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Title: Memoirs of Aaron Burr, Volume 2.

Author: Matthew L. Davis

Release Date: April, 2005 [EBook #7851] [Yes, we are more than one year
ahead of schedule] [This file was first posted on May 23, 2003]

Edition: 10

Language: English

*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK MEMOIRS OF

AARON BURR, VOLUME 2. ***
Produced by Marvin Hodges, Stan Goodman, and the Online Distributed
Proofreading Team

[Frontispiece: Theodosia]

MEMOIRS OF AARON BURR.

WITH MISCELLANEOUS SELECTIONS

FROM HIS CORRESPONDENCE.

BY MATTHEW L. DAVIS.

"I come to bury Caesar, not to praise him."

IN TWO VOLUMES

VOL. II.

* * * * *

Entered, according to Act of Congress, in the year 1836, by

MATTHEW L. DAVIS,

in the Clerk's Office of the Southern District of New-York.

* * * * *
CONTENTS OF THE SECOND
VOLUME.
CHAPTER I.

Colonel Burr's study of the law; shortness of his study; different opinions
respecting his law learning; his definition of law; his manner of preparing causes
and of conducting suits; his maxim for sluggards; tendency to mystery in his
practice; fondness for surprising an opponent; an illustration of this remark; his
treatment of associate counsel; nice discrimination in the selection of
professional agents; their various characteristics; the same acuteness displayed in
politics; anecdote on this subject that occurred during the contested election in
1800; great coolness and presence of mind in civil as well as military life; an
example in the death of Mr. P.; commenced practice at the close of the revolution
under the most favourable auspices; multiplication of his papers; condensation a
peculiar trait in his mind; never solicited a favour from an opponent; a strict
practitioner; character of his mind; manner of speaking; accorded to General
Hamilton eloquence; an incident in relation to Hamilton and Burr in the cause of
Le Guen vs. Gouverneur and Kemble; letter from John Van Ness Yates
explanatory of Chief Justice Yates's notes on that occasion; the effect he
produced as a speaker; his display of extraordinary talents on his trial at
Richmond; his legal opinions on various important occasions; a letter from him
evincing his great perseverance when nearly eighty years of age

CHAPTER II.
A brief history of the rise of political parties in the state of New-York; the city of
New-York the rendezvous of the tories, from which they communicated with the
British ministry during the war; feelings of the whigs on this subject; Joseph
Galloway, of Philadelphia, sails in 1778 for England; his correspondence with
the loyalists extensive; extracts from various letters written during the war of the
revolution, viz., from the Reverend Bishop Inglis, from Isaac Ogden, from
Daniel Cox, during the year 1778; from John Potts, from Daniel Cox, from Isaac
Ogden, from Daniel Cox, from Thomas Eddy, from Bishop Inglis, from John
Potts, from Bishop Inglis, from Isaac Ogden, from Bishop Inglis, from Isaac
Ogden, from Daniel Cox, during the year 1779; from Charles Stewart, David
Sproat, and James Humphrey, Jun., printer, in 1779, in which General Arnold's
tory sympathies are alluded to; from Bishop Inglis, John Potts, and Christopher
Sower; from David Ogden, with the plan of a constitution for the government of
the American colonies after the whigs are conquered

CHAPTER III.

Defeat of General Schuyler as a candidate for the office of governor of the state
of New-York, in opposition to George Clinton, in 1777; commencement of the
Clinton and Schuyler parties; defeat of General Schuyler as a candidate for
Congress in 1780; "a supreme dictator" proposed; opposition of Hamilton to the
project; the Clinton and Schuyler parties continued to exist until the adoption of
the federal constitution; in 1779 a law passed disfranchising tories; in 1781 an
act confirmatory of this law; first session of the legislature after the war held in
the city of New-York, in 1784; petitions of the tories rejected; Robert R.
Livingston's classification of parties in the state; suit of Mrs. Rutgers vs.
Waddington for the recovery of the rent of a building occupied by Waddington in
the city of New-York during the war; the mayor's court, James Duane and
Richard Varick presiding, decide against Mrs. Rutgers; great excitement and
public meetings; Waddington compromises the claim; in 1786 and 1787, sundry
laws restricting the privileges of the tories, through the instrumentality of
General Hamilton are repealed; the tories unite with the Schuyler party; the
strength of the Schuyler party in the legislature elected from the tory counties;
names of the members in 1788, 89; to which of the political parties Colonel Burr
belonged; letters from John Jay on the subject of proscribing the tories
CHAPTER IV.

The Livingstons were of the Schuyler party; subsequently of the federal party;
their change; reasons assigned; the federalists triumph in the city of New-York at
the election of 1799; Mr. Jefferson's opinion as to the effect of the city election
in 1800; the several factions of the democratic party unite in this contest, through
the arrangements of Burr; the character of his friends; he is elected to represent
Orange county; the manner in which the city ticket for 1800 was formed; great
difficulty to obtain Governor Clinton's consent to use his name; interview of a
sub-committee with the governor; his denunciation of Jefferson; Burr's and
Hamilton's efforts at the election; success of the democratic party; apprehensions
that the federalists intended to change the result by fraud; a federal caucus held
on the evening of the 3d of May, 1800; letter to Duane, editor of the Aurora,
stating that the caucus had decided to request Governor Jay to convene the
legislature, and change the mode of choosing presidential electors; federal
printers deny the charge; the letter to Jay, published in his works, thus proving
the correctness of the Aurora's statement

CHAPTER V.

General Hamilton's pamphlet on the conduct of John Adams; Colonel Burr

ascertains that it is in the press; as soon as printed, a copy obtained, and extracts
sent to the Aurora and the New-London Bee; Hamilton thus compelled to make
the publication prematurely; presidential electors chosen; letter from Jefferson to
Burr; Jefferson to Madison; tie vote between Jefferson and Burr; rules for the
government of the House of Representatives during the election; informality in
the votes of Georgia; constitutional provision on the subject; statement of the
case by Mr. Wells, of Delaware, and Mr. Nicholas, of Virginia; balloting
commenced on the 11th, and continued until the 17th of February, 1801, when,
on the 36th ballot, Mr. Jefferson was elected president; letter from Burr to
General S. Smith, constituting him (Smith) his proxy to declare his sentiments in
the event of a tie vote

CHAPTER VI.
Mr. Burr's political position on being elected vice-president; letters from Mr.
Jefferson to Mr. Madison; the doubtful states in Congress on the presidential
question; the doubtful persons; their appointment to office by Mr. Jefferson;
address to Colonel Burr by certain republicans at Baltimore, on his way to
Washington in 1801; his answer, disapproving of such addresses; casting vote, as
vice-president, on the bill to repeal the midnight judiciary act; effects of this
vote; letter from A. J. Dallas on the subject; from Nathaniel Niles; from A. J.
Dallas; Wood's history of John Adams's administration; suppression by Burr;
attacks upon Burr by Cheetham and Duane; private letters from Duane
approving of Burr's conduct

CHAPTER VII.

Effect of Burr's silence under these attacks; allegation that Dr. Smith, of New-
Jersey, as a presidential elector, was to have voted for Burr; denial of Dr. Smith;
Timothy Green charged with going to South Carolina as the political agent of
Burr; denial of Green; General John Swartwout charged with being concerned in
the intrigue; denial of Swartwout; Burr charged with negotiating with the
federalists; denial of Burr, in a letter to Governor Bloomfield; David A. Ogden
said to have been the agent of the federal party or of Burr in this negotiation;
letter from Peter Irving to Ogden, inquiring as to the fact; answer of Ogden,
denying the charge; Edward Livingston represented as Burr's "confidential
friend" on the occasion; denial of Livingston; Burr, in the year 1804, commences
a suit against Cheetbam for a libel; wager-suit between James Gillespie and
Abraham Smith, and a commission taken out to examine witnesses, April, 1806;
transactions in the United States' Senate on the 18th January, 1830, in relation to
Mr. Jefferson's charge against Mr. Bayard; letter from R. H. Bayard to Burr;
from Burr to Bayard; from Burr to M. L. Davis; from Davis to Burr; from
General S. Smith to R. H. and J. A. Bayard; from R. H. Bayard to Burr

CHAPTER VIII.

Letter from Judge Cooper to Thomas Morris; ditto; from James A. Bayard to
Alexander Hamilton; from George Baer to R. H. Bayard; interrogatories to
James A. Bayard, in Cheetham's suit; answers to said interrogatories by Mr.
Bayard; interrogatories to Bayard in the suit of Gillespie vs. Smith; answers
thereto; reasons why Mr. Latimer was not removed from the office of collector
of Philadelphia; answer of Samuel Smith to interrogatories in the suit of
Gillespie vs. Smith

CHAPTER IX.

Effect of the attacks upon Burr; power of the press in corrupt hands; Mr.
Jefferson's malignity towards Burr; his hypocrisy; false entries in his Ana of
conversations said to have been held with Burr; letter to Theodosia; ditto; ditto;
to Joseph Alston; Theodosia to Joseph Alston; to Theodosia; ditto; to Joseph
Alston; to Theodosia; to Thomas Morris; from P. Butler; to Joseph Alston; to
Theodosia; from Thomas Jefferson; to Theodosia

CHAPTER X.

Letter to Joseph Alston; from D. Phelps, from Joseph Brandt (Indian chief); from
William P. Van Ness; to Theodosia; to Barnabas Bidwell; to Joseph Alston; to
Theodosia; from Charles Biddle; from Marinus Willett; from John M. Taylor;
from Mrs. *****; to Theodosia; ditto

CHAPTER XI.

Letter to Theodosia; ditto; to Joseph Alston; from Charles Biddle;

from John Coats; to Theodosia; from C. A. Rodney; to Theodosia; ftom
C. A. Rodney; from Uriah Tracy; from General Horatio Gates; from David
Gelston; to Theodosia; ditto; from Midshipman James Biddle; from John
Taylor, of Caroline

CHAPTER XII.

Letter from Theodosia to Joseph Alston; ditto; from A. Burr to Joseph

Alston; to Natalie; Theodosia to Joseph Alston; to Joseph Alston;
ditto; to Theodosia; to Joseph Alston; ditto; to Theodosia; ditto; to
Dr. John Coats; from Theodosia; to Theodosia; from Theodosia; to
Theodosia; ditto; ditto

CHAPTER XIII.

Letter to Theodosia; ditto; from Theodosia; to Theodosia; from

Theodosia; from Charles Biddle; from John Taylor, of Caroline; from
Pierce Butler; to Theodosia; ditto; from Theodosia; from Theodosia;
ditto; to Theodosia; ditto; from Theodosia; to Theodosia; ditto; to
Charles Biddle; from Midshipman James Biddle

CHAPTER XIV.

Note from Mr. Madison; from J. Wagner to Mr. Madison; from Samuel A.
Otis; letter from George Davis; from Charles Biddle; from Robert
Smith; from Robert G. Harper; from J. Guillemard; from John Vaugham;
from John Dickinson; to Charles Biddle; to Theodosia; to Peggy (a
slave); to Theodosia; to Joseph Alston; to Charles Biddle; ditto; to
Natalie Delage Sumter; to Theodosia; to A. R. Ellery; to Theodosia; to
Thomas Sumter, Jun.; to Charles Biddle; to F. A. Vanderkemp; to W. P.
Van Ness; to Theodosia; to Mrs. *****; to Theodosia; to Miss ——; to
Theodosia

CHAPTER XV.

Letter from Charles D. Cooper, which produced the duel between General
Hamilton and Colonel Burr; correspondence between the parties, with
explanations by W. P. Van Ness, second of Colonel Burr; statement of what
occurred on the ground as agreed upon by the seconds; explanations of the
correspondence, &c., by Nathaniel Pendleton, second of General Hamilton;
remarks on the letter which Mr. Van Ness refused to receive; account of General
Hamilton's wound and death, by Dr. Hosack; remarks by General Hamilton on
his motives and views in meeting Colonel Burr; death of Hamilton; oration by
Gouverneur Morris; letter from Colonel Burr to Theodosia, dated the night
before the duel; same date to Joseph Alston

CHAPTER XVI.

Letter to Joseph Alston; to Theodosia; from John Swartwout; to

Theodosia; ditto; to Joseph Alston; to Theodosia; ditto; journal for
Theodosia; to Joseph Alston; to Theodosia; to Joseph Alston; to
Theodosia; to Joseph Alston; to Theodosia

CHAPTER XVII.

Letter to Theodosia; ditto; trial of Judge Chace before the United States' Senate;
Burr presides; acquittal; letter to Theodosia; ditto; an account of the effect of
Burr's speech on taking leave of the Senate; letter to Joseph Alston; to
Theodosia; journal of his tour in the Western country; letter to Joseph Alston

CHAPTER XVIII.

Burr's early views against Mexico; letter from General Miranda to

General Hamilton, in April, 1798 on the subject of an expedition, in
conjunction with Great Britain, against South America; from Miranda to
Hamilton, in October, 1798, announcing the arrangements made with the
British; from Miranda to General Knox, same date, on the same subject;
General Adair's statement of Burr's views; grant of lands by the
Spanish government to Baron Bastrop; transfer of part of said grant to
Colonel Lynch; purchase from Lynch by Burr; the views of Burr in his
Western expedition, as stated by himself; he is arrested on the
Tombigbee; the cipher letter; transported to Richmond; trial and
acquittal of Burr; testimony of Commodore Truxton; Dr. Bollman's
treatment by Mr. Jefferson

CHAPTER XIX.
Excitement produced against Burr by Jefferson, Eaton, and Wilkinson; Senate of
the United States pass a bill suspending writ of Habeas Corpus; House rejects
the bill on the first reading, ayes 113, nays 19; extracts from Blennerhassett's
private journal; official Spanish documents, showing that General Wilkinson,
after he had sworn to Burr's treasonable designs, despatched his aid, Captain
Walter Burling, to Mexico, demanding from the viceroy for his service to Spain,
in defeating Burr's expedition against Mexico, the sum of two hundred thousand
dollars; sundry letters of Burr to Theodosia, while imprisoned in Richmond on
the charge of treason

CHAPTER XX.

Burr sails for England on the 7th of June, 18O8; arrives in London on the 16th of
July; makes various unsuccessful efforts to induce the British ministry to aid him
in his enterprise against South America; receives great attention from Jeremy
Bentham; continues his correspondence with Bentham after his return to the
United States; visits Edinburgh; experiences great courtesy; introduced to
M'Kenzie and Walter Scott; returns to London; the ministers become suspicious
of him; his papers are seized, and his person taken into custody for two days,
when he is released, but ordered to quit the kingdom; leaves England in a packet
for Gottenburgh; travels through Sweden, Germany, &c.; Bourrienne's (French
minister at Hamburgh) account of Burr, and Burr's account of Bourrienne;
arrives in Paris on the 16th of February, 1810; endeavours to induce Napoleon to
aid him in his contemplated expedition, but is unsuccessful; asks a passport to
leave France, and is refused; presents a spirited memorial to the emperor on the
subject; Russell, chargé d'affaires, and M'Rae, United States consul at Paris,
refuse him the ordinary protection or passport of an American citizen; in July,
1811, obtains permission from the emperor to leave France; sails from
Amsterdam on the 20th of September; is captured next day by an English frigate,
and carried into Yarmouth; remains in England from the 9th of October, 1811,
until the 6th of March, 1812; arrives in New-York, via Boston, on the 8th of
June, after an absence of four years

CHAPTER XXI.

Colonel Burr, on his return to New-York in 1811, resumes the practice of law;
prejudices against him; kindness of Colonel Troup; letter from Joseph Alston to
Burr, announcing the death of Aaron Burr Alston; effect upon Burr; Theodosia's
health precarious; Timothy Greene despatched to bring her to New-York; letter
from Greene; letter from Greene, stating that he is to sail for New-York in a few
days, on board a schooner with Theodosia; letter from Alston to Theodosia,
expressing apprehensions for her safety; from Alston to Burr on the same
subject; from Alston to Burr, abandoning all hope of his wife's safety; Theodosia
supposed to have perished in a gale of wind early in January, 1813; from Burr to
Alston in relation to his private affairs; Burr expresses his opinions on great, but
not on minor political questions; letter from Burr to Alston, denouncing the
nomination of Monroe for president, and recommending General Jackson;
Alston replies, concurring in sentiment with Burr, but ill health prevents his
acting; Alston's death; letter from William A. Alston to Burr, explanatory of his
late brother's will so far as Burr is interested; from Theodosia to her husband, at
a moment when she supposes that death is approaching; Burr's continued zeal in
favour of the South American States; letter from General Toledo to Colonel Burr
in 1816, soliciting him to take command of the Mexican forces; Burr
commissioned by the Republic of Venezuela in 1819; Burr's pursuits after his
return from Europe; superintends the education of the Misses Eden; his
pecuniary situation; state of his health; paralytic; manner of receiving strangers;
restive and impatient at the close of his life; death; conveyed to Princeton for
interment; an account of his funeral; proceedings of the Cliosophic Society
MEMOIRS OF AARON BURR.
CHAPTER I.

Colonel Burr's study of the law [1] has been already briefly noticed. He brought
to that study a classic education as complete as could, at that time, be acquired in
our country; and to this was added a knowledge of the world, perhaps nowhere
better taught than in the camp, as well as a firmness and hardihood of character
which military life usually confers, and which is indispensable to the success of
the forensic lawyer. He was connected in the family circle with _two[2] eminent
jurists, who were at hand to stimulate his young ambition, and to pour, in an
almost perpetual stream, legal knowledge into his mind, by conversation and by
epistolary correspondence. The time he spent in his studies preparatory to his
admission would be considered short at the present day; but (to use the language
of another) "it is to be recollected that at that time there were no voluminous
treatises upon the mere routine of practice to be committed to memory, without
adding a single legal principle or useful idea to the mind, and which only teach
the law student, as has been said of the art of the rhetorician, 'how to name his
tools.' Burr, fortunately for his future professional eminence, was not destined to
graze upon this barren moor. He spent his clerkship in reading and abstracting,
with pen in hand, Coke and the elementary writers, instead of Sellon and Tidd;
and learnt law as a science, and not as a mechanical art."

On the other hand, it has been said "that Colonel Burr was not a deep-read
lawyer; that he showed himself abundantly conversant with the general
knowledge of the profession, and that he was skilful in suggesting doubts and
questions; but that he exhibited no indications of a fondness for the science, nor
of researches into its abstruse doctrines; that he seemed, indeed, to hold it and its
administration in slight estimation. The best definition of law, he said, was
'whatever is boldly asserted and plausibly maintained.' This sarcasm was
intended full as much for the courts as for the law administered by them."

If Colonel Burr may have been surpassed in legal erudition, he possessed other
qualifications for successful practice at the bar which were seldom equalled. He
prepared his trials with an industry and forethought that were most surprising.
He spared no labour or expense in attaining every piece of evidence that would
be useful in his attacks, or guard him against his antagonist. He was absolutely
indefatigable in the conduct of his suits. "He pursued (says a legal friend) the
opposite party with notices, and motions, and applications, and appeals, and
rearguments, never despairing himself, nor allowing to his adversary confidence,
nor comfort, nor repose. Always vigilant and always urgent, until a proposition
for compromise or a negotiation between the parties ensued. 'Now move slow
(he would say); never negotiate in a hurry.' I remember a remark he made on this
subject, which appeared to be original and wise. There is a saying, 'Never put off
till tomorrow what you can do to-day.' 'This is a maxim,' said he, 'for sluggards.
A better reading of the maxim is—Never do to-day what you can as well do to-
morrow; because something may occur to make you regret your premature
action.'"

I was struck, says the same friend, in his legal practice, with that tendency to
mystery which was so remarkable in his conduct in other respects. He delighted
in surprising his opponents, and in laying, as it were, ambuscades for them. A
suit, in which I was not counsel, but which has since passed professionally under
my observation, will illustrate this point in his practice. It was an ejectment suit,
brought by him to recover a valuable tenement in the lower part of the city, and
in which it was supposed, by the able lawyers retained on the part of the
defendant, that the only question would, be on the construction of the will. On
the trial they were surprised to find the whole force of the plainfiff's case brought
against the authenticity of an ancient deed, forming a link in their title, and of
which, as it had never, been questioned nor suspected, they had prepared merely
formal proof; and a verdict of the jury, obtained by a sort, of coup-de-main,
pronounced the deed a forgery. Two tribunals have subsequently established the
deed as authentic; but the plaintiff lived and died in the possession of the land in
consequence of the verdict, while the law doubts, which form the only real
questions in the case, are still proceeding, at the customary snail's pace, through
our courts to their final solution.

To be employed as an assistant by Mr. Burr was not to receive a sinecure. He

commanded and obtained the constant and unremitted exertions of his counsel. It
was one of the most remarkable exhibitions of the force of his character, this
bending every one who approached him to his use, and compelling their
unremitted, though often unwilling, labours in his behalf. His counsel would
receive notes from him at midnight, with questions which were sent for
immediate replies.

He showed nice discrimination in his selection of his professional assistants.

When learning was required, he selected the most erudite. If political influence
could be suspected of having effect, he chose his lawyers to meet or improve the
supposed prejudice or predilection. Eloquence was bought when it was wanted;
and the cheaper substitute of brow-beating, and vehemence used when they were
equivalent or superior. In nothing did he show greater skill than in his
measurement and application of his agents; and it was amusing to hear his cool
discussion of the obstacles of prejudice, or ignorance, or interest, or political
feeling to be encountered in various tribunals, and of the appropriate remedies
and antidotes to be employed, and by what persons they should be applied.

Equal discrimination and acuteness was displayed in his political movements.

An anecdote which occurred in the contested election of 1800 will exemplify
this remark. Funds were required for printing, for committee-rooms, &c. The
finance committee took down the names of leading democrats, and attached to
each the sum they proposed to solicit from him. Before attempting the collection,
the list, at Colonel Burr's request, was presented for his inspection. An
individual, an active partisan of wealth, but proverbially parsimonious, was
assessed one hundred dollars. Burr directed that his name should be struck from
the list; for, said he, you will not get the money, and from the moment the
demand is made upon him, his exertions will cease, and you will not see him at
the polls during the election. The request was complied with. On proceeding
with the examination, the name of another wealthy individual was presented; he
was liberal, but indolent; he also was assessed one hundred dollars. Burr
requested that this sum should be doubled, and that be should be informed that
no labour would be expected from him except an occasional attendance at the
committee-rooms to assist in folding tickets. He will pay you the two hundred
dollars, and thank you for letting him off so easy. The result proved the
correctness of these opinions. On that occasion Colonel Burr remarked, that the
knowledge and use of men consisted in placing each in his appropriate position.

His imperturbable coolness and presence of mind were displayed in his civil as
well as in his military life. Against most of the vicissitudes of a trial he guarded
by his forethought and minuteness of preparation. I was present myself, says the
legal friend already referred to, when he received with great composure a
communication which would have startled most men. Mr. P. had long been an
inmate of his house; he had been connected with him in many respects and for
many years. Colonel Burr and two other lawyers were discussing a proposed
motion in a chancery suit in which P. was the plaintiff, the colonel himself
having, an interest in the result. P. was then out of town. A letter was brought in
and handed to the colonel, which, telling us to proceed with our debate, he
carefully read, and then placed it, in his customary manner, on the table, with the
address downwards. Our discussion proceeded earnestly for ten minutes at least,
when the colonel, who had listened with great attention, asked, in his gentlest
tone, "What effect would the death of P. have on the suit?" We started, and asked
eagerly why he put the question. "P. is dead," he replied, "as this letter informs
me; will the suit abate?" The colonel was himself ill at the time, and unable to
leave his sofa; and even if there was some affectation in his demeanour, there
was certainly remarkable collectedness.

Colonel Burr commenced the practice of his profession at the close of the
revolution, under the most favourable auspices; and may be said at one bound to
have taken rank among the first lawyers of the day, and to have sustained it until
he became vice president, at which time, it is believed, he had no superior at the
bar, either in this state or in the Union, nor even an equal, except General
Hamilton.

The eclat which Burr, yet a beardless boy, had acquired by his adventurous
march under Arnold to Canada, through our northeastern wilds, then a trackless
desert; his gallant bearing at Quebec and Monalouth; his efficient services in the
retreat of our army from Long Island and New-York; and his difficult and
delicate command on the lines of Westchester, followed him to private life,
gathered around him hosts of admirers and friends among our early patriots,
particularly the youthful portion of them, and no doubt essentially aided him in
making his successful professional debut. The name of the chivalrous aid-de-
camp who supported in his youthful arms the dying hero of Quebec was familiar
in the mouths of men, and from one end of the continent to the other he was
eulogized for his military prowess. Such were the cheering auspices under which
he sheathed his sword when his physical energies would permit him no longer to
wield it.

"He was indefatigable," says another legal friend, "in business, as he had been in
his previous studies, and no lawyer ever appeared before our tribunals with his
cause better prepared for trial, his facts and legal points being marshalled for
combat with all the regularity and precision of a consummate military tactician.
No professional adversary, it is believed, has ever boasted of having broken or
thrown into confusion the solid columns into which he had formed them, or
having found void spaces in their lengthened line, or to have beaten him by a
ruse de guerre or a surprise.

"He never heeded expense in completing his preparations for trial; and, while
laborious himself to an uncommon degree, he did not stint the labours of others,
so far as he could command or procure them. Every pleading or necessary paper
connected with his causes was in tile first place to be multiplied into numerous
copies, and then abstracted or condensed into the smallest possible limits, but no
material point or idea was by any means to be omitted. His propensity to
concision or condensation was a peculiar trait in his mind. He would reduce an
elaborate argument, extending over many sheets of paper, to a single page. Had
he written the history of our revolution, which he once commenced, he would
probably have compressed the whole of it in a single volume."

In his professional practice, he never solicited from an opponent any favour or

indulgence any more than he would have done from an armed foe; but, at the
same time, rarely withheld any courtesy that was asked of him, not inconsistent
with the interest of his clients. He was a strict practitioner, almost a legal
martinet, and so fond of legal technicalities, that he never omitted an opportunity
of trying his own skill and that of opposite counsel in special pleas, demurrers,
and exceptions in chancery, notwithstanding the risk of paying costs sometimes,
though rarely incurred, and of protracting a cause.

The labour of drawing his pleadings and briefs, however, at least after his return
from Europe in 1812, always devolved upon others; and, with marginal notes of
all the authorities which had been consulted, from the year books downward,
which were sometimes in law French and law Latin, to the last reports in
England and some half a dozen of our states, in which may be properly called
law English, were submitted to his critical acumen; his thousand doubts,
suggestions, hints, and queries, which would start from his mind like a flash, and
for a moment seem to throw into inextricable confusion what had been
laboriously, and perhaps profoundly studied, at last would most generally be
adopted without material alterations or additions.

Colonel Burr's mind cannot be said to have been a comprehensive one. It was
acute, analytical, perspicacious, discriminating, unimaginative, quick to conceive
things in detail, but not calculated to entertain masses of ideas. He would never
have gained celebrity as an author; but as a critic, upon whatever subject, his
qualifications have rarely been surpassed, though in literary matters and the fine
arts they were only exhibited in conversation. His colloquial powers were
impressive and fascinating, though he generally seemed a listener rather than a
talker; but never failed to say a proper thing in the proper place."

As a public speaker, his ideas were not diffuse enough; or rather, he appeared to
lack fluency to make a long, and what is called an elaborate argument upon any
matter, however grave or momentous. In a cause in which he was employed as
associate counsel with General Hamilton, an incident occurred, in relation to
Chief Justice Yates, not unworthy recording. It speaks a language that cannot he
misunderstood, and is demonstrative of the influence which he had over the
feelings as well as the minds of his hearers. It was the celebrated case of Le
Guen vs. Gouverneur and Kemble, one of the most important, in regard to the
legal questions and amount of property involved, which at that day had been
brought before our tribunals, and in which case he completely triumphed. Only a
short period previous to his decease Colonel Burr remarked, that on this
occasion he had acquired more money and more reputation as a lawyer than on
any other during his long practice at the bar. A letter was addressed to Thurlow
Weed, Esq., requesting him to apply to the Hon. John Van Ness Yates, son of the
late chief justice, and ascertain whether the incident, as reported, was founded on
fact. To that letter Mr. Weed received the following answer.

JOHN VAN NESS YATES TO THURLOW WEED.

Albany, July 8th, 1837.

DEAR SIR,

After some difficulty in finding my father's notes of the argument in the case of
Le Guen vs. Gouverneur and Kemble, I have ascertained that the account you
showed me, given in the letter of M. L. Davis, Esq., is in the main correct. My
father's notes of General Hamilton's argument are very copious. Those of
Colonel Burr's are limited, in this way—"Burr for plaintiff, I. The great
principles of commercial law which apply to this case are"—then follows a
hiatus of some lines. After which, as follows:—

"II. The plaintiff"—another hiatus.

"III. !!!!!" and this concludes all I can find.

Hamilton's eloquence was (if I may be allowed the expression) argumentative,

and induced no great elevation or depression of mind, consequently could be
easily followed by a note taker. Burr's was more persuasive and imaginative. He
first enslaved the heart, and then led captive the, head. Hamilton addressed
himself to the head only. I do not, therefore, wonder that Burr engrossed all the
faculties of the hearer. Indeed, I have heard him often at the bar myself, and
always with the same effect. I do not recollect, in conversation, any particular
allusion of my father's to Burr's argument in the case of Le Guen vs. Gouverneur
and Kemble; but I have frequently heard him say, that of all lawyers at the bar,
Burr was the most difficult to follow in the way of taking notes. Yet Burr was
very concise in his language. He had no pleonasms or expletives. Every word
was in its proper place, and seemed to be the only one suited to the place. He
made few or no repetitions. If what he said had been immediately committed to
the press, it would want no correction.

Yours respectfully,

J. V. N. YATES.

Colonel Burr's style of speaking at the bar was unique, or peculiarly his own;
always brief; never loud, vehement, or impassioned, but conciliating, persuasive,
and impressive; and when his subject called for gravity or seriousness, his
manner was stern and peremptory. He was too dignified ever to be a trifler; and
his sarcasm, sometimes indulged in, rarely created a laugh, but powerfully told
upon those who had provoked it. His enunciation was slow, distinct, and
emphatic; perhaps too emphatic; and this was pronounced, by his early and
devoted friend, Judge Paterson, [3] a fault in his mode of speaking while a
youth, and seems never to have been fully corrected, as he did that of rapid
utterance, attaining the true medium for public speaking in this respect. He spoke
with great apparent ease, but could not be called fluent, although he never
appeared at a loss for words, which were always so chaste and appropriate that
they seemed to, have been as carefully selected before they fell from his lips as if
they had been written down in a prepared speech and committed to memory. His
manner was dignified and courteous; his self-possession never for an instant
forsook him. He never appeared hurried or confused, or betrayed the slightest
embarrassment for want of ideas to support his argument, or language in which
to clothe it; and possessed a memory so well disciplined as never to forget any
thing in the excitement of the legal forum which in the retirement of his study he
had intended to use. He has frequently been heard to say that he possessed no
oratorical talents; that he never spoke with pleasure, or even self-satisfaction,
and seemed unconscious of the effect which he produced upon the minds of his
audience.

Colonel Burr accorded the palm of eloquence to General Hamilton, whom he

frequently characterized as a man of strong and fertile imagination, of rhetorical
and even poetical genius, and a powerful declaimer. Burr's ruling passion was an
ardent love for military glory. Next to the career of arms, diplomacy, no doubt,
would have been his choice, for which not only his courtly and fascinating
manners, but every characteristic of his mind peculiarly adapted him. It is idle
now to speculate upon what he might have been had Washington yielded to the
importunities of Madison, Monroe, and others, and appointed him minister to the
French republic. Our country, before which he then stood in the original
brightness of his character, would have been honoured in the choice, both at
home and abroad, and his own destiny, at least, would have been widely
different.

Notwithstanding oratory was not his forte, and he never spoke in public with
satisfaction to himself, still many anecdotes are told of him which would show
that the effect of his speeches were sometimes of unequalled power. It is said,
that at the close of his farewell address to the Senate of the United States on his
retirement from the vice-presidency, there was scarcely a dry eye to be seen
among his grave auditors, many of whom were his bitter political adversaries.
His manner of speaking was any thing but declamatory, and more resembled an
elevated tone of conversation, by which a man, without any seeming intention,
pours his ideas in measured and beautiful language into the minds of some small
select circle, dislodging all which they may have previously entertained upon a
particular subject, and fixing his own there, by the power of a seeming magical
fascination, which he could render, when he chose, almost irresistible. To judge
him by his success as a public speaker, few men could be called more eloquent.

As a monument of his legal knowledge and talents, his trial at Richmond may be
referred to. The two volumes of Reports which contain it exhibit on almost every
page the impress of his great mind, in its singular acuteness and perspicacity, and
great powers of analysis and argument. On that trial were engaged some of the
ablest lawyers of our country, and he manifestly took the lead of them all. But
the abilities which he displayed, hour by hour, and day by day, through that long
protracted contest, in which the verdict sought for by those who then wielded the
political destinies of our country was an ignominious death, were no less
remarkable than his unshaken firmness and high moral elevation of deportment,
struggling as he was for honour and for life.

Fiat Justicia ruat coelum, was the motto of Chief Justice Marshall on the trial of
Colonel Burr. He was acquitted, but his acquittal was not owing to the clemency
or partiality of his judges. His acuteness as a lawyer, and the adroitness with
which he managed his defence, contributed greatly, no doubt, in saving him from
becoming a victim, though his innocence of the charge of treason which had
been brought against him could hardly have effected that acquittal. Here, then,
his talents have done some good to his country, even if it be of a negative
character. They saved it from a stain of blood, which would have been as
indelible as is that of Admiral Byng upon the escutcheon of England.

After Colonel Burr's return from Europe in 1812, he was engaged in several
important causes, in which he was preeminently successful. His legal opinion in
the great steam-boat cause aided in breaking up that monopoly. He was
originally employed in the important land trial of Mrs. Bradstreet, and in the
Eden causes, involving a large amount of property in the city of New-York, and
turning upon some of the nicest points of the most difficult branch of the law of
real property: he triumphed over almost the entire force of the New-York bar,
backed by powerful corporations and individuals of great wealth, which they
profusely lavished in a long-protracted contest. He commenced the Eden suits in
opposition to an opinion which bad been given by General Hamilton, Richard
Harrison, and other members of the profession of high standing, and on the faith
of which opinions the parties in possession of the lands had purchased and held
them at the time the suits were commenced.

Had Colonel Burr assiduously pursued the study of law through life, like
Marshall, Kent, and others, it is not easy to conjecture to what elevated point he
might have risen; but such was not his destiny; the bent of his genius, which had
received its inclination at the stirring period of the world when he entered into
active life, was military. But to show his persevering industry in his practice as a
lawyer, and his power of enduring fatigue, even when almost an octogenarian,
the following letter, written by him, is inserted.
Albany, March, 1834.

Germond's, Wednesday Evening.

Arrived this evening between 6 and 7 o'clock, having been forty-five hours in the
stage without intermission, except to eat a hearty meal. Stages in very bad order
—roads excellent for wheels to Peekskill, and thence very good sleighing to this
city. The night was uncomfortable; the curtains torn and flying all about, so that
we had plenty of fresh air.

The term was closed this day. Nelson will hold the Special Court to-morrow
morning—have seen both Wendell and O'Connor this evening—all ready—came
neither fatigued nor sleepy.

A. B.

Footnotes:

1. For the remarks which I am now about to present to the reader I am

principally indebted to two highly intelligent members of the bar. Either of
whom is fully competent to a development of Colonel Burr's legal character; and
neither of whom would be disqualified by any prejudices in his favour. These
gentlemen, it is believed, entertained different views as to the Practical value of
that species of reading which is necessary to form what is by some termed "a
truly learned lawyer."

