 0 from the right side of the number line, i.e,
taking values slightly greater than 0
Question 12:
Question 13:
1) 𝑓(𝑐) 𝑖𝑠 𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑
2) lim 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑒𝑥𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑠
𝑥→𝑐
3) lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑐)
𝑥→𝑐
Question 14:
a) 𝑦 = 𝑥 3 + 𝑥 2 − 20𝑥
Domain: The function is not rational or radical, meaning there are no restrictions on the domain.
𝐷 = (𝑥 ∈ 𝑅)
Intercepts:
X intercepts:
When 𝑦 = 0,
𝑥 3 + 𝑥 2 − 20𝑥 = 0
𝑥(𝑥 2 − 𝑥 − 20) = 0
𝑥(𝑥 − 4)(𝑥 + 5) = 0
𝑥 = 0, 4, −5
𝑥 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑝𝑡𝑠 = (0,0), (4,0), (− 5,0)
Y intercepts:
When 𝑥 = 0,
𝑦=0
𝑦 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑝𝑡𝑠 = (0,0)
Symmetry:
𝑓(−𝑥) = −𝑥 3 + 𝑥 2 + 20𝑥
−𝑓(𝑥) = −𝑥 3 − 𝑥 2 + 20𝑥
Therefore, the function is not symmetrical
Asymptotes:
No asymptotes since there are no restrictions on the domain, and the function is not rational.
Intervals of increase or decrease:
When 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 0,
3𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 20 = 0
−2 ± √((−2)2 − 4(3)(−20) −1 ± √61
𝑥= =
2(3) 3
𝑥 = 2.27, −2.94
Intervals 3𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 20 Increasing or Decreasing
𝑥 < −2.94 + Increasing
−2.94 < 𝑥 < 2.27 - Decreasing
𝑥 > 2.27 + Increasing
Thus, 𝑓(𝑥) is increasing when 2. 𝑥 < -2. 94 and 𝑥 > 2.27, but decreasing when -2.94<𝑥 < 2. 27
Maximum and minimum points:
𝑓 ′′ (𝑥) = 6𝑥 ∓ 2
𝑓 ′′ (2.27) = 15.62
𝑓 ′′ (−2.94) = −15.64
Therefore, the minimum point is (2.27, 𝑓(2.27)) = (2.27, −28.55)
The maximum point is (−2.94, 𝑓(−2.94)) = (−2.94, 42.03)
Intervals of concavity:
When 𝑓 ′′ (𝑥) = 0,
6𝑥 + 2 = 0
6𝑥 = −2
2
𝑥=−
6
1
𝑥=−
3
Intervals 6𝑥 + 2 Concavity
1 - Concave Down
𝑥<−
3
1 + Concave Up
𝑥>−
3
1
Therefore, the function concaves down in the interval 𝑥 < − and concaves up in the interval
3
1
𝑥 > −3
Point of Inflection:
1 1 1
There is an inflection point at (− , 𝑓 (− )) = (− , 6.74)
3 3 3
1+𝑥 2
b) 𝑦 = 1−𝑥 2
Domain:
The denominator cannot be zero,
1 − 𝑥2 = 0
(1 − 𝑥)(1 + 𝑥) = 0
𝑥 = 1, −1
Therefore,
𝐷 = (𝑥 ∈ 𝑅|𝑥 ≠ 1, −1)
Intercepts:
X intercepts:
When 𝑦 = 0,
1 + 𝑥2
=0
1 − 𝑥2
2
1+𝑥 =0
𝑥 2 = −1
Since there are no real roots, the function has no y intercepts
Y intercepts:
When 𝑥 = 0,
1 + 02
𝑦= =1
1 − 02
Therefore, there is an y intercept at (0,1)
Symmetry:
1 + (−𝑥)2 1 + 𝑥 2
𝑓(−𝑥) = = = 𝑓(𝑥)
1 − (−𝑥)2 1 − 𝑥 2
1 + 𝑥2
−𝑓(𝑥) = −
1 − 𝑥2
Therefore, the function is even, i.e, symmetrical about the y-axis.
Asymptotes:
Vertical asymptotes:
The denominator becomes 0 at 𝑥 = 1, −1
So, vertical asymptotes occur at 𝑥 = 1, −1
Horizontal asymptotes:
1
1 + 𝑥2 +1 0+1
lim 𝑦 = lim = lim 𝑥2 = = −1
𝑥→∞ 𝑥→∞ 1 − 𝑥 2 𝑥→∞ 1 0−1
− 1
𝑥2
Therefore, a horizontal asymptote occurs at 𝑦 = −1
𝑥 < −1 - Decreasing
−1 < 𝑥 < 0 - Decreasing
0<𝑥<1 + Increasing
𝑥>1 + Increasing
Therefore, the function is decreasing in the interval 𝑥 < 0 and it is increasing in the interval
𝑥>0
Intervals of Concavity:
When 𝑓 ′′ (𝑥) = 0,
(1 − 𝑥 2 )2 ∗ 4 − 4𝑥(2(1 − 𝑥 2 )(−2𝑥))
=0
(1 − 𝑥 2 )4
4(3𝑥 2 + 1)
=0
(1 − 𝑥 2 )4
3𝑥 2 + 1 = 0
1
𝑥2 = −
3
As 𝑓′′(𝑥) does not have any real roots, there are no inflection points