Geology Reviewer PDF

Download as docx, pdf, or txt
Download as docx, pdf, or txt
You are on page 1of 6

Physical Geology: also known as Allied Branches of Geology:

dynamic geology and Engineering, mining,


geomorphology geochemistry, geohydrology.

Stratigraphy Geology: Geochemistry: deals with


concerned with the climatic and occurrence, distribution, etc. of
geological changes like tectonic different elements in earth’s
events. crust.

Economic Geology: groupings Weathering: defined as the


of mineral as general rock process of decay etc of rocks
forming minerals and economic Disintegration: breaking up
minerals rocks by MECHANICAL
Main Branches of Geology: AGENCIES OF PHYSICAL
Physical, Economic, Mineralogy, AGENTS.
Petrology, Structural, Decomposition: breaking up of
Stratigraphy. rocks by CHEMICAL
Engineering Geology: deals AGENCIES OR ACTION OF
with the application of geological PHYSICAL AGENTS.
knowledge in CE. Denudation: term used to
Geophysics: study of physical describe the wearing a way of
properties like density and earth by CHEMICAL and
magnetism of earth MECHANICAL actions of
physical agents.
Process of weathering depends Deflation: process of removing
on the following: Nature of loose sand and dust sized particle
Rock, Length of time, and from an area.
climate Abrasion: when wind is loaded
Physical: type of weathering with particle of considerable
characterized by physical erosive power that erode rock
breakdown of rock masses. surface.

Chemical: type of weathering Transportation by wind: it is


characterized by chemical when sediment is carried by
decomposition of rock masses. wind.

Thermal Effects: state the Three: The earth consists of how


changes in temperature has many concentric zones.
considerable effect on rocks. Nebular Hypothesis: one of the
Air: movement of atmosphere most popular investigations on
parallel to earth’s surface. the development of solar system.

Air current: movement of Core: which of the following


atmosphere vertical to earth’s concentric zone of earth is made
surface of iron.

Deflation and Abrasion: Wind Upper mantle: concentric zone


erosion is caused by which two of earth is made of rocks.
erosion processes.
Lithosphere consists of: oceanic Sediment: bits of rock, sand, and
crust, continental crust, and silt caused by the weathering of
upper mantle. rocks.

Three group of rocks: igneous, Erosion: process of moving


sedimentary, and metamorphic sediments from location to
rocks. another.

Three type of plate boundaries: Correct order of the process:


divergent, convergent, and weathering, erosion, deposition.
transform. Exfoliation: when a rock
Tectonic forces: plate expands causing it to break into
boundaries occur by forces flat sheets
known as. Ground water: strong erosional
5 main physical properties of force, as it works to dissolve
minerals: colour, streak, lustre, away solid rock
hardness, cleavage, and crystal Subsidence: occurs when loose,
form. water saturated sediment begins
to compact causing the ground
surface to collapse.

Deposition by water: when


Weathering: process of breaking
water moves through a river it
up earth’s surface into sediment
sometimes drops sediment to the
bottom of the stream.
Deposition by wind: sediments network of water-filled
blown away by wind eventually underground caverns
are deposited

Glacier: enormous mass of ice


moving over land
Earthquakes: shaking or
Abrasion: scraping of a rock
trembling caused by the sudden
surface by friction between rocks
release of energy, usually
and moving particles during their
associated with faulting or
transport by wind, glacier,
breaking rocks.
waves, gravity, and running
Fault or fault plane: surface
water
where the earthquake slip.
Deposition: process in which
Seismology: study of earthquake
sediment is laid down
and the waves they create.
Dissolution: rocks and minerals
Seismologist: scientist who study
dissolved by acidic waters
and measure earthquakes to learn
Sediment: fine or small rock
more about them and to use them
particles
for geological discovery
Fast subsidence: occurs when
Seismograms: recordings of the
naturally acidic water begins to
ground shaking at the specific
dissolve limestone rock to form a
location of the seismograph
Seismographs: recording Isoseismal: imaginary line
instrument used to record the joining the points of same
motion of the ground during an intensity of the earthquake.
earthquake Coseismal: imaginary line which
Seismometer: internal part of the joins the points at which the
seismograph, which may be a earthquake waves have arrived at
pendulum or a mass mounted on the earth’s surface at the same
a spring. time

Focus, origin, centre, or Seismic waves: form of


hypocentre: place of origin of transmitted energy released from
the earthquake in the interion of the focus at the time of the
the earth. earthquake.

Epicentre: place on earth which Magnitude: proportional to the


lies directly above the centre of energy released by an earthquake
the earthquake at the focus

Anticenter: point in the earth’s Intensity: strength of an


surface diametrically opposite to earthquake as perceived and felt
the epicentre. by people in a certain locality.

Seismic vertical: imaginary line Shallow earthquake:


which joins the centre and the earthquakes with a focus depth of
epicentre less than 50 km
Intermediate earthquakes:
earthquakes with a focus depth of
more than 50 km but less than
250 km

Deep earthquakes: earthquakes


with a focus of more than 250
km.

Tectonic earthquakes:
exclusively due to internal causes
like disturbance or adjustments
of geological formations

Non-tectonic earthquakes: due


to external or surficial causes like
volcanic eruption, sudden
landslide, and man-made
explosion.

You might also like