2. Colonel Burr's brother-in-law, Judge Tappan Reeve, and his uncle, Pierpont
Edwards.

3. see Vol. I., Ch. III.

CHAPTER II.

Before entering upon the details connected with the election of 1800, a brief
history of the rise and progress of political parties in the State of New-York is
deemed necessary. By the Constitution adopted during the revolutionary war, the
state was divided into four districts, viz., The Southern, the Middle, the Eastern,
and the Western. In the Southern District was included the counties of Richmond
(Staten Island), Kings, Queens, and Suffolk (Long Island), New-York
(Manhattan Island), and Westchester. These six counties, from the autumn of
1776 until the summer of 1783, were in a great measure in the possession of the
British forces, and those portions of them which were nominally within the
American lines were generally inhabited by tories and refugees. Lord North, or
the most unrelenting of his followers, were not as much opposed to American
independence as were the tories of the united provinces. The city of New-York
became the rendezvous of the most intelligent and influential of this class. From
this point they communicated with the British premier, through their
correspondents in London. Many of them that were in exile from their late
homes in Pennsylvania, New Jersey, and Connecticut, left their families behind
them, under the protection of the whigs. By this arrangement facilities were
afforded for ascertaining the position, resources, and movements of the rebel
armies. These facilities were not neglected, and the information thus obtained
was promptly communicated to the British commander-in-chief in New-York,
and to the ministry in England. The whigs felt that ingratitude was returned for
their hospitality, and, in consequence, they became daily more incensed against
the tories.

It is believed that the war would have terminated in 1780 or 1781, if the British
minister and his military commanders in America had not been constantly led
into errors by the opinions and advice of the refugees, but especially those
residing in the city of New-York. Entertaining such views, the suffering whigs,
in their most trying hours, consoled themselves with the hope and belief that,
when the struggle should terminate and the country become independent, their
oppressors and persecutors would no longer be permitted to remain among them.
These were the predominant feelings of the men who were perilling their lives
and enduring every species of privation and hardship for the freedom of their
native land.

During the year 1778, Joseph Galloway, formerly of Philadelphia, sailed for
England. His correspondence was extensive, and he became the depository of all
the grievances of the American loyalists. He was the medium of communication
between them, Lord North, and Lord George Germain. He possessed, in a high
degree, the confidence of those who were the conscience keepers of the king.
Among the correspondents of Mr. Galloway may be enumerated William
Franklin, former governor of New-Jersey, Daniel Cox, and David Ogden,
members of his majesty's council in New-Jersey, the Rev. Dr. Inglis,
subsequently bishop of Nova Scotia, and Isaac Ogden, counsellor at law of New-
York, John Potts, a judge of the Common Pleas in Philadelphia, John Foxcroft,
postmaster general of North America, &c., &c. None of Mr. Galloway's
correspondents exhibited a more vindictive spirit than the Rev. Bishop Inglis.
These letters were private and confidential, excepting so far as, the ministry were
concerned, for whose use most of them were intended. None of them, it is
believed, have ever heretofore found their way into print. They are now matters
of history. They are well calculated to develop the secret designs of the tories,
and, at the same time, they afford the strongest view that could be given of the
patriotism, the sufferings, and the untiring perseverance of the sons of liberty in
those days. Some extracts will now be made from the original manuscripts, for
the purpose of showing, in a limited degree, the cause, and thus far justifying the
hostile feelings of the whigs towards the refugees.

The Rev. Bishop Inglis, under date of the 12th December, 1778, says—"Not less
than sixty thousand of the rebels have perished by sickness and the sword since
the war began, and these chiefly farmers and labourers. I consider it certain that
a famine is inevitable if the war continues two years longer; nay, one year war
more will bring inexpressible distress on the country with regard to provisions,
and this will affect the rebellion not less than the depreciation of their pasteboard
dollars. The rebellion, be assured, is on the decline. Its vigour and resources are
nearly spent, and nothing but a little perseverance and exertion on the part of
Britain is necessary to supress it totally. Butler and Brandt's forces, Indians and
loyalists, I am told, amount to five or six thousand men. They have distressed
and terrified the rebels more since last spring than the whole royal army.
Isaac Ogden, under date 22d November, 1778, says—"Thus has ended a
campaign (if it deserve the appellation) without anything capital being done or
even attempted. How will the historian gain credit who shall relate, that at least
twenty-four thousand of the best troops in the world were shut up within their
own lines by fifteen thousand, at most, of poor wretches, who were illy paid,
badly fed, and worse clothed, and scarce, at best, deserved the name of
soldiers?"

Daniel Cox, under date of 17th December, 1778, says—"Ned Biddle has
declined his seat in Congress. The truth is, he means to do more essential service
in the assembly, which has ordered the general sense of the people to be taken
respecting the present constitution of Pennsylvania. Joe Reed is elected, and
accepted the honour of being president and commander-in-chief of the state."

John Potts, under date 1st March, 1779, says—"An opinion prevails here that
government (the British) will adopt the mode of devastation. If that should really
take place, adieu to all the hopes of the friends of government ever again living
in America. Be assured that, should government be restored by such means, her
friends would find it impossible to travel this country without a guard to prevent
assassination. This is not only my opinion, but the real sentiments of every
friend to government. I have conversed with none, except some of the violent
tories, indeed, of New England, who seem to partake of the savage temper of our
countrymen." G—— N——[1] has said, in a confidential letter to a friend of his,
"that government wish to get rid of this country, and is only at a loss how to do it
without leaving it in a situation to injure her."

Daniel Cox, 28th February, 1779, says—"At any rate, I see absolute ruin attend
us poor attainted loyalists should the colonies be given up, or this place (New-
York) be evacuated. I once fondly imagined neither would happen. I wish that
our old friend, the Black Prince, [2] could have the direction here again, and
have the glory of conducting the future operations to a happy conclusion. I think
he is more calculated for it than somebody [3] else, who, though he may possess
zeal and honesty, wants head."

Isaac Ogden, 8th March, 1779, says—"Admiral Gambier is ordered from this
station, to the universal joy of all ranks and conditions. I believe no person was
ever more generally detested by navy, army, and citizen, than this penurious old
reptile."

Daniel Cox, 10th April, 1779, says—"In an open letter to me, Mrs. Cox speaks
of the increasing depreciation of the continental money, under the allegory of an
old acquaintance of mine lying in a deep consumption. Should Great Britain be
really treating, and give us up, there must be an end to her glory. But such a
misfortune I can never believe her subject to, unless from her own folly and
internal factions of the accursed opposition."

Thomas Eddy, under date 5th month, 3d, 1779, says—"From accounts received
by last packet of the determined resolution of government to pursue the war in
America with vigour, I am led to believe that the leaders in the rebellion must
give up before fall. Indeed, when I consider the dissatisfaction universally
prevalent caused by the badness of their money, I should not be surprised if such
an event would take place as soon as General, Clinton opens the campaign."

Bishop, Inglis, 14th May, 1779, says—"Remonstrate loudly to those in authority

against treating with the Congress—treating with them is establishing them, and
teaching the Americans to look up to them for deliverance and protection. We
have been guilty of a fatal error in this from the beginning; we now see and feel
the consequences. This should teach us wisdom and better policy. Though we
should conquer the rebels, yet, if an accommodation is settled with the Congress,
I shall consider the colonies as eventually lost, and that in a little time, to Great
Britain."

John Potts, 15th May, 1779, says—"In my last I mentioned some sanguine hopes
which I could not help entertaining, from the prospect of an election to be held in
the beginning of April, for a new convention, as they call it, in Pennsylvania.
Those hopes are now totally destroyed by the efforts of Joe Reed [4] and the
violent party. Their artful cry of tory against the party in favour of the
convention raised a flame too great to be withstood, and procured more than
twelve thousand signers to petitions against that measure, in consequence of
which the assembly rescinded the resolution for holding the election."
"The person to whom I alluded in my last letter is the woman whom I mentioned
to you last fall as so truly enterprising. She has brought three messages through
the winter. From her I have this much further to assure you, that great
preparations are making at Pittsburgh for the reception of troops.

"The friends of government all agree that they will be content to risk for ever
every future hope and prospect of being restored to their estates, provided Great
Britain will but secure her own authority fully before any terms are listened to;
and, when that is acknowledged and established, then grant terms as liberal as
she pleases, consistent with good government and future security."

Bishop Inglis, 3d September, 1779, says—"General Tryon made two or three

descents on the coast of Connecticut, and burnt the towns of Fairfield and
Norwalk. He was accompanied by a large body of refugees, who were extremely
useful, and behaved with a resolution and intrepidity which did them great
honour. Had the descents on Connecticut been longer continued and carried on
more extensively, the most salutary consequences might be apprehended.

"The delusive notion of treating with Congress, I find, still prevails in some
degree among you. Yet nothing could be more destructive to the interest of
government. Treating with them would be confirming their usurpation. The
loyalists, universally dread this above all things. However they may differ in
opinion on other points, they are unanimous and united in this; and where so
many are perfectly agreed in a matter which is level to all understandings, it
must be the evident dictate of truth and reason."

Isaac Ogden, 20th September, 1779, says—"You may well ask what we are
doing here. Our army is now (including the garrison from Rhode Island) at least
twenty-four thousand men, a number sufficient to march through the whole
continent; but what do numbers avail when they are cooped up in this dastardly
manner? A want of knowledge of the country, a want of enterprise, or a want of
something else, God only knows what, has prevented any and every attempt to
interfere with the enemy. It is not a want of sufficient force, neither is it because
it was impracticable. These are facts that the warmest of the rebels acknowledge.
Their force is really despicable when compared to the army here. How is
General Vaughan? I sincerely wish to see him at the head of the army here, as he
is the only general that has been here that would listen to the advice of the
American loyalists."

Bishop Inglis, 6th of November, 1779, says—"We have now within our lines
upward of twenty-six thousand effective men, as I have been informed. Such a
force, if led out and exerted with judgment and spirit, could not be resisted by
the rebels—it must bear down all opposition. It is reported that Sir Henry
Clinton is appointed sole commissioner, with authority to choose five assistants
as a counsel, and that he is vested with power to treat with Congress, &c. It may
be very proper to have a commissioner here, vested with extensive powers; but
as to any hopes of treating with Congress about an accommodation, be assured
they are visionary. Congress have done enough to dissipate all such fond
expectations, unless their independence is acknowledged; and I should be
heartily sorry if a measure so dishonourable to the nation, as treating with the
Congress in any respect, were adopted. Insult and obstinacy is all that can be
expected from them.

"With respect to the rebellion, I am clearly of opinion that it daily declines.

Washington is the man to whom the army look for redress and support. He is
now in America what Monk was in England in 1659. I wish I could say in every
respect. Were he equally disposed, he might effect as sudden and total a
revolution, here as honest George Monk did then in England."

Isaac Ogden, 16th December, 1779, says—"There is an anecdote of General

Grey that I have lately heard and believe to be true, though the fact cannot now
be fully ascertained. Just before the battle of Brandywine, an officer was
despatched home by General Howe. General Grey undertook to give him his
instructions how to demean himself on his arrival in London, &c. A copy of
these instructions was found by a countryman, and delivered to Joe Shippen
(Secretary Joe,) who now has them in Philadelphia. A gentleman here has seen
them. As he related them to me, you have them. 'You will first go to Lord
George Germain; he will ask you such and such question; you will answer them
so and so. You will then be sent to Lord North, who will ask you these questions;
you will thus answer them. You will then be sent to the king, who will also ask
you, &c.; you are also to give him these answers. You will then be examined by
the queen. She is a sensible woman. You must answer with caution, but, of all
things, be careful that you say nothing that will condemn the conduct of General
Howe.' Some pains are taken to procure this paper from Mr. Shippen; if it can be
obtained, you will have it."

David Ogden, 3d December, 1779, says—"What gives me great concern is the

fear of a dishonourable peace being made with the rebels. My fears arise from
what I am told many of the officers in the army give out that America can never
be conquered; and the sooner it is given up, and independence admitted by the
crown and parliament, the better for Great Britain; and I am also informed that
they have wrote to that purpose to their friends in England. What effect this may
have on your side of the Atlantic, backed by the anti-ministerial party with you,
enemies to monarchy and the great supporters of the rebellion in America, time
must show; but I am persuaded that the present ministers will never give the
least countenance to the independence of America. The laying the country waste
has been called cruelty by the favourers of the rebellion, and said to be below the
character of Britons; but in cases of rebellion, it has always, by the most
civilized nations, been held justifiable, and no history affords an instance of
calling it cruelty. The great mercy shown the rebels since the commencement of
the rebellion is esteemed to be the greatest cruelty, as the lives of many
thousands would have been preserved by a vigorous, exertion of the king's
troops to distress the rebels wherever they marched, having a strict regard not to
injure the loyalists."

Daniel Cox, 7th December, 1779, says—"Should you see Joe Reed's late speech
to the assembly of Pennsylvania, you would imagine they felt no shock from the
Georgia defeat. [5]

If but common means are actively employed and properly conducted, the
rebellion must be crushed totally next campaign. I doubt not every effort in the
power of Congress, both abroad and at home, will be made to carry themselves
through another year; but, if you are successful at home, they must go to the
devil. For God's sake, therefore, do not be frightened nor give us up; all must go
right if You are but firm."

Reference has already been made to General Arnold's treason during the summer
of 1780.[6]

From the private correspondence of Mr. Galloway, it appears, that as early as the
autumn of 1778 Arnold was considered by the refugees as "lenient," if not
friendly to them, and in this light was represented to the British ministry.

Charles Stewart, under date of the 17th December, 1778, says—"General Arnold
is in Philadelphia. It is said that he will be discharged, being thought a pert tory.
Certain it is that he associates mostly with those people, and is to be married to
Miss Shippen, daughter of Edward Shippen, Esq."

David Sproat, 11th January, 1779, says—"You will also hear that General
Arnold, commandant in Philadelphia, has behaved with lenity to the tories, and
that he is on the eve of marriage to one of Edward Shippen's daughters."

James Humphreys, Jun. (printer), 8th of April, 1779, says—"General Arnold has
been accused by the council of sundry misdemeanors. He has insisted upon a
trial by a court martial, and was triumphantly acquitted. The Congress, however,
have thought proper to remove him from his command in the city of
Philadelphia, he being of too lenient a disposition to answer their cruel
purposes."

This correspondence also develops the conflicting views which were taken by
the tories as to the operations of the British army. So far as it had any influence,
it was calculated to embarrass the ministry. Only two very short extracts will be
given on this subject. The dividing point between the northern and the southern
tories was whether the main army should take possession of Hudson's river, or
the isthmus between Newcastle and Chesapeake Bay.

Bishop Inglis, May 14th, 1779, says—"I am still of opinion that taking
possession of Hudson's river should be the first object. When that is done, which
will effectually divide the rebel forces, circumstances should determine whether
our operations should be directed eastward or westward."

John Potts, December 17th, 1778, says—"If government means to pursue this
matter, she must spare men enough to take possession of the isthmus between
Newcastle and Chesapeake Bay, and, by clearing that country of rebels, procure
sufficient provision and forage for the whole British force in America. That
country can also supply the fleet with a great quantity of naval stores. The whole
trade of Maryland and Pennsylvania will be destroyed, and a great part of
Virginia. The interior of that peninsula is better disposed towards the British
government than any other country in the middle colonies. If possession of
Rhode Island and this place (New-York) is retained, and that post taken, America
has no access to sea from any intermediate port but Egg Harbour, which will
then be scarcely an object. This is your plan, excepting the possession of
Philadelphia and Bordentown, and, as the troops would not be dispersed too
much, would, for that reason, be more eligible."

During the winter of 1778—79, the tories had it in contemplation to establish a

regular corps for the purpose of plundering the whigs. About this period Colonel
Burr took command of the lines in Westchester. His opinion of this system of
warfare is expressed in a letter to General McDougall from which the following
is extracted—"Colonel Littlefield, with the party, returned this morning.
Notwithstanding the cautions I gave, and notwithstanding Colonel Littlefield's
good intentions, I blush to tell you that the party returned loaded with plunder.
Sir, till now I never wished for arbitrary power. I could gibbet half a dozen good
whigs with all the venom of an inveterate tory." [7]

Let the reader compare the above whig sentiment with the following tory
arrangement:—

Christopher Sower, 1st March, 1779, says—"An association is signing here

(New-York), according to which the loyalists are to form themselves into
companies of fifty men each; choose their own officers; to have the disposal of
all prisoners by them taken; to make excursions against the rebels, plunder them,
sell the spoil, appoint an agent to receive the money, and to divide it among them
in equal shares." [8]

In the autumn of 1779 the refugees in New-York formed a board of delegates

from the several provinces. In reference to it, Daniel Cox, December 7th, 1779,
says—"I have lately brought about a general representation of all the refugees
from the respective colonies, which now compose a board, called the board of
refugees, and of which I have the honour at present to be president. We vote by
colonies, and conduct our debates in quite a parliamentary style."

Christopher Sower, the 5th of December, 1779, says—"The deputies of the

refugees from the different provinces meet once a week. Daniel Cox, Esq., was
appointed to the chair, to deprive him of the opportunity of speaking, as he has
the gift of saying little with many words."

Only one more extract will be given from the correspondence of Mr. Galloway,
and that relates to the doings of this board of refugees. Among their labours, the
manner of bringing the war to a speedy termination, and the formation of a
constitution for the British provinces, engrossed their attention. No comments
will be made on the plan; but it will not be found unworthy a careful perusal.
Although presented as the individual suggestion of Mr. Ogden, it is evident,
from other portions of the correspondence, that it was not unadvised, and, to the
American reader, is now an amusing document.

David Ogden, 3d December, 1779, says—"When America submits to the crown

of Great Britain, which I take as a matter certain, and will soon happen if proper
measures are not neglected—pray, will not a constitution and government, in a
manner something similar to the following, be most for the honour, security,
peace, and interest of Great Britain, and also for the happiness and safety of
America, and most compatible to the spirit and genius of both?

"That the right of taxation of America by the British parliament be given up.
That the several colonies be restored to their former constitutions and forms of
government, except in the instances after mentioned. That each colony have a
governor and council appointed by the crown, and a house of representatives to
be elected by the freeholders, inhabitants of the several counties, not more than
forty nor less than thirty for a colony, who shall have power to make all
necessary laws for the internal government and benefit of each respective colony
that are not repugnant or contradictory to the laws of Great Britain, or the laws
of the American parliament, made and enacted to be in force in the colonies for
the government, utility, and safety of the whole. That an American parliament be
established for all the English colonies on the continent, to consist of a lord
lieutenant, barons (to be created for that purpose), not to exceed, at present, more
than twelve, nor less than eight from each colony, to be appointed by his majesty
out of the freeholders, inhabitants of each colony; a house of commons, not to
exceed twelve nor less than eight, from each colony, to be elected by the
respective houses of representatives for each colony, which parliament, so
constituted, to be three branches of legislature of the northern colonies, and to be
styled and called the Lord Lieutenant, the Lords, and Commons of the British
Colonies in North America. That they have the power of enacting laws, in all
cases whatsoever, for the general good, benefit, and security of the colonies, and
for their mutual safety, both defensive and offensive, against the king's enemies,
rebels, &c.; proportioning the taxes to be raised in such cases by each colony.
The mode for raising the same to be enacted by the general assembly of each
colony, which, if refused or neglected, be directed and prescribed by the North
American parliament, with power to levy the same. That the laws of the
American parliament shall be in force till repealed by his majesty in council; and
the laws of the several legislatures of the respective colonies to be in force till
the same be repealed by his majesty, or made void by an act and law of the
American parliament. That the American parliament have the superintendence
and government of the several colleges in North America, most of which have
been the grand nurseries of the late rebellion, instilling into the tender minds of
youth principles favourable to republican, and against a monarchical
government, and other doctrines incompatible to the British constitution.

"A constitution and government something similar to the above, I am convinced,

from the knowledge I have of the temper and spirit of the inhabitants of the
colonies, will be most acceptable to them in general (it being what they wish
for), and will also be conducive to establish a continued and lasting peace and
harmony between Great Britain and the colonies. The Congress, no doubt, as it
will deprive them of their power, will oppose the same by every artifice, as well
as every other plan of accommodation that will lessen their grandeur and
consequence. I am therefore persuaded that the Congress had best be altogether
disregarded in any overtures of accommodation to be made or proposed, and all
treaties with them absolutely refused, either directly with them, or indirectly
through the courts of France and Spain, as men void of faith, or even common
justice—deceivers of the people, and enemies to the public weal and happiness
of mankind. And to facilitate a submission instead of a treaty, proceed with the
army against the rebels with vigour and spirit, and issue a proclamation
containing a constitution for North America, and a pardon to all who lay down
their arms and take the oath of allegiance to his majesty and his government,
excepting, as necessary examples of justice,

"First. The several members of the Continental Congress who have been elected
and served as members thereof since the declaration of Independence.

"Second. All governors, presidents of the supreme executive councils or of other

councils, or of any of the colonies, acting under the Congress, or any new and
usurped form of government.

"Third. All those who have been by his majesty appointed of his council in any
of the colonies, and since taken an active part in the civil or military department
under the Congress or under any establishment of the rebel government.
"Fourth. All judges who have, since the rebellion, passed sentence of death
against any of his majesty's liege subjects, for any supposed or real crime,
committed or pretended to be committed against any law enacted or made by the
Congress, or by any of the usurped or pretended legislatures of the colonies,
making the fact or facts criminal for which he, she, or they were condemned to
suffer death.

"Fifth. All commissaries and others who have seized and sold the estates of any
of his majesty's liege subjects, under any pretence whatsoever, unless it was
done by the consent and orders of the rightful owner, leaving all such to the
mercy of his majesty, to be granted to those only whose conduct merits mercy,
and hold up the same in the proclamation, if any should issue.

"Will it not be proper as well as just to have the estates of the rebels who are
gone out of the king's lines among the rebels forfeited, confiscated, and sold by
commissioners to be appointed for that purpose, and the moneys arising on the
sales to be applied to the use of the refugees, to compensate for their sufferings
by the rebels in ease of the parliamentary donations? Will not the perfidy of
France and Spain justify Great Britain in proposing and entering into an alliance
with the courts of Russia, Prussia, and other powers, to unite against France and
Spain, the common disturbers of public tranquillity; take and divide among them
all their islands in the West Indies?"

Footnotes:

1. Lord North.

2. General Vaughan.

3. Sir Henry Clinton.

4. The Hon. Joseph Reed, whom the British attempted to bribe through the
agency of Mrs. Ferguson.

5. Referring to the discomfiture at Savannah of the combined forces of France

and the United States; the former under the command of Count D'Estaing, the
latter commanded by General Lincoln.
6. See Vol. I., Ch. XIII.

7. See Vol. I., Ch. IX.

8. On the back of Mr. Sower's letter Mr. Galloway has made, in his own
handwriting, this endorsement—"Mr. Sower is a German refugee at New-York,
and a person of the greatest influence among the Germans in Pennsylvania."
CHAPTER III.

The extracts which have been given from the correspondence of Mr. Galloway
present, in a point of view sufficiently clear and distinct, the unquestionable
hostility of the tories towards the whigs; the manner in which they wished the
British ministry to conduct the contest; the punishment they would have inflicted
upon the rebels if they had been successful, and the form in which they would
have subsequently governed the country. These views are deemed a sufficient
reason for the feelings of the whigs; a justification of those legislative
disqualifications of the tories which were adopted by the State of New-York
during the war of the revolution, and cause for the patriotic determination that
the refugees should not be protected or permitted to remain in the land which
they had so zealously struggled to enslave.

At a very early period after the declaration of Independence, parties were formed
among the whigs. In the State of New-York, at the first election, in 1777, for
governor under the new Constitution, General Schuyler was presented in
opposition to George Clinton, but was defeated. With that defeat it is believed
commenced political heart-burnings and collisions which, although at times
smothered, were never extinguished. Schuyler was a man of great boldness and
sagacity. He was personally unpopular, yet he possessed a commanding
influence over the mind of those with whom lie commingled or was in any
manner connected; an ascendancy which, in a measure, was to be ascribed to the
force of intellect.

On the 12th of September, 1780, General Schuyler was a candidate for Congress.
At that time the members were chosen by the legislature. Each house, viva voce,
named a candidate. The two branches then met together and compared their
nominations. If they both designated the same individual, he was declared to be
chosen. If not, they proceeded as one body to a ballot, and the person having a
majority of all the votes given was duly elected. The house almost unanimously
nominated General Schuyler, the vote being for Schuyler, thirty-one, for Ezra
L'Hommidieu seven. The senate nominated L'Hommidieu. In joint ballot,
notwithstanding the vote Schuyler had received in the house, L'Hommidieu was
chosen. For some reason not then explained, there was a sudden and
extraordinary change of opinion in the legislature in relation to General
Schuyler.

About this period, certain individuals were for the appointment of a "Supreme
dictator, with all the powers conferred by the Roman people." A convention was
to be held at Hartford, consisting of delegates from the five New-England states
and the state of New-York, for the purpose, among other objects, of devising
more efficient measures for the supply of the army. Judge Hobart, Egbert
Benson, and General Schuyler were the delegates. "It was for a contemplated by
the legislature to give them instructions to propose that a dictator should be
appointed, for which a majority in the more popular branch were believed to be
favourable. This 'mad project,' as Colonel Alexander Hamilton designated it, was
communicated to him by General Schuyler in a letter of the 16th of September,
1780." [1]

The scheme was opposed with great ardour and perseverance by Governor
George Clinton, Ezra L'Hommidieu, and others; but, through the influence of the
former, in a great measure, the "mad project" was defeated. Here again the party
lines were drawn between Governor Clinton and General Schuyler. It is highly
probable that the plan for appointing a "supreme dictator" was a principal cause
for the change of opinion respecting General Schuyler in the legislature on the
12th of September, and contributed to defeat his election to Congress.

From this period until the adoption of the Federal Constitution, the Clinton and
the Schuyler parties continued to exist. In the ranks of the latter there was great
concert in action. On an examination of the legislative journals from 1777 to
1788, it will be seen, that with General Schuyler were the Jays, the Livingstons,
the Van Rensellaers, and the Bensons, and that they almost uniformly voted
together.

And now of the tories. In the year 1779 some of them, who had removed from
Albany within the British lines, petitioned the legislature for leave to return,
which petition was rejected. At the same session an act was passed requiring all
counsellors and attorneys, before they could be permitted to practice in any
court, to produce evidence of their attachment to the liberty and independence of
the United States. On the 20th of November, 1781, a special act was passed on
the same subject, confirmatory of what bad been done in 1779.

The first session of the legislature after the revolutionary war was held in the city
of New-York. It was convened by proclamation of the governor on the 6th of
January, 1784, and continued its sitting until the 12th of May following. In the
first month of the session, numerous petitions were presented by the tories,
praying to be relieved from their banishment, and to be permitted a residence
within the state. The legislature perceived that, if they did not act promptly, their
tables would be covered with these memorials. Therefore, in the language of
Governor Clinton at the opening of the session, the assembly said—

"While we recollect the general progress of a war which has been marked with
cruelty and rapine; while we survey the ruins of this once flourishing city and its
vicinity; while we sympathize in the calamities which have reduced so many of
our virtuous fellow-citizens to want and distress, and are anxiously solicitous for
means to repair the wastes and misfortunes which we lament," we cannot
hearken to these petitions. They were referred to a select committee, which
committee in a few days reported against granting their prayer, and the house
instantly, without a division, agreed to the report. This was on the 9th of
February, 1784.

On the 11th of February, 1784, the assembly passed a resolution directing that
the names of those persons that had been attainted should be communicated to
the governors of the several states; requesting to be supplied, in like manner,
with "a list of the persons proscribed or banished by their respective states, in
order that thereby the principles of federal union may be adhered to and
preserved." In the senate this resolution was permitted to sleep.

Chancellor Robert R. Livingston, in a letter to John Jay dated the 25th of

January, 1784, thus speaks of parties at this period. "Our parties are, first, the
tories, who still hope for power, under the idea that the remembrance of the past
should be lost, though they daily keep it up by their avowed attachment to Great
Britain; secondly, the violent whigs, who are for expelling all tories from the
state, in hopes, by that means, to preserve the power in their own hands. The
third are those who wish to suppress all violence, to soften the rigour of the laws
against the loyalists, and not to banish them from that social intercourse which
may, by degrees, obliterate the remembrance of past misdeeds."

On the 8th of March, 1784, Peter Yates and three hundred others petitioned the
legislature to prevent those persons who had joined or remained with the enemy
during the late war from returning, and to prohibit such as have remained from
being eligible to any office of profit or trust. On the 31st of the same month
strong resolutions were introduced into the house, and adopted by both branches,
against the tories, declaring, among other things, "That as, on the one hand, the
rules of justice do not require, so, on the other, the public tranquility will not
permit, that such adherents who have been attainted should be restored to the
rights of citizenship."

In May, 1784, the legislature passed an act entitled "An act to, preserve the
freedom and independence of this state, and for other purposes." The object of
this law was to prohibit the tories from holding any office. The Council of
Revision returned the bill, with objections to its passage, one of which was, "that
so large a portion of the citizens remained in parts of the Southern District which
were possessed by the British armies, that in most places it would be difficult,
and in many absolutely impossible, to find men to fill the necessary offices, even
for conducting elections, until a new set of inhabitants could be procured."

This bill of disfranchisement, notwithstanding the objections of the Council of

Revision, was passed by more than two thirds of both branches, and thus became
a law. Such were the feelings of the "violent whigs;" such the policy of the first
legislature after the termination of the war. But, unfortunately, among those who
had fought the battles of the revolution, there were some who doubted the
capacity of the people for self-government, while there were others who sought
power and influence at the hazard of principle. The Schuyler party were in the
minority. The Clinton party, designated by Chancellor Livingston as the "violent
whigs," were uncompromising on the question of banishing the tories, who were
numerous, especially in the Southern District. It seemed probable, therefore, if
restored to citizenship, that they would amalgamate with the third party, or that
class of whigs "who wished to suppress all violence, and to soften the rigour of
the laws against the royalists."

In March, 1783, the legislature passed an act entitled "An act for granting more
effectual relief in cases of trespass." The object of this act was to enable the
whigs at the termination of the war to recover from the tories rent for any landed
estate they might have occupied; and in cases of suit for such rent, the act
declares "that no defendant or defendants shall be admitted to plead in
justification any military order or command whatsoever for such occupancy."
Under this statute an action was commenced by Mrs. Rutgers against Mr.
Waddington, in the Mayor's Court of the City of New-York, for the recovery of
rent for the occupancy of a brewhouse and malthouse, the property of the said
Mrs. Rutgers. The cause was argued on the 29th of June, 1784, James Duane as
Mayor, and Richard Varick as Recorder, presiding. On the 27th of August the
court gave judgment "that the plea of the defendant was good for so much of the
time as he held under the British commander-in-chief; because, in the opinion of
the court, a liberal construction of the law of nations would make it so." As this
decision involved a great principle, and would materially affect the whigs whose
property had been occupied by the tories during the war, it produced great
excitement.

A meeting of the whigs was convened on the 13th of September, 1784. A

committee was appointed, and an address to the people of the state prepared and
published by them. That committee consisted of Melancton Smith, Peter Ricker,
Jonathan Lawrence, Anthony Rutgers, Peter T. Curtenius, Thomas Tucker,
Daniel Shaw, Adam Gilchrist, Junr., and John Wiley. Of this committee
Melancton Smith was the life and soul. He was the author of the address—a
clear, able, and unanswerable exposition of the case. It states the determination
of Mrs. Rutgers to carry it up to the Supreme Court, and, if defeated there, to the
Senate, which, with the judges of the Supreme Court, constituted the Court for
the Correction of Errors. Having reference to the contemplated proceedings, the
address closes as follows:—

"Preparatory to such an event, we exhort you to be cautious, in your future

choice of senators, that none be elected but those on whom, from long and
certain experience, you can rely as men attached to the liberty of America, and
firm friends to our laws and constitution; men who will spurn at any proposition
that has a tendency to curtail the privileges of the people, and who, at the same
time that they protect us against judicial tyranny, have wisdom to see the
propriety of supporting that necessary independence in courts of justice, both of
the legislature and people.

"Having confined ourselves to constitutional measures, and now solemnly

declaring our disapprobation of all others, we feel a freedom in sounding the
alarm to our fellow-citizens. If that independence, which we have obtained at a
risk which makes the acquisition little less than miraculous, was worth
contending for against a powerful and enraged monarch, and at the expense of
the best blood in America, surely its preservation is worth contending for against
those among ourselves who might impiously hope to build their greatness upon
the ruins of that fabric which was so dearly established.

"That the principle of decision in the case of Rutgers vs. Waddington is

dangerous to the freedom of our government, and that a perseverance in that
principle would leave our legislature nothing but a name, and render their
sessions nothing more than an expensive form of government, the preceding
remarks must evidence.

"Permit us, on this occasion, earnestly to entreat you to join us in watchfulness

against every attempt that may be used, either violently and suddenly, or gently
and imperceptibly, to effect a revolution in the spirit and genius of our
government; and should there be among us characters to whom the simplicity of
it is offensive, let our attention and perseverance be such as to preclude the hopes
of a change."

Here again the party lines of 1777 are distinctly marked. Melancton
Smith, Jonathan Lawrence, &c., were of the Clinton party, while Mr.
Duane and Mr. Varick were attached to the Schuyler interest.

In October, 1784, the case of Rutgers vs. Waddington was brought before the
legislature, and on the 27th of that month the assembly

Resolved, That this adjudication is subversive of all law and good order;
because, if a court instituted for the benefit and government of a corporation
may take upon themselves to dispense with a law of the state, all other courts
may do the like: therefore,

Resolved, That it be recommended to the honourable the Council of

Appointment, at their next session, to appoint such persons to be mayor and
recorder of the city of New-York as will govern themselves by the known laws
of the land.

Subsequently Waddington compromised the claim against him; but the law in
similar cases became operative, and remained so until its repeal by the
legislature. In the following session, March, 1785, an unsuccessful attempt was
made to repeal the act of 1781, disqualifying tory counsellors and attorneys;
some modification, however, of other laws of a similar character was effected. In
April, 1786, the repealing act passed; and the restriction on the tory lawyers
being removed, they were permitted to practise in the several courts of the state.
During the same month, "an act for the payment of certain sums of money" was
amended by adding a clause, "restoring to the rights of citizenship, on taking the
oath of abjuration and allegiance," all such persons as had been disfranchised by
the third clause of the act entitled "An act to preserve the freedom and
independence of this state," passed the 12th of May, 1784. During this session
the Schuyler party had the ascendence, and on all questions having a political
aspect the names of Alexander Hamilton, Richard Varick, C. Livingston,
Nicholas Bayard, David Brooks, James Livingston, &c., will be found on the
same side.

On the 10th of March, 1787, Mr. Hamilton asked leave, which was granted, to
bring in a bill to repeal the act entitled "An act for granting relief in case of
certain trespasses." This was the act under which the suit had been commenced
against Waddington, and which case produced so much excitement in the
summer and autumn of 1784. Mr. Hamilton's bill passed; but, lest there should
be some forgotten statute that might restrict or limit the political privileges of the
tories, it was deemed expedient, on the 13th of April, to introduce and pass an
act under the imposing title of "An act to repeal all laws of this state inconsistent
with the treaty of peace." As its provisions met every possible case, the tories
were now placed on a footing with the whigs. All they wanted was leaders. The
rank and file they already possessed.

