Last Introduction

1.
Introduction
1.1. Background of Study

A lubricant is a substance that helps to reduce friction between surfaces in mutual
contact, which ultimately reduces the heat generated when the surfaces move. It
may also have the function of transmitting forces, transporting foreign particles, or
heating or cooling the surfaces [1].
Lubricants are made from chemical compounds extracted from petroleum so that
the chemical composition of the lubricant consists on average of about 80-90%
base oils and about 10-20% chemical additives and other compounds.
1.2. Properties of Lubricants:
A good lubricant generally possesses the following characteristics [2].
 A high boiling point and low freezing point.

 A high viscosity index.
 Thermal stability.
 Hydraulic stability.
 Demulsibility
 Corrosion prevention.
 A high resistance to oxidation.
1.3. The Benefits of Lubricants
 Reduce friction between engine parts.

 Improve the Life Span, Efficiency and Reliability of Machinery.
 Cleaning the engine from deposits.
 Protect parts from Rust.
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 Enhance Temperature Control.
1.4. Types of Lubricant Oils:
There are two main types of lubricants:
1. Petroleum-based.
2. Manufactured as a synthetic product.
Each of these is suited for particular purposes and conditions. The different types
are also subject to varying levels of oxidation and degradation, and are compatible
with only certain types of machinery components, demands, and environments.
The motor oil in an automobile’s engine is commonly a petroleum-based lubricant
[3].
The hydrocarbon-based or petroleum-based lubricating motor oil is designed to
protect the various moving parts of the engine, whereas gasoline, which is also a
petroleum product, is formulated to produce the explosive heat needed to power
the engine. Lubricants may be liquid (such as motor oil and hydraulic oil),
semisolid or solid (such as grease or Teflon tape), or dry or powdered (such as
graphite or molybdenum disulfide). All lubricating materials for mechanized
equipment are designed to form some sort of protective coating between moving
parts of machinery to protect these parts from undue wear, contamination, and
oxidation [4]
1.5. Uses of Lubricants
Lubricating oils may be divided into many categories according to the types of
service they are intended to perform. However, there are two main groups:
1. Oils used in intermittent service, such as motor and aviation oils,

1. Introduction
2. Oils designed for continuous service, such as turbine oils. Lubricating oil is
distinguished from other fractions of crude oil by a high boiling point
(>400°C, >750°F), as well as a high viscosity and, in fact, lubricating oil is
identified by viscosity.
This classification is based on the Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) J 300

specification. [9].
Oils used in intermittent service must show the least possible change in viscosity
with temperature; that is, their viscosity indices must be high. These oils must be
changed at frequent intervals to remove the foreign matter collected during service.
The stability of such oils is therefore of less importance than the stability of oils
used in continuous service for prolonged periods without renewal.
In short, not changing the oil for long periods may reduce the life of the engine,
and accordingly there are residues of oils that harm the environment, so there must
be ways to recycle or convert them to take advantage of them and reduce the
damage to the environment and humans
Oil used in continuous service must be extremely stable, but their viscosity indices
maybe low because the engines operate at fairly constant temperature without
frequent shutdown.
During the operating time, Used Lubricants Oils (ULOs) deteriorate, as well as its
additives, so that the physical and chemical properties and the oil becomes less
viscous, which increases friction and leads to wear of engine parts by friction and
consumption. They become unsuitable for further use [10].
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The oil contains some substances that regenerate acids, and over time these
substances are consumed
The oil absorbs water, dust and gases resulting from combustion. For a long time,
the oil is saturated with these substances and cannot absorb them anymore, so these
substances attach to the engine and may cause rust in its parts
Used lubricating oils (ULOs) are classified as hazardous wastes, and constitute a
serious pollutant problem not only for the environment, but also for human health
due to the presence of harmful contaminants, such as heavy metals,
polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs)
[11].
Used Lubricants Oils (ULOs) can be considered as valuable resources, in the sense
that it is possible to recover energy or profitable materials for further use. Thus,
gross calorific value of Used Lubricants Oils (ULOs) is estimated to be around 40
MJ/kg and 1 l of motor oil can be produced by using only 1.6 liters of recycled
Used Lubricants Oils (ULOs) [12].
1.6. Global Demand of Lubricant Oil
The world's demand for lubricants increases with an average growth of 2-3% per
annum. The global market value of lubricating oil is expected to grow at 5.4 %
compound annual growth rate (CAGR) from 2016 to 2024 [13]. China and the
United States led the global lubricant consumption in volume, accounting for more
than one-third of global demand. The same pattern is also observed in the market
for lubricating oil in Indonesia. Such increase has been triggered mainly by the
growing number of vehicles at a rate of 5% per year. At present, the country
requires more than one million kiloliter of lubricant per year; and the domestic
1. Introduction
production volume cannot meet the demand due to a lack of raw material supply.
Consequently, the shortage of lubricating oil has to be fulfilled from import. In
addition, it is predicted that approximately 40% of used lubricants will end up in
the environment as non-biodegradable waste.
In European Union (UE) countries, about 5.7 Megatons of lubricating oil are
consumed per year [14]. From this oil, almost 2.7 Megatons are potentially
collectable. Hence, a correct management of Used Lubricants Oils (ULOs), based
on proper collection systems and treatment processes, is a good opportunity to
collect a very interesting and valuable feedstock [15]. Currently, in UE countries
75% of collectable Used Lubricants Oils (ULOs) is further reused. Energy
recovery has been the preferred option for collected Used Lubricants Oils (ULOs)
management in European Union (UE) countries.
1.7. Problem Statement
Reducing the rate of environmental pollution, to protect the agricultural lands and
rivers from pollution, to optimize the use of available resources, to reduce
production costs, because the recycled materials cost less money than those are
new, and to help factories in obtaining Energy at a low price
1.8. Objective
Design a Plant of Recycling the Used Lubricant Oil.

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1.

1.1. Background of Study

1.2. Properties of Lubricants:

A good lubricant generally possesses the following characteristics [2].

 A high boiling point and low freezing point.

1.3. The Benefits of Lubricants

 Reduce friction between engine parts.

 Enhance Temperature Control.

1.4. Types of Lubricant Oils:

There are two main types of lubricants:

1.5. Uses of Lubricants

1. Oils used in intermittent service, such as motor and aviation oils,

This classification is based on the Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) J 300

1.6. Global Demand of Lubricant Oil

1.7. Problem Statement

Design a Plant of Recycling the Used Lubricant Oil.

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