Slides Lezione 7-2 Introduction To Uart Communication

INTRODUCTION TO UART COMMUNICATION
In UART communication, two UARTs communicate directly with each other. The transmitting UART
converts parallel data from a controlling device like a CPU into serial form, transmits it in serial to the
receiving UART, which then converts the serial data back into parallel data for the receiving device.
Only two wires are needed to transmit data between two UARTs. Data flows from the Tx pin of the
transmitting UART to the Rx pin of the receiving UART:
UARTs transmit data asynchronously, which means there is no clock signal to synchronize the
output of bits from the transmitting UART to the sampling of bits by the receiving UART. Instead of
a clock signal, the transmitting UART adds start and stop bits to the data packet being transferred.
These bits define the beginning and end of the data packet so the receiving UART knows when to
start reading the bits.
When the receiving UART detects a start bit, it starts to read the incoming bits at a
specific frequency known as the baud rate. Baud rate is a measure of the speed of data
transfer, expressed in bits per second (bps). Both UARTs must operate at about the same baud
rate. The baud rate between the transmitting and receiving UARTs can only differ by about 10%
before the timing of bits gets too far off.
Both UARTs must also must be configured to transmit and receive the same data packet structure.
HOW UART WORKS

The UART that is going to transmit data receives the data from a data bus. The data bus is used to
send data to the UART by another device like a CPU, memory, or microcontroller. Data is
transferred from the data bus to the transmitting UART in parallel form. After the transmitting UART
gets the parallel data from the data bus, it adds a start bit, a parity bit, and a stop bit, creating the
data packet. Next, the data packet is output serially, bit by bit at the Tx pin. The receiving UART
reads the data packet bit by bit at its Rx pin. The receiving UART then converts the data back into
parallel form and removes the start bit, parity bit, and stop bits. Finally, the receiving UART
transfers the data packet in parallel to the data bus on the receiving end:
UART transmitted data is organized into packets. Each packet contains 1 start bit, 5 to 9 data bits
(depending on the UART), an optional parity bit, and 1 or 2 stop bits:
START BIT
The UART data transmission line is normally held at a high voltage level when it’s not transmitting
data. To start the transfer of data, the transmitting UART pulls the transmission line from high to
low for one clock cycle. When the receiving UART detects the high to low voltage transition, it
begins reading the bits in the data frame at the frequency of the baud rate.
DATA FRAME
The data frame contains the actual data being transferred. It can be 5 bits up to 8 bits long if a
parity bit is used. If no parity bit is used, the data frame can be 9 bits long. In most cases, the data
is sent with the least significant bit first.
PARITY
Parity describes the evenness or oddness of a number. The parity bit is a way for the receiving
UART to tell if any data has changed during transmission. Bits can be changed by electromagnetic
radiation, mismatched baud rates, or long distance data transfers. After the receiving UART reads
the data frame, it counts the number of bits with a value of 1 and checks if the total is an even or
odd number. If the parity bit is a 0 (even parity), the 1 bits in the data frame should total to an even
number. If the parity bit is a 1 (odd parity), the 1 bits in the data frame should total to an odd
number. When the parity bit matches the data, the UART knows that the transmission was free of
errors. But if the parity bit is a 0, and the total is odd; or the parity bit is a 1, and the total is even,
the UART knows that bits in the data frame have changed.
STOP BITS
To signal the end of the data packet, the sending UART drives the data transmission line from a low
voltage to a high voltage for at least two bit durations.
STEPS OF UART TRANSMISSION

1. The transmitting UART receives data in parallel from the data bus:
2. The transmitting UART adds the start bit, parity bit, and the stop bit(s) to the data frame:
3. The entire packet is sent serially from the transmitting UART to the receiving UART. The receiving
UART samples the data line at the pre-configured baud rate:
4. The receiving UART discards the start bit, parity bit, and stop bit from the data frame:
5. The receiving UART converts the serial data back into parallel and transfers it to the data bus on the
receiving end:
ESEMPIO
TIMING DIAGRAM:
IMPLICIT CLOCK LED TO POSSILE MISALIGNMENT BETWEEN THE TWO
INDIPENDENT CLOCKS, DUE TO BOTH FREQUENCY AND PHASE
DIFFERENCES. THESE INTRODUCE A LIMIT IN DIMENSION FRAME.
ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF UARTS

No communication protocol is perfect, but UARTs are pretty good at what they do. Here are some
pros and cons to help you decide whether or not they fit the needs of your project:
ADVANTAGES
 Only uses two wires
 No clock signal is necessary
 Has a parity bit to allow for error checking
 The structure of the data packet can be changed as long as both sides are set up for it
 Well documented and widely used method
DISADVANTAGES
 The size of the data frame is limited to a maximum of 9 bits
 Doesn’t support multiple slave or multiple master systems
 The baud rates of each UART must be within 10% of each other

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INTRODUCTION TO UART COMMUNICATION

HOW UART WORKS

STEPS OF UART TRANSMISSION

ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF UARTS

 No clock signal is necessary

 Has a parity bit to allow for error checking

 Well documented and widely used method

 Doesn’t support multiple slave or multiple master systems

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