The Schuyler party sought allies. The tories were numerous, especially in the
Southern District. The Clinton party, designated by Chancellor Livingston, in his
letter to John Jay, as the "violent whigs," were uncompromising on the question
of banishing the tories from the state. It seemed probable, therefore, that, sooner
or later, if restored to citizenship, they would amalgamate with that class of
whigs who wished to suppress "all violence, and to soften the rigour of the laws
against the royalists."

The effect of these legislative measures on the tories was anticipated by both
friends and foes. Chancellor Livingston, in January, 1784, had said that there
were three parties in the state:—

First. The tories.

Second. The violent whigs.

Third. Those who wished " to soften the rigour of the laws against the royalists."
The Council of Revision, composed of Robert R. Livingston, Justice Morris, and
Judge Hobart, had solemnly placed on record their opinion, that, in some
portions of the Southern District "it would be difficult, and in many absolutely
impossible, to find whigs to fill the necessary offices even for conducting
elections." Under such circumstances it was evident that the first and third
parties must amalgamate, and such was the result.

In January, 1788, the legislature met, and directed the call of a State Convention,
to whom was to be submitted the Federal Constitution, as adopted by the
General Convention held in Philadelphia in May, 1787. During this session the
same party lines continued to be visible, although the respective parties had now
assumed, or were designated by new names. The Schuyler was called the Federal
party, and the Clinton the anti-Federal party; thev were composed, however, of
the same individuals, with very few exceptions. The great, and almost the only
strength which the federal party possessed in the state was in the Southern
District. Here the acquisition of the tories rendered their power and influence
irresistible. From this district, composed of the counties of Westchester, New-
York, Richmond, King's, Queen's, and Suffolk, the federalists had in the
Assembly, during the session of 1788-89, twenty votes, and on no party question
did they command, during the whole session, more than twenty-three votes.

In December, 1788, a bill for carrying into operation the federal constitution
being under consideration, a proposition was made to choose United States
senators; but the federalists having a majority in the Senate, and the anti-
federalists a majority in the House of Assembly, no compromise between the
parties could be effected, and consequently no senators were chosen.

The following persons may be considered as constituting the strength of the

Schuyler, now federal party, in the assembly of 1788-89:—

Brockholst Livingston, of the city of New-York. William W. Gilbert, "

" Alexander Macomb, " " Richard Harrison, " " Nicholas Hoffman, " "
John Watts, Jun., " " Nicholas Low, " " Gulian Verplanck, " " Comfort
Sands, " " Philip Van Cortlandt, Westchester county. Philip
Livingston, " " Nathaniel Rockwell, " " Walter Seaman, " " Jonathan
Horton, " " John Younglove, Albany county. Henry K. Van Rensellaer, "
" Stephen Carman, Queen's county. Whitehead Cornwell, " " Peter
Vandervoort, King's county. Aquilla Giles, " " Abraham Bancker,
Richmond county. John C. Dongan, " " Samuel A. Barker, Dutchess
county.

It will be observed, that all the above Schuyler or federal members, with the
exception of two from Albany and one from Dutchess county, were elected as
representatives from the Southern District.

Having stated the origin and progress of the great political parties in the State of
New-York, as they appear from the public records, it may be proper to add that
Colonel Burr belonged to what was termed by Mr. Livingston "the violent whig
party." By that party, while the tories were disfranchised, Mr. Burr was elected in
1784 to represent the city and county of New-York in the legislature. By that
party, in 1789, he was appointed attorney-general of the state. By that party, in
1791, he was appointed a senator of the United States. By that party, in 1792, he
was appointed a judge of the Supreme Court. By that party, subsequently, he was
elected a member of the Assembly and a member of the Convention to revise the
Constitution of the State, of which convention he was president; and by that
party, in 1800, he was elected vice-president of the United States.

It is not intended to discuss the policy, the humanity, or the justice of the several
measures proposed or adopted in relation to the tories by "the violent whigs," or
by those whigs who wished "to soften the rigour of the laws against the
loyalists." The historical facts have been given, and the sources from whence
they were derived specified. The feelings and opinions of "the violent whigs,"
are expressed by the legislature of the state on the 9th of February, 1784, and by
Governor George Clinton at the opening of that session in the city of New-York.
They say—" While we recollect the general progress of a war which has been
marked with cruelty and rapine; while we survey the ruins of this once
flourishing city and its vicinity; while we sympathize in the calamities which
have reduced so many of our virtuous fellow-citizens to want and distress, and
are anxiously solicitous for means to repair the wastes and misfortunes which we
lament, we cannot hearken to these petitions."

On the other hand, the sentiments and views of those whigs who wished "to
soften the rigour of the laws against the loyalists" are to be found in the
following extracts of letters.

JOHN JAY TO GOVERNOR WILLIAM LIVINGSTON. [2]

"Passay, 9th April, 1783.

"The tories will doubtless cause some difficulty; but that they have always done;
and as this will probably be the last time, we must make the best of it. A
universal, indiscriminate condemnation and expulsion of those people would not
redound to our honour, because so harsh a measure would partake more of
vengeance than of justice. For my part, I wish that all, except the faithless and
cruel, may be forgiven. That exception would indeed extend to very few; but
even if it applied to the case of one only, that one ought, in my opinion, to be
saved."

JOHN JAY TO ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.

"Passay, 12th September, 1783.

"Europe hears much, and wishes to hear more of divisions, seditions, violences,
and confusions among us. The tories are generally and greatly pitied; more,
indeed, than they deserve. The indiscriminate expulsion and ruin of that whole
class and description of men would not do honour to our magnanimity or
humanity, especially in the opinion of those nations who consider, with more
astonishment than pleasure, the terms of peace which America has obtained."

Footnotes:

1. See Life of Hamilton, Vol. I., p. 316

2. Jay's Works, Vol. I., p. 128.

CHAPTER IV.

It has been seen that the Livingstons were of the Schuyler party during the
revolutionary war, and that they continued so until the year 1787, when, in
common with their political friends, they were the warm and ardent champions
of the Federal Constitution. After its adoption, and the organization of the
government under it, they soon became dissatisfied. The cause of that
dissatisfaction has been differently explained. On the one hand it was said that
they were alarmed at the doctrines of those who had been called to administer
the government, and at the assumption of powers not delegated by the people.
That they apprehended the government was verging towards a consolidated
national, instead of a federal government of states.

On the other hand it was alleged that the family were disappointed and disgusted
at the neglect which they experienced from General Washington. That, as Robert
R. Livingston had been, in the state convention which adopted the Constitution,
one of its most splendid and efficient supporters, he and his connexions
anticipated his appointment to some exalted station; but that, while he was
passed by unnoticed, his colleagues in that body, John Jay and Alexander
Hamilton, had both received distinguished appointments—the one as Chief
Justice of the United States, and the other as Secretary of the Treasury. Whatever
may have been the cause of this change, it is certain that they soon abandoned
the federal, and united their political destiny with the anti-federal party.
Although these gentlemen, as politicians, were acting in concert with Mr. Burr,
yet there was no cordiality of feeling between them. In their social intercourse,
however, the most perfect comity was observed; and as they were in a minority,
struggling to break down a party haughty, proscriptive, and intolerant beyond
any thing that the American people had beheld, they zealously united their
efforts in effecting the revolution of 1800.

Soon after the adoption of the new constitution, the anti-federal party were
recognised by a name more descriptive of their principles and their views. They
assumed the title of democrats. They considered themselves anti-
consolidationists, but not anti-federalists. They knew that a section of the
dominant party were the friends of a splendid national government. That they
were the advocates of a system, by means of which all power would have
concentrated in the general, and the state governments been reduced to the level
of mere corporations. Against this system the democrats reasoned and contended
with unabated zeal. They were the early, unflinching, and faithful champions of
state rights_.

From the year 1790 until 1800, the democratic and federal parties were
alternately triumphant, both in the city and in the state of New-York. In the
former, the result of an election was frequently decided by the operations of
some local or exciting topic. No decisive contest took place between the parties
previous to 1800, founded on any great or controlling principle of government.
But, during the years 1798 and 1799, the whole country was agitated from one
extreme to the other. Revolutionary France was convulsed, and, in the midst of
her convulsions and sufferings, was daily committing the most cruel and wanton
excesses towards her own citizens, while she was offering taunts and insults to
foreign nations. The federal party seemed to sigh for a war with France.
Pretending that they apprehended a French invasion, a large standing army was
raised. At the head of this army, second in command to General Washington,
was placed General Alexander Hamilton. To support the army and other useless
extravagant expenditures, a land tax and an eight per cent. loan was found
necessary. To silence the murmurs of an oppressed people, a sedition law was
enacted. Such were some of the fruits of the elder Mr. Adams's administration.

In the autumn of 1799 and the winter of 1799-1800, the interesting and vital
question was presented to the American nation:—Will you sustain this
administration and these measures, and thus rivet chains upon yourselves and
your posterity? Or will you calmly, but firmly and in union, resort to the
constitutional remedy (the ballot-boxes) for relief from wrongs and oppressions
which, if permitted to endure, must terminate in the horrors of intestine war?
Here was a question of principle; and, it is believed, a question which was to
decide the character of the government. Each party felt that it was a mighty
struggle, decisive of its future political influence, if not of its existence.

The elections in the state of New-York were held in the month of April. In the
year 1799 the federalists had a majority in the city of more than nine hundred.
During the summer, it was universally conceded that on the state of New-York
the presidential election would depend, and that the result in the city would
decide the fate of the state. That this opinion was as universal as it was true,
cannot be more distinctly exhibited than by the following extract of a letter from
Mr. Jefferson to Mr. Madison, dated 4th March, 1800.

"In New-York all depends on the success of the city election, which is of twelve
members, and of course makes a difference of twenty-four, which is sufficient to
make the two houses, joined together, republican in their vote. * * * * * * Upon
the whole, I consider it as rather more doubtful than the last election (1796), in
which I was not deceived in more than a vote or two. * * * * * * In any event,
we may say, that if the city election of New-York is in favour of the republican
ticket, the issue will be republican; if the federal ticket for the city of New-York
prevails, the probabilities will be in favour of a federal issue, because it would
then require a republican vote both from New-Jersey and Pennsylvania to
preponderate against New-York, on which we could not count with any
confidence."

Reference has been made to the conflicting factions of which the democratic
party was now composed. The Clinton section, the Livingston section, and the
Burr section. The first and last were apparently the same, but not so in reality.
Colonel Burr's commanding talents had acquired for him an influence in the
ranks of the democratic party in other states, which created some jealousy in the
Clinton family, the younger and collateral branches of which were extremely
hostile to him. The ambition of Burr, sustained by a daring spirit and
unconquerable perseverance, awakened the apprehensions of Governor George
Clinton lest he should be supplanted. The governor was a man of great sagacity
and shrewdness. But these two sections, or, perhaps, more properly, the heads of
them, united in their opposition to the Livingstons.

During the winter of 1800, the efforts of Colonel Burr to bring about a concert in
action of these discordant materials were unceasing. With his own personal
friends he had no difficulty, for it was ever one of his characteristics to secure
inviolable the attachment of his friends. They were of the most ardent and
devoted kind. Confiding in his patriotism and judgment, and feeling that he was
incapable of deceiving them, they seemed willing, at all times and under all
circumstances, to hazard their lives and fortunes in his support. They were
generally young men of gallant bearing and disinterested views. No sordid
calculations were made by them. No mercenary considerations influenced their
conduct. They beheld in Colonel Burr a patriot hero of the revolution, who had
commingled with their fathers in the battle-field, and who had perilled every
thing in his country's cause. Such were his friends, and such their zeal in his
behalf. It was here that Colonel Burr was all-powerful, for he possessed, in a
pre-eminent degree, the art of fascinating the youthful. But with all this tact and
talent, he was credulous and easily deceived. He therefore often became the dupe
of the most worthless and unprincipled.

Mr. Burr held frequent private meetings with his most intimate and confidential
friends. At all these meetings it is believed the success of the democratic party
was the only question under consideration. No local or personal interests were
permitted to be discussed. The triumph of the party, as a whole, was the great
object. By his adherents, it was deemed indispensable that he should be a
member of the legislature to be chosen in April, which body was to appoint the
presidential electors. While, on the other hand, it was considered not less
necessary that he should be free to act at the polls in the city of New-York during
the election. How was this to be effected? After much conference and
deliberation it was resolved that he should be elected from Orange county, if the
arrangement could be made, and the execution of the plan was intrusted
principally to Peter Townsend, Esquire, of Chester, who, with the aid of other
influential friends, accomplished it.

The next question was, Of whom shall the assembly ticket for the city be
composed? On the suggestion of Colonel Burr, the names of certain
distinguished individuals, venerable in years, and respected for their services, for
months before the election were put in circulation as candidates; and, among
others, Governor George Clinton and General Horatio Gates. At length the
nominating committees were chosen; but so general had been the conversations
as to suitable candidates, that very little diversity of opinion prevailed in the
formation of the ticket.

The following persons were nominated: George Clinton, Horatio Gates,

Samuel Osgood, Henry Rutgers, Elias Nexsen, Thomas Storm, George
Warner, Philip I. Arcularius, James Hunt, Ezekiel Robins, Brockholst
Livingston, and John Swartwout.

In this ticket the three sections of the democratic, but at this election designated
the republican party, are fully represented. Governor Clinton at the head of one
section, Brockholst Livingston representing another, and General Gates, well
known to be the personal and political friend of Colonel Burr. This ticket being
nominated by the committee, the difficulty was to procure their consent to stand
as candidates. A majority of them had no expectation of success. They
considered the contest as a forlorn hope, and shrank from being set up as targets
to be shot at. Governor Clinton, General Gates, Brockholst Livingston, and
others, had repeatedly declared their fixed determination not to permit their
names to be used.

A sub-committee was appointed to wait upon the candidates, and obtain

permission to present their names for approval to a general meeting of citizens to
be convened for that purpose. The sub-committee consisted of Aaron Burr,
David Gelston, John Swartwout, John Mills, and Matthew L. Davis. After
various communications and much persuasion, nine of the candidates consented,
some of them conditionally. But Governor Clinton, General Gates, and
Brockholst Livingston were for a time immoveable. At length Colonel Burr
induced Judge Livingston to agree that he would serve, if Governor Clinton and
General Gates consented to serve. The sub-committee next waited upon General
Gates, and Colonel Burr appealed to him in the most mild and persuasive
language. After much importunity he yielded, provided Governor Clinton was
also a candidate.

No terms can give a correct idea of the scenes between Governor Clinton and the
sub-committee, for they had an interview with him on three different days. The
last was at the house of Colonel Burr, where Mr. Clinton met the committee by
appointment. He never did consent to stand, but pledged himself to Colonel Burr
and the committee that he would publish nothing in the newspapers, reserving to
himself the right (which he subsequently exercised) of stating in conversation
that his name was used without his authority or permission. Thus it is evident,
that but for the matchless perseverance of Colonel Burr, the ticket, as it stood,
never could have been formed, and, when formed, would have been broken up,
and the republican party discomfited and beaten.

An imperfect sketch of the scene at the house of Colonel Burr was published in
the year 1802, in a pamphlet under the signature of Aristides. The following is
extracted from it. The note of reference here given is also extracted. Its
correctness was never publicly denied by either of the gentlemen named. There
exists no longer any reason for concealment on the subject; and it is therefore
now admitted that this note was written from memorandums made at the time by
the author of this volume.
EXTRACT,

"Governor Clinton, however, remained unmoved by the most earnest

solicitations; and, with matchless firmness, resisted the arguments of Mr. Burr,
who forcibly asserted that it was a right inherent in the community to command
the services of an individual when the nature of public exigences seemed to
require it. He was inflexible to the last, and then was nominated and elected
without a distinct expression of his approbation. Justice, however, induces me to
acknowledge, that the reasons he assigned for the reluctance with which he acted
were plausible and potent.

"He explicitly declared that he had long entertained an unfavourable opinion of

Mr. Jefferson's talents as a statesman and his firmness as a republican. That he
conceived him an accommodating trimmer, who would change with times, and
bend to circumstances for the purposes of personal promotion. Impressed with
these sentiments, he could not, with propriety, he said, acquiesce in the elevation
of a man destitute of the qualifications essential to the good administration of the
government; and added other expressions too vulgar to be here repeated. 'But,'
said he, with energy, 'if you, Mr. Burr, was the candidate for the presidential
chair, I would act with pleasure and with vigour.'"

It is so notorious that these were Governor Clinton's sentiments, that it is

scarcely necessary to produce authority to prove it. To remove, however, every
doubt in the reader's mind, I will refer him to Mr. David Gelston, Mr. John Mills,
Mr. John Swartwout, or Mr. Matthew L. Davis, in whose presence these
sentiments, and many others more disrespectful, if possible, were uttered. It was
at the house of Mr. Burr, who, anticipating the evil consequences that at that
critical moment would result from such conduct in Governor Clinton, insisted,
before he left the house, that he should promise his friends to desist from using
such language previous to or during the election. This was very reluctantly
complied with on the part of Mr. Clinton.

"Notwithstanding this, they were continually reiterated by his son, who publicly
and loudly animadverted upon the character of Mr. Jefferson with the most
vulgar severity. Similar sentiments were certainly entertained by all Governor
Clinton's connexions, as their conduct during the election clearly evinced. Mr.
Dewitt Clinton, through the whole contest, never appeared at the poll, but
observed the most shameful indfference and inactivity."
The nomination of a ticket having been made and approved at a public meeting
over which Anthony Lispenard presided, its effect upon both parties was
tremendous. The character and standing of the candidates seemed a presage of
victory. It elated, and gave life and vigour to the republicans, while it paralyzed
and depressed the federalists.

Never before or since has a ticket been presented to the citizens of New-York
composed of men combining such talents, patriotism, experience, and public
services, as the republican assembly ticket for the year 1800.

Those who possess a knowledge of the character of Colonel Burr know what
were his qualifications for execution. The plan of the campaign having been
opened, it only remained to be executed. In the performance of this duty, all Mr.
Burr's industry, perseverance, and energy were called into operation. Nor were
the federal party idle or inactive. They possessed wealth and patronage. Led on
to the contest by their talented chieftain, General Hamilton, whose influence in
their ranks was unbounded, they made a desperate but ineffectual resistance to
the assaults upon their political citadel. If defeated here, their power was gone,
and the administration of the government lost. Both General Hamilton and
Colonel Burr exerted themselves personally at the polls during the three days of
election. They repeatedly addressed the people, and did all that men could do.
They frequently met at the same polls, and argued, in the presence of large
assemblages, the debatable questions. Their deportment towards each other and
towards their opponents was such as comported with the dignity of two of the
most accomplished and courtly gentlemen of the age in which they lived.

The polls of the election opened on the morning of the 29th of April, and finally
closed at sunset on the 1st of May. Immediately after, the inspectors commenced
counting and canvassing the ballots. Sufficient progress was made during the
night to render it, in a great measure, certain that the republican ticket had
succeeded; and on the 2d of May this result was announced, the average majority
being about 490. All doubt as to the presidential vote of the state of New-York
was now removed, unless the federal party, in their expiring agonies, could
devise some plan by which the will of the people, thus clearly expressed, should
be defeated. Such apprehensions were entertained, and, it was soon discovered,
not entertained without good reason.

In both branches of the legislature elected in 1799 the federalists had a majority.
The time of service of the members would expire on the 1st of July, 1800. After
the nomination of the republican assembly ticket, but previous to the election in
April, 1800, it was suspected that certain federalists had in contemplation a
project to render the city election null and void if the republicans succeeded.
When the polls were closed, therefore, discreet and intelligent men were placed
at them to guard, if it should be found necessary, the inspectors from
committing, inadvertently, any errors, either in canvassing or making their
returns. Every movement, subsequently, of leading federal gentlemen was
narrowly and cautiously watched. The result of the election was announced on
the 2d of May. On the 3d of May, in the evening, a select and confidential federal
caucus was held. On the 4th a letter was written to William Duane, editor of the
Aurora, stating that such a caucus had been held the preceding night, and that it
was determined by the caucus to solicit Governor Jay to convene the existing
legislature forthwith, for the purpose of changing the mode of choosing electors
for president, and placing it in the hands of the people by districts. The effect of
such a measure would have been to neutralize the State of New-York, and, as the
result finally proved, would have secured to the federal party their president and
vice-president. This letter was published in the Aurora of the 6th of May, and
called forth the denunciations of those federal papers whose conductors were not
in the secret. The author of the letter was assailed as a Jacobin calumniator, and
the whole story was pronounced a vile fabrication. One of the New-York city
papers reprinted the letter, and thus closes its commentary on it:—"Where is the
American who will not detest the author of this infamous lie? If there is a man to
be found who will sanction this publication, he is worse than the worst of
Jacobins!"

What effect, if any, was produced by this immediate exposure of the caucus
proceedings, it is not necessary now to inquire. It is sufficient to say that the
development was, in all its parts, literally correct, and the subject is here
introduced for the twofold purpose of showing, first, the vigilance, promptitude,
and arrangement of the republican party of that day; and, second, the means to
which certain desperate federalists were willing to resort for the purpose of
retaining power. That the representations contained in the publication of the
Aurora were strictly true, is now matter of recorded history.

In the life of John Jay, vol. i., p. 412, the letter addressed to the governor on this
subject is published. It bears date one day after the publication in the Aurora, but
before the paper reached the city of New-York. The author of the work, after
some preliminary remarks, Says—"These details will explain the proposal made
in the following letter, which was received by the governor from one of the most
distinguished federalists in the United States." [1]

TO JOHN JAY.

New-York May 7, 1800.

DEAR SIR,

You have been informed of the loss of our election in this city. It is also known
that we have been unfortunate throughout Long Island and in Westchester.
According to the returns hitherto, it is too probable that we lose our senator for
this district.

The moral certainty, therefore, is, that there will be an anti-federal majority in
the ensuing legislature; and the very high probability is, that this will bring
Jefferson into the chief magistracy, unless it be prevented by the measure which
I shall now submit to your consideration; namely, the immediate calling together
of the existing legislature.

I am aware that there are weighty objections to the measure; but the reasons for
it appear to me to outweigh the objections; and, in times like these in which we
live, it will not do to be over scrupulous. It is easy to sacrifice the substantial
interests of society by a strict adherence to ordinary rules.

In observing this I shall not be supposed to mean that any thing ought to be done
which integrity will forbid; but merely that the scruples of delicacy and
propriety, as relative to a common course of things, ought to yield to the
extraordinary nature of the crisis. They ought not to hinder the taking of a legal
and constitutional step to prevent an atheist in religion and a fanatic in politics
from getting possession of the helm of state.

You, sir, know in a great degree the anti-federal party; but I fear you do not
know them as well as I do. 'Tis a composition, indeed, of very incongruous
materials, but all tending to mischief—some of them to the overthrow of the
government, by stripping it of its due energies; others of them to a revolution
after the manner of Bonaparte. I speak from indubitable facts, not from
conjectures and inferences. In proportion as the true character of the party is
understood, is the force of the considerations which urge to every effort to
disappoint it; and it seems to me that there is a very solemn obligation to employ
the means in our power.

The calling of the legislature will have for object the choosing of electors by the
people in districts; this (as Pennsylvania will do nothing) will ensure a majority
of votes in the United States for a federal candidate. The measure will not fail to
be approved by all the federal party, while it will, no doubt, be condemned by
the opposite. As to its intrinsic nature, it is justified by unequivocal reasons of
public safety.

The reasonable part of the world will, I believe, approve it. They will see it as a
proceeding out of the common course, but warranted by the particular nature of
the crisis and the great cause of social order.

If done, the motive ought to be frankly avowed. In your communication to the

legislature, they ought to be told that temporary circumstances had rendered it
probable that, without their interposition, the executive authority of the general
government would be transferred to hands hostile to the system heretofore
pursued with so much success, and dangerous to the peace, happiness, and order
of the country. That under this impression, from facts convincing to your own
mind, you had thought it your duty to give the existing legislature an opportunity
of deliberating whether it would not be proper to interpose, and endeavour to
prevent so great an evil, by referring the choice of electors to the people
distributed into districts.

In weighing this suggestion, you will doubtless bear in mind that popular
governments must certainly be overturned; and, while they endure, prove
engines of mischief, if one party will call to its aid all the resources which vice
can give, and if the other (however pressing the emergency) confines itself
within all the ordinary forms of delicacy and decorum.

The legislature can be brought together in three weeks, so that there will be full
time for the object; but none ought to be lost.

Think well, my dear sir, of this proposition; appreciate the extreme danger of the
crisis; and I am unusually mistaken in my view of the matter if you do not see it
right and expedient to adopt the measure.

Respectfully and affectionately yours.

Mr. Jay's biographer adds—"On this letter is the following endorsement in the
governor's hand, Proposing a measure for party purposes which I think it would
not become me to adopt."

Footnotes:

1. As there were but few of "the most distinguished federalists in the United
States" residing at that time in the city of New-York, the intelligent reader will
form his own conclusions as to the source from whence it emanated.
CHAPTER V.
During the summer of 1800 General Hamilton prepared for the press his
celebrated pamphlet, entitled—"A letter from Alexander Hamilton, concerning
the public conduct and character of John Adams, Esq., president of the United
States." It was the design of the author of this pamphlet that it should be
privately printed, and circulated in South Carolina only a few days before the
election, for the purpose of preventing Mr. Adams from getting the vote of South
Carolina, but securing it to Mr. Pinckney, who was the federal candidate for the
vice-presidency. The consequence would have been to place Mr. Pinckney's
electoral vote higher than Mr. Adams's, and thus, if the federal party succeeded,
Mr. Pinckney would have been elected president and Mr. Adams vice-president.
Colonel Burr ascertained the contents of this pamphlet, and that it was in the
press. Its immediate publication, he knew, must distract the federal party, and
thus promote the republican cause in those states where the elections had not yet
taken place. Arrangements were accordingly made for a copy, as soon as the
printing of it was completed; and when obtained, John Swartwout, Robert
Swartwout, and Matthew L. Davis, by appointment, met Colonel Burr at his own
house. The pamphlet was read, and extracts made for the press. Mr. Davis was
charged with forwarding these extracts to William Duane, editor of the Aurora,
and to Charles Holt, editor of the Bee, printed in New-London, which was
accordingly done, and the extracts immediately published. [1]

The effect of this sudden and unexpected explosion was such as might have been
anticipated. It rent the federal party in twain. The publication, from time to time,
of extracts, and the excitement which was produced throughout the country by
them, at length compelled Mr. Hamilton to authorize the publication of the entire
pamphlet; and accordingly, in October, as the electors were to be chosen in
November, it was advertised for sale in the Daily Gazette. The editor of the
paper explained that it was not the intention of General Hamilton to give
publicity to this letter at the time it was made public; but that extracts from it by
some unknown means had found their way to the public, and therefore the whole
was now given.

Further evidence of the vigilance and efficiency of Colonel Burr in promoting

the revolution of 1800 is deemed unnecessary. It is most solemnly believed that
the overthrow of the federal party at that time would not have been
accomplished but through his zeal, sagacity, and industry. His friends, therefore,
have ascribed to him, and not without some foundation, the election of Mr.
Jefferson to the presidency.

Governor Jay having refused to comply with the wishes of "one of the most
distinguished federalists in the United States," as proposing a measure for party
purposes which he (Governor Jay) thought it would not become him to adopt,
the legislature did not convene until the fourth day of November, 1800, and on
the sixth they proceeded to the choice of electors for president and vice-
president. The republican ticket prevailed. It was composed of the following,
persons:—

Isaac Ledyard, of Queen's County.

Anthony Lispenard, of New-York.

P. Van Courtlandt, of Westchester

James Burt, of Orange.

Gilbert Livingston, of Dutchess.

Thomas Jenkins, of Columbia.

[continued list of Republican electors]

Peter Van Ness, of Columbia.

Robert Ellis, of Saratoga.

John Woodworth, of Rensellaer.

J. Van Rensellaer, of Albany.

Jacob Eacker, of Montgomery, and

William Floyd, of Suffolk.

The vote stood:—

Republican. Federal.
In the Senate 18 24 In the Assembly 64 39

Thus, on joint ballot, the republican majority was nineteen; and consequently, as
the city of New-York elected twelve members, if the federalists had succeeded in
the city, they would have had, in joint ballott, a majority of from six to ten.

As a part of the history of this election, the following letter and extracts from
letters are here inserted.

THOMAS JEFFERSON TO AARON BURR.

Washington, December 15, 1800.

"DEAR SIR,

Although we have not official information of the votes for president and vice-
president, and cannot have until the first week in February, yet the state of the
votes is given on such evidence as satisfies both parties that the two republican
candidates stand highest. From South Carolina we have not even heard of the
actual vote, but we have learned who were appointed electors, and with
sufficient certainty how they would vote. It is said they would withdraw from
yourself one vote. It has also been said that a General Smith, of Tennessee, had
declared that he would give his second vote to Mr. Gallatin, not from any
indisposition towards you, but extreme reverence to the character of Mr.
Gallatin. It is also surmised that the vote of Georgia will not be entire. Yet
nobody pretends to know these things of a certainty, and we know enough to be
certain that what it is surmised will be withheld, will still leave you four or five
votes at least above Mr. Adams. However, it was badly managed not to have
arranged with certainty what seems to have been left to hazard. It was the more
material, because I understand several high-flying federalists have expressed
their hope that the two republican tickets may be equal, and their determination
in that case to prevent a choice by the House of Representatives (which they are
strong enough to do), and let the government devolve on a president of the
Senate. Decency required that I should be so entirely passive during the late
contest, that I never once asked whether arrangements had been made to prevent
so many from dropping votes intentionally as might frustrate half the republican
wish; nor did I doubt, till lately, that such had been made.

"While I must congratulate you, my dear sir, on the issue of this contest, because
it is more honourable, and, doubtless, more grateful to you than any station
within the competence of the chief magistrate, yet, for myself, and for the
substantial service of the public, I feel most sensibly the loss we sustain of your
aid in our new administration. It leaves a chasm in my arrangements which
cannot be adequately filled up. I had endeavoured to compose an administration
whose talents, integrity, names, and dispositions should at once inspire
unbounded confidence in the public mind, and ensure a perfect harmony in the
conduct of the public business. I lose you from the list, and am not sure of all the
others. Should the gentlemen who possess the public confidence decline taking a
part in their affairs, and force us to take persons unknown to the people, the evil
genius of this country may realize his avowal that 'he will beat down the
administration.' The return of Mr. Van Benthuysen, one of your electors,
furnishes me a confidential opportunity of writing this much to you, which I
should not have ventured through the postoffice at this prying season. We shall,
of course, see you before the fourth of March. Accept my respectful and
affectionate salutations."

The letter is, in a great measure, incomprehensible. It indicates nothing but Mr.
Jefferson's extreme terror and apprehension lest he should be disappointed in his
anticipated elevation to the presidency. It displays the tact of the ostrich, and the
sincerity of a refined Jesuit. What does Mr. Jefferson mean by the declaration
that he had formed a cabinet, of which Mr. Burr was to be a member? What
when he says—"I lose you from the list?' Can any man believe that Mr. Jefferson
expected to be elected president, but that Colonel Burr would be defeated; and
that, acting upon such a state of facts, he had already selected the members of his
administration, and that Mr. Burr was one of them? The supposition is absurd;
but, without such a supposition, what becomes of the truth of Mr. Jefferson's
declaration when he says—"I feel most sensibly the loss we sustain of your aid
in our new administration. It leaves a chasm in my arrangements which cannot
be adequately filled up?" If this letter is carefully read and analyzed, its object
may be comprehended. It was written a few weeks before the balloting was to
take place in Congress. Mr. Jefferson expresses doubt as to the vote Mr. Burr
will receive, but considers it certain that he will have "four or five votes at least
above Mr. Adams." Four days after this letter he writes in a very different tone to
a friend.

MR. JEFFERSON TO MR. MADISON.

"Washington, December 19, 1800.

"DEAR SIR,

"Mrs. Brown's departure for Virginia enables me to write confidentially what I

would not have ventured by the post at this prying season. The election in South
Carolina has, in some measure, decided the great contest. Though, as yet, we do
not know the actual votes of Tennessee, Kentucky, and Vermont, yet we believe
the votes to be, on the whole, Jefferson, 73; Burr, 73; Adams, 65; Pinckney, 64.
Rhode Island withdrew one from Pinckney. There is a possibility that Tennessee
may withdraw one from Burr, and Burr writes that there may be one vote in
Vermont for Jefferson. But I hold the latter impossible, and the former not
probable; and that there will be an absolute parity between the two republican
candidates. This has produced great dismay and gloom on the republican
gentlemen here, and exultation in the federalists, who openly declare they will
prevent an election, and will name a president of the Senate pro tem. by what,
they say, would only be a stretch of the constitution. The prospect of preventing
this is as follows. Georgia, North Carolina, Tennessee, Kentucky, Vermont,
Pennsylvania, and New-York can be counted on for their vote in the House of
Representatives, and it is thought, by some, that BAER of Maryland and LINN of
New-Jersey will come over."

The preceding extract shows that Mr. Jefferson entertained no doubt "that there
would be an absolute parity between the two republican candidates,"
notwithstanding his doubting remarks on that subject to Colonel Burr. Hopes
were also entertained "that Mr. Baer of Maryland and Linn of New-Jersey would
come over." Reference will hereafter be made to these two states. The result of
the electoral vote was as Mr. Jefferson anticipated. Seventy-three republican and
sixty-five federal.

Although the ballots for president and vice-president had not been examined
officially, yet it was well known that there was a tie between Mr. Jefferson and
Colonel Burr.

On the 5th of February, 1801, Mr. Bayard, in the House of Representatives,

offered a resolution declaring that, in case of a tie, the house would continue to
ballot until a choice of president was made. It was referred to a select committee,
and, on the 10th, it, with other rules to govern the house during the balloting,
was adopted. The Senate passed a resolution that the ballots should be opened
with closed doors. William H. Wells, of Delaware, of the Senate, and John
Nicholas, of Virginia, and John Rutledge, of South Carolina, of the House of
Representatives, were appointed tellers.

On the 11th of February the ballots were opened. During the performance of this
ceremony a most extraordinary incident occurred. As it is known to but few now
living, and never been publicly spoken of, it has been deemed proper to record it
here, as a part of the history of that exciting contest.

The Aurora of the 16th of February, 1801, remarks, that "the tellers declared that
there was some informality in the votes of Georgia; but, believing them to be
true votes, reported them as such." No explanation of the nature of this
informality was given; nor is it known that any has ever been given since. Had it
been announced at the time, there can be no doubt it would have proved fatal to
the election of Mr. Jefferson. Whether the interest of our country would or would
not have been thereby promoted, is not a question for discussion here.

By the Constitution of the United States at that time it was provided, Art. 2, sect.
1, "The electors shall meet in their respective states, and vote by ballot for two
persons, of whom one at least shall not be an inhabitant of the same state with
themselves. And they shall make a list of all the persons voted for, and of the
number of votes for each, which list they shall sign, and certify, and transmit,
sealed, to the seat of the government of the United States, directed to the
President of the Senate. The President of the Senate shall, in the presence of the
Senate and House of Representatives, open all the certificates, and the votes
shall then be counted. The person having the greatest number of votes shall be
the president, if such number be a majority of the whole number of electors
appointed; and if there be more than one who have such majority, and have an
equal number of votes, then the House of Representatives shall immediately
choose, by ballot, one of them for president; and if no person have a majority,
then from the five highest on the list the said house shall, in like manner, choose
the president. But, in choosing the president, the votes shall betaken by states,
and a majority of all the states shall be necessary to a choice."

