The document discusses different branches of geology including physical geology, stratigraphy geology, economic geology, and engineering geology. It also covers various geological processes like weathering, erosion, deposition, and different types of plate boundaries.
The document discusses different branches of geology including physical geology, stratigraphy geology, economic geology, and engineering geology. It also covers various geological processes like weathering, erosion, deposition, and different types of plate boundaries.
The document discusses different branches of geology including physical geology, stratigraphy geology, economic geology, and engineering geology. It also covers various geological processes like weathering, erosion, deposition, and different types of plate boundaries.
The document discusses different branches of geology including physical geology, stratigraphy geology, economic geology, and engineering geology. It also covers various geological processes like weathering, erosion, deposition, and different types of plate boundaries.
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Physical Geology: also known as Allied Branches of Geology:
dynamic geology and Engineering, mining,
geomorphology geochemistry, geohydrology.
Stratigraphy Geology: Geochemistry: deals with
concerned with the climatic and occurrence, distribution, etc. of geological changes like tectonic different elements in earth’s events. crust.
Economic Geology: groupings Weathering: defined as the
of mineral as general rock process of decay etc of rocks forming minerals and economic Disintegration: breaking up minerals rocks by MECHANICAL Main Branches of Geology: AGENCIES OF PHYSICAL Physical, Economic, Mineralogy, AGENTS. Petrology, Structural, Decomposition: breaking up of Stratigraphy. rocks by CHEMICAL Engineering Geology: deals AGENCIES OR ACTION OF with the application of geological PHYSICAL AGENTS. knowledge in CE. Denudation: term used to Geophysics: study of physical describe the wearing a way of properties like density and earth by CHEMICAL and magnetism of earth MECHANICAL actions of physical agents. Process of weathering depends Deflation: process of removing on the following: Nature of loose sand and dust sized particle Rock, Length of time, and from an area. climate Abrasion: when wind is loaded Physical: type of weathering with particle of considerable characterized by physical erosive power that erode rock breakdown of rock masses. surface.
Chemical: type of weathering Transportation by wind: it is
characterized by chemical when sediment is carried by decomposition of rock masses. wind.
Thermal Effects: state the Three: The earth consists of how
changes in temperature has many concentric zones. considerable effect on rocks. Nebular Hypothesis: one of the Air: movement of atmosphere most popular investigations on parallel to earth’s surface. the development of solar system.
Air current: movement of Core: which of the following
atmosphere vertical to earth’s concentric zone of earth is made surface of iron.
Deflation and Abrasion: Wind Upper mantle: concentric zone
erosion is caused by which two of earth is made of rocks. erosion processes. Lithosphere consists of: oceanic Sediment: bits of rock, sand, and crust, continental crust, and silt caused by the weathering of upper mantle. rocks.
Three group of rocks: igneous, Erosion: process of moving
sedimentary, and metamorphic sediments from location to rocks. another.
Three type of plate boundaries: Correct order of the process:
divergent, convergent, and weathering, erosion, deposition. transform. Exfoliation: when a rock Tectonic forces: plate expands causing it to break into boundaries occur by forces flat sheets known as. Ground water: strong erosional 5 main physical properties of force, as it works to dissolve minerals: colour, streak, lustre, away solid rock hardness, cleavage, and crystal Subsidence: occurs when loose, form. water saturated sediment begins to compact causing the ground surface to collapse.
Deposition by water: when
Weathering: process of breaking water moves through a river it up earth’s surface into sediment sometimes drops sediment to the bottom of the stream. Deposition by wind: sediments network of water-filled blown away by wind eventually underground caverns are deposited
Glacier: enormous mass of ice
moving over land Earthquakes: shaking or Abrasion: scraping of a rock trembling caused by the sudden surface by friction between rocks release of energy, usually and moving particles during their associated with faulting or transport by wind, glacier, breaking rocks. waves, gravity, and running Fault or fault plane: surface water where the earthquake slip. Deposition: process in which Seismology: study of earthquake sediment is laid down and the waves they create. Dissolution: rocks and minerals Seismologist: scientist who study dissolved by acidic waters and measure earthquakes to learn Sediment: fine or small rock more about them and to use them particles for geological discovery Fast subsidence: occurs when Seismograms: recordings of the naturally acidic water begins to ground shaking at the specific dissolve limestone rock to form a location of the seismograph Seismographs: recording Isoseismal: imaginary line instrument used to record the joining the points of same motion of the ground during an intensity of the earthquake. earthquake Coseismal: imaginary line which Seismometer: internal part of the joins the points at which the seismograph, which may be a earthquake waves have arrived at pendulum or a mass mounted on the earth’s surface at the same a spring. time
Focus, origin, centre, or Seismic waves: form of
hypocentre: place of origin of transmitted energy released from the earthquake in the interion of the focus at the time of the the earth. earthquake.
Epicentre: place on earth which Magnitude: proportional to the
lies directly above the centre of energy released by an earthquake the earthquake at the focus
Anticenter: point in the earth’s Intensity: strength of an
surface diametrically opposite to earthquake as perceived and felt the epicentre. by people in a certain locality.
Seismic vertical: imaginary line Shallow earthquake:
which joins the centre and the earthquakes with a focus depth of epicentre less than 50 km Intermediate earthquakes: earthquakes with a focus depth of more than 50 km but less than 250 km
Deep earthquakes: earthquakes
with a focus of more than 250 km.
Tectonic earthquakes: exclusively due to internal causes like disturbance or adjustments of geological formations
Non-tectonic earthquakes: due
to external or surficial causes like volcanic eruption, sudden landslide, and man-made explosion.