The document discusses various topics in geology including physical geology, stratigraphy, economic geology, weathering processes, plate tectonics, earthquakes, and seismology. It provides definitions and explanations of key terms related to these topics. The main topics covered are the branches of geology, the structure and composition of the Earth, the processes that shape the Earth's surface, plate tectonics, and earthquakes and seismic waves.
The document discusses various topics in geology including physical geology, stratigraphy, economic geology, weathering processes, plate tectonics, earthquakes, and seismology. It provides definitions and explanations of key terms related to these topics. The main topics covered are the branches of geology, the structure and composition of the Earth, the processes that shape the Earth's surface, plate tectonics, and earthquakes and seismic waves.
The document discusses various topics in geology including physical geology, stratigraphy, economic geology, weathering processes, plate tectonics, earthquakes, and seismology. It provides definitions and explanations of key terms related to these topics. The main topics covered are the branches of geology, the structure and composition of the Earth, the processes that shape the Earth's surface, plate tectonics, and earthquakes and seismic waves.
The document discusses various topics in geology including physical geology, stratigraphy, economic geology, weathering processes, plate tectonics, earthquakes, and seismology. It provides definitions and explanations of key terms related to these topics. The main topics covered are the branches of geology, the structure and composition of the Earth, the processes that shape the Earth's surface, plate tectonics, and earthquakes and seismic waves.
and geomorphology Allied Branches of Geology: Stratigraphy Geology: Engineering, mining, concerned with the climatic geochemistry, geohydrology. and geological changes like Geochemistry: deals with tectonic events. occurrence, distribution, etc. Economic Geology: of different elements in groupings of mineral as earth’s crust. general rock forming Weathering: defined as the minerals and economic process of decay etc of rocks minerals Disintegration: breaking up Main Branches of Geology: rocks by MECHANICAL Physical, Economic, AGENCIES OF PHYSICAL Mineralogy, Petrology, AGENTS. Structural, Stratigraphy. Decomposition: breaking up Engineering Geology: deals of rocks by CHEMICAL with the application of AGENCIES OR ACTION OF geological knowledge in CE. PHYSICAL AGENTS. Geophysics: study of Denudation: term used to physical properties like describe the wearing a way of earth by CHEMICAL and Air current: movement of MECHANICAL actions of atmosphere vertical to physical agents. earth’s surface
Process of weathering Deflation and Abrasion:
depends on the following: Wind erosion is caused by Nature of Rock, Length of which two erosion processes. time, and climate Deflation: process of Physical: type of weathering removing loose sand and characterized by physical dust sized particle from an breakdown of rock masses. area.
Chemical: type of Abrasion: when wind is
weathering characterized by loaded with particle of chemical decomposition of considerable erosive power rock masses. that erode rock surface.
Thermal Effects: state the Transportation by wind: it is
changes in temperature has when sediment is carried by considerable effect on rocks. wind.
Air: movement of Three: The earth consists of
atmosphere parallel to how many concentric zones. earth’s surface. Nebular Hypothesis: one of the most popular investigations on the 5 main physical properties of development of solar system. minerals: colour, streak, lustre, hardness, cleavage, Core: which of the following and crystal form. concentric zone of earth is made of iron.
Upper mantle: concentric
zone of earth is made of Weathering: process of rocks. breaking up earth’s surface Lithosphere consists of: into sediment oceanic crust, continental Sediment: bits of rock, sand, crust, and upper mantle. and silt caused by the Three group of rocks: weathering of rocks. igneous, sedimentary, and Erosion: process of moving metamorphic rocks. sediments from location to Three type of plate another. boundaries: divergent, Correct order of the process: convergent, and transform. weathering, erosion, Tectonic forces: plate deposition. boundaries occur by forces known as. Exfoliation: when a rock Abrasion: scraping of a rock expands causing it to break surface by friction between into flat sheets rocks and moving particles during their transport by Ground water: strong erosional force, as it works to wind, glacier, waves, gravity, and running water dissolve away solid rock Deposition: process in which Subsidence: occurs when loose, water saturated sediment is laid down
sediment begins to compact Dissolution: rocks and
causing the ground surface minerals dissolved by acidic to collapse. waters
Deposition by water: when Sediment: fine or small rock
water moves through a river particles it sometimes drops sediment Fast subsidence: occurs to the bottom of the stream. when naturally acidic water Deposition by wind: begins to dissolve limestone sediments blown away by rock to form a network of wind eventually are water-filled underground deposited caverns
Glacier: enormous mass of
ice moving over land Earthquakes: shaking or the motion of the ground trembling caused by the during an earthquake sudden release of energy, Seismometer: internal part usually associated with of the seismograph, which faulting or breaking rocks. may be a pendulum or a Fault or fault plane: surface mass mounted on a spring. where the earthquake slip. Focus, origin, centre, or Seismology: study of hypocentre: place of origin of earthquake and the waves the earthquake in the they create. interion of the earth.
Seismologist: scientist who Epicentre: place on earth
study and measure which lies directly above the earthquakes to learn more centre of the earthquake about them and to use them Anticenter: point in the for geological discovery earth’s surface diametrically Seismograms: recordings of opposite to the epicentre. the ground shaking at the Seismic vertical: imaginary specific location of the line which joins the centre seismograph and the epicentre Seismographs: recording instrument used to record Isoseismal: imaginary line Shallow earthquake: joining the points of same earthquakes with a focus intensity of the earthquake. depth of less than 50 km
Coseismal: imaginary line Intermediate earthquakes:
which joins the points at earthquakes with a focus which the earthquake waves depth of more than 50 km have arrived at the earth’s but less than 250 km surface at the same time Deep earthquakes: Seismic waves: form of earthquakes with a focus of transmitted energy released more than 250 km. from the focus at the time of Tectonic earthquakes: the earthquake. exclusively due to internal Magnitude: proportional to causes like disturbance or the energy released by an adjustments of geological earthquake at the focus formations
Intensity: strength of an Non-tectonic earthquakes:
earthquake as perceived and due to external or surficial felt by people in a certain causes like volcanic locality. eruption, sudden landslide, and man-made explosion.