From the above extract it will be seen that the Constitution is imperative as to
the form and manner in which the electoral returns are to be made. The
ceremony of opening was performed in the presence of the two houses. The
package of a state having been opened by the vice-president, it was handed by
him to the tellers. Mr. Jefferson was the presiding officer. On opening the
package endorsed Georgia votes, it was discovered to be totally irregular. The
statement now about to be given is derived from an honourable gentleman, a
member of Congress from the state of New-York during the administration of
Mr. Jefferson, and yet living in this state. He says that Mr. Wells (a teller on the
part of the Senate) informed him that the envelope was blank; that the return of
the votes was not authenticated by the signatures of the electors, or any of them,
either on the outside or the inside of the envelope, or in any other manner; that it
merely stated in the inside that the votes of Georgia were, for Thomas Jefferson
_four, and for Aaron Burr four, without the signature of any person whatsoever.
Mr. Wells added, that he was very undecided as to the proper course to be
pursued by the tellers. It was, however, suggested by one of them that the paper
should be handed to the presiding officer, without any statement from the tellers
except that the return was informal; that he consented to this arrangement under
the firm conviction that Mr. Jefferson would announce the nature of the
informality from the chair; but, to his utmost surprise, he (Mr. Jefferson) rapidly
declared that the votes of Georgia were four for Thomas Jefferson and four for
Aaron Burr, without noticing their informality, and in a hurried manner put them
aside, and then broke the seals and handed to the tellers the package from the
next state. Mr. Wells observed, that as soon as Mr. Jefferson looked at the paper
purporting to contain a statement of the electoral vote of the state of Georgia, his
countenance changed, but that the decision and promptitude with which he acted
on that occasion convinced him of that which he (a federalist) and his party had
always doubted, that is to say, Mr. Jefferson's decision of character, at least when
his own interest was at hazard. Mr. Wells further stated, that if the votes of
Georgia had not been thus counted, as it would have brought all the candidates
into the house, Mr. Pinckney among the number, Mr. Jefferson could not have
been elected president.

The same honourable member of Congress further stated, that some few years
after receiving the above information from Mr. Wells, he became intimately
acquainted with John Nicholas, who was one of the tellers referred to, and who
had removed from Virginia into the western part of the State of New-York. Mr.
Nicholas gave to the honourable member the same statement in substance, not
knowing that it had been previously derived from Mr. Wells. Mr. Nicholas was a
warm personal and political friend of Mr. Jefferson, and declared that he never
felt so astounded in his life as when he discovered the irregularity. He claimed
some credit for the adroit manner in which he had managed Mr. Rutledge, so far
as to obtain his consent to hand the paper to Mr. Jefferson without public
explanation from the tellers, and which was effected by a conciliatory appeal to
the magnanimity of the member from South Carolina.

The whole number of electoral votes given at the election in 1800 was one
hundred and thirty-eight: necessary to a choice, seventy. Mr. Jefferson and Mr.
Burr had each, according to the return made, seventy-three. Georgia gave _four
_votes. If that number had been deducted from Jefferson and Burr, as illegally
returned, of which there is no doubt, they would have had only sixty-nine votes
each; consequently they would not have had, in the language of the Constitution,
"a majority of the whole number of electors appointed," and the candidates out
of which a choice of president must be made would have been Mr. Jefferson, Mr.
Burr, Mr. Adams, and Mr. Pinckney. The federal members would then have said
to the republicans, We will unite with you in the choice of either of the
gentlemen presented to the house except Mr. Jefferson; and if the government is
to be brought to a termination by our failure to elect a president, the
responsibility will be on you. And is it to be believed, that in such a case the
doubtful members who were sighing for office, if any such there were, would
have rejected the suggestion in toto?

The balloting continued from the 11th until the 17th of February inclusive. Nine
states were necessary to a choice. On the first ballot Mr. Jefferson had eight, Mr.
Burr six, and two states were divided. At every ballot the same result was
announced, until the thirty-sixth ballot, which was given on the 17th of February,
when Mr. Jefferson was declared duly elected, ten states having voted for him.

On the first ballot Mr. Jefferson received New-York, New-Jersey,

Pennsylvania, Virginia, North Carolina, Kentucky, Georgia, and
Tennessee—eight.

Mr. Burr received New-Hampshire, Massachusetts, Rhode Island,

Connecticut, Delaware, and South Carolina —six.
Divided, Vermont and Maryland—two.

On the final ballot Mr. Jefferson received New-York, New-Jersey,

Pennsylvania, Virginia, North Carolina, Kentucky, Georgia, Tennessee,
Maryland (four votes and four blanks), Vermont (one vote and
one blank)—ten.

Mr. Burr received New-Hampshire, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, and

Connecticut—four.

Delaware blank, South Carolina no vote.

During the balloting one hundred and six members of the House of
Representatives were present. Of this number fifty-one, on the first ballot, voted
for Mr. Jefferson; and on no subsequent vote was that number increased. The
election was effected by the states of Maryland and Vermont giving their vote,
instead of remaining equally divided, and thus having no vote; and that change
was produced in Maryland by Mr. Craick, Mr. Dennis, Mr. Baer, and Mr. Chew
Thomas voting blank, and Mr. Lewis R. Morris, of Vermont, in like manner
voting blank, leaving Mr. Matthew Lyon the sole representative of the state.

Previous to the balloting, Mr. Burr addressed to General S. Smith, of Baltimore,

a member of the House of Representatives, the following letter. It will be seen by
the date, that as soon as Colonel Burr supposed that there was a probability of a
tie, he constituted General Smith his proxy to declare his sentiments.
EXTRACT.

"New-York, 16th December, 1800.

"It is highly improbable that I shall have an equal number of votes with Mr.
Jefferson; but, if such should be the result, every man who knows me ought to
know that I would utterly disclaim all competition. Be assured that the federal
party can entertain no wish for such an exchange. As to my friends, they would
dishonour my views and insult my feelings by a suspicion that I would submit to
be instrumental in counteracting the wishes and the expectations of the United
States. And I now constitute you my proxy to declare these sentiments if the
occasion should require." [2]

Baltimore, February 28, 1801.

Sir—Many of the citizens of Baltimore, who have just now heard of your arrival
among them, beg leave to congratulate you and themselves upon the success of
the late election of President and Vice-president of the United States. They, in a
particular manner, appreciate that patriotism which disclaimed competition for
the presidential chair with that other eminent character who has finally been
called to it—as setting a just value upon the will of the people.

By order of the meeting.

THOMAS McELDERRY.

To Aaron Burr, Vice-president elect of the United States of America.

Footnotes:

1. Mr. Tucker, in his life of Jefferson, ascribes the defeat of the federal party in
South Carolina to General Hamilton's pamphlet. Its premature publication, no
doubt, contributed largely to produce this result.

2. The effect of this letter upon public opinion may be judged of by the
following, among other testimonials which might be inserted.
CHAPTER VI.

This contest in Congress produced, almost immediately, strong feelings of

dissatisfaction between some of the friends of Mr. Jefferson and Colonel Burr.
Jealousies and distrust had previously existed. Mr. Jefferson was anxious that
Mr. Madison should be his successor in office. The Clinton and Livingston
families were prepared to unite in a crusade against Colonel Burr; the chieftains
of each section hoping to fill the station from which he was to be expelled.
General Hamilton was in favour of the election of Mr. Jefferson, as opposed to
Colonel Burr. The result afforded him a triumph, and be was prepared, when
opportunity should present, to prostrate his late successful opponent. Such was
the state of parties, and such the feelings of leading and distinguished partisans,
when Colonel Burr entered upon the vice-presidency, on the fourth of March,
1801. He was hemmed in on every side by political adversaries, ready for the
onset so soon as it should be deemed expedient to make it. Every movement,
every expression at the convivial board or in the social circle, and every action,
was carefully watched and noted for future use, if, by the exercise of ingenuity
and misrepresentation, such expression or action could be so tortured as to
operate injuriously to him. These several sections, each acting within its own
sphere, impelled by conflicting motives, were untiring in their efforts to
accomplish the great object—the ruin of the vice-president. They combined
wealth, talents, and government patronage.

The following short extracts from letters, written as early as 1794 and 1795, will
show what were the wishes of Mr. Jefferson (so far as any reliance can be placed
on professions) in relation to Mr. Madison.

THOMAS JEFFERSON TO JAMES MADISON.

"Monticello, December 28, 1794.

"DEAR SIR,

"I do not see in the minds of those with whom I converse a greater affliction than
the fear of your retirement; [1] but this must not be, unless to a more splendid
and more efficacious post. [2]

There I should rejoice to see you; I hope I may say, I shall rejoice to see you. I
have long had much in my mind to say to you on that subject; but double
delicacies have kept me silent. I ought, perhaps, to say, while I would not give up
my own retirement for the empire of the universe, how I can justify wishing one,
whose happiness I have so much at heart as yours, to take the front of the battle
which is fighting for my security."

THOMAS JEFFERSON TO JAMES MADISON.

"Monticello, April 27, 1795.

"DEAR SIR,

"In mine, to which yours of March the twenty-third was an answer, I expressed
my hope of the only change of position I ever wished to see you make, and I
expressed it with entire sincerity, because there is not another person in the
United States who, being placed at the helm of our affairs, my mind would be so
completely at rest for the fortune of our political bark. The wish, too, was pure,
and unmixed with any thing respecting myself personally. * * * * * *

"If these general considerations were sufficient to ground a firm resolution never
to permit myself to think of the office (president), or be thought of for it, the
special ones which have supervened on my retirement still more insuperably bar
the door to it. My health is entirely broken down within the last eight months; my
age requires that I should place my affairs in a clear state; these are sound, if
taken care of, but capable of considerable dangers if longer neglected; and,
above all things, the delights I feel in the society of my family, and in the
agricultural pursuits in which I am so eagerly engaged. The little spice of
ambition which I had in my younger days has long since evaporated, and I set
still less store by a posthumous than present name."

It is a remarkable fact, that, previous to the balloting in Congress, all parties and
sections of parties concurred in the opinion that the election would finally be
determined, as it was, by New-York, New-Jersey, and Maryland. These three
states would render the election of Colonel Burr certain; two of them could elect
Mr. Jefferson. The vote, of New-York was to be decided by Theodorus Bailey, of
Dutchess county, and Edward Livingston, of the city of New-York; the vote of
New-Jersey by Mr. Linn, and the vote of Maryland by Mr. Dent or Mr. Baer.

In the Commercial Advertiser of the thirteenth of February, 1801, a paper

opposed to the election of Colonel Burr, there is published an extract of a letter
from a member of Congress, dated Washington, February 10, which states that,
upon the second ballot, it is expected that New-York, New-Jersey, and Maryland
will vote for Mr. Burr.

On the sixth of February, 1801, a leading and influential republican member of

Congress writes to his correspondent a letter, from which the following is
extracted:—

"I have not time to answer your letter as fully as I could wish, as it would have
been my desire to communicate to you not only facts, but some of the reasons
which have induced us to adopt the steps we have heretofore taken. But, at all
events, it is important that you should have an immediate knowledge of the
present situation of affairs.

"It is reduced to moral certainty, so far as any reliance can be placed on the
solemn determinations of men, that either Mr. Jefferson will be chosen, or that
there will be no choice made. The republican majorities of eight states (including
Linn [3] of New-Jersey, and the New-York representation, [4] the republican half
of Maryland, including Mr. Dent, [5] and Lyon of Vermont, are pledged to
persevere in voting for Mr. Jefferson to the end, be the consequence what it
will."

Colonel Burr, soon after his election, gave his enemies an opportunity to cavil. It
would be impossible to enter into all the details connected with this subject; but
the principal charges which were made against the vice-president, and assigned
as reasons for opposing his renomination, will be briefly presented. The replies
to or explanations of them, by the parties implicated, will also be given.
Late in November, 1801, when Mr. Burr was on his way to Washington to take
his seat in Senate as vice-president, he was addressed by certain citizens of
Baltimore, on which occasion he remarked, "Time will not allow me to return
you a written answer, but I must be permitted to state my disapprobation of the
mode of expressing public sentiment by addresses." This gave offence to some,
and, by the artful and designing, was misrepresented. Mr. Burr, during the years
1798 and 1799, had beheld, with mortification and disgust, the adulatory, if not
sycophantic addresses presented to President Adams. This reproof, therefore, of
his friends, evinced his natural independence of character as well as the purest
republican notions.

In the month of January, 1802, a bill to repeal what was termed by the
republicans the federal midnight judiciary act, was pending before the Senate.
On the 27th of January, a motion was made to refer the bill to a committee for
the purpose of amendment. On this motion the votes were, ayes, 14; noes, 14.
The vice-president, Colonel Burr, was in the chair. He said—"I am for the
affirmative, because I never can resist the reference of a measure where the
Senate is so nicely balanced, and when the object is to effect amendment that
may accommodate it to the opinions of a large majority, and particularly when I
can believe that gentlemen are sincere in wishing a reference for this purpose.
Should it, however, at any time appear that delay only is intended, my conduct
will be different."

This decision afforded the enemies of Colonel Burr an opportunity to break

ground more openly against him. He was now charged with aiding the federal
party in their efforts to embarrass the administration, and with the design of
defeating the wishes of the American people. As yet, the charge of intriguing and
negotiating with the federalists to obtain the presidency in opposition to Mr.
Jefferson had not been made. The allies had not yet sufficiently poisoned the
public mind against the vice-president, nor had they subsidized the requisite
number of presses for carrying on the work of destruction. While the grand
assault was meditating, and these feints were carrying on against the vice-
president, he was constantly receiving approbatory letters from intelligent and
well-informed citizens, many of whom cowered beneath the storm when, in the
height of its fury, it burst upon the victim. From among a number the following
are selected:—
FROM A. J. DALLAS.

Philadelphia, 3d February, 1802.[6]

DEAR SIR,

On the judiciary question, I wrote my sentiments to Mr. Wilson Nicholas early in

the session. I am sorry our friends have taken so peremptory a position, as the
very circumstance of having taken it will render it difficult to move them. I
cannot concur with them in the policy or expediency of the measure. The
business of the court will not allow me to give my reasons in detail, but you shall
have my brief.

1. There never was a case in which a party could be more justified in expressing
their resentment, on account of the manner of passing the act; the manner of
organizing the courts; the nature of the opposition to the repeal, denying its
constitutionality, and menacing a civil war.

2. The repeal would be constitutional, from a review of the principles, and terms
of the constitution itself; of the peculiar situation of the country ; its growing
population ; its extending prospects; its increasing wants, pursuits, and
refinements, &c.; of the analogy to the Judiciary Institution of England, where
independent of the legislature is not within the policy or provision of the statutes
relative to the commissions of the judges; of the analogy to the Judiciary
Institutions of the sister states, which have all been subject to legislative
interference occasionally. In Pennsylvania particularly, the constitution declares
that the judges shall hold their commissions during good behaviour; yet it
expressly authorizes the legislature to abolish the Court of Common Pleas, &c.;
and of the precedents in the existing act of Congress, which is an exercise of the
power sub modo.

3. But notwithstanding the indignation I feel, in common with our friends, at the
manner of passing the Circuit Court act; and notwithstanding my perfect
conviction that Congress has the power of repealing the act, I think the repeal
would be impolitic and inexpedient. If it would be impolitic acting on party
principles, it would be inexpedient of course; but I mean, also, that it would be
inexpedient on account of the use that Pennsylvania (and I presume the same as
to other states) has derived from the institution:
1st. It is impolitic.

The republicans are not agreed on the constitutionality of the repeal. The people
at large have imbibed strong prejudices on the subject of judicial independence.
The repeal would be ascribed to party animosity; and if future amendments
should be made, it would be considered as a personal proceeding, merely to
remove the present judges: the hazard of loss in public opinion is greater than the
hope of gain. There is a mass of the community that will not be fermented by the
leaven of party passions. By persons of this description, the motive and effect
will be strictly analyzed and purified. The mere resuscitation of the old system
will either expose the administration of justice to inconceivable embarrassments,
or demonstrate the motive to be abstractedly a party one, by calling for an
immediate reform. The clamour of the federalists will at least have a reasonable
foundation.

2. It is inexpedient.

The mere repeal will reinstate a system which every man of common sense and
candour must deprecate. It will entirely destroy institutions susceptible of being
modelled into a form economical as well as useful. It will deprive some states of
tribunals which have been found highly advantageous, to the despatch of
business. I allude particularly to Pennsylvania. In this state justice, as far as
respects our state courts, is in a state of dissolution, from the excess of business
and the parsimony of the legislature.

With this view of the subject you will perceive that I think—First, There ought
not to be a total repeal. Second, There ought to be amendments.

If, however, a repeal should take place, I am clearly of opinion that it would be
unjustifiable to make any provision for the ex-judges. On this point and on the
introduction of amendments I will, if you desire it, amplify by a future post.

The zealous republicans are exciting some intemperance here, in opposition to a

memorial from our bar, which, you will perceive, is confined to the operation of
the law in this state as a matter of fact, and not to any controversy of a
constitutional or political nature.

I shall be anxious to hear from you as often as you can spare a moment, and
particularly while the judiciary bill is pending.
Yours, with great regard,

A. J. DALLAS.

FROM NATHANIEL NILES.

February 17, 1802.

DEAR SIR,

Permit me to thank you most sincerely for the vote you gave in favour of Mr.
Dayton's motion to refer the judiciary bill to a select committee; not because I
am by any means satisfied it is not best that bill should pass, but because I
earnestly desire that republicanism should on every occasion display the spirit of
conciliation, as far as can be done without the destruction of principle. I am
every day more and more satisfied that the cause is more endangered by the want
of such displays than by every thing besides. The fate of parties in and about
Congress will ultimately be determined by the great body of the well informed in
the middle walks of life. It is happy, in some respects, that these are generally so
far from the scene of action as to be tolerably free from the blinding influence of
those passions which the scene itself is calculated to excite. They wish for every
thing that tends to convince the great public that republicanism, instead of being
hostile, is friendly to moderation and harmony. Shall we not do well to mark
with great care and precision the sunken rocks and shoals on which self-
denominated federalism has dashed itself to pieces? Among these I would
enumerate their too eager and violent pursuit of their object. Had they been
patient and accommodating, the eyes of the public would have been still
hoodwinked, until habit, gradually acquired, would have rendered an expensive
monarchy the most agreeable government. But, thank Heaven, they, by
overacting, exposed their own feelings and designs. Will not the same pertinacity
and precipitation endanger the better—the opposite cause? It is a prevalent idea
among us middling people, that a good government must be a moderate one; and
we are exceedingly apt to judge of the spirit of the government from the spirit of
our rulers. Every thing non-conciliating bears in its very front strong symptoms
of a tyrannical spirit.

I am, sir, the more gratified by your moderation because (though I am ashamed
to avow it) I have heard you was too impetuous. Pardon my mistake; and suffer
me to entreat you to encourage a steady pursuit of republican measures in that
way which will convince the bystanders that the actors are uniformly and
irresistibly urged to pursue them by cool conviction, resulting from a candid,
extensive, and philanthropic survey of the great object. Passion and caprice very
illy become so awfully sublime an object as that for which well-informed
republicans contend.

With sentiments of respect, your obedient servant,

NATHANIEL NILES.

FROM A. J. DALLAS.

Philadelphia, 3d April, 1802.

DEAR SIR,

The judiciary storm has passed away for the present. I perceive, however, that an
effort is making to improve the old system without increasing the number of
judges; and we are once more unanimous at the bar of Philadelphia in rejoicing
that Paterson, and not Chase, presides in our circuit. I had begun an outline of
courts and jurisdictions agreeably to your wish; but I lost the hope of its being
adopted when finished, so I abandoned the labour. Perhaps it may be worth
while to renew the scheme, with a view to a future session.

There are some rumours of jealousy and dissatisfaction prevailing among the
republican leaders, in the executive as well as the legislative departments of the
federal as well as of our state government. It will be disgraceful, indeed, if the
rumours axe true. Very sincerely yours,

A. J. DALLAS.

Such were the sentiments and views of many of the most pure and intelligent of
the republican party in relation to a repeal of the judiciary act of 1800. The
preceding letters express the opinions entertained by thousands who were
opposed to federal men and federal measures, but who wanted time for
reflection; and yet, when Colonel Burr voted to recommit the repealing bill for
the purpose of ascertaining whether it could not be rendered more satisfactory,
the conspirators cried aloud, Crucify him—crucify him.

The plot now began to thicken. During the year 1801, a Scotchman by the name
of Wood was employed to write "A History of John Adams's Administration."
Ward & Barlas, booksellers in New-York, were the proprietors of the copyright,
and printed 1250 copies. William Duane, editor of the Aurora, furnished the
author a portion of his materials, and became the agent to negotiate with a
London bookseller for the publication of an edition in England. In the summer or
autumn of 1801 Colonel Burr was informed of the progress of the work, and
procured a copy before it was ready for publication. On examining it, he came to
the conclusion that it was calculated to do the republican party more injury than
good. It abounded with misrepresentations, errors, and libels. Mr. Burr, through a
friend, agreed to pay a stipulated sum for the suppression of the work, under the
most solemn assurance that no copy or copies would be permitted to go into the
hands of any third person, but that the whole edition should be delivered to the
agent who was to pay the money. Before the time of payment arrived, it was
ascertained that a copy or copies had been parted with, and would not be
returned. The contract was, therefore, never carried into effect. Pending this
negotiation, Mr. Duane, through Wood or Ward & Barlas, was made acquainted
with the arrangements which were in progress. Cheetham, the editor of the
American Citizen, was also informed of what was doing. This was considered a
most favourable opportunity for assailing the vice-president, and charging him
with the design of suppressing the History of John Adams's Administration for
the purpose of keeping the people in ignorance of the wrong doings of the
federal party. Although the assailants had a full view of the whole ground, yet
the attack was commenced by innuendoes, indicating ignorance of the true state
of facts. The charge operated most injuriously upon the republican character of
Colonel Burr. The injury was irreparable, and the attacks continued with
unexampled malignity.

This brief statement, it is hoped, will be found sufficiently explicit to be

intelligible. And now for the conduct of Mr. Duane on the occasion. His object,
and the object of his employers, was accomplished; but whether a short
development of the whole case will or will not add to his fame, the reader must
determine.
On or about the 27th of February, 1802, the editor of the Aurora, in his paper,
states that a curious fact has lately been brought to light in New-York; that Wood
had completed his engagement with Ward & Barlas to furnish a history of John
Adams's Administration, and that 1250 copies were printed, but suppressed at
the desire of some person. Mr. Duane then animadverts with harshness, and
expresses a wish to get a clew to the names of the person or persons who
suppressed the work.

On the 31st of May, 1802, the Aurora states that the American Citizen and the
Evening Post have commenced a warfare, of which Mr. Burr is the object; that
the principal matter of charge is the suppression of Wood's History of John
Adams's Administration; and then adds—"We are fully possessed of one side of
the subject, and have perused the suppressed book attentively."

On the 12th of July, 1802, the Aurora says—"So far as it relates to Mr. Burr, my
opinions have been uniform and reiterated to his particular friends, that if the
motives for the suppression of the book were not satisfactorily explained to the
public, his standing with the republican interest was gone."

During the period between February and July, 1802, the Aurora reprinted the
slanders of Cheetham against Mr. Burr in relation to the suppressed book, and
continued, from time to time, his own attacks upon the vice-president. While
thus publicly giving currency to these calumnies, would it be believed (if
asserted) that Mr. Duane was privately writing Colonel Burr, and approving of
his conduct in suppressing the work? One of his letters on this subject is deemed
sufficient to a right understanding of the case. It will now be given without
comment. * * * * *

FROM WILLIAM DUANE.

Thursday, April 15, 1802.

DEAR SIR,

I think it fortunate that the pamphlet of Mr. Wood has not yet been published,
and that it would be much more so if it were not ever to see the light. It has
disappointed my expectations of finding in it at least some useful reflections and
reasonings, however little novelty there might be in the facts. But, even in the
narration of facts, I find numerous errors, and not a few misrepresentations of
things notorious to every man who has attended with understanding to the course
of public affairs. There is in it a something, too, of a character very different
from what was represented to me; the adoption of the story of Hamilton [7] and
Lafayette, if it is not the effect of an indifference to accuracy, or a coldness in
pursuit of truth, is something much worse, and at least is suspicious: there is
more of the same kind of matter, and less attention to the influence and views of
such characters, than the subject required. I consider it, upon the whole, as a
hasty, crude, and inconsistent production, calculated rather to produce evil than
the least good—as it would be attributed to the republicans, with all its faults and
inconsistencies, and a credit assumed from it as a party confession of merit, in a
particular character, which is not founded, at least in the way stated in the
pamphlet. Were some parts of it omitted, and false statements rectified, it might
not do any harm; and perhaps it might be found advisable to adopt some plan of
that kind, making a careful record of the omissions to insert any future
misrepresentations, and a like record of such additions or alterations. This might
be very easily done by printing the pages anew which contain the exceptionable
parts, and, if necessary, substituting reflections or anecdotes, founded in fact, in
their places. This might be done at a small expense. The thing, thus corrected,
published; and, if any effort should be made to misrepresent, credit would be
derived even by the defence, and the exposure of the motives for suppressing the
misstatements.

This I have thought proper to write you, and I hope will, in its object and
motives, find with you an excuse for doing so.

I am, with respect, your obedient servant,

WILLIAM DUANE.

Footnotes:

1. Mr. Madison was then a member of Congress.

2. President of the United States.

3. Appointed by Mr. Jefferson supervisor of internal revenue for the state of

New-Jersey.
4. Edward Livingston and Theodorus Bailey; the former appointed United States
district attorney for the district of New-York; the latter subsequently appointed
postmaster of the city of New-York, and removed from the country, a distance of
nearly one hundred miles, to take charge of the office. Cheetham, editor of the
American Citizen, some time after Mr. Livingston's appointment, in referring to
him, says—"Should Mr. Burr's confidential friend ever become dangerous, we
will show what he has been and what he is."

5. Appointed United States marshal for the Potomac district of Maryland.

6. This letter is dated seven days after Mr. Burr's casting vote in the Senate.

7. The story here referred to is thus related by Wood in his history: "In the year
1780, he (Hamilton) was promoted to the rank of colonel, and at the siege of
Yorktown commanded the attack on one of the redoubts, the capture of which
decided the fate of Lord Cornwallis and his army. The conduct of Mr. Hamilton
on this occasion was truly honourable, and, in the history of his life, ought to
weigh against several of those scars that have since stained his character.
Previous to the attack, the Marquis de Lafayette proposed to General
Washington to put to death all the British troops that should be found in the
redoubts, as a retaliation for several acts of barbarity committed by the royal
army. The steady and nervous mind of Washington, which was ever known to
yield to the virtuous prejudice of compassion, gave his assent to the bloody
order. But Mr. Hamilton (the tenderness of whose feelings has led him into
error), after the redoubts were subdued, took the conquered under his protection,
and proved to his enemies that Americans know how to fight, but not to murder."
[General Hamilton, in a letter referring to this same story, says—"Positively and
unequivocally, I declare that no such or similar order, or any intimation or hint
resembling it, was ever by me received or understood to have been given."
CHAPTER VII.
Colonel Burr's silence under these reiterated attacks, with such means of defence
as his enemies knew that he possessed, encouraged and imboldened them to
make other and more daring assaults. He was now charged, in general terms,
with intriguing for the presidency, in opposition to Mr. Jefferson; with
endeavouring to obtain federal electoral votes, and thus to defeat Mr. Jefferson
and promote his own elevation; with having entered into terms and conditions
with federal members of Congress in the winter of 1800; and with having
committed himself to, that party, in the event of success through their
instrumentality. These slanders were countenanced and circulated in whispers by
men high in authority, until the political integrity of Colonel Burr was so far
ruined as to render any defence, on his part or on the part of his friends, useless
and unavailing. The hireling press now boldly entered upon specific charges;
naming the parties with whom Colonel Burr or his friends had negotiated, and
the agents whom the vice-president had employed to effect his purposes. These
details were given in a manner so circumstantial, as, by their audacity, seemingly
to command confidence. The slanders were circulated with industry and rapidity,
while the contradictions rarely met the public eye, except through the medium of
a federal press, which publication, with the already prejudiced republican, was
construed as evidence of the truth of the charge. The principal instances of
specific cases will now be presented as briefly as practicable.

The presidential electors of the state of New-Jersey were federal. Dr. Samuel S.
Smith, president of Princeton College, was an elector. The Hon. Jno. B. Prevost,
son of Mrs. Burr by her first husband, was married to the daughter of Dr. Smith.
This circumstance rendered plausible a story invented and propagated by the
calumniators of Colonel Burr. They boldly charged that "Dr. Smith, of New-
Jersey, was secretly to have voted for Mr. Burr, and thus made him President of
the United States." To this charge Dr. Smith replied as follows :—
TO THE EDITOR OF THE EVENING POST.

Princeton, July 29, 1802.

SIR,

In your paper of Monday, July 26, under the article entitled A View of the
Political Conduct of Aaron Burr, Esq., by the author of the Narrative, I observe
some very gross misrepresentations, which I conceive it to be a duty that I owe
to Mr. Burr, the New-Jersey electors, and myself, to declare to be absolutely
false. Mr. Burr never visited me on the subject of the late election for president
and vice-president—Mr. Burr never conversed with me a single second on the
subject of that election, either before or since the event. No project or plan of the
kind mentioned in that paper was proposed or hinted at among the electors of
New-Jersey. I am assured that Mr. Burr held no intrigue with them on that
occasion, either collectively or individually. They were men above intrigue; and
I do not know that he was disposed to use it. At their meeting, they unanimously
declared that a fair and manly vote, according to their sentiments, was the only
conduct which was worthy of their own characters or of their cause.

"SAMUEL. S. SMITH."

It was next charged that Colonel Burr had sent, at his own expense, special
agents to different states, previous to the choice of electors, with the view of
influencing their selection, and to promote his own elevation to the exclusion of
Mr. Jefferson. The agents named were Mr. Abraham Bishop, of New-Haven, and
Mr. Timothy Green, of New-York. It was asserted that Mr. Bishop was Mr.
Burr's agent at Lancaster, Pennsylvania, during the session of the legislature that
appointed the presidential electors.

In August, 1802, Mr. Bishop published a full and explicit refutation of the
charge. He denied that Mr. Burr sent him to Lancaster, or that he went there for
any purposes personally or politically regarding that gentleman. The publication
of Mr. Bishop is not readily to be found; but he is still living, and subsequently
was appointed by Mr. Jefferson collector of the port of New-Haven.

In relation to Mr. Green, it was alleged that he was sent to Columbia, South
Carolina, for similar purposes, and that he "corresponded with the vice-president
on the subject of the then approaching election, under cover to John Swartwout."
The replies of Mr. Green and Mr. Swartwout were as follows:—

"New-York, October 11, 1802,

"MESSRS. DENNISTON AND CHEETHAM,

"In the American Citizen of this day you have made a publication, to which you
have affixed your names. In this you have stated, 1st, That Timothy Green, of
this city, was despatched as an agent to Columbia, the seat of government of the
state of South Carolina, by the vice-president. 2dly, That he was the eulogist and
intercessor for the vice-president. 3dly, That he sent the vice-president
despatches regularly, addressed to Mr. John Swartwout, of this city, under cover.

"Now, as you have been most egregiously imposed upon by some disorganizing
person, it is your duty and mine that the public be immediately furnished with
both what were and what were not my inducements and motives in making a
journey in November, 1800, to Columbia, and of my conduct while there. For
this purpose you will please to insert in your paper of to-morrow the following
corrections to your statement:—

"1st, I aver that I never went on any message of a political nature to Columbia, in
South Carolina, or to any other place for the vice-president or any other person;
neither was I ever requested or desired by the vice- president or by any other
person to go to Columbia, in South Carolina, or any other place, on any political
or electioneering mission, of any name or nature whatsoever. On the contrary,
my journey to Columbia, in South Carolina, in the year of our Lord 1800, and
my engagements until my return in 1801, was wholly unsolicited by any person
(except my debtors in South Carolina), and were solely of a commercial nature,
and for which I had been preparing eight months before.

"2dly, That I never wrote a letter to the vice-president of a political nature;

neither did I write him any information relative to the presidential election in
South Carolina, neither did I ever enclose a letter, directed to the vice-president,
in a letter or cover directed to Mr. John Swartwout.

"3dly, That my letters to Mr. Swartwout while in South Carolina were

unsolicited, and written solely with the motive to relieve the minds of my friends
from the anxiety necessarily attendant on a state of suspense, while an important
event is hourly expected to take place.

"4thly, That I never was in the habit of eulogizing public men, neither did I vary
from my usual manners while in South Carolina. I had no occasion to intercede
for the election of Colonel Burr: all the fear I had while there was lest a
compromise should take place, as the political parties were nearly balanced in
the state legislature. This I did, as far as in my power, conscientiously endeavour
to prevent; knowing that, if union and good faith were not inviolably preserved
among the constitutional republicans, our past, present, and future exertions
would be unavailing.

"TIMOTHY GREEN."

FOR THE AMERICAN CITIZEN.

"New-York, October 13, 1802.

"MESSRS. DENNISTON AND CHEETHAM,

"In your seventh letter addressed to Aaron Burr, Esq., Vice-president of the
United States, published in the American Citizen of the 11th instant, I notice the
following paragraph, viz.:—

"Meantime, Sir, you had your eye on South Carolina; you despatched an agent,
Mr. Timothy Green, of this city, to Columbia, the seat of government of that
state. It was questionable whether South Carolina would give you a single vote.
At that period you were scarcely known in the state. Mr. Green was at Columbia
at least two months. He, was your eulogist; your intercessor; he sent you
despatches regularly; they were addressed to Mr. John Swartwout, of this city,
under cover, and by him communicated to you.

"You will please to inform the public, through the medium of your paper, that the
above paragraph, so far as relates to my receiving letters under cover, or
communications from Timothy Green for Aaron Burr, is utterly destitute of truth.

"JOHN SWARTWOUT."
In a pamphlet entitled "A View of Aaron Burr's Political Conduct," it was
charged that "Mr. Burr, while in the city of New-York, carried on a negotiation
with the heads of the federal party at Washington with a view to his election as
President of the United States. A person was authorized by them to confer with
him on the subject, who accordingly did so. Mr. Burr assented to the
propositions of the negotiator, and referred him to his confidential friend to
complete the negotiation. Mr. Burr stated that, after the first vote taken in the
House of Representatives, New-York and Tennessee would give in to the
federalists."

To this Colonel Burr replied, in a letter to Governor Bloomfield, of

New-Jersey, under date September 21, 1802:—

"You are at liberty to declare from me that all those charges and insinuations
which aver or intimate that I advised or countenanced the opposition made to
Mr. Jefferson pending the late election and balloting for president; that I
proposed or agreed to any terms with the federal party; that I assented to be held
up in opposition to him, or attempted to withdraw from him the vote or support
of any man, whether in or out of Congress; THAT ALL SUCH ASSERTIONS
AND INTIMATIONS ARE FALSE AND GROUNDLESS."

In the pamphlet already referred to, and various newspaper publications, it was
alleged that General Hamilton had personal knowledge of Colonel Burr's
negotiations with the federalists. On the 13th of October, 1802, the editor of the
New-York Evening Post (William Coleman) states that he is authorized to say
that General Hamilton, at a dinner at Edward Livingston's, declared that he had
no personal knowledge of any negotiation in reference to the presidency between
Colonel Burr and any person whatever.

It will be recollected that Colonel Burr, in his letter to Governor Bloomfield,

denied the charge of "having proposed or agreed to any terms with the federal
party." The person named as being the agent of the federalists, with authority to
confer with Colonel Burr, was David A. Ogden, Esq., of the city of New-York,
who was intimately connected with General Hamilton in professional business.
Dr. Peter Irving was at that time the proprietor and editor of a highly respectable
daily journal (Morning Chronicle) published in the city of New-York. The facts
in relation to this charge are developed in the following letters.
P. IRVING TO DANIEL A. OGDEN.

"New-York, November 24, 1802.

"SIR,

"Though I have not the pleasure of a personal acquaintance with you, I flatter
myself that the contents of this letter will preclude the necessity of an apology
for addressing you.

"It has been asserted in various publications that Mr. Burr, during the late
election for president and vice-president, entered into negotiations and agreed to
terms with the federal party, or with certain individuals of that party, with a view
to advance himself to the office of president to the exclusion of Mr. Jefferson.
Mr. Burr, in a letter to Governor Bloomfield, dated the 21st of September last,
declared that all such allegations were false and groundless; and the charges
have been renewed in more recent publications, which point to you by name as
the person through whom such negotiations were carried on and terms
concluded. It has now become interesting to a great portion of the community to
be informed how far these assertions and charges have been authorized by you,
or are warranted by your knowledge of facts.

"Having received frequent anonymous communications for the Morning

Chronicle relative to these matters, and being unwilling to occupy the paper with
vague and unsubstantial conjectures or remarks on a subject of such importance,
I am induced to apply directly to yourself as an authentic source of information.
I do this with the more confidence, from a persuasion that you can have no wish
to suffer false reports to circulate under the authority of your name for mere
party purposes; and that, in the actual posture of things, you cannot be averse to
declare publicly and explicitly your agency, if any, in the business. I take the
liberty, therefore, of requesting your written declaration to the points above
stated, together with any circumstances you may be pleased to communicate
tending to establish the truth or falsehood of the charges in question.

"I have the honour to be, very respectfully, your obedient servant,

P. IRVING."
DAVID A. OGDEN TO P. IRVING.

New-York, November 24, 1802.

"SIR,

"Though I did not conceive it to be incumbent upon me, or in itself proper to

notice a publication in a newspaper in which my name was used without my
permission or knowledge, yet I have no objection to reply to an inquiry which
comes in the shape of that contained in your letter, and from a person of your
standing in society.

"I declare that my journey to the city of Washington, in the year 1800, was
purely on private business, and without any understanding or concert whatever
with Colonel Burr, whom I met at the stage-office on his way to Trenton, not
having had before the least intimation of such a meeting; and that I was not then
or at any time charged by him with any commission or errand of a political
nature. In the course of our journey, no political conversation took place but of a
general nature and in the presence of the passengers.

"When about to return from the city of Washington, two or three members of
Congress, of the federal party, spoke to me about their views as to the election of
president, desiring me to converse with Colonel Burr on the subject, and to
ascertain whether he would enter into terms. On my return to New-York I called
on Colonel Burr, and communicated the above to him. He explicitly declined the
explanation, and did neither propose nor agree to any terms. I had no other
interview or communication with him on the subject; and so little was I satisfied
with this, that in a letter which I soon afterward wrote to a member of Congress,
and which was the only one I wrote, I dissuaded from giving support to Colonel
Burr, and advised rather to acquiesce in the election of Mr. Jefferson, as the less
dangerous man of the two to that cause with which I believed the public interest
to be inseparably connected.

"There are no facts within my knowledge tending to establish the truth of the
charges specified in your letter.

"With due respect, I am, sir, your obedient servant,

"DAVID A. OGDEN.
"DR. P. IRVING."

It was then boldly asserted that Edward Livingston was "the confidential friend"
to whom Mr. Ogden was referred "to complete the negotiation;" whereupon Mr.
Burr made a call upon Mr. Livingston, to which the following reply was given:
—

"SIR,

"In consequence of certain insinuations lately circulated, I think it proper to

declare that you did not, in any verbal or written communication to me, during
the late presidential election, express any sentiment inconsistent with those
contained in your letter to General Smith, [1] which was published, or evincing
any desire that the vote of the state should be transferred from Mr. Jefferson to
yourself.

"I am, very respectfully, your most obedient servant,

(Signed) "EDWARD LIVINGSTON.

"The Vice-president of the United States."

In the hope of giving some support to these, calumnies, Mr. William S.

Pennington, of New-Jersey, addressed a letter to the editors of the American
Citizen, in which he asserted that General John Swartwout had written to Robert
Williams, of Poughkeepsie, pending the election, recommending or
countenancing the support of Mr. Burr for president to the exclusion of Mr.
Jefferson. To this General Swartwout replied:—

TO THE PUBLIC.

"The false colouring given by the relation of one William S. Pennington, in a

letter to Denniston & Cheetham, which appeared in the American Citizen of the
22d inst., and their subsequent malicious remarks, oblige me once more to ask
pardon for obtruding myself on the public attention.

"I declare, on my honour, that I did not at any time advise the election of Mr.
Burr as president of the United States to the exclusion of Mr. Jefferson; nor did I
ever write to any person or persons to that effect; and I hereby authorize Mr.
Robert Williams to publish any letter or letters he may have received from me on
the subject of the late presidential election. I am induced to contradict the base
slanders of those exclusive patriots by a regard to truth only, and not from a
conviction that it would have been either dishonourable to me, or
disadvantageous to the country or the republican party, to have promoted the
election of Mr. Burr to the presidential chair.

"JOHN SWARTWOUT.

"New-York, January 23."

The principal specifications, intended as explanatory of the general charge

against Colonel Burr of intriguing for the presidency, have now been given. The
replies of the parties implicated accompany them. A whole generation has
passed away since these scenes occurred, and yet the time has not arrived when
they can be calmly reviewed with impartiality and free from prejudice. They
may serve, however, as beacon-lights for those who are now figuring or may
hereafter figure on the great political theatre of our country. Through life,
Colonel Burr committed an error, if he did not display a weakness, in permitting
his reputation to be assailed, without contradiction, in cases where it was
perfectly defensible. His enemies took advantage of the sullen silence which he
was known to preserve in regard to newspaper attacks. Under these attacks he
fell from the proud eminence he once enjoyed to a condition more mortifying
and more prostrate than any distinguished man has ever experienced in the
United States.

Different individuals, to gratify different feelings, have ascribed this

unprecedented fall to different causes. But one who is not altogether ignorant of
the springs of human actions; whose partialities and prejudices are mellowed by
more than threescore years of experience; who has carefully and laboriously, in
this case, examined cause and effect, hesitates not in declaring that, from the
moment Aaron Burr was elected vice-president, his doom was unalterably
decided, if that decision could be accomplished by a combination of wealth, of
talent, of government patronage, of favouritism and proscription, inflamed by
the worst passions, and nurtured by the hope of gratifying a sordid ambition. The
contest in Congress fixed his fate. Subsequent events were only consequences
resulting from antecedent acts.
In the progress of this work no desire has been evinced, none is felt to screen
Colonel Burr from censure where it is merited. But the man who can read,
unmoved, the evidence which has already been presented of the injustice done
him in the charge of having intrigued and negotiated with the federal party for
the presidency, must possess more of philosophic than of generous or
magnanimous feelings. It would seem that the task of recording the presidential
contest in Congress, in the spring of 1801, was now brought to a close. But not
so. There yet remains another and imposing view to be presented. Whatever may
have been the wishes of Colonel Burr, it is certain that they were so far under his
own control as to prevent him from entering into any negotiation, bargain, or
intrigue to obtain the presidency. There is not the slightest evidence of any such
attempt on his part, while there is strong, if not conclusive proof to the contrary.
Can as much be said in favor of his great competitor on that occasion? This is
the view that remains to be taken. But, before presenting the testimony in the
case, some explanation is necessary as to the manner in which it was first
obtained and subsequently made public.

In the year 1804, a suit was instituted by Colonel Burr against James Cheetham,
editor of the American Citizen, for a libel, in charging him with intriguing for
the presidency. This suit was commenced by Mr. Burr with reluctance, and only
to gratify personal friends. It progressed tardily, impediments having been
thrown in the way of bringing it to trial by the defendant, and probably the cause
not sufficiently pressed by the complainant. In 1805 or 1806, some persons who
were really desirous of ascertaining not only the truth or falsity of the charge, but
whether there was any foundation for it, determined on having a wager-suit
placed at issue on the records of the court, and then take out a commission to
examine witnesses. Accordingly, the names of James Gillespie, plaintiff, and
Abraham Smith, defendant, were used. The latter at the time being a clerk in the
store of Matthew L. Davis, then in the mercantile business, trading under the
firm of Strong & Davis.

It was universally believed, that if there were two men in Congress that could
unfold the whole negotiation if any had taken place, those two men were James
A. Bayard, of Delaware, and Samuel Smith, of Baltimore. The former, a federal
gentleman of high standing, the sole representative of a state in the Congress of
1800, and thus possessing, at any moment, the power of deciding the contest in
favour of Mr. Jefferson. The latter, a political and personal friend of Mr.
Jefferson, and the very individual whom Colonel Burr had previously selected as
his proxy to declare his sentiments, in case there was a tie between Mr. Jefferson
and himself. A commission was accordingly taken out, and, on the 3d of April,
1806, Mr. Bayard and Mr. Smith were examined. No use, however, was made of
these depositions until December, 1830, being a period of nearly twenty-five
years.

On the publication of Mr. Jefferson's writings, the sons of the late James A.
Bayard felt that the memory of their father had been wrongfully and unjustly
assailed in two paragraphs in the fourth volume of this work. The first of these
paragraphs, on the 28th of January, 1830, was read in the United States Senate
by the Hon. Mr. Clayton, of Delaware, General Samuel Smith and Edward
Livingston both being members of the Senate and present. He read the
following:

"February 12, 1801. Edward Livingston tells me that Bayard applied to-day or
last night to General Samuel Smith, and represented to him the expediency of
coming over to the states who vote for Burr; that there was nothing in the way of
appointment which he might not command, and particularly mentioned the
secretaryship of the navy. Smith asked him if he was authorized to make the
offer. He said he was authorized. Smith told this to Livingston and W. C.
Nicholas, who confirms it to me," &c.

Mr. Clayton then called upon the senator from Maryland (Mr. Smith) and the
senator from Louisiana (Mr. Livingston) to disprove the statement here made by
Mr. Jefferson.

Mr. Smith, of Maryland, rose and said "that he had read the paragraph before he
came here to-day, and was, therefore, aware of its import. He had not the most
distant recollection that Mr. Bayard had ever made such a proposition to him.
Mr. Bayard, said he, and myself, though politically opposed, were intimate
personal friends, and he was an honourable man. Of all men, Mr. Bayard would
have been the last to make such a proposition to any man; and I am confident
that he had too much respect for me to have made it under any circumstances. I
never received from any man any such proposition."

Mr. Livingston, of Louisiana, said, "that as to the precise question which had
been put to him by the senator from Delaware, he must say, that having taxed his
recollection as far as it could go on so remote a transaction, he had no
remembrance of it."
The sons of the late Mr. Bayard, not yet being satisfied as to the other paragraph,
resolved on an investigation of the subject, and with this view one of them wrote
the following letter. [2]

FROM RICHARD H. BAYARD.

Wilmington, March 8, 1830.

SIR,

In the fourth volume of Mr. Jefferson's Writings, lately published by his

grandson, page 521, under the head of a note made April 15, 1806, occurs the
following paragraph, after the detail of a conversation held with you about a
month previously:—

"I did not commit these things to writing at the time, but I do now, because, in a
suit between him and Cheetham, he has had a deposition of Mr. Bayard taken
which seems to have no relation to the suit, nor to any other object than to
calumniate me. Bayard pretends to have addressed to me, during the pending of
the presidential election in February, 1801, through General Samuel Smith,
certain conditions on which my election might be obtained; and that General
Smith, after conversing with me, gave answers from me. This is absolutely false.
No proposition of any kind was ever made to me on that occasion by General
Smith, or any answer authorized by me. And this fact General Smith affirms at
this moment."

Mr. Jefferson supposes this deposition to have been made in your suit against
Cheetham. I have some reason to think he is mistaken as to the precise case in
which it was made. However this may be, I am anxious to procure a copy of it,
as returned with the commission under which it was taken.

If I may not be considered as trespassing too far on your time and attention, will
you permit me to ask whether the deposition referred to by Mr. Jefferson is still
in existence? In what case it was taken? And whether a copy of it can be
procured?

I have the honour to be, respectfully,

Your obedient servant,

RICHARD H. BAYARD.

TO RICHARD H. BAYARD.

New-York, March 10, 1830.

SIR,

I have this day received your letter of the 8th inst., containing an extract from the
fourth volume of the writings of Mr. Jefferson. I have not seen that book, and, on
inquiry, do not learn that there is a copy in this city.

The suit referred to is not that of Cheetham, but one instituted, without my
agency or knowledge, on a wager. The title not now recollected. A commission
to take testimony was transmitted to me, then at Washington, and several
depositions thereupon taken; copies of all of which may, no doubt, be found
among the papers of the late Mr. Bayard.

A gentleman well informed of these matters is now at Albany, where I expect to

meet him about the 20th inst., when it may be in my power to give you further
satisfaction on the subject of your letter.

I pray in the mean time to be informed whether you are a son of the late Mr.
Bayard. Or how, if at all related to him. And what use it is proposed to make of
the communications you may receive. Permit me to add, it will at all times afford
me great pleasure to gratify the family of Mr. Bayard on this or on any other
occasion.

I have the honour to be, very respectfully,

A. BURR.

TO MATTHEW L. DAVIS.
New-York, March 15, 1830.

SIR,

I enclose you copies of a letter from Mr. Richard H. Bayard, with my answer,
and have only to inquire whether I may refer to you to answer this letter of Mr.
Bayard; your memory being better than mine, and I not having the depositions in
question, or any copies thereof at this moment at my command. If you should
write, please to enclose your letter to me. I think it was you who got up that suit.
Pray give me the title and date.

I expect to be in Albany early next week. In your answer to this, let me know
where to find you. God speed you.

A. BURR.

FROM MATTHEW L. DAVIS.

Albany, March 18, 1830.

SIR,

The irregularity of the mails has prevented my receiving your letter of the 15th
inst., with its enclosures, until this day.

I have read Mr. Bayard's letter to you under date of the 8th inst. All the
circumstances connected with the subject to which it refers are within my
recollection; but, absent as I am from my papers, I am unwilling to speak with
great confidence in relation to events which have occurred nearly thirty years
since.

The deposition of Mr. Bayard, to which I presume Mr. Jefferson alludes in his
memorandum of the 15th of April, 1806, was taken, as you remark, in the case
of a wager. The title of the cause I do not now recollect; but Abraham Smith, a
clerk in my store, was one of the parties, and I think the period was during the
winter of 1805. It may have been a year later.
In that deposition Mr. Bayard states that a negotiation in regard to the pending
election between Mr. Jefferson and Colonel Burr, in February, 1801, was entered
into with Mr. Jefferson, through Mr. Nicholas, of Virginia, and General Samuel
Smith, of Maryland; and that Mr. Jefferson did agree to certain stipulations or
conditions therein specified. It is proper for me to add, that to both Robert G.
Harper and General Smith the same interrogatories were propounded that were
answered by Mr. Bayard, and that the testimony (if my memory is correct) of
Mr. Bayard was, in every material point, sustained by both these gentlemen.
These examinations were made under a commission issued out of the Supreme
Court of our state.

Several copies of these depositions were made from the originals, and I have
reason to believe that one copy of them was in the possession of Mr. Bayard or
Mr. Harper, and another in the possession of Stephen R. Bradley, Esq., of
Vermont. They were read by different gentlemen; among them, I think, was
General John P. Van Ness, of Washington city, and Rundolph Bunner, Esq., late a
member of Congress from this state, who, I have no doubt, can and would, if
asked, detail their contents. I should suppose that General Smith would not only
recollect the occurrences in February, 1801, but the contents also of the
deposition to which he has sworn.

During the contest I was the advocate of Mr. Jefferson's election, and
corresponded with different members of Congress; among the number were
Edward Livingston and Albert Gallatin, Esquires. The letters I then received
enumerated not only the doubtful states, but the doubtful men of both parties
which were in Congress. These letters have been carefully preserved.

It is due to the character of the late Mr. Bayard to remark, that, so far as the
circumstances have come to my knowledge, there was nothing in the transaction
calculated in the slightest degree to impeach his fidelity to his party or his
honour. The object of the negotiation was not to aggrandize or to elevate himself
or his friends, but to secure and perpetuate certain cardinal points of federal
policy.

I have not seen the works of Mr. Jefferson, but I will obtain and examine them
with care and attention. The history of the times to which these memorandums
and documents relate are enveloped in thick darkness. Whether the period has
yet arrived when an effort should be made to dispel that darkness is
problematical. The means, however, do exist of proving, to the satisfaction of the
most skeptical, what are the facts in the case; and, consequently, of doing full
justice to all the parties concerned; and that duty, however unpleasant, shall, at a
proper crisis, be fairly, impartially, and fearlessly performed.

At my advanced age I do not wish to be drawn into newspaper controversies; nor

can I be induced, prematurely, to make any publication on the subject alluded to
in this letter. At the same time, you are at liberty to communicate the whole or
any part of its contents to Mr. Bayard, in the expectation that it will be used
discreetly.

Respectfully, your friend,

M. L. DAVIS.

GENERAL SAMUEL SMITH TO RICHARD H. BAYARD AND

JAMES A. BAYARD.

Washington, April 3, 1830.

GENTLEMEN,

Ill health, and disinclination to go back to circumstances which happened thirty

years past, has prevented an earlier answer to your letter. In the extract you have
sent me from Mr. Jefferson's writings, it is said—"Bayard" (alluding to his
deposition) "pretends to have addressed to me, during the pending of the
presidential election in February, 1801, through General Smith, certain
conditions on which my election might be obtained, and that General Smith,
after conversing with me, gave answer for me. This is absolutely false. No
proposition of any kind ever was made to me on that occasion by General Smith,
or any answer authorized by me; and the fact General Smith affirms at this
moment"—to wit, 15th of April, 1806. Yes, gentlemen, it was (I believe) on that
day I put into the hands of Mr. Jefferson a press copy of my deposition in the
case of Cheetham, [3] in which I perfectly recollect that I deny having ever
received from Mr. Jefferson any proposition of any kind to be made by me to Mr.
Bayard or any other person. Not, perhaps, in those words, but in detail to that
effect; or having ever communicated any proposition of the kind as from Mr.
Jefferson to Mr. Bayard.
My experience in life has shown that few men take advice unless it comports
with their own views. I will, however, recommend that you let well enough
alone. Your father was a bitter, most bitter enemy of Mr. Jefferson; his enmity
was known to all, and, I presume, to Mr. Jefferson; it was therefore very natural
for him to conclude that the suit of Cheetham had been got up for the express
purpose of obtaining the oath of your father with the view of injuring him, and
that your father had advised such a course. My recollection of what passed on the
occasion is as strong as if it had happened yesterday. I will give you a detail in
as few words as possible.

Two or three days before the election was terminated, a member, who I suppose
had been deputed by the federal party, called on me to converse on the subject. I
held little conversation with him. Your father then called on me, and said that he
was anxious to put an end to the controversy; that, in case of dissolution,
Delaware never could expect to obtain her present advantages; that, if satisfied
on certain points, he would terminate the contest. He then went on to state those
points: they were three or four. I can now remember only three, to wit—the
funding system, the navy, and the retaining or dismissal of federalists then in
office. I answered promptly that I could satisfy him fully on two of the points
(which two I do not now recollect), for that I had had frequent conversations
with him on them, and I stated what I understood and believed to be his
opinions, and what I thought would be his rule of conduct; with which
explanation your father expressed his entire satisfaction, and on the third
requested that I would inform myself.

I lodged with Mr. Jefferson, and that night had a conversation with him, without
his having the remotest idea of my object. Mr. Jefferson was a gentleman of
extreme frankness with his friends; he conversed freely and frankly with them on
all subjects, and gave his opinions without reserve. Some of them thought that he
did so too freely. Satisfied with his opinion on the third point, I communicated to
your father the next day—that, from the conversation that I had had with Mr.
Jefferson, I was satisfied in my own mind that his conduct on that point would be
so and so. But I certainly never did tell your father that I had any authority from
Mr. Jefferson to communicate any thing to him or to any other person.

During the session of Congress of 1805-6, your father told me that a little lawyer
in Delaware had (he supposed at the instance of Colonel Burr) endeavoured to
get from him a deposition touching a conversation with me; that he had refused
it; that Burr had, however, trumped up a suit for the sole purpose of coercing his
deposition and mine, and said that a commission to take testimony was now in
the city, and that he apprized me that I might be prepared. I asked him what he
would state in his deposition. He answered similar to the quotation you have
sent. I told him instantly that I had communicated to him my own opinion, [4]
derived from conversation with Mr. Jefferson, and not one word from him to
your father; and that my testimony would, as to that point, be in direct hostility.
He then said, the little fellow will have our testimony by some means or other,
and I will give mine. I answered that I would also. A few nights afterward
Colonel Burr called on me. I told him that I had written my deposition, and
would have a fair copy made of it. He said, trust it to me, and I will get Mr.
——- to copy it. I did so, and, on his returning it to me, I found words not mine
interpolated in the copy. I struck out those words, had it copied again, and, to
prevent all plea of false copying, I had a press copy taken of it. When I appeared
before the commission, I found a deposition attached to that of your father, and
asked how they came by that. They answered that it had been sent to them. I
requested them to take it off; that I had the deposition in my hand to which alone
I would swear; they did so, and my deposition was attached. The next day (I
think) I called, and told Mr. Jefferson what had passed, read to him the press
copy, and asked him if he recollected having given to me the opinions I had
detailed. He answered that he did not, but it might be so, for that they were
opinions he held and expressed to many of his friends, and as probably to me as
any other, and then said that he would wish to have a copy. I told him that I had
no use for it; he might, and I gave him the press copy.

You have now a tolerable full view of the case, and will see that no possible
censure can attach to Mr. Jefferson; that a diversity of opinion will arise from
publication as to your father's credibility or mine, and that both may suffer in the
Public estimation. I will conclude that, during my long life, I have scarcely ever
known an instance of newspaper publication between A. and B. that some
obloquy did not attach to both parties.

I am, gentlemen, with respect,

Your obedient servant,

S. SMITH.
FROM RICHARD H. BAYARD.

Wilmington, Delaware, April 22, 1830.

SIR,

I have just received your letter of the 10th ult., in answer to mine of the 8th, the
reason of which delay is to be found in the fact of your having directed it to
Wilmington, North Carolina. It was accordingly conveyed to that place, and was
returned and received by me this morning.

I reply to your inquiries that I am the eldest son of the late James
A. Bayard, and that the object which I have in view is the vindication
of his character from the aspersion contained in the passage in Mr.
Jefferson's writings, a copy of which I sent you.

It is true that among my father's papers I have found rough copies of the
deposition made in your suit against Cheetham, as well as of that made in the
wager case. Together with the first-named deposition there is also a copy of the
interrogatories; but, in the latter case, simply a rough copy of the deposition,
without title, or any memorandum of the names of the parties. You will perceive
at once the necessity of accompanying the deposition in the wager case with its
title and a copy of the interrogatories, in order to show, in the first place, Mr.
Jefferson's error in the statement of the case, and, secondly, to refute his
assertion that the deposition had "nothing to do with the suit, or with any other
object than to calumniate him."

The subsequent part of his statement will be met by the deposition itself, by
reference to concomitant circumstances, and such corroborating testimony as
time has spared. Being anxious to avoid all room for cavil, by publishing the
depositions as returned with the respective commissions, lest, perchance, there
should be some slight verbal inaccuracies, I applied to you, believing it was in
your power to give the information necessary to enable me to procure certified
copies of the record.

You have thus, Sir, an entire exposition of my motives for addressing you my
letter of the 8th ult.; and, in conformity with the sentiment you are so good as to
express in the conclusion of your letter, I doubt not you will furnish me with
such information as you possess on the subject.

I wrote some time since to Mr. Edward N. Rogers, of your city, to procure for me
copies of my father's and General Samuel Smith's depositions in both cases. He
informs me, by his letter of the 17th inst., that the depositions in your suit against
Cheetham are not to be found in the office; that the case went off by default, and
he supposes they were never filed. At all events, the clerk cannot now find them.

You will probably be able to state what became of them, and whether copies can
be procured. I will ask of you, therefore, the favour to communicate to him
information on this point, as well as the name of the wager case, that he may be
enabled to comply with my request, with the execution of which he has been so
kind as to charge himself.

I have the honour to be, respectfully,

Your obedient servant,

RICHARD H. BAYARD.

Footnotes:

1. See Ch. V.

2. It is considered proper to state here that the correspondence which follows is

published without the privity or consent of either of the Mr. Bayards. It is found
among the papers of Colonel Burr, and is intimately connected with a history of
the transaction.

3. The suit was James Gillespie vs. Abraham Smith. See deposition.

4. Will the reader examine the deposition, especially what relates to Mr. McLean
and Mr. Latimer?
CHAPTER VIII.

The necessary information having been given to Mr. Bayard to enable him to
procure the depositions of his father and General Smith, they were accordingly
obtained from Mr. Bradley, of Vermont. Before presenting them, it may not be
improper to give the letters of two members of Congress, one of which enters
somewhat into a history of the case, and both of which negatives, in the most
positive manner, any attempt of Colonel Burr, or any person acting in his behalf,
to negotiate, bargain, or intrigue with the federal party for the office of president.

WILLIAM COOPER TO THOMAS MORRIS. [1]

Washington, February 10, 1801.

DEAR SIR,

We have this day locked ourselves up by a rule to proceed to choose a president

before we adjourn. * * * * * * * We shall run Burr perseveringly. You shall hear
of the result instantly after the fact is ascertained. A little good management
would have secured our object on the first vote, but now it is too late for any
operations to be gone into, except that of adhering to Burr, and leave the
consequences to those who have heretofore been his friends. If we succeed, a
faithful support must, on our part, be given to his administration, which, I hope,
will be wise and energetic.

Your friend,

W. COOPER.
WILLIAM COOPER TO THOMAS MORRIS.

February 13, 1801.

DEAR SIR,

We have postponed, until to-morrow 11 o'clock, the voting for president. All
stand firm. Jefferson eight—Burr six—divided two. Had Burr done any thing for
himself, he would long ere this have been president. If a majority would answer,
he would have it on every vote.

FROM JAMES A. BAYARD TO ALEXANDER HAMILTON.

Washington, January 7, 1801.

DEAR SIR,

I have been but a few days in this city; but, since my arrival, have had the
pleasure to receive the letter which you did me the honour to write on the 27th
ult. I am fully sensible of the great importance of the subject to which it relates,
and am, therefore, extremely obliged by the information you have been so good
as to communicate.

* * * * *

It is considered that at least, in the first instance, Georgia, North Carolina,

Virginia, Tennessee, Kentucky, Pennsylvania, New-Jersey, and New-York will
vote for Mr. Jefferson. It is probable that Maryland and Vermont will be divided.
It is therefore counted, that upon the first ballot it would be possible to give to
Mr. Burr six votes. It is calculated, however, and strongly insisted by some
gentlemen, that a persevering opposition to Mr. Jefferson would bring over New-
York, New-Jersey, and Maryland. What is the probability relative to New-York?
—your means enable you to form the most correct opinion. As to New-Jersey
and Maryland, it would depend on Mr. Linn of the former and Mr. Dent of the
latter state.

I assure you, sir, there appears to be a strong inclination in a majority of the

federal party to support Mr. Burr. The current has already acquired considerable
force, and is manifestly increasing. The vote which the representation of a state
enables me to give would decide the question in favour of Mr. Jefferson. At
present I am by no means decided as to the object of preference. If the federal
party should take up Mr. Burr, I ought certainly to be impressed with the most
undoubting conviction before I separated myself from them. I cannot, however,
deny that there are strong considerations which give a preference to Mr.
Jefferson. The subject admits of many and very doubtful views; and, before I
resolve on the part I shall take, I will await the approach of the crisis, which may
probably bring with it circumstances decisive of the event.

The federal party meet on Friday for the purpose of forming a resolution as to
their line of conduct. I have not the least doubt of their agreeing to support
Colonel Burr. Their determination will not bind me; for though it might cost me
a painful struggle to disappoint the views and wishes of many gentlemen with
whom I have been accustomed to act, yet the magnitude of the subject forbids
the sacrifice of a strong conviction.

I cannot answer for the coherence of my letter, as I have undertaken to write to

you from the chamber of representatives, with an attention divided by the debate
which occupies the house. I have not considered myself at liberty to show your
letter to any one, though I think it would be serviceable, if you could trust my
discretion in the communication of it.

With great consideration,

Your obedient servant,

JAMES A. BAYARD.

GEORGE BAER TO RICHARD H. BAYARD.

Frederick, April 19, 1830

SIR,

In compliance with your request, I now communicate to you my recollections of

the events of the presidential election by the House of Representatives in 1801.
There has been no period of our political history more misunderstood and more
grossly misrepresented. The course adopted by the federal party was one of
principle, and not of faction; and I think the present a suitable occasion for
explaining the views and motives at least of those gentlemen who, having it in
their power to decide the election at any moment, were induced to protract it for
a time, but ultimately to withdraw their opposition to Mr. Jefferson.

I have no hesitation in saying that the facts stated in the deposition of your
father, the late James A. Bayard, so far as they came to my knowledge, are
substantially correct; and although nearly thirty years have elapsed since that
eventful period, my recollection is vivid as to the principal circumstances,
which, from the part I was called upon to act, were deeply graven on my
memory. As soon as it was generally known that the two democratic candidates,
Jefferson and Burr, had the highest and an equal number of votes, and that the
election would consequently devolve on the House of Representatives, Mr. Dent,
who had hitherto acted with the federal party, declared his intention to vote for
Mr. Jefferson, in consequence of which determination the vote of Maryland was
divided.

It was soon ascertained that there were six individuals, the vote of any one of
whom could at any moment decide the election. These were, your father, the late
James A. Bayard, who held the vote of the state of Delaware; General Morris, of
Vermont, who held the divided vote of that state; and Mr. Craik, Mr. Thomas,
Mr. Dennis, and myself, who held the divided vote of Maryland. Much anxiety
was shown by the friends of Mr. Jefferson, and much ingenuity used to discover
the line of conduct which would be pursued by them. Deeply impressed with the
responsibility which attached to their peculiar situation, and conscious that the
American people looked to them for a president, they could not rashly determine
either to surrender their constitutional discretion, or disappoint the expectations
of their fellow-citizens.

Your father, Mr. Craik, and myself having compared ideas upon the subject, and
finding that we entertained the same views and opinions, resolved to act
together, and accordingly entered into a solemn and mutual pledge that we
would in the first instance yield to the wishes of the great majority of the party
with whom we acted, and vote for Mr. Burr, but that no consideration should
induce us to protract the contest beyond a reasonable period for the purpose of
ascertaining whether he could be elected. We determined that a president should
be chosen, but were willing thus far to defer to the opinions of our political
friends, whose preference of Mr. Burr was founded upon a belief that he was less
hostile to federal men and federal measures than Mr. Jefferson. General Morris
and Mr. Dennis concurred in this arrangement.

The views by which the federal party were governed were these:—They held
that the Constitution had vested in the House of Representatives a high
discretion in a case like the present, to be exercised for the benefit of the nation;
and that, in the execution of this delegated power, an honest and unbiased
judgment was the measure of their responsibility. They were less certain of the
hostility of Mr. Burr to federal policy than of that of Mr. Jefferson, which was
known and decided. Mr. Jefferson had identified himself with, and was at the
head of the party in Congress who had opposed every measure deemed
necessary by the federalists for putting the country in a posture of defence; such
as fortifying the harbours and seaports, establishing manufactories of arms;
erecting arsenals, and filling them with arms and ammunition; erecting a navy
for the defence of commerce, &c. His speculative opinions were known to be
hostile to the independence of the judiciary, to the financial system of the
country, and to internal improvements. All these matters the federalists believed
to be intimately blended with the prosperity of the nation, and they deprecated,
therefore, the elevation of a man to the head of the government whose hostility
to them was open and avowed. It was feared, too, from his prejudices against the
party which supported them, that he would dismiss all public officers who
differed with him in sentiment, without regard to their qualifications and
honesty, but on the ground only of political character. The House of
Representatives adopted certain resolutions for their government during the
election, one of which was that there should be no adjournment till it was
decided.

On the 11th February, 1801, being the day appointed by law for counting the
votes of the electoral colleges, the House of Representatives proceeded in a body
to the Senate chamber, where the vice-president, in view of both houses of
Congress, opened the certificates of the electors of the different states; and, as
the votes were read, the tellers on the part of each house counted and took lists
of them, which, being compared and delivered to him, he announced to both
houses the state of the votes; which was, for Thomas Jefferson 73 votes, for
Aaron Burr 73 votes, for John Adams 65 votes, for Charles Pinckney 64 votes,
for John Jay one vote; and then declared that the greatest number and majority of
votes being equal, the choice had devolved on the House of Representatives. The
members of the house then withdrew to their own chamber, and proceeded to
ballot for a president. On the first ballot it was found that Thomas Jefferson had
the votes of eight states, Aaron Burr of six states, and that two were divided. As
there were sixteen states, and a majority was necessary to determine the election,
Mr. Jefferson wanted the vote of one state. Thus the result which had been
anticipated was realized.

The balloting continued throughout that day and the following night, at short
intervals, with the same result, the 26th ballot being taken at 8 o'clock on the
morning of the 12th of February. The balloting continued with the same result
from day to day till the 17th of February, without any adjournment of the house.
On the previous day (February 16), a consultation was held by the gentlemen I
have mentioned, when, being satisfied that Mr. Burr could not be elected, as no
change had taken place in his favour, and there was no evidence of any effort on
the part of himself or his personal friends to procure his election, it was resolved
to abandon the contest. This determination was made known to the federal
members generally, and excited some discontent among the violent of the party,
who thought it better to go without a president than to elect Mr. Jefferson. A
general meeting, however, of the federal members was called, and the subject
explained, when it was admitted that Mr. Burr could not be elected. A few
individuals persisted in their resolution not to vote for Mr. Jefferson, but the
great majority wished the election terminated and a president chosen. Having
also received assurances from a source on which we placed reliance that our
wishes with regard to certain points of federal policy in which we felt a deep
interest would be observed in case Mr. Jefferson was elected, the opposition of
Vermont, Delaware, and Maryland was withdrawn, and on the 36th ballot your
father, the late James A. Bayard, put in a blank ballot, myself and my colleagues
did the same, and General Morris absented himself. The South Carolina
federalists also put in blank ballots. Thus terminated that memorable contest.

Previous to and pending the election, rumours were industriously circulated, and
letters written to different parts of the country, charging the federalists with the
design to prevent the election of a president, and to usurp the government by an
act of legislative power. Great anxiety and apprehensions were created in the
minds of all, and of none more than the federalists generally, who were not
apprized of the determination of those gentlemen who held the power, and were
resolved to terminate the contest when the proper period arrived. But neither
these rumours, nor the excitement produced by them, nor the threats made by
their opponents to resist by force such a measure, had the least influence on the
conduct of those gentlemen. They knew the power which they possessed, and
were conscious of the uprightness of their views, and of the safety and
constitutional character of the course they had adopted. I was privy to all the
arrangements made, and attended all the meetings of the federal party when
consulting on the course to be pursued in relation to the election; and I pledge
my most solemn asseveration that no such measure was ever for a moment
contemplated by that party; that no such proposition was ever made; and that, if
it had ever been, it would not only have been discouraged, but instantly put
down by those gentlemen who possessed the power, and were pledged to each
other to elect a president before the close of the session.

I am respectfully, Sir,

Your most obedient servant,

GEORGE BAER.

INTERROGATORIES to be administered to James A. Bayard, Esq., of the state

of Delaware, late a member of Congress for the United States from the said state
of Delaware, a witness to be produced, sworn, and examined in a cause now
depending in the Supreme Court of Judicature of the state of New-York, between
Aaron Burr, plaintiff, and James Cheetham, defendant, on the part of the
defendant.

1st. Do you know the parties, plaintiff and defendant, or either and which of
them, and how long have you known them respectively?

2d. Were you a member of the House of Representatives, in Congress of the

United States, from the state of Delaware, in the sessions holden in the months
of January and February, in the year 1801?

3d. Was there not an equal number of votes for Thomas Jefferson and Aaron
Burr, as president and vice-president of the said United States, at the election for
those officers in the December preceding, and did not the choice of a president
consequently devolve on the said House of Representatives?

4th. Did not the said house ballot for the president several times before a choice
was made? if so, how many times? Was not the frequency of balloting
occasioned by an attempt on the part of several members of Congress to elect the
said plaintiff, Aaron Burr, as president? Do you know who such members were?
if so, what were their names?

5th. Do you know that any measures were suggested or pursued by any person or
persons to secure the election of Aaron Burr to the presidency? if so, who were
such person or persons? Did he, the said Aaron Burr, know thereof? Were there
any letter or letters written communicating such an intention? if so, were such
letter or letters forwarded to him through the postoffice by any person, and who?
Has he not informed you, or have you not understood (and if so, how?) that he
was apprized that an attempt would be made to secure his election?

6th. Did he or any other person (and if so, who?) ever communicate to you, by
writing or otherwise, or to any other person or persons to your knowledge, that
any measure had been suggested or would be pursued to secure his election?
When were these communications made?

7th. Had not some of the federal members of Congress a meeting at Washington,
in the month of December, 1800, or of January or of February, 1801, at which it
was determined to support Aaron Burr for the presidency? Or if there were any
meeting or meetings to your knowledge, in respect to the ensuing election for a
president of the United States in the said House of Representatives, what was
advised or concluded upon, to the best of your remembrance or belief? Was not
David A. Ogden, of the city of New-York, attorney at law, authorized or
requested by you, or some other member or members of Congress, or some other
person, and who in particular, to call upon the plaintiff and inquire of him—

1st. What conduct he would pursue in respect to certain cardinal points of federal
policy?

2d. What co-operation or aid the plaintiff could or would afford towards securing
his own election to the presidency? or if you or some other person did not
authorize or request the said David A. Ogden to make such communication to
the plaintiff in exact terms, what, in substance, was such authority or request?
Do you know, or were you informed by the said David A. Ogden or otherwise,
that he or any other person had made the said communication to the plaintiff, or
the same in substance? Do you know, or have you been informed (and if so,
how?) that the plaintiff declared, as to the first question, it would not be
expedient to enter into explanations, or words to that effect? That, as to the
second question, New-York and Tennessee would vote for him on a second
ballot, and New-Jersey might be induced to do the same, or words to that effect?
Did you ever communicate with the plaintiff, or he with you, on the subject? Do
you know any person who did communicate with him? and if so, what did he
say?

Did you not receive a letter or letters from Alexander Hamilton, of New-York,
and late Secretary of the Treasury of the United States, now deceased, in the
month of January or February, 1801, or at some other time, and when, respecting
the election of a president of the United States? Did he not communicate to you
that the said David A. Ogden had been requested to see the plaintiff for the
purposes aforesaid? And what in particular were the contents of such letters or
letter, or communication? Do you know that any, and if so, what measures were
suggested or pursued to secure the election of said plaintiff as president; and did
the said plaintiff know, or was he informed thereof, or what did he know, or of
what was he informed? Had you any reason or reasons to believe that any of the
states would relinquish Thomas Jefferson and vote for Aaron Burr as president
in the said election in the said House of Representatives, or that the said Aaron
Burr calculated on such relinquishment? If so, which state or states, and what
was the reason or reasons of such belief?

8th. Do you know any matter, circumstance, or thing which can be material to
the defendant in this cause? If yea, set the same forth fully and particularly.

Interrogatory on the part of the plaintiff.—Do you know of any matter or thing
that may be beneficial to the plaintiff on the trial of this cause? If so, declare the
same fully and at length, in the same manner as if you had been particularly
interrogated thereto.

Miller & Van Wyck, Attorneys for Defendant.

Approved, March 6, 1805.

B. Livingston.

The deposition of James A. Bayard, sworn and examined on the twenty ——

day of ——, in the year of our Lord 1805, at Wilmington, in the state of
Delaware, by virtue of a commission issuing out of the Supreme Court of
Judicature of the state of New-York, to John Vaughan, —— or any two of them,
directed for the examination of the said James A. Bayard, in a cause there
depending between Aaron Burr, plaintiff, and James Cheetham, defendant, on
the part and behalf of the defendant.

1st. To the first interrogatory this deponent answers and says, As a member of
the House of Representatives, I paid a visit of ceremony to the plaintiff on the
fourth of March, in the year 1801, and was introduced to him. I had no
acquaintance with him before that period. I had no knowledge of the defendant
but what was derived from his general reputation before the last session of
Congress, when a personal acquaintance commenced upon my becoming a
member of the Senate.

2d. To the second interrogatory, this deponent saith, I was.

3d. To the third interrogatory this deponent saith, There was an equality of
electoral votes for Mr. Jefferson and Mr. Burr, and the choice of one of them did,
of consequence, devolve on the House of Representatives.

4th. To the fourth interrogatory this deponent saith, The house resolved into
states, balloted for a president a number of times, the exact number is not at
present in my recollection, before a choice was made. The frequency of balloting
was occasioned by the preference given by the federal side of the house to Mr.
Burr. With the exception of Mr. Huger, of South Carolina, I recollect no federal
member who did not concur in the general course of balloting for Mr. Burr. I
cannot name each member. The federal members at that time composed a
majority of the house, though not of the states. Their names can be ascertained
by the journals of the House of Representatives.

5th. To the fifth interrogatory this deponent saith, I know of no measures but
those of argument and persuasion which were used to secure the election of Mr.
Burr to the presidency. Several gentlemen of the federal party doubted the
practicability of electing Mr. Burr, and the policy of attempting it. Before the
election came on there were several meetings of the party to consider the subject.
It was frequently debated, and most of the gentlemen who had adopted a decided
opinion in favour of his election employed their influence and address to
convince those who doubted of the propriety of the measure. I cannot tell
whether Mr. Burr was acquainted with what passed at our meetings. But I neither
knew nor heard of any letter being written to him on the subject. He never
informed me, nor have I reason to believe, further than inference, from the open
professions and public course pursued by the federal party, that he was apprized
that an attempt would be made to secure his election.

6th. To the sixth interrogatory the deponent saith, Mr. Burr, or any person on his
behalf, never did communicate to me in writing or otherwise, or to any other
persons of which I have any knowledge, that any measures had been suggested
or would be pursued to secure his election. Preceding the day of the election, in
the course of the session, the federal members of Congress had a number of
general meetings, the professed and sole purpose of which was to consider the
propriety of giving their support to the election of Mr. Burr. The general
sentiment of the party was strongly in his favour. Mr. Huger, I think, could not
be brought to vote for him. Mr. Craik and Mr. Baer, of Maryland, and myself,
were those who acquiesced with the greatest difficulty and hesitation. I did not
believe Mr. Burr could be elected, and thought it vain to make the attempt; but I
was chiefly influenced by the current of public sentiment, which I thought it
neither safe nor politic to counteract. It was, however, determined by the party,
without consulting Mr. Burr, to make the experiment whether he could be
elected. Mr. Ogden never was authorized or requested by me, nor any member of
the house to my knowledge, to call upon Mr. Burr, and to make any propositions
to him of any kind or nature. I remember Mr. Ogden's being at Washington while
the election was depending. I spent one or two evenings in his company at
Stiller's hotel, in small parties, and we recalled an acquaintance of very early life,
which had been suspended by a separation of eighteen or twenty years. I spent
not a moment with Mr. Ogden in private. It was reported that he was an agent for
Mr. Burr, or it was understood that he was in possession of declarations of Mr.
Burr that he would serve as president if elected. I never questioned him on the
subject. Although I considered Mr. Burr personally better qualified to fill the
office of president than Mr. Jefferson, yet, for a reason above suggested, I felt no
anxiety for his election, and I presumed if Mr. Ogden came on any errand from
Mr. Burr, or was desirous of making any disclosures relative to his election, he
would do it without any application from me. But Mr. Ogden or any other person
never did make any communication to me from Mr. Burr, nor do I remember
having any conversation with him relative to the election. I never had any
communication, directly or indirectly, with Mr. Burr in relation to his election to
the presidency. I was one of those who thought from the beginning that the
election of Mr. Burr was not practicable. The sentiment was frequently and
openly expressed. I remember it was generally said by those who wished a
perseverance in the opposition to Mr. Jefferson, that several democratic states
were more disposed to vote for Mr. Burr than for Mr. Jefferson; that, out of
complaisance to the known intention of the party, they would vote a decent
length of time for Mr. Jefferson, and, as soon as they could excuse themselves by
the imperious situation of affairs, would give their votes for Mr. Burr, the man
they really preferred. The states relied upon for this change were New-York,
New-Jersey, Vermont, and Tennessee. I never, however, understood that any
assurance to this effect came from Mr. Burr. Early in the election it was reported
that Mr. Edward Livingston, the representative of the city of New-York, was the
confidential agent for Mr. Burr, and that Mr. Burr had committed himself
entirely to the discretion of Mr. Livingston, having agreed to adopt all his acts. I
took an occasion to sound Mr. Livingston on the subject, and intimated that,
having it in my power to terminate the contest, I should do so, unless he could
give me some assurance that we might calculate upon a change in the votes of
some of the members of his party. Mr. Livingston stated that he felt no great
concern as to the event of the election, but he disclaimed any agency from Mr.
Burr, or any connexion with him on the subject, and any knowledge of Mr.
Burr's designing to co-operate in support of his election.

7th. The deponent, answering that part of the seventh interrogatory which relates
to letters received from the late Alexander Hamilton, says, I did receive, in the
course of the winter of 1801, several letters from General Hamilton on the
subject of the election, but the name of David A. Ogden is not mentioned in any
of them. The general design and effect of these letters was to persuade me to
vote for Mr. Jefferson, and not for Mr. Burr. The letters contain very strong
reasons; and a very earnest opinion against the election of Mr. Burr. In answer to
the residue of the same interrogatory, the deponent saith, I repeat that I know of
no means used to promote the election of Mr. Burr but persuasion. I am wholly
ignorant of what the plaintiff was apprized of in relation to the election, as I had
no communication with him directly or indirectly; and as to the expectation of a
change of votes from Mr. Jefferson to Mr. Burr, I never knew a better ground for
it than the opinions and calculations of a number of members.

8th. In answer to the eighth interrogatory the deponent saith, I know of nothing
which, in my opinion, can be of service to the defendant in the cause.

To the interrogatory on the part of the plaintiff the deponent answers, Having
yielded, with Messrs. Craik and Baer, of Maryland, to the strong desire of the
great body of the party with whom we usually acted, and agreed to vote for Mr.
Burr, and those gentlemen and myself being governed by the same views and
motives, we pledged ourselves to each other to pursue the same line of conduct
and act together. We felt that some concession was due to the judgment of the
great majority of our political friends who differed with us in opinion, but we
determined that no consideration should make us lose sight for a moment of the
necessity of a president being chosen. We therefore resolved, that as soon as it
was fairly ascertained that Mr. Burr could not be elected, to give our votes to Mr.
Jefferson. General Morris, of Vermont, shortly after acceded to this arrangement.
The result of the ballot of the states had uniformly been eight states for Mr.
Jefferson, six for Mr. Burr, and two divided. Mr. Jefferson wanted the vote of
one state only; those three gentlemen belonged to the divided states; I held the
vote of the state of Delaware; it was therefore in the power of either of us to
terminate the election. These gentlemen, knowing the strong interest of my state
to have a president, and knowing the sincerity of my determination to make one,
left it to me to fix the time when the opposition should cease, and to make terms,
if any could be accomplished, with the friends of Mr. Jefferson. I took pains to
disclose this state of things in such a manner that it might be known to the
friends of Mr. Burr, and to those gentlemen who were believed to be most
disposed to change their votes in his favour. I repeatedly stated to many
gentlemen with whom I was acting that it was a vain thing to protract the
election, as it had become manifest that Mr. Burr would not assist us, and as we
could do nothing without his aid. I expected, under these circumstances, if there
were any latent engines at work in Mr. Burr's favour, the plan of operations
would be disclosed to me; but, although I had the power, and threatened to
terminate the election, I had not even an intimation from any friend of Mr. Burr's
that it would be desirable to them to protract it. I never did discover that Mr.
Burr used the least influence to promote the object we had in view. And being
completely persuaded that Mr. Burr would not co-operate with us, I determined
to end the contest by voting for Mr. Jefferson. I publicly announced the
intention, which I designed to carry into effect the next day. In the morning of
the day there was a general meeting of the party, where it was generally admitted
Mr. Burr could not be elected; but some thought it was better to persist in our
vote, and to go without a president rather than to elect Mr. Jefferson. The greater
number, however, wished the election terminated, and a president made; and in
the course of the day the manner was settled, which was afterward adopted, to
end the business.

Mr. Burr probably might have put an end sooner to the election by coming
forward and declaring that he would not serve if chosen; but I have no reason to
believe, and never did think that he interfered, even to the point of personal
influence, to obstruct the election of Mr. Jefferson or to promote his own.
Interrogatories to be administered to witnesses to be produced, sworn, and
examined in a certain cause now depending and at issue in the Supreme Court of
Judicature of the people of the state of New-York, wherein James Gillespie is
plaintiff, and Abraham Smith defendant, on the behalf of the defendant.

1st. Do you or do you not know Thomas Jefferson, president of the United
States? If yea, declare the same, together with the time when you first became
acquainted with him.

2d. Was you a member of the House of Representatives of the United States, at
Washington, in the session of 1800 and 1801? If yea, state the time particularly.

3d. Do you or do you not know that in the years 1800 and 1801, Thomas
Jefferson and Aaron Burr had each an equal number of votes given by the
electors for president and vice-president of the United States, and that
consequently the right of electing a president devolved upon the House of
Representatives of the United States? State your knowledge herein particularly.

4th. Do you or do you not know, or have you heard so that you believe, of any
negotiations, bargains, or agreements, in the year 1800 or 1801, after the said
equality became known and before the choice of the president, by or on behalf of
any person, and whom, with the parties called federal or republican, or either of
them, or with any individual or individuals, and whom, of either of the said
parties, relative to the office of president of the United States? If yea, declare the
particulars thereof, and the reasons of such your belief.

5th. Do you or do you not know Aaron Burr, late vice-president of the United
States? If yea, declare the same, with the time when your acquaintance
commenced.

6th. Do you know, or have you heard so that you believe, of any negotiations,
bargains, or agreements in the year 1800 or 1801, by or on behalf of the said
Aaron Burr, or by or on behalf of any other person, and whom, with the parties
called federal or republican, or either of them, or with any individual, and whom,
of the said parties, relative to the office of president of the United States? If yea,
declare the same, with all the particulars thereof, and the reasons of such your
belief.

7th. Did you receive any letters from the said Aaron Burr after the said equality
of votes was known and before the final choice of a president? If yea, what was
the tenour of such letter? Did the conduct of the said Aaron Burr correspond
with the declarations contained in the said letter? Declare your knowledge and
belief, together with the grounds and reasons thereof.

Deposition of the Honourable James A. Bayard, a witness produced, sworn, and

examined in a cause depending in the Supreme Court of the state of New-York,
between James Gillespie, plaintiff, and Abraham Smith, defendant, on the part of
the plaintiff, follows.

To the first interrogatory deponent answers and says, I do not know either the
plaintiff or defendant.

To the second interrogatory he answers and says, I was personally acquainted

with Thomas Jefferson before he became president of the United States, the
precise length of time I do not recollect. The acquaintance did not extend beyond
the common salutation upon meeting, and accidental conversation upon such
meetings.

To the third interrogatory he answers and says, I was a member of the House of
Representatives of the United States, during the fifth, sixth, and seventh
Congresses, from the 3d of March, 1797, to the 3d of May, 1803.

To the fourth interrogatory he answers and says, The electoral votes for Thomas
Jefferson and Aaron Burr for president of the United States were equal, and that
the choice of one of them as president did devolve on the House of
Representatives.

To the fifth interrogatory he answers and says, I presume this interrogatory

points to an occurrence which took place before the choice of president was
made, and after the balloting had continued for several days, of which I have
often publicly spoken. My memory enables me to state the transaction in
substance correctly, but not to be answerable for the precise words which were
used upon the occasion. Messrs. Baer and Craik, members of the House of
Representatives from Maryland, and General Morris, a member of the house
from Vermont, and myself, having the power to determine the votes of the states
from similarity of views and opinions during the pendency of the election, made
an agreement to vote together. We foresaw that a crisis was approaching which
might probably force us to separate in our votes from the party with whom we
usually acted. We were determined to make a president, and the period of Mr.
Adams's administration was rapidly approaching.

In determining to recede from the opposition to Mr. Jefferson, it occurred to us

that probably, instead of being obliged to surrender at discretion, we might
obtain terms of capitulation. The gentlemen whose names I have mentioned
authorized me to declare their concurrence with me upon the best terms that
could be procured. The vote of either of us was sufficient to decide the choice.
With a view to the end mentioned, I applied to Mr. John Nicholas, a member of
the house from Virginia, who was a particular friend of Mr. Jefferson. I stated to
Mr. Nicholas that if certain points of the future administration could be
understood and arranged with Mr. Jefferson, I was authorized to say that three
states would withdraw from an opposition to his election. He asked me what
those points were: I answered, First, sir, the support of the public credit;
secondly, the maintenance of the naval system; and, lastly, that subordinate
public officers employed only in the execution of details established by law shall
not be removed from office on the ground of their political character, nor without
complaint against their conduct. I explained myself that I considered it not only
reasonable, but necessary, that offices of high discretion and confidence should
be filled by men of Mr. Jefferson's choice. I exemplified by mentioning, on the
one hand, the offices of the secretaries of state, treasury, foreign ministers, &c.,
and, on the other, the collectors of ports, &c. Mr. Nicholas answered me that he
considered the points as very reasonable; that he was satisfied that they
corresponded with the views and intentions of Mr. Jefferson, and knew him well.
That he was acquainted with most of the gentlemen who would probably be
about him and enjoying his confidence in case he became president, and that, if I
would be satisfied with his assurance, he could solemnly declare it as his opinion
that Mr. Jefferson, in his administration, would not depart from the points I had
proposed. I replied to Mr. Nicholas that I had not the least doubt of the sincerity
of his declaration, and that his opinion was perfectly correct; but that I wanted an
engagement, and that, if the points could in any form be understood as conceded
by Mr. Jefferson, the election should be ended; and proposed to him to consult
Mr. Jefferson. This he declined, and said he could do no more than give me the
assurance of his own opinion as to the sentiments and designs of Mr. Jefferson
and his friends. I told him that was not sufficient—that we should not surrender
without better terms. Upon this we separated; and I shortly after met with
General Smith, to whom I unfolded myself in the same manner that I had done to
Mr. Nicholas. In explaining myself to him in relation to the nature of the offices
alluded to, I mentioned the offices of George Latimer, [2] collector of the port of
Philadelphia, and Allen M'Lane, collector of Wilmington. General Smith gave
me the same assurances as to the observance by Mr. Jefferson of the points
which I had stated which Mr. Nicholas had done. I told him I should not be
satisfied or agree to yield till I had the assurance of Mr. Jefferson himself; but
that, if he would consult Mr. Jefferson, and bring the assurance from him, the
election should be ended. The general made no difficulty in consulting Mr.
Jefferson, and proposed giving me his answer the next morning. The next day,
upon our meeting, General Smith informed me that he had seen Mr. Jefferson,
and stated to him the points mentioned, and was authorized by him to say that
they corresponded with his views and intentions, and that we might confide in
him accordingly. The opposition of Vermont, Maryland, and Delaware was
immediately withdrawn, and Mr. Jefferson was made president by the votes of
ten states.

To the sixth interrogatory the deponent answers and says, I was introduced to
Mr. Burr the day of Mr. Jefferson's inauguration as president. I had no
acquaintance with him before, and very little afterward, till the last winter of his
vice-presidency, when I became a member of the Senate of the United States.

To the seventh interrogatory the deponent answers and says, I do not know, nor
did I ever believe, from any information I received, that Mr. Burr entered into
any negotiation or agreement with any member of either party in relation to the
presidential election which depended before the House of Representatives.

To the eighth interrogotary the deponent answers and says, Upon the subject of
this interrogatory I can express only a loose opinion, founded upon the
conjectures at the time of what could be effected by Mr. Burr by mortgaging the
patronage of the executive. I can only say, generally, that I did believe at the time
that he had the means of making himself president. But this opinion has no other
ground than conjecture, derived from a knowledge of means which existed, and,
if applied, their probable operation on individual characters. In answer to the last
part of the interrogatory, deponent says, I know of nothing of which Mr. Burr
was apprized which related to the election.

(Signed) J. A. Bayard.

District of Columbia, Washington.

The deposition of the Honourable James A. Bayard, consisting of six pages, was
taken and sworn to before us, this 3d day of April, A. D. 1806.
STEPHEN R. BRADLEY.

GEORGE LOGAN.

Deposition of the Honourable Samuel Smith, Senator of the United States for the
state of Maryland, a witness produced, sworn, and examined in a cause
depending in the Supreme Court of the state of New-York, between James
Gillespie, plaintiff, and Abraham Smith, defendant, on the part and behalf of the
defendant, as follows:

1st. I knew Thomas Jefferson some years previous to 1800; the precise time
when our acquaintance commenced I do not recollect.

2d and 3d. I was a member of the House of Representatives of the United States
in 1800 and 1801, and know that Thomas Jefferson and Aaron Burr had an equal
number of the votes given by the electors of president and vice-president of the
United States.

4th. Presuming that this question may have reference to conversations (for I
know of no bargains or agreements) which took place at the time of the
balloting, I will relate those which I well recollect to have had with three
gentlemen, separately, of the federal party. On the Wednesday preceding the
termination of the election, Colonel Josiah Parker asked a conversation with me
in private. He said that many gentlemen were desirous of putting an end to the
election; that they only wanted to know what would be the conduct of Mr.
Jefferson in case he should be elected president, particularly as it related to the
public debt, to commerce, and the navy. I had heard Mr. Jefferson converse on
all those subjects lately, and informed him what, I understood were the opinions
of that gentleman. I lived in the house with Mr. Jefferson, and, that I might be
certain that what I bad said was correct, I sought and had a conversation that
evening with him on those points, and, I presume, though I do not precisely
recollect, that I communicated to him the conversation which I had with Colonel
Parker.

The next day General Dayton (a senator), after some jesting conversation, asked
me to converse with him in private. We retired. He said that he, with some other
gentlemen, wished to have a termination put to the pending election; but be
wished to know what were the opinions or conversations of Mr. Jefferson
respecting the navy, commerce, and the public debt. In answer, I said that I had
last night had conversation with Mr. Jefferson on all those subjects; that be had
told me that any opinion be should give at this time might be attributed to
improper motives; that to me he had no hesitation in saying that, as to the public
debt, he had been averse to the manner of funding it, but that he did not believe
there was any man who respected his own character who would or could think of
injuring its credit at this time; that, on commerce, he thought that a correct idea
of his opinions on that subject might be derived from his writings, and
particularly from his conduct while he was minister at Paris, when be thought he
had evinced his attention to the commercial interest of his country; that he had
not changed opinion, and still did consider the prosperity of our commerce as
essential to the true interest of the nation; that on the navy he had fully expressed
his opinions in his Notes on Virginia; that he adhered still to his ideas then given;
that he believed our growing commerce would call for protection; that he had
been averse to a too rapid increase of our navy; that he believed a navy must
naturally grow out of our commerce, but thought prudence would advise its
increase to progress with the increase of the nation, and that in this way he was
friendly to the establishment. General Dayton appeared pleased with the
conversation, and (I think) said, that if this conversation had taken place earlier,
much trouble might have been saved, or words to that effect.

At the funeral of Mr. Jones (of Georgia) I walked with Mr. Bayard (of
Delaware). The approaching election became the subject of conversation. I
recollect no part of that conversation except his saying that he thought that a half
hour's conversation between us might settle the business. That idea was not
again repeated. On the day after I had held the conversation with General
Dayton, I was asked by Mr. Bayard to go into the committee-room. He then
stated that he had it in his power (and was so disposed) to terminate the election,
but he wished information as to Mr. Jefferson's opinions on certain subjects, and
mentioned, I think, the same three points already alluded to as asked by Colonel
Parker and General Dayton, and received from me the same answer in substance
(if not in words) that I have given to General Dayton. He added a fourth, to wit:
What would be Mr. Jefferson's conduct as to the public officers? He said he did
not mean confidential officers, but, by elucidating his question, he added, such
as Mr. Latimer, of Philadelphia, and Mr. M'Lane, of Delaware. I answered, that I
never had heard Mr. Jefferson say any thing on that subject. He requested that I
would inquire, and inform him the next day. I did so. And the next day
(Saturday) told him that Mr. Jefferson had said that he did not think that such
officers ought to be dismissed on political grounds only, except in cases where
they had made improper use of their offices to force the officers under them to
vote contrary to their judgment. That, as to Mr. M'Lane, he had already been
spoken to in his behalf by Major Eccleston, and, from the character given him by
that gentleman, he considered him a meritorious officer; of course, that he
would not be displaced, or ought not to be displaced. I further added, that Mr.
Bayard might rest assured (or words to that effect) that Mr. Jefferson would
conduct, as to those points, agreeably to the opinions I had stated as his. Mr.
Bayard then said, We will give the vote on Monday; and then separated. Early in
the election my colleague, Mr. Baer, told me that we should have a president;
that they would not get up without electing one or the other of the gentlemen.
Mr. Baer had voted against Mr. Jefferson until the final vote, when I believe he
withdrew, or voted blank, but do not perfectly recollect.

5th. I became acquainted with Colonel Burr some time in the revolutionary war.

6th. I know of no agreement or bargain in the years 1800 and 1801 with any
person or persons whatsoever respecting the office of president in behalf of
Aaron Burr, nor have I any reason to believe that any such existed.

7th. I received a letter from Colonel Burr, dated, I believe, 16th December, 1800,
in reply to one which I had just before written him. The letter of Colonel Burr is
as follows:—

"It is highly improbable that I shall have an equal number of votes with Mr.
Jefferson; but, if such should be the result, every man who knows me ought to
know that I would utterly disclaim all competition. Be assured that the federal
party can entertain no wish for such an exchange. As to my friends, they would
dishonour my views and insult my feelings by a suspicion that I would submit to
be instrumental in counteracting the wishes and expectations of the people of the
United States. And I now constitute you my proxy to declare these sentiments if
the occasion shall require."

I have not now that letter by me, nor any other letter from him to refer to; the
preceding is taken from a printed copy, which corresponds with my recollection,
and which I believe to be correct. My correspondence with him continued till the
close of the election. In none of his letters to me, or to any other person that I
saw, was there any thing that contradicted the sentiments contained in that letter.

(Signed) S. SMITH.

City of Washington, in the District of Columbia.

The deposition of the Honourable Samuel Smith, written upon five pages, was
duly taken and sworn to before us, two of the commissioners named in the
annexed commission, at the capitol in the said city of Washington, on the
fifteenth day of April, in the year of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and
six, and of the independence of the United States the thirtieth.

(Signed) GEORGE LOGAN.

DAVID STONE.

Footnotes:

1. Judge Cooper, of Cooperstown, state of New-York.

2. During the year 1802 unsuccessful efforts were made by the democracy of
Philadelphia to have Mr. Latimer removed from the office of collector. The
federal party complained of the number of removals which had already been
made. The Aurora of June 29, 1802, referring to this subject, says—"We can tell
them (the federalists) that the most lucrative office under the government of the
United States in this commonwealth, the emoluments of which amount to triple
the salary of the governor of this commonwealth, is now held by _George
Latimer, collector of the customs;" and on the 29th September, he adds, "Let any
man of candour say if Latimer ought not long since to have been discharged
from his office." Mr. Duane had not then read the depositions of Messrs. Bayard
and Smith, and perhaps was ignorant of the arrangements by virtue of which this
gentleman and Mr. M'Lane, of Delaware, were retained in office.
CHAPTER IX.

A history of the presidential contest in Congress in the spring of 1801, with an

account of some of the circumstances which preceded and followed it, has now
been presented. It afforded the enemies of Colonel Burr an opportunity to lay a
foundation deep and broad, from which to assail him with the battering-rams of
detraction, falsehood, and calumny. From that day until the period when he was
driven into exile from the land of his fathers, he was pursued with an intolerance
relentless as the grave. The assailants of his reputation and their more wicked
employers felt and knew the wrongs they had done. Self-abased with reflecting
on the motives which had impelled them to action, their zeal for his ruin became
more fiery, and they faltered at no means, however dishonourable, to effect their
object. The power of the press is great. But, painful as the remark is, it is
nevertheless true—the power of the press to do evil is much greater than to do
good. The power of the press is too often irresistible when conducted by
unprincipled and corrupt men, pampered by the smiles and the patronage of
those filling high places. A stronger illustration of this remark cannot be found in
history than the case of Aaron Burr from 1801 to 1804. At the height of his
popularity, influence, and glory in the commencement of 1801, before the close
of 1804 he was suspected—contemned—derided, and prostrated; and this
mighty revolution in public opinion was effected without any wrong act or deed
on the part of the vice-president.

The charge against him was that he had been faithless to the political party
which had sustained him through life; that he had negotiated, bargained, or
intrigued with the federalists to promote his own election to the exclusion of Mr.
Jefferson. The public mind became poisoned; suspicions were engendered; his
revilers were cherished; the few stout hearts that confided in his political
integrity, and nobly clustered around him, were anathematized and proscribed.
The mercenary, the selfish, and the timid united in the cry—down with him.

It has been seen, that whenever and wherever the charge was rendered tangible
by specification, it was met and repelled. For a refutation of the general charge,
Mr. Bayard's and Mr. Smith's testimony is sufficiently explicit. Concurring
testimony could be piled upon pile; but, if there remains an individual in the
community who will not be convinced by the evidence which has been
produced, then that individual would not be convinced "though one were to rise
from the dead" and bear testimony to the falsity of the charge.

The details in relation to the presidential contest of 1801 have occupied much
time and space. This could not be avoided. It fixed the destiny of Colonel Burr.
Besides, it forms a great epoch in the history of our country and its government,
and has been but imperfectly understood.

Mr. Jefferson's malignity towards Colonel Burr never ceased but with his last
breath. His writings abound with proof of that malignity, smothered, but rankling
in his heart. Let the highminded man read the following extracts Mr. Jefferson,
in a long and laboured letter to Colonel Burr, written uninvited, not in reply to
one received, dated Philadelphia, 17th June, 1797, says—"The newspapers give
so minutely what is passing in Congress, that nothing of detail can be wanting
for your information. Perhaps, however, some general view of our situation and
prospects since you left us may not be unacceptable. At any rate, it will give me
an opportunity of recalling myself to your memory, and of EVIDENCING MY
ESTEEM FOR YOU."

In his Ana, under date of the 26th of January, 1804, he says—, "I had never seen
Colonel Burr till he came as a member of Senate. [1]

His conduct very soon inspired me with distrust. I habitually cautioned Mr.
Madison against trusting him too much."

Thus, according to his own showing, while he was endeavouring "to recall
himself to the memory" of Colonel Burr "and evidencing his esteem for him," he
was "habitually cautioning Mr. Madison against trusting him too much."

Again. January 26, 1804, be says—"Colonel Burr, the vice-president, called on

me in the evening, having previously asked an opportunity of conversing with
me. He began by recapitulating summarily that he had come to New-York a
stranger some years ago; that he found the country in possession of two rich
families (the Livingstons and Clintons); that his pursuits were not political, and
he meddled not," &c.
Now who that knows the history of Colonel Burr's life will believe one sentence
or one word of this statement? In the year 1778, Colonel Burr was in command
on the lines in Westchester. In July of that year he was appointed by General
Washington to receive from the commissioners for conspiracies the suspected
persons. He remained at this post during the winter of 1778-79. Ill health
compelled him, in March, 1779, to resign. In the autumn of 1780 he commenced
the study of law with Judge Paterson, of New-Jersey, where he remained until
the spring of 1781, when be removed to Orange county, in the state of New-
York, and continued the study of law. In 1782 he was licensed by the Supreme
Court of the state of New-York as counsellor and attorney, and immediately
commenced practice in Albany. In July of that year he was married, then twenty-
six years old. In April, 1783, through an agent, he hired a house in the city of
New-York, and removed his family into it as soon as the British evacuated the
city. In the spring of 1784, six months after his removal into the city, he was
elected to represent it in the state legislature. [2]

In the face of these facts, to talk of his "having come to New York a stranger
some years ago, and finding the state in possession of two rich families," &c.
What absurdity! But, shrinking from these disgusting and revolting exposures,
the reader, it is believed, will cheerfully turn to the perusal of those letters which
again presents to his view Colonel Burr in the domestic and social scenes of life.

TO THEODOSIA.

Trenton, January 2, 1800.

The question—When shall we meet? is already answered; but I must now answer
it anew, and for a more distant day; perhaps Wednesday, perhaps Thursday; but
you will hear again. Your letters amuse me; your recovery rejoices me; your
determination not to torment yourself is neither from philosophy nor spleen—it
is mere words, and an attempt to deceive yourself, which may succeed for the
moment; ergo, no determination; ergo, not founded on philosophy; ergo, not on
resentment; ergo, neither. I have no doubt but chose is on the way; the journey
cannot at this season be performed in thirty days.

My compliments to A. C. M., and am very much obliged to them. It is the most

fatiguing thing imaginable for such crude tastes as those of Theodosia and A. B.
You had better apologize. You are sick and I am absent. But you have not
mentioned the day—neither that of the beauty's ball, for which I owe you much
ill will, and therefore my next shall be to Natalie, to whom all good wishes.

A. BURR.

THEODOSIA.

Albany, January 29, 1800.

You must be weary of hearing that "I have not yet a line from you, and that John
and Alexis are not arrived," but you must submit to hear often of what so often
employs my thoughts.

Most of all, I amuse and torment myself by fancying your occupations, your
thoughts, your attitudes at different hours in the day and night—generally I find
you reading or studying; sometimes musing; now and then counting the time of
my probable absence. In comes C. C.—a pleasant interruption, or a note from C.
C., and then follows trouble and embarrassments, and sometimes scolding. They
are always answered, however.

We have agreed that the cause of Le Guen shall come on next Tuesday. It will
last the whole week. The week following I shall hope to leave this place; but I
may be deceived, for the court may take a week to consider of the business, and I
cannot leave the ground till the thing be determined.

Adieu, chere amiè,

AARON BURR.

TO THEODOSIA.

Albany, February 13, 1800.

Your letter by this day's mail, dated the 13th, and postmarked the 12th, is one of
those hasty and unsatisfactory scraps which neither improve you nor amuse me.
I pray you never to write to me with the mere motive of getting rid of the task.
These performances always lead me to fear that all other tasks are performed in
the same manner; but adieu to tasks and reproaches. I will endure your haste or
your silence without a murmur. One is not always in the bumour to write, and
one always writes as much as the humour prompts.

I am here sentinel over the interest of Le Guen, and cannot leave the post until
the final decision be had, of which, at present, I form no conjecture as to the
period; but I entertain no doubt of Le Guen's eventual success.

Among the letters forwarded by you is one recommending to me in very high

terms a Mr. Irving, or Irwin, [3] from London; pray inquire who he is, and where
to be found, and be able to inform me, on my return, if I should happen to return.

Mr. Eacker has offered his services to take a letter. You see that I cannot refrain
from improving every occasion of assuring, you how very truly I am your
faithful friend and affectionate father,

A. BURR.

TO THEODOSIA,

Albany, February 15, 1800.

This will be handed you by Mr. Brown, [4] secretary to General Hamilton. By
the two preceding mails I had nothing from you; by that of this day I am again
disappointed. I do indeed receive a very pleasant little letter, but I expected a
volume. Would it be an intolerable labour, if, precisely at half past nine o'clock
every evening, you should say, "I will now devote an hour to papa?" Or even
half an hour. Your last letter, though not illy written, has evident marks of haste.

I agree entirely with your eulogium on our amiable friend; but one point you
overlook. Her heart is as cold as marble, And you mistake the effusions of
politeness, mingled with respect, for symptoms of tender emotions.

The argument of the cause of Le Guen is concluded. I fear that I must wait for
the final decision of the court before I can leave Albany. To-morrow I go with
John to Schenectady. I am more impatient to return than I can express.

A. BURR.

THEODOSIA.

Albany, March 5, 1800.

I had taken my passage for this day, and anticipated the pleasure of dining with
you on Saturday. But—but—these buts—how they mar all the fine theories of
life! But our friend Thomas Morris [5] has entreated in such terms that I would
devote this day and night to certain subjects of the utmost moment to him, that I
could not, without the appearance of unkindness, refuse. He would, I know, at
any time, devote a week or month, on like occasion, to serve me. How, then,
could I refuse him one day? I could not.

But, again, more buts. But after I had consented to give him a day, I sent to take
passage for to-morrow, and lo! the stage is taken by the sheriff to transport
criminals to the state prison. I should not be much gratified with this kind of
association on the road, and thus I apprehend that my journey will be (must be)
postponed until Friday, and my engagement to dine with you until Monday.

A. BURR.

TO JOSEPH ALSTON.

New-York, January 15, 1801.

MY DEAR SIR,

Your two letters have been received, and gave me great pleasure. We are about to
begin our journey to Albany. I propose to remain there till the 10th of February;
possibly till the 20th. If you should come northward, you will find a letter for
you in the postoffice of this city.
The equality of Jefferson and Burr excites great speculation and much anxiety. I
believe that all will be well, and that Jefferson will be our president. Your friend,

A. BURR.

THEODOSIA TO JOSEPH ALSTON.

Poughkeepsie, January 24, 1801.

Thus far have we advanced on this terrible journey, from which you predicted so
many evils, Without meeting even with inconvenience. How strange that Mr.
Alston should be wrong. Do not, however, pray for misfortunes to befall us that
your character may be retrieved; it were useless, I assure you; although I am
very sensible how anxious you must now be to inspire me with all due respect
and reverence, I should prefer to feel it in any other way.

We shall go from hence to Albany in a sleigh, and hope to arrive on Sunday

evening, that we may be settled on Thursday. Adieu. Health and happiness.

THEODOSIA.
TO MRS. THEODOSIA B. ALSTON.

Albany, February 17, 1801.

I have heard that you reached Fishkill on Sunday, and thence conclude that you
got home on Monday night. When in Philadelphia, send a note to Charles
Biddle, inquiring, &c., and to inform him that you are going South. He will call
and see you, being one of your great admirers. Desire Doctor Edwards to give
Mr. Alston a line to Cesar Rodney, of Wilmington, a very respectable young
man. He will introduce you to the venerable Dickenson, who, knowing my great
respect for him (which you will also take care to let him know), will be pleased
to see Mr. Alston and you on that footing. At Baltimore, either call immediately
on Mrs. Smith, or let her know of your arrival. You are to wait in Baltimore until
I overtake you, which will be on the 28th at the latest. Adieu.

A. BURR.

TO THEODOSIA.

Washington, March 8, 1801.

Your little letter from Alexandria assured me of your safety, and for a moment
consoled me for your absence. The only solid consolation is the belief that you
will be happy, and the certainty that we shall often meet.

I am to be detained here yet a week. Immediately on my return to New-York I

shall prepare for a tour to Georgetown or to Charleston; probably a water
passage.

I.B. Prevost has been hurrying off Senat and Natalie; but for his interposition
they would have relied wholly on me, and I had already proposed that they
should go with the chancellor some time in the summer or autumn, which would
have been then or never, as I had pleased; but he (I.B.P.) has advised otherwise,
and strongly urged their immediate departure. I think I shall be able to prevent it.
Would Mr. Alston be willing to go as secretary to Chancellor
Livingston? I beg his immediate answer.

Adieu, ma chere amie.

A. BURR.

TO THEODOSIA.

Washington, March 11, 1830.

By the time the enclosed shall reach Mr. Alston, it will have travelled about three
thousand miles. It will certainly deserve a kind reception. I leave mine open for
your perusal; the other appears to be from Miss Burr.

Your Dumfries letter was received yesterday. To pass a day in Dumfries is what
you could not at any time very much desire; but to pass one there against your
will, and a rainy day too, was indeed enough to try your tempers.

On Sunday, the 15th, I commence my journey to New York; there I shall not
arrive till the 25th. Nothing but matrimony will prevent my voyage to Charleston
and Georgetown; and even so great an event shall only postpone, but not defeat
the project I am sorry, however, to add that I have no expectations or decided
views on this subject. I mean Hymen.

It gives me very great pleasure to hear that Colonel W. Hampton is become, in

some sort, your neighbour, by having purchased a plantation within fifteen or
twenty miles (as is said) of Georgetown. Write me if this be so.

I have written to Frederick [6] as you commanded; that I might not err in
expressing your ideas, I enclosed to him your letter. You have no warmer friend
on earth; no one who would so readily hazard his life to serve you. It always
seemed to me that you did not know his value.

Certain parts of your letter I cannot answer. Let us think of the expected meeting,
and not of the present separation. God bless thee ever.

A. BURR.
TO THEODOSIA.

New-York, Match 29, 1801.

On Wednesday, the 18th, I left the great city. At the Susquehannah the wind was
rude; the river, swollen by recent rains, was rapid. The ferrymen pronounced it to
be impossible to pass with horses, and unsafe to attempt it. By the logic of
money and brandy I persuaded them to attempt it. We embarked; the wind was,
indeed, too mighty for us, and we drove on the rocks; but the boat did not bilge
or fill, as in all reason it ought to have done. I left Alexis and Harry to work out
their way; got my precious carcass transported in a skiff, and went on in a stage
to pass a day with "thee and thou." I was received by the father with parental
affection—but of "thee." How charming, how enviable is this equanimity, if real.
There is one invaluable attainment in the education of this sect; one which you
and I never thought of: it is "tacere." How particularly desirable this in a wife.

At Philadelphia I saw many—many, who inquired after you with great interest
—sans doubte. Among others I saw B., lovely and interesting; but adieu to that.
It cannot, must not, will not be; and the next time I meet B., which will be in a
few days, I will frankly say so.

I approached home as I would approach the sepulchre of all my friends. Dreary,

solitary, comfortless. It was no longer home. Natalie and ma bonne amie have
been with me most of the time since my return (about twenty-four hours past).
My letters from Washington broke up that cursed plan of J. B. P.; they do not go
in the parliamentaire; they do not know when they go; and, in short, they rely
wholly on me, so that thing is all right.

The elegant and accomplished Mrs. Edward Livingston died about ten days ago.
Mrs. Allen is in town; she is in better health than for years past. As to my dear
self, I am preparing with all imaginable zeal for a voyage to Charleston. One
obstacle interposes; that you can conjecture. That removed, and I shall be off in
forty-eight hours. I hope to be at sea by the 20th of April; but, alas! perhaps not.
In eight days you shall know more of this.

Your letters have been received as far as Halifax. We conclude that you got home
on the 16th. It has been snowing here this whole day most vehemently. You are
blessed with "gentler skies." May all other blessings unite.
A. BURR.

TO THEODOSIA.

New-York, April 15, 1801.

Your letters of the 24th and 25th March, received yesterday, give me the first
advice of your safe arrival at Clifton. The cordial and affectionate reception
which you have met consoles me, as far as any thing can console me, for your
absence.

My last will have advised you of the alteration in the plans of Natalie. Of all this
she will write you; but I must say a word of my own plans. The ship South
Carolina is now in port, and will sail on Monday next. I wish to take passage in
her; but a thousand concerns of business and obstacles of various kinds appear to
oppose. I shall combat them all with the zeal which my ardent wishes for the
voyage inspire; yet I dare hardly hope to succeed. You shall hear again by the
mail of Saturday.

Your female friends here complain of your silence; particularly Miss

C., and, I am sure, elle a raison.

The reasons which you and your husband give against the voyage to France
concur with my judgment. You can go a few years hence more respectably, more
agreeably. Adieu, chere enfalit.

A. BURR.

TO JOSEPH ALSTON.

New-York, April 27, 1801.

Our election commences to-morrow, and will be open for three days. The
republican members of assembly for this city will be carried by a greater
majority than last year, unless some fraud be practised at the polls. The
corporation have bad the indecent hardiness to appoint known and warm
federalists (and no others) to be inspectors of the election in every ward.
Hamilton works day and night with the most intemperate and outrageous zeal,
but I think wholly without effect.

If any reliance may be placed on our information from the country, Clinton will
be elected by a large majority. The best evidence of dispassionate opinion on this
subject is, that bets are two to one in his favour, and that the friends of Van
Rensellaer wager with reluctance with such odds.

A. BURR.

TO THEODOSIA.

New-York, April 29, 1901.

This morning will sail the brig Echo, the only vessel in harbour destined for
South Carolina. I do not go in her. With unspeakable regret, therefore, the
projected visit is abandoned—wholly and absolutely abandoned. The pain of my
own disappointment leaves me no room for any sympathy with yours. There is
one insurmountable obstacle, which I leave you to conjecture. If that were
removed, it would yet, for other reasons, be barely possible for me to go at this
time. But enough of disappointment; let us talk of indemnifications.

On the 5th of June I must be at the city of Washington, After the 12th I shall be
at leisure, and will meet you anywhere. Write me of your projects, and address
me at that place. How can Mr. Alston, consistently with his views of business,
leave the state for five or six months, as you have proposed, for your Northern
tour?

Of the voyage to France I have written to you both about a fortnight ago. I
heartily applaud your judgment, and the motives which have influenced it. You
may by-and-by go in a manner much more satisfactory.

How very oddly your letters travel. That of the 30th March arrived on the 15th,
instant; and yesterday, those of the 6th and 13th by the same mail. To solve this
phenomenon, I am led to believe that they have moved with a velocity
proportioned to the spirit which was infused in them by the writer. Thus, the first
crawled with a torpor corresponding with its character. It reminded me of the
letter of a French lady, which I have shown you as a model of elegance. "Mon
cher mari, je vous ecris parceque je n'ai rien a faire: je finis parceque je n'az
rien a dire." This was, indeed, the substance of yours; but, being spread over a
whole page, the laconic beauty was lost, and the inanity only remained. The
second, a grave, decent performance, marched with becoming gravity, and
performed the Journey in two-and-twenty days; but the third, replete with
sprightliness and beauty, burst from the thraldom of dulness, and made a transit
unparalleled in the history of the country.

You will find in this theory some incentive to the exertion of genius; and I
entertain no doubt but that, ere long, your letters will be sped with the rapidity of
a ray of light.

We have laughed at your horse negro, and have been very much amused by the
other charming little details. Thus letters should be written.

By this vessel I send two dozen pairs of long coloured kid gloves, and half a
dozen pretty little short ones, pour monter a cheval. They are directed to your
husband. I wish you would often give me orders, that I may have the pleasure of
doing something for you or your amiable family.

I had like to have forgotten to say a word in reply to your inquiries of

matrimony, which would seem to indicate that I have no plan on the subject.
Such is the fact. You are or were my projector in this line. If perchance I should
have one, it will be executed before you will hear of the design. Yet I ought not
to conceal that I have had a most amiable overture from a lady "who is always
employed in something useful." She was, you know, a few months past, engaged
to another; that other is suspended, if not quite dismissed. If I should meet her,
and she should challenge me, I should probably strike at once. She is not of that
cast, yet a preference to rank only is not very flattering to vanity; a remark which
may remind you of "Le moi."

Adieu, chere enfante.

AARON BURR.
TO THEODOSIA.

New-York, May 26, 1801.

Another parlementaire is preparing in this port, and ma bonne amie and Natalie
are again preparing to sail; but you may rest assured that they will not go. Their
preparations are evidently mere form, and they are ready to yield to gentle
persuasion. Yet you must not delay your voyage hither, to aid, if necessary.

But, for a reason much more weighty, you must hasten—il faut. I want your
counsel and your exertions in an important negotiation, actually commenced, but
not advancing, and which will probably be stationary until your arrival; more
probably it may, however, in the mean time, retrograde. Quite a new subject.

Who should present himself a few days ago but A. Burr Reeve. He has come,
with the consent of his father, to pass some weeks with me—more astonishment.
I have put him in the hands of Natalie. She will find it a hard job, but she has
entered on the duty with great zeal and confident hopes of complete success.

By the time this can reach you, you will be ready to embark for New-York. You
will find me in Broadway. Richmond Hill will remain vacant till your arrival.
Adieu.

A. BURR.

TO THEODOSIA.

New-York, August 20, 1801.

Mr. Astor, if he should not meet you to deliver this letter, will send it after you.
Yet I dare not trust to such hazards the letters which I have received for Mr.
Alston and you, I persevere, therefore, in the determination to retain them.

I was so very solicitous that you should see Niagara, that I was constantly filled
with apprehension lest something might prevent it. Your letter of the 29th of July
relieves me. You had actually seen it. Your determination to visit Brandt gives
me great pleasure, particularly as I have lately received a very friendly letter
from him, in which he recapitulates your hospitality to him in ancient days, and
makes very kind inquiries respecting you; all this before he could have
entertained the remotest idea of seeing you in his own kingdom.

Natalie and M. Senat have been for some weeks past at Trenton ; they are now
on their return, and will be here to-morrow. Vanderlyn, of whom I said
something in my last, will immediately set about her picture. They (Natalie and
Senat) are to go with the chancellor about the last of September.

Wheeler will be here in a few days. Hampton is actually married to a charming

young girl—so General M'Pherson tells me. I forget her name. Mr. Ewing is
appointed consul to London, and has sailed. Mrs. Allen is still at Elizabethtown.
Adieu.

A. BURR.

TO THOMAS MORRIS.

New-York, September 18, 1801.

Mr. Vanderlyn, the young painter from Esopus, who went about six years ago to
Paris, has recently returned, having improved his time and talents in a manner
that does very great honour to himself, his friends, and his country; proposing to
return to France in the spring, he wishes to take with him some American views,
and for this purpose be is now on his way through your Country to Niagara. I
beg your advice and protection. He is a perfect stranger to the roads, the country,
and the customs of the people, and, in short, knows nothing but what
immediately concerns painting. From some samples which he has left here, he is
pronounced to be the first painter that now is or ever has been in America. Your
affectionate friend,

A. BURR.

FROM P. BUTLER
Philadelphia, September 19, 1801.

DEAR SIR,

I was yesterday afternoon favoured with your friendly letter of the 16th. On the
subject of removal from office, it appears to my finite judgment that it should be
done sparingly, and only where it was absolutely necessary. It is true, that the
appointments during the latter part of Mr. Washington's administration, and the
whole of Mr. Adams's, were partial. It will, I think, be prudent not to follow their
examples. Every man removed adds twenty enemies to republicanism and the
present administration, while it gives us not one new friend; for that man whose
patriotism depended on his getting a place for himself or connexion, is neither
worth attending to nor keeping right. You must be sensible that a general assault
from one end of the line to the other will be made on the present administration.
It is, therefore, highly incumbent to be moderate, though firm, to prove to the
great body of the landed interest, the true support of good government, that the
present administration are the friends of an equal, mild, economic, and just
government. We may expect the political vessel to be assailed by waves, but we
must steer an even straightforward course—united as friends in the same fate.

Your observation respecting the political state of South Carolina is more

flattering to me than I merit. My offering for senator is out of the question; but I
am not, neither shall I be inactive on that occasion. I shall always feel happy in
meeting you anywhere.

You will shortly see a statement of the Carolina election in print, by a gentleman
who was present. I was not present, though I believe I know the facts. The thing
will not be passed over without notice. Circumstantial facts are collecting. I
regret that my two letters from Carolina at that time did not get to your hand.
Your friend,

P. BUTLER.

TO, JOSEPH ALSTON.

Albany, October 15, 1801.

Our Convention [7] met on Tuesday the 13th, and will probably continue in
session five or six days longer. I shall forthwith return to New-York, beyond
which I have no plan for the month of November, except, negatively, that it will
not be in my power to visit South Carolina till spring.

On the road I passed half an hour with Mrs. L., late Mary A. She appeared most
sincerely glad to see me. She is still beautiful; something ennuyed with the
monotony of a country life; talked of you with the warmest affection. It is really
a fraud on society to keep that woman perpetually buried in woods and solitude.

I am extremely solicitous to know how you get on. Pray make easy journeys, and
be not too impatient to get forward. Never ride after dark, unless in case of
unavoidable necessity, and then on horseback. What a volume of parental advice.
God bless you both.

A. BURR.

TO THEODOSIA

New-York, November 3, 1801.

It is very kind indeed to write me so often. Your last is from Petersburgh. "Like
gods," forsooth; why, you travel like—; that, however, was a very pretty
allusion. I have repeated it a dozen times and more. Your other letters also
contain now and then a spark of Promethean fire: a spark, mind ye; don't be
vain.

And so—has returned sans femme; just now arrived. He saw you and spoke to
you, which rendered him doubly welcome to A. B.

You made two, perhaps more conquests on your Northern tour—King Brandt
and the stage-driver; both of whom have been profuse in their eulogies. Brandt
has written me two letters on the subject. It would have been quite in style if he
had scalped your husband and made you Queen of the Mohawks.

Bartow, &c., are well. Mrs. Allen better. Mrs. Brockbolst Livingston dead. Mrs.
Van Ness has this day a son. Thus, you see, the rotation is preserved, and the
balance kept up.

There are no swaar apples this year; some others you shall have, and "a set of
cheap chimney ornaments." I have not asked the price, but not exceeding eight
hundred dollars! Did you take away "The man of Nature?" I proposed to have
sent that with some others to L. N., but you have thus marred the project.

Since I began this letter I am summoned to leave town two hours before daylight
to-morrow morning, to return next day, when I shall know definitely the result of
the sale, which, indeed, is the object of the journey. On my return I passed a day
with M. A. Monsieur is cold, formal, monotonous, repulsive. Gods! what a
mansion is that bosom for the sensitive heart of poor M. Lovely victim! I wish
she would break her pretty little neck. Yet, on second thought, would it not be
better that he break his? He is often absent days and weeks. She has not seen the
smoke of a city in five years; but this is dull. I had something more cheerful to
say; this, however, came first, and would have place. And here am I, at midnight,
talking such stuff to bagatelle, and twenty unanswered letters of vast importance
before me! Get to bed, you hussy.

A. BURR.

November 5.

This letter was nicely sealed up and laid on my table; late last night I returned
from the country, and found the letter just where I left it. Very surprising! This
was so like my dear self, that I laughed and opened it, to add that Richmond Hill
will probably be sold within ten days for one hundred and forty thousand
dollars, which, though not half the worth, is enough and more.

A. BURR.

TO THEODOSIA.

New-York, November 9, 1801.

This fine day brings me your two letters from Raleigh and Fayetteville, 28th and
30th of October. It is quite consoling to find that you will have taken the
precaution to inquire the state of health before you venture your precious carcass
into Charleston. A fever would certainly mistake you for strangers, and snap at
two such plump, ruddy animals as you were when you left New-York.

You shall have apples, and nuts, and a cook, and lucerne seed. As to femme de
chambre, I cannot speak with certainty. I have put in motion the whole French
republic on the occasion. Mrs. Kemble's friend cannot be found. Most probably
Madame S. has tortured into Gamble some name which has not a letter of
Kemble or Gamble in it.

Natalie sailed the Thursday after you left town, and she is probably now in
Havre with her mother. A letter received from Madame d'Lage [8] since Natalie
sailed, advises us that she is there waiting for her, which is indeed most
fortunate, and relieves me from a small portion of the anxiety which I suffer for
that charming girl. Yet, alas! there is room for too much. I expect to see her here
within a year.

Anna wonders you do not write to her. It never occurred to her that she had not
written to you: so she is now occupied, and you may soon expect at least twenty
pages from her indefatigable pen. I am going to see Board. There is an ancient
story of a man who once gave life and spirit to marble (you may read it in the
form of a drama in Rousseau). Why may not this be done again? The sale of
Richmond Hill goes on, and will, I believe, be completed within eight days. The
price and the terms are agreed; some little under works retard the conclusion.

Adieu, my dear Theodosia.

A. BURR.

TO JOSEPH ALSTON

New-York, November 15, 1801.

I send the enclosed newspaper merely on account of the proceedings of the

Rhode Island legislature. They are on the second page. That, in New-England,
men should be found hardy enough to oppose, in public speeches, the
recommendation of a thanksgiving sanctioned by the usage of one hundred and
fifty years; that this opposition should prevail, and the recommendation be
rejected by a large majority of a House of Assembly, are events the most
extraordinary which the present generation hath beheld.

It has been announced in your gazettes that I am to visit Charleston this month.
Nothing is more true than that my warmest wishes have urged me to verify this
expectation; but it is equally certain that I shall do no such thing. When I
expressed the hope of seeing your state previously to the session of Congress, I
did not know that I was chosen a member of the Convention by the county of
Orange, much less could I foresee that I should be president of that Convention;
and no individual suspected that fifteen days would have been consumed in
accomplishing the business of six hours. These circumstances ought to redeem
my character, in this instance, at least, from the charge of versatility or caprice,
Vale.

A. BURR.

FROM THOMAS JEFFERSON.

Washington, November 18, 1801.

DEAR SIR,

Your favour of the 10th has been received, as have been those also of September
4th and 23d, in due time. These letters, all relating to office, fall within the
general rule which even the very first week of my being engaged in the
administration obliged me to establish, to wit, that of not answering letters on
office specifically, but leaving the answer to be found in what is done or not
done on them. You will readily conceive into what scrapes one would get by
saying no, either with or without reasons; by using a softer language, which
might excite false hopes, or by saying yes prematurely; and, to take away all
offence from this silent answer, it is necessary to adhere to it in every case
rigidly, as well with bosom friends as strangers.

Captain Sterret is arrived here from the Mediterranean. Congress will have a
question as to all the Barbary powers of some difficulty. We have had under
consideration Mr. Pusy's plans of fortification. They are scientifically done and
expounded. He seems to prove that no works at either the Narrows or Governor's
Island can stop a vessel; but to stop them at the Hook by a fort of eight thousand
men, and protecting army of twenty-nine thousand, is beyond our present ideas
of the scale of defence which we can adopt for all our seaport towns. His
estimate of four millions of dollars, which experience teaches us to double
always, in a case where the law allows, but (I believe) half a million ties our
hands at once. We refer the case back to Governor Clinton, to select half a dozen
persons of judgment, of American ideas, and to present such a plan, within our
limits, as these shall agree on. In the mean time, the general subject will be laid
before Congress. Accept assurances of my high respect and consideration.

THOMAS JEFFERSON.

TO THEODOSIA.

New-York, November 20, 1801.

It is several days since I wrote to you, and many more since I received a letter
from you. That from Fayetteville is still the last.

"Gamble's" protegée could not be found. You will probably gain by the
exchange. That whom I shall send you is a good, steady-looking animal, agée
vingt trois. From appearance, she has been used to count her beads and work
hard, and never thought of love or finery. The enclosed recommendation of
Madame Dupont, the elder, will tell you more. You are in equal luck with a cook.
I have had him on trial a fortnight, and he is the best I ever had in the house; for
cakes, pastry, and jimcracks, far superior to Anthony. In short, he is too good for
you, and I have a great mind not to send him; you will be for ever giving good
dinners. He has something of the manner and phisiognomy of Wood, your
teacher. M'lle la femme de chambre and Monsieur le Cuisinier are both pure
French (not creole), and speak well the language. He will take with him a
quantity of casseroles and other implements of his etat. They will be shipped off
next week.

The sale of Richmond Hill is all off; blown up at the moment of counting the
money, partly by whim and partly by accident; something else will be done to
produce the effect. I go to Philadelphia in two or three days; but shall return, and
not set off for Washington till near Christmas. Mrs. A.'s health is much
improved. God bless thee.

A. BURR.

TO THEODOSIA.

Philadelphia, November 26, 1801.

Your letter of the 7th of November, from Yaahanee, is received at this place.
Though I am in the house with Mr. and Mrs. Lowndes, and several other
Carolinians, yet we are wholly ignorant of your position. No one ever heard of
Yaahanee. I suspect it to be some Mohawk word, which T. B. A. has been
pleased to retain and apply—a very pretty name, I acknowledge. Your reception
has, indeed, been charming; it reads more like an extract from some romance
than matter of fact happening in the nineteenth century within the United States.
I will ride fifty miles out of my way to see that lady.

The great business, as you are pleased to call it, has brought me hither. Not
merely to see the statue, nor have I yet seen it; but am in the way. It will be a
heavy job, considering that B. is on the spot. To return to the business. It will go
on; it must go on; it shall go on. It will be Christmas before I see the city of
Washington. My lodgings are near the capitol, and next door to Law, who has
removed since we were together at his house. Your cook and maid must be
detained at New-York till my return, which will be in about eight days.

Your letter is pretty and lively, and indicates health, content, and cheerfulness,
which is much better than if you had told me so, for then I should not have
believed a word of it.

You have learned from the newspapers (which you never read) the death of
Philip Hamilton. [9]

Shot in a duel with Eacker, the lawyer. Some dispute at a theatre, arising, as is
said, out of politics. The story is variously related; will give you a concise
summary of the facts, in fifteen sheets of paper, with comments, and moral and
sentimental reflections. To this I take the liberty of referring you.

A. BURR.

TO THEODOSIA.

New-York, December 8, 1801.

By the ship Protectress you will receive all your things, together with cook and
maid. To sail on the 14th. On the day of sailing I will write to you, enclosing the
bills of lading.

Your interesting letter of the 23d is this day received. It brings me to the familiar
acquaintance with your amiable circle, and admits me to your fireside more than
any thing you have written. Mrs. Allen is here. Anna will, to all appearance, be
married before spring to a merchant of the name of Pierpont. Catharine is
astonished that she has not yet an answer to her letter. I have told her that she can
by no possibility have one before Christmas. In your reading, I wish you would
learn to read newspapers; not to become a partisan in politics, God forbid, but
they contain the occurrences of the day, and furnish the standing topics of
conversation. The reading of newspapers is a knack which you will acquire in
six weeks, by reading, during that time, every thing. With the aid of a gazetteer
and atlas, you must find every place that is spoken of. Pray, madam, do you
know of what consist the "Republic of the Seven Islands?" Do you know the
present boundaries of the French republic? Neither, in all probability. Then hunt
them.

Now, one word of self. I came here on the 6th, and shall remain in New-York till
near the 20th. Then to Washington. The business is in a prosperous way. My
great love for the fine arts, especially sculpture, may detain me a week in
Philadelphia. Adieu, ma belle.

A. BURR.

Footnotes:
1. Mr. Burr had left the Senate previous to the date of this memorandum.

2. This is not all. It has already been demonstrated, and the fact is notorious, that,
from the year 1777 until after the adoption of the Federal Constitution, the
Livingstons and Clintons were not acting in concert. The Livingstons were of the
Schuyler party. Before the revolutionary war there were two great contending
families in the state of New York; but they were the Van Rensellaers and the
Delancies. The former espoused the whig cause, the latter the cause of the tories.

3. George W. Irwin, subsequently minister to the court of Spain.

4. Major General Jacob Brown, late of the United States army.

5. Former United States Marshal of the Southern District of the state of New-
York, and son of that distinguished revolutionary financier, the Honourable
Robert Morris.

6. Frederick Prevost, son of Mrs. Burr by her first husband.

7. A Convention to revise the Constitution of the State; of which Convention

Colonel Burr was president.

8. The mother of Natalie.

9. Son of General Alexander Hamilton.

CHAPTER X.
TO JOSEPH ALSTON.

New-York, December 13, 1801.

Herewith is enclosed a duplicate of the bill of lading, specifying the articles

shipped for you on board the Protectress—She sailed this afternoon. The
president's message, of which a copy was sent you by this ship, will have
reached you through other channels long before her arrival.

One idea contained in this message is much applauded by our ladies. They unite
in the opinion that the "energies of the men ought to be principally employed in
the multiplication of the human race," and in this they promise an ardent and
active co-operation. Thus, then, is established the point of universal coincidence
in political opinion, and thus is verified the prophetic dictum, "we are all
republicans, we are all federalists." I hope the fair of your state will equally
testify their applause of this sentiment; and I enjoin it on you to manifest your
patriotism and your attachment to the administration by "exerting your energies"
in the manner indicated.

"To kill is brutal, to create Divine."

I propose—now observe, this is not to be published—I propose early in the

spring to take a ramble with you through your mountains. You had best say
nothing of your project of a location in the hills until it shall be executed; for, if
competition should arise before you shall be suited, it would increase the
expense of an establishment. I am impatient to hear that you are settled and at
work. Very affectionately,

A. BURR.
FROM DAVENPORT PHELPS.

New-York, December 15, 1801.

SIR,

The enclosed copy of a letter from Captain Brandt to Isaac Chapin, Esq.,
superintendent of Indian affairs in the state of New-York, comprising (I
conceive) the plan by him committed to me, and to which he alludes in his letter
to yourself, for introducing moral instruction among the Indians. This plan,
agreeably to his request, was recommended by the superintendent, and, so far as
it respects the ordination of a missionary, has been accomplished.

It yet remains, Sir, to provide means of support; and when the question
respecting the instruction of their youth can be determined, by what means and
in what manner this shall be effected.

I will, at present, only use the freedom to suggest whether it might not conduce
to the furtherance and facilitating the above design to appropriate for their
accommodation a suitable portion of land at or in the vicinity of Sandusky. Were
the scattering tribes concentrated, and with them some of their countrymen and
others as patterns of industry and morality, such circumstances must be highly
favourable to attempts to bring them into the habits of civilization.

I am, with great respect,

DAVENPORT PHELPS.

FROM JOSEPH BRANDT.

Grand River, May 7, 1800.

SIR,

About three weeks since I received a message from Obeel to attend a council at
Buffalo, where I expected the pleasure of seeing you. We attended and waited a
few days; but the chiefs there not being ready to meet us, and we having
business which required our attendance at this place, were under the necessity of
coming away. Had I been so fortunate as to have met you there, it was my
intention to have conversed with you upon a subject which I have long
considered as most important and interesting to the present and future well being
of the Indians, on both sides of the lakes and at large; namely, their situation in a
moral point of view, and concerning measures proper to be taken in order that
regular and stated religious instruction might be introduced among them.

You well know, Sir, the general state of the Indians residing on the Grand River,
as well as in other parts. A considerable number of some of these nations have
long since embraced Christianity, and the conversion of others must depend,
under the influence of the Great Spirit, on the faithful labours of a resident
minister, who might visit and instruct both here and elsewhere, as ways and
doors might, from time to time, be opened for him.

The establishment and enlargement of civilization and Christianity among the

natives must be most earnestly desired by all good men; and as religion and
morality respect mankind at large, without any reference to the boundaries of
civil governments, I flatter myself that you, sir, will approve what many of the
chiefs here, with myself, are so greatly desirous of.

I have in view, as I have before suggested, the welfare of the Indians at large,
being fully persuaded that nothing can so greatly contribute to their present and
future happiness as their being brought into the habits of virtue and morality,
which, I trust, may and will be gradually effected by instruction, if properly
attended and enforced by example.

I well know the difficulty of finding a gentleman suitably qualified, and willing
to devote his life to the work of a missionary among them; and especially one of
talents and manners to render him agreeable in a degree highly to favour his
usefulness. And, in order to satisfy myself in this respect, I have faithfully
inquired and consulted, and am clearly of opinion that Mr. Davenport Phelps,
who is recommended as a gentleman of virtue and respectable accomplishments,
is the most suitable character for this office of any one within my knowledge.
My long acquaintance with his family, and particular knowledge of him, as well
as the Opinion and wishes of the most respectable characters among the white
people in this vicinity, who earnestly wish, for themselves as well as for us, that
he may be ordained a missionary, make me earnestly hope that you will
officially recommend both the design and him to the right reverend bishops in
the United States, or to some one of them, and to such other characters as you
may think proper.

From the consideration that religion and politics are distinct subjects, we should
not only be well satisfied to receive a missionary from a bishop in the United
States, but, for various other reasons, would prefer one from thence. We shall be
able here to do something considerable towards Mr. Phelps's support; and I
doubt not but others, who have ability, will be disposed to assist in promoting so
good a work. I will add no more than that I have great satisfaction in being
confident of your friendly and influential exertions in this important affair, and
that I am, with great sincerity, yours, &c.,

JOSEPH BRANDT.

TO THEODOSIA.

New-York, December 15, 1801,

Yesterday Mr. Phelps, mentioned in the enclosed, delivered to me two pairs of

moccasins, directed—"From Captain Joseph Brandt to Mr. and Mrs. Alston."
Your ship having sailed, I don't know how or when I shall forward them to you;
but we will see. I send the original letter of Captain Brandt merely to show how
an Indian can write. It is his own handwriting and composition. Upon this notice
of his attention you should write him a letter of acknowledgment for his
hospitality, &c., which you may enclose to me at Washington.

Dear little Anna is shortly to be married to a Mr. Pierpont, whom I do not

personally know; but he is said to be rich and handsome—a young man of
industry and credit as a merchant. I think it will do pretty well. E. has a lover—a
man of consideration and property—measures six feet eight inches and a half,
shoes off; but so very modest that they never will come to an explanation unless
she shall begin. So no more at present from your loving father,

A. BURR.
FROM JUDGE WILLIAM P. VAN NESS.

New-York, January 2, 1802.

Since your departure the affair with Wood [1] has assumed a very singular
aspect. When I told the printers that the negotiation was at an end unless they
acceded to my proposition, it produced much agitation ; and yesterday they
called to inform me that they had taken the opinion of good counsel on the
subject; that their determination was not to publish, but to hold you liable for the
expenses. Wood informs them that he acted merely as your agent; that all his
proposals were in strict conformity to your directions.

Davis and Swartwout are of the opinion that we ought to get the work published
in its present form, if possible:

1. Because our opponents say it unfolds the views of the federal party; that it
exposes their principal men, &c., and therefore we wish to withhold it:

2. Because, if a new edition appears with the same facts and character, they will
say it has been subsequently introduced:

3. Because, if it is brought out now, the attempt to check it will have a favourable
tendency.

How far these ideas are correct, and what steps are best to take, you will now be
able to determine, and instruct me accordingly. The truth is, that instead of being
unwilling and reluctant to suppress, they dare not publish the work without
indemnity. I am anxious to know your opinion on the subject, and hope to hear
from you on Tuesday next.

W. P. Van Ness.

TO THEODOSIA.

Washington, January 12, 1802.

Just arrived at the city of Washington, this 12th day of January, A. D. 18O2. I
have only time, before closing of the mail, "to send you these few lines, hoping
they may find you in good health, as I am at this present time," &c.

A form of salutation to be found in a public letter of Julius Cesar, and in one of

Cicero's familiar epistles.

Your letters which greet me here are of the 2d and 20th of December only; only
two. Why, I expected to find a dozen, and some of them down to within three or
four days of this date. Having a hundred letters before me unread, I must defer
writing to you for the present. Adieu.

A. BURR

TO THEODOSIA.

Washington, January 16, 1802.

Your letter of the 20th December (the venison letter) is still the last, though the
Carolinians here have so late as the 3d and 4th of January, of which I am a little
jealous. It is quite unlucky that you have been out of Charleston when your
things arrived. How cook and maid will dispose of themselves for the interim, I
know not. Mighty meek and humble we are grown. You really expect to do the
honours of your house equal to, &c. I know better. It will be one of the most
cheerful and amiable houses in the United States. I am gratified that you do not
start with splendour; to descend with dignity is rare.

Pray make no definitive arrangements against the mountains. My heart is set on

running over them with Mr. Alston in the spring. Why may not Papa Alston be
weaned as well as Papa Burr? My movements must depend on the adjournment
of Congress. Some say we shall adjourn the middle of April, and some the
middle of June. As yet, I know nothing of the matter; for, during the few days I
have been here, I have been enveloped in ceremonies. I am pleasantly lodged
near the capitol. Eustis opposite to me. Law and Iruko my nearest neighbours.

Good venison is not to be had at this season, and to send indifferent any thing
(except a wife) from New-York would be treason. Yet, on this important subject,
venison meaning, I have written to New-York. You need not expect it, for I
repeat that the best cannot now be had.

You must walk a great deal. It is the only exercise you can take with safety and
advantage, and, being in Charleston, I fear you will neglect it. I do entreat you to
get a very stout pair of over shoes, or short boots, to draw on over your shoes.
But shoes to come up to the ankle bone, with one button to keep them on, will be
best; thick enough, however, to turn water. The weather has not yet required this
precaution, but very soon it will, and I pray you to write me that you are so
provided: without them you will not, cannot walk, and without exercise you will
suffer in the month of May. To be at ease on this subject, you must learn to walk
without your husband—alone—or, if you must be in form, with ten negroes at
your heels. Your husband will often be occupied at the hours you would desire to
walk, and you must not gener him: oh, never. Adieu.

A. BURR.

TO BARNABAS BIDWELL.

Washington, February 1, 1802.

DEAR SIR,

The newspapers will have shown the position of the bill now before the Senate
for the repeal of the act of last session establishing a new judiciary system; and
that the bill, when on its third reading, was, by the casting vote of the vice-
president, referred to a select committee. This day notice has been given that a
motion to discharge that committee will be made to-morrow. It should be noted
that the arrival of Mr. Bradley has given a vote to the republican side; hence it
may be presumed that the committee will be discharged, and that the bill will
pass the Senate to-morrow, and that in the course of three weeks it will become a
law. I state this, however, as mere conjecture.

The constitutional right and power of abolishing one judiciary system and
establishing another cannot be doubted. The power thus to deprive judges of
their offices and salaries must also be admitted; but whether it would be
constitutionally moral, if I may use the expression, and, if so, whether it would
be politic and expedient, are questions on which I could wish to be further
advised. Your opinion on these points would be particularly acceptable.

With entire respect and esteem,

Your obedient servant,

A. BURR.

TO THEODOSIA.
Washington, January 22, 1802.

Still silent. Yet is 20th December the latest date which I have received from you;
hence I infer that you have remained at Georgetown much longer than was
intended. Five weeks without hearing from you! Intolerable. Now I think to
repose myself in sullen silence for five weeks from this date. I know that the
apples and nuts will bring you out again. Thus children are moved; but I also
thought that a pretty little letter, even without bonbons, would have done the
same. I have a very beautiful elegy on a lady whom you love better than any one
in the world; even better, I suspect, than L. N., and I was about to send it, but I
won't till I hear from you: a nice, handsome letter; none of your little white ink
scrawls. They talk of adjourning. No; I won't tell you that either. I have nothing
to say of myself, nor any thing to ask of you which has not been often asked. Tell
me that Mari is happy, and I shall know that you are so. Adieu, my dear little
negligent baggage. Yes; one question. Do you leave your cards T. B. A. or
Joseph A.? What are L. N.'s? And one injunction repeated. Do not suffer a tooth
to be drawn, or any operation to be performed on your teeth.

A. BURR.

TO JOSEPH ALSTON,

Washington, February 2 1802.

Your letter of the 10th of January was the first evidence of your existence which
I had received for near a month preceding. I hope your wife is allowed the use of
pen, ink, and paper. Her letter, three days later, has been also received. The
successful "execution of your energies" is highly grateful to me. It seems
probable that I shall pronounce, in person, on the merit of the workmanship
somewhere about May day.

The repeal of the judicial system of 1801 engrosses the attention of both houses
of Congress. The bill is yet before the Senate. You may have observed that some
days ago it was referred to a special committee by the casting vote of the vice-
president. Bradley having arrived two days ago, and the republicans having thus
an additional vote, the committee was this day discharged, and it is highly
probable that the bill will pass the Senate to-morrow. On this subject I hesitate,
though it is not probable that my vote will be required. Of the constitutionality of
repealing the law I have no doubt, but the equity and expediency of depriving
the twenty-six judges of office and pay is not quite so obvious. Read the
Constitution, and, having informed yourself of the out-door talk, write me how
you view the thing.

It has for months past been asserted that Spain has ceded Louisiana and the
Floridas to France; and it may, I believe, be assumed as a fact. How do you
account for the apathy of the public on this subject? To me the arrangement
appears to be pregnant with evil to the United States. I wish you to think of it,
and endeavour to excite attention to it through the newspapers. If you publish
any thing, send me the papers which may contain it.

Truxton is going out to the Mediterranean with three large and one small frigate.
Apprehensions are entertained that our good ally, George III, does secretly
instigate and aid the Barbary powers. We do not know that Tunis has declared
war, but such an event will not surprise me.

I have not heard a syllable of any changes made or to be made in offices in your
state, and, for reasons well known to you, I shall neither make an inquiry nor
offer advice. C. Pinckney's nomination was confirmed by one vote. All the other
nominations have been confirmed, mostly without opposition.

Theodosia writes me that the mountain plan is wholly abandoned for Sullivan's
Island. I do not, however, as yet abandon it; and, if I can get hence early in April,
I think of going direct to Columbia, there to establish myself till you shall both
condescend to visit me.
When you shall be both settled in your own house, I crave a history of one day,
in the manner of Swift's journal to Stella; or, as you do not like imitation, in your
own manner. Vale.

A. BURR.

TO THEODOSIA. Washington, February 2, 1802.

I have just received a pretty little letter from C. C., all on nice, pretty figured
paper, such as you love, and she talks a great deal about you; the substance of it
is, that you are an ugly, little, lazy, stupid, good-for-nothing knurle, and that she
is very sorry she ever wrote you a line. I can't vouch for the very words, but I
think this is a fair abridgment of that part of her letter which concerns T. B. A. I
wish you would teach half a dozen of your negroes to write; then you might lay
on the sofa, and, if you could submit to the labour of thinking and dictating, the
thing would go on.

We make a pleasant society here, so that one may get through the winter without
ennui. I live at Mr. Law's, not nominally, but in fact. Mrs. Madison is distant one
mile. Anna Payne [2] is a great belle. Miss Nicholson [3] ditto, but more retired;
frequently, however, at Mrs. Law's. But pray, miss (madam), as to busts and
statues, all the B.'s being out of the question, is there nothing in this line to be
found in South Carolina? I suppose it never came into your head to think or
inquire. Pray shake your little noddle, to give the brains, if any there be, a little
action; but who can do two things at once? That's true. I forgive thee all thy sins,
without any further penance than that which you have imposed on yourself. But
write C. and poor little Anna, to congratulate her. Tell her what a fine fellow I
learn her husband is. Mrs. Anna Constable Pierpont.

We have a perpetual summer here. I am weary of it, though, in truth, I care

nothing about it. With you it must be burning hot.

The cook had only Peggy to aid him; but as Peggy is equal to about forty South
Carolina Africans, he is very reasonable if he asks only thirty-five, and ought to
be indulged. Your maid will make a miserable housekeeper, and be spoiled as
femme de chambre, which last character is, I take it, the more important one.
The poem or elegy is not sent, and is not forgotten. I am now going to smoke a
segar and pray for you.
A. BURR

FROM CHARLES BIDDLE.

Philadelphia, February 3, 1802.

DEAR SIR,

I enclose you a letter for Commodore Truxton. Should he be gone to

Norfolk, please to forward it.

Every gentleman here, and, what I am sure you think of much more
consequence, every lady, was much pleased with your vote on the judiciary bill.
Those who do not think it unconstitutional to repeal the law are of opinion it
would be very injurious to do it. Your friend,

CHARLES BIDDLE.

FROM COLONEL MARINUS WILLETT.

New-York, February 4, 1802.

DEAR SIR,

What a racket this vile judiciary law makes. It must be repealed; but how the
judges, who have their appointment during good behaviour, are to be removed
without making a breach in the constitution, is beyond my abilities to develop. It
will not, however, be the first assault on that instrument; and, if two wrongs
could make one right, this account might be squared. But that horrid law must,
indeed it must, be repealed.

I have received your two favours, one dated the 28th of January, and the other
without date. The effect of the abolition of the internal taxes on Mr. Osgood [4]
gives me no concern. He has plenty of other business, and money enough
without the income from his office.
God bless you; you have my prayers always; and who dare say they are not as
good as a bishop's, or any member of a Presbyterian synod? Sometimes I think
I'll turn Presbyterian, that I may have the benefit of their prayers not to outlive
my useful days; an event I deprecate above all others, and this is a prayer I never
heard in our church—I mean my church, which, you know, is the Episcopal.
Most sincerely your friend,

M. WILLETT.

FROM JOHN M. TAYLOR. Philadelphia, February 5, 1802.

DEAR SIR,

I had the pleasure of writing you some days ago, since which there are petitions
circulating through the city for a repeal of the judiciary system. My own opinion
is that there is no necessity for such a measure, as the two houses of Congress
have the subject before them, and their decision will be had ere the petitions can
be sent forward, and I have no doubt it will be repealed.

I have reasoned with all those who thought you ought to have voted against it
being referred to the committee of five, that your intention must have been to
afford the opposite party time to discuss the subject fully, so that they might not
say of you and your friends (as Governeur Morris has said) that they
pertinaciously forced it on the then minority. I think it is better to give them time.

Yours, very respectfully,

JOHN M. TAYLOR.

FROM MRS. *******.

New-York, February 9, 1807.

At the sight of my writing you will exclaim—" She is unhappy, or she would not
write to me." 'Tis not so, my dear friend; I am neither more nor less happy than
when you left here. With every passing day I have resolved to inform you of my
health, but from day to day it has been deferred, till I suppose my very existence
is forgotten. Let me, then, awaken your recollection, by presenting to you the
image of my thoughts, and retrace, however faintly, the impression I once
flattered myself to have made on your memory.

Tell me how you do, and how you pass your time. Taking lessons of Wisdom
from your Minerva? or flying after the Atalanta's of Virginia, more swift than
their celebrated racers? or, more probably, poring over musty records; offering
your time, your pleasures, your health, at the shrine of Fame; sacrificing your
own good for that of the public; pursuing a chimera which ever has and ever will
mock the grasp; for, however the end may be crowned with success, the motives
will be questioned, and that justice which has been refused to a Regulus, a
Brutus, a Publius, who can hope for?

I once admired for device a skyrocket, and for motto—Let me perish so I be

exalted." I afterward changed my opinion, and preferred the glow-worm
twinkling in a hedge. But I now reject them both. They strike for a moment, but
neither of them are impressive; and it is thus, in changing, we pursue that
something "which prompts, the eternal sigh," which never is, which never can be
attained. These reflections arise continually on my reading the newspapers,
where your actions are so freely canvassed and so illiberally censured. They
often excite my wrath; but when I consider that my anger can no more check
their calumnies than the splendour of your reputation be clouded by their
impotent attempts, my indignation subsides, and I console myself by saying,

"Vain his attempt who strives to please them all."

Z.

TO THEODOSIA.

Washington, February 21, 1802.

Your letter of the 31st, accompanied by a note dated 1st February, came by the
mail of yesterday. A few lines from Mr. Alston, received some days before,
advised me of your journey to Clifton, and of the distressing occasion. My heart
sinks within me when I think of that lovely and disconsolate woman. Your
conduct was worthy of you and of my daughter. She must be restored to reason
and to life, by being convinced that she has some motive for enduring existence.
If no other can be shown, at least she can be persuaded that she is necessary to
you. But I learn from your letter, though you say nothing of it, that although she
feels with anguish, yet she will not sink into despondency. This testifies a mind
of that dignity and firmness which you had taught me to expect.

Nothing could have been more fortunate than the revival of the project. It will
divert the attention and summon up the spirits. You must not condemn; it would
be better to cherish it. Enter into all the details. Transport yourselves to Europe,
and there take a nearer view and more accurate estimate of the dangers and
advantages. Let those who oppose it offer something in lieu. What! is she to
wear out her youth and beauty, dissipate her talents, and exhaust her spirits
without an object in life or a place in society? Without enjoyment, without
distinction? These hints will make you think I may hereafter say more.

My life has no variety, and, of course, no incident. To my feelings your letters

are the most important occurrence. I am blessed with three of them in three
months. It did not use to be so. It would be no excessive encroachment on your
precious time to give me an hour twice a week the evening preceding the post
days. This I shall expect; and then, and after one more communication, to be
presently mentioned, I will write definitely as to my spring projects.

It is of sculpture: a hint in your last indicates that you have something in view.
Be pleased to give me name and description, in some mystical, sybillistical way,
which, in case of robbery of mail, will not disclose too much. One letter may
contain the name, and another the comment—"Car ou l'arreter?" is rather too
mystical. I can make nothing of it, having studied it a full hour to no purpose.

I entreat that you will always enclose your letter in a blank sheet, on which is to
be the seal and superscription. Health and blessings.

A. BURR.

TO THEODOSIA Washington, February 23, 1802.

On the 4th day of March next I propose to write you of certain matters and
things of high import, heretofore touched, but not elucidated to the entire
satisfaction of all the parties concerned, if, in the mean time, you shall be of
good behaviour.

This, however, was not what I sat down to say, nor can I by any possible means
recollect what it was; but, in truth, I had something to communicate or
something to ask. I don't know which. That we have a great snow storm and cold
weather (now) will be no news to you, for they will undoubtedly both be at
Charleston long before this letter.

I project, as you may have understood, a journey southward at some time, yet
nameless, during the current year (or century). Now, if my evil stars or good
ones should, against my will and my judgment, take me through Norfolk, I am
ruined and done; and there my journey will most infallibly end. That I had better
be hanged or drowned, you will readily agree. The antidote or preventative is in
your hands, or, if you please, head. The bust, slightly referred to in the letter of
the 1st of February, has occupied some of my waking and sleeping moments. Be
more particular, and especially the estimated value in dollars and cents; also, in
what year or era manufactured, and the character and merit of the work, as it
strikes your fancy, but with some minuteness. You know my rage for sculpture
has cost me some money and led me into some bad bargains. Thank God, I have
got rid of them all. If you will have Pet or Peet, Peter, Peter Yates, Peter Alston,
Petrus Burr (or by every other name he may be known) taught to write a good
hand, and make me a present of him, I will subscribe myself your very much
obliged and humble servant,

A. BURR.

Footnotes:

1. The author of "A History of John Adams's Administration." This letter relates
to the suppression of that book, which, although its publication was suspended
for a time, was published according to the advice of General John Swartwout
and M. L. Davis

2. Sister of Mrs. Madison.

3. Daughter of Commodore James Nicholson, and sister of Mrs. Gallatin.

4. Samuel Osgood, Commissioner of Internal Revenue
CHAPTER XII.
TO THEODOSIA.

Washington, February 22, 1802.

Never were orders obeyed with more promptitude and effect. It is not twelve
hours since I desired (directed) you to write, and lo! a letter dated the 9th of
February. And even "enclosed in a blank sheet of paper." A zealous
manifestation of reciprocity is due to such respectful attention, and thus, in
obedience to the high commands of T. B. A., I do most sincerely and devoutly
execrate all the postboys and the legislatures of the two most noble states the
Carolinas.

You women: it is so with you all. If one wishes to exhibit the best side, one must
provoke you. Gratify your wishes and expectations, or, still worse, anticipate
them, and it produces a lethargy. How have I laboured for three months, working
and writing to please a certain lady: nothing comes but inanity and torpor. I
provoke her, and behold the effusions of spirit and genius. Be assured that I shall
not speedily relapse into the same error. Indeed, I knew all this before; but I
thought it was only one's mistress that was to be thus managed—it is sex.

For certain reasons of state, neither the name nor the epitaph can yet be given ;
nor can it now be said precisely when. The verses are allowed to be very
beautiful. Those on the anniversary of the wedding were received (this day) in
the presence of two poets and a poetess, who said handsome things of them. The
ess being a maiden of thirty-five, drew a deep sigh.

Indeed, it is impossible to say, for I never before heard of such a thing as that any
public body should "ajourn." They do commonly adjourn; and if, perchance, this
should be what you mean, and you shall write me so, I will do my best to give
you a categorical answer.
Natalie arrived at Orleans on the twenty-sixth day; meaning that she had twenty-
six days' passage. She has written both from Orleans and Nantz. Her letters are
full of good sense, of acute observation, of levity, of gravity, and affection. No
news of her mother, Adieu,

A. BURR.

TO THEODOSIA.
Washington, February 26, 1802.

The arrival of your letter of the 14th justifies me in noticing you by this mail.
Your newspapers of the same date, and also of the 15th, contain particulars of the
races; but so technically expressed that I comprehend nothing of it. Your story is
quite intelligible as far forth as it is legible. I am very glad that Papa Alston has
won once. It is, I am told, the first time in his life. Where is Hampton all this
while, that you say nothing of him? Already I have told you that on the 4th of
March I shall say something of the adjournment, if, in the mean time, you
behave well. I shall not go first to New-York. Send back your chairs. General
Smith's carriage has just ran away with four ladies, viz.: Mrs. Smith, Miss
Speare, Miss Smith, and Mrs. Law. Miss Smith was taken up dead, and brought
home dead. After twenty-five minutes she began to show signs of life. In two
hours she began to know those about her, and now (three hours) she is perfectly
well; and having been stripped and thoroughly examined, it cannot be discovered
that she has received the slightest injury, save being frightened to death, as
before mentioned. Miss Speare came off unhurt. Mrs. Smith and Mrs. Law are
much bruised. You will, I hope, understand that the horses ran off with the
carriage, and not that the carriage, of its own mere motion, ran off with the
ladies. Adieu.

A. BURR.

TO THEODOSIA.

Washington, February 27, 1802.

Last evening Eustis happened in my room while I was at Smith's (opposite); he
saw the cover of your letter, and the few lines which it contains. He wrote what
you will find enclosed, and left it on my table. His cure is radical; that which I
recommend is temporary.

A dull, raw, misty, vile day. Mrs. Law confined to her bed, as I expected, but not
dangerous. The Smiths doing pretty well.

The judiciary bill debating in the House of Representatives, being the last day of
the second week devoted exclusively to that subject. It may and it may not be
finished next week. When this shall be done with, we may be able to make some
sort of calculation as to the duration of the session.

Your last letter is pleasant and cheerful. Careless, incorrect, slovenly, illegible. I
dare not show a sentence of it even to Eustis. God mend you.

A. BURR.

TO THEODOSIA.

Washington, March 4, 1802.

You have supposed it to be from malice that I have not written you of the
adjournment and of my intentions. The truth is, that I know little more of those
matters than you do, and I have chosen rather to postpone it en badinant than to
write you crude conjectures; yet I can do but little more at present.

I left New-York with a determination not to return till I should have seen you
and Charleston, and I arranged my business for an absence of six months. I had
hoped that the session of Congress would close by the 15th of March or the 1st
of April. On my arrival here every one said so, and I had like to have written it to
you; but appearances did not seem to justify the expectation of a short session.
The business is hardly commenced, and I see no prospect of an adjournment
until some time in May. This is a great embarrassment; and your project of
remaining on the coast is another. I could, with pleasure, have passed the
summer with you in the mountains; but the heat and dissipation of Sullivan's
Island is not so inviting. All this, however, is nothing to the purpose of your
inquiry. To come to the point. I still propose to go South the instant I can
disengage myself from this place; which may be a very few days before the close
of the session. I shall be at least twenty days on the road. I entreat you, however,
not to excite any expectation on the subject of my visit; not even to mention my
intentions, until we shall see how far it may be in my power to execute them.
The judiciary bill being out of the way, I am in hopes we shall engage zealously
in the despatch of business. Of this matter I shall write further when I shall
receive answers from you to my late letters. They may hasten or retard my
movements a little, but not much. Adieu.

A. BURR.

TO THEODOSIA.

Washington, March 8, 1802.

From an accurate attention to the dates of your letters, I discover that you write
on Sunday only; that if, by accident or mental indisposition, to which people in
warm climates are liable, the business should be put off for that day, it lays over
to the next Sunday, and so to a third or fourth, according to exigences, active or
passive. Your letter, dated the 22d, but, in fact, written on Sunday the 21st, was
received by the mail preceding the last, which brought nothing. This letter is a
confirmation of my theory of provocations, which I have lately enlarged and
more accurately defined, deducing it from philosophical principles, and adapting
it to different climates. When this volume shall be ready for publication, I
propose to add, in an appendix, by way of illustration, a series of our letters.

What you say of Huger shall receive due attention. Which Maria did your
husband go for, the biped or the quadruped? It is impossible to determine from
any thing in your letter. On the subject of busts you are more whimsical than
even your father; just now you had something in view; but, on the 22d of
February, "worse than any part of the United States." I have no time to give you
now an explanation of your ice phenomenon, but will talk with T.I. and W.E. on
the subject. Your last was sealed on the writing, a vulgarism which I again
condemn. Adieu.

A. BURR.
TO THEODOSIA.

Washington, March 8, 1802.

At the moment of closing your letter, this scrap of a newspaper [1] caught my
eye, and is sent for your amusement. It is aimed at Aaron Burr, by whom, it is
well known, the publication of the book [2] is delayed or suppressed. The book
consists of five hundred pages, principally low scurrility and illy-told private
anecdotes; with about thirty pages of high eulogium on A. B. There may, for
aught I know, have been twenty other publications criminating the person by
whom the work has been suppressed. They are so utterly lost on me, that I never
should have seen even this, but that it came enclosed to me from a friend in
New-York, who is solicitous for my honour, &c.

You may judge of the purity and decency of the book when I mention that some
dozen of persons, by name, are charged with being bribed by British gold, and
there is a surmise that General Pinckney is not reputed very honest. Of all the
federal men, General Hamilton alone is treated with respect, even to flattery. My
"solicitous friend" has given me a curious fact, of which I was ignorant till the
receipt of his letter. Barlas, a Scotchman, the publisher of the book, is private
tutor to the children of General Hamilton. Adieu.

A. BURR.

TO JOSEPH ALSTON.

Washington, March 8, 1802.

I learn, with a good deal of regret, that the mountain plan is abandoned; at least,
that no measures are taken or meditated for its execution. I should cheerfully
acquiesce in any reasons founded on motives of economy, convenience, regard
to law business, or personal influence; but the solitary one assigned to me by
Theodosia is, that you and she "may be near papa and mamma". Of this, too, I
acknowledge the force; yet it might be considered that the mountain residence
was intended for certain months only, and that during the residue (the greater
part) of the year, papa and mamma might indulge their fondness. I had seen, or
fancied that I saw in this project the assurance of health to yourself and wife, and
sound constitutions to your children; profit in the location; amusement and
economy in the residence, and an increase of your influence and connexions.
How far it might comport with professional engagements, if seriously pursued,
was not considered. One personal motive, I confess, might have influenced my
judgment; the pleasure I had promised to myself in passing the summer with
you, and in projecting little schemes of improvement and occupation. It is,
indeed, with some hesitation that I shall visit your coast after the middle of May,
and there is now no prospect of an adjournment of Congress before that time.
Nevertheless, I shall come, though at your hazard, which, you know, would be a
great consolation to me if I should be caught by a bilious fever in some rice
swamp. The situation of Theodosia, so far from being an objection, ought, in my
mind, to be an additional and strong motive. With her Northern constitution she
will bring you some puny brat that will never last the summer out; but, in your
mountains, one might expect to see it climb a precipice at three weeks old. Truly,
I mean to be serious, and beg to know whether you have, in fact, resolved, and
whether the resolution has, in good faith, been the result of reflection or of
inertness. You will pardon the surmise. I allow something for the climate, much
for the influence of example; and then, considering the uncommon warmth of
the winter! it must be fatiguing even to talk of any thing requiring exertion.

The rapidity, however, with which your house has been furnished and
established ought to redeem your wife from any share in this reproach. On the
22d of February I find her fully occupied in those concerns, with hopes of
accomplishing the object by the time of my arrival. She was then, however,
taking an eight days' repose, that she might renew her labours with more vigour
at the expiration of that time. But, again, gravely I inquire where I am to find
you about the middle or last of May. I presume, in the place where this will find
you. Locomotion is labour.

I entreat your prompt attention to the enclosed memorandum, from my good

friend Mr. Law. He says that Chisholm has never informed him of the
disposition of the indents mentioned in his letter, of which the enclosed is a copy.
Pray inquire and advise me. The thing is of small moment; but I should be
gratified in the occasion to show an interest in his concern, for I am daily
overwhelmed by the multiplied kindnesses of himself and wife.

The gazettes will tell you better, I suspect, than I can what is doing in the House
of Representatives. The sloth with which things move is a daily source of
vexation to me, as tending to protract the session. I dine with the president about
once a fortnight, and now and then meet the ministers in the street. They are all
very busy: quite men of business. The Senate and the vice-president are content
with each other, and move on with courtesy.

Your Rutledge will be in Charleston in the course of this month. I hope you are
on terms of civility with him, for I receive from him the most marked politeness.
He will tell you of many strange things. God bless you ever.

A. BURR.

FROM CHARLES BIDDLE.

Philadelphia, March 13, 1802.

MY DEAR SIR,

Mr. Eckfeldt brought me five medals, four of which I sent by Mr. Ross; the other
shall be disposed of as you direct. The die of Truxton's medal broke after fifty-
two had been struck. I suppose Truxton will feel more pain for this accident than
he would to hear of the death of his friend T. Coxe.

You mentioned that if Murray wrote in favour of Richard Jones, you had no
doubt he would be appointed a midshipman. If the Secretary of the Navy sees
the enclosed letter, perhaps he will give him a warrant. It could be forwarded by
Commodore Truxton, who I do not expect will sail before the 1st of April.
Although I frequently trouble you about different persons, believe me, my clear
Sir, I do not wish you to do any thing whatever that will be disagreeable to you.

Mrs. Wilkinson is much obliged to you for your friendship to the general, which
she says she will never forget. When James [3] sailed he desired I would inform
you that he would write you as soon as he had any thing worth writing about. I
believe you have no friend feels a warmer attachment to you than James.
Sincerely yours,

CHARLES BIDDLE.
FROM JOHN COATS.

Easton (Maryland), March 13, 1802.

MY DEAR SIR,

I have long had it in serious contemplation to address a letter to you, but have
frequently been restrained, from a knowledge that your time has been and still is
devoted to public service, and that every moment is precious; and often I have
been prevented by my own avocations and engagements on this our bustling
stage. I have vanity enough to think I possessed a share of your esteem and
friendship, which could only originate from your belief that I had a claim to the
virtues, truth, candour, and sincerity. I detest the character of a hypocrite, and
flatter myself no part of my past conduct can fix it upon me. Then permit me,
with solemn truth, to declare, that when I see your name in the prints, I feel
involuntarily an animating glow, and it immediately brings to my recollection
incidents sometimes producing pleasing, and at others painful sensations, in
which we have been mutually engaged and gone hand in hand. Although, to
borrow the language of our president, there may exist shades of political
difference between us, I have been your defender; and it was well understood
and known that I spoke from an intimate acquaintance with you as a soldier and
a gentleman.

Frequent reflection upon the various scenes we have encountered together has
led me to lament the great distance that has so long prevented any social
intercourse; but if the following description of a new route, when you revisit
New-York, meets your approbation, I may again have the happiness of a friendly
salute of the hand. I have travelled from Philadelphia to Annapolis, via
Baltimore, and ever thought it a rugged road. I propose that you should come to
Annapolis, where exceeding commodious passage-boats constantly ply, and you
will in a few hours be landed at Haddaway's, upon our eastern shore, from
whence a line of stages run to Philadelphia.

Upon this route you will see a great number of your friends, added to which
there will be novelty and ease. I cannot, indeed, promise you any romantic
objects, such as Caratoncka or Morenci Falls, or gigantic mountains, such as we
clambered together in 1775; but you will see a country approaching a high state
of cultivation, and a number of towns, the most of which bear evident marks of
daily improvement. Between these towns are interspersed gentlemen's seats;
some of them beautifully situated, and the inhabitants generally affable,
courteous, and hospitable. As to your ease, if you do not travel in your own
carriage, you will find the horses and carriages equal to any others; the public
houses comfortable, the country abounding with the good things of this world,
whether flesh, fish, or fowl, and the road good, having occasionally what may
with propriety be called gentle ascents and descents. My friends, Mr. Robert
Wright, of the Senate, and Joseph H. Nicholson, of the House, who live directly
on the road I have described, will confirm what I have written. Let me, then,
once again enjoy your company, and that at my own hermitage. I shall be
gratified by introducing the old lady, my two girls, and my boy to the companion
and friend of my youth. They will endeavour to make their lillapee of a superior
savour to what our cooks in days of yore could do for us. And although, as
Partridge says, "non sum qualis eram," I shall certainly use my best exertions,
while with us, to render your time agreeable.

Your sincere and old friend,

JOHN COATS.

TO THEODOSIA.

Washington, March 14, 1802.

Your letter of the 1st, postmarked the 3d, was received last evening. I regret that
L. N. did not come to town, believing that you only could console her; that she
would make you an intelligent companion; and that you could restore the tone of
her mind, without diminishing the firmness of your own.

Papa's present was the most gallant and charming thing that could have been
imagined. By Mr. Rutledge, who goes to-morrow, I send this papa a little token
which has been some weeks waiting for an opportunity. Mr. Rutledge will tell
you how I do, and what I do, and, to an hour, when Congress will adjourn. He
sets off to-morrow, and will be in Chilton about four days after this letter; of
course, I do not write by him.

It is probable that the box went with the ship which took your first cargo; but, as
no one paid the least attention to the landing of the articles, nor to compare the
delivery with the invoice, it may have been left on board. I will, however, write
to New-York.

The story of P. is a fable. We are on the best terms, and he calls very often to see
me. The elegy may now be seen in the newspaper, which, considering how
nearly it touched you, I thought the best mode of communication. Avoid sights.
You say nothing of the progress of housefurnishing and housekeeping.

Your last was sealed, as too often before, on the writing. If your Mari denies you
a sheet of paper to enclose a letter, pray lay out one of your four hundred dollars
for this purpose. Adieu, ma chere enfante.

A. BURR.

P. S. Somebody (I believe the Spectator) says that a postscript is always the most
important part of a lady's letter. This, then, will be feminine.

I have had three letters from Natalie. All full of interest and amusement. Her
remarks are equal to those of Lady Mary W. Montague for their truth and spirit,
and far superior to any of our diplomatic communications. She is to travel from
Nantz to Paris (about four hundred and fifty miles) with her maid and postillion
only: an enterprise which no woman in France under forty hath executed without
shipwreck during the last hundred years. Yet Natalie will do it without injury and
without suspicion. I have taught her to rely on herself, and I rely on her pride.

I have said, and truly, that the story of P. is a fable. It may, however, by remote
concatenation, and with the aid of great fancy and a little malice, have grown out
of a trifling and ridiculous incident which took place at New-York, and which I
am sure you have heard. P. was laughed at, and has behaved better ever since.
There are at least twenty (my neighbour, Mrs. Law, says fifty) such anecdotes
now circulating in this vicinity, all equally unfounded. Without any appeal,
therefore, you may contradict all such as are inconsistent not only with truth, but
with probability. A lady of rank and consequence, who bad a great curiosity to
see the vice-president, after several plans and great trouble at length was
gratified, and she declared that be was the very ugliest man she had ever seen in
her life. His bald head, pale hatchet visage, and harsh countenance, certainly
verify the lady's conclusion.

Your very ugly and affectionate father,

A. BURR.

FROM C. A. RODNEY.

Wilmington, March 15, 1802.

HONOURED AND DEAR SIR,

This will be delivered to you by Dr. A. Alexander, of Newcastle, in this state. He

has ever been a uniform and firm friend to the principles of our late glorious
revolution. He has served many years in the capacity of a senator, and also of a
representative in our legislature, and can give you particular information as to
the public pulse here. He is a personal friend of mine; one whom I can
recommend in the strongest terms.

I had the pleasure of receiving yours of the 10th inst. on yesterday, and was very
happy to hear from you. The advice you kindly give me I shall cheerfully take. It
has ever been my maxim to be moderate but firm. Suaviter in modo, fortiter in
re, should be an axiom with all politicians. We continue to progress in the high
way of republicanism, and you will find, by our toasts, we have not forgot one of
its ablest supporters. [4] With great personal regard,

Your sincere friend.

C. A. RODNEY.

TO THEODOSIA.

Washington, March 19, 1802.

From your letter of the 6th, received last evening, I infer that you are in some
sort settled in your own house; that you pleased yourself on that day is very
grateful; that, too, I should have inferred from the spirit of your letter. By the
"attack on Sullivan's Island" was intended an attack on the plan of residence.
I am just going on an errand to Baltimore, de retour on Tuesday; so that by the
next mail you will have nothing from me. Where will you be from the 10th to
15th May? In Charleston, Sullivan's Island, or Clifton? Is L. N. coming to live
with you? I am quite charmed with John and Sally. Preparations for Baltimore
occupy me so entirely that I cannot even think of you by this mail. Adieu.

A. B.

March 20.

The preceding was written the morning of yesterday. I folded, and directed, and
took it to Senate, thinking there to add a word. At ten last night I found it lying
in my pocket. The weather (rain) has prevented my Baltimore jaunt which was
planned for this day. The hope of an early adjournment recedes. In short, all is
uncertainty. It will depend more on the thermometer than on the progress of
business. When the heat shall be intolerable here, shall I set my face towards the
sun? I think I will. If you had been in the mountains! but that is not so.

Natalie arrived in Paris the 31st December; her mother not there; but numerous
friends, who fatigue her with civilities. Her heart is in the United States.

This will remain in the postoffice till the 23d. If, in the mean time,
I receive a letter from you, a supplement will accompany this. Adieu.

A. BURR.

FROM C. A. RODNEY.

Wilmington, March 20, 1802.

DEAR SIR,

I have perused with much pleasure the papers enclosed in your highly-acceptable
favours. The proposed state will possess the republican tone, and give additional
weight to the scale which already so strongly preponderates. The repeal of all
internal taxation will be sensibly felt by the people, and will popularize our
administration. The expense of collecting those taxes, in consequence of the
swarm of pensioners attached to them, points them out as the proper object of
retrenchment. The brown-sugar gentry in Congress; your tea-sippers and salts-
men (not Attic), who, by-the-by, have laid all those duties, cannot agitate the
public mind on those topics.

I am happy to discover in the proceedings of the republicans so much

moderation, firmness, and unanimity. I trust their opponents will not hereafter
think they want nerve. This conduct forms a striking contrast with federal
gasconade; and the effect of those things, in a free country, is not easily
calculated by common rule.

The polite and kind invitation you give me I should certainly accept of if in my
power. I had thought seriously of it some weeks back; but you must know I have
purchased a little tract of land adjoining Dr. Tilton's, which I once showed you,
and have cut out abundant work for the season. This, Dr. Tilton says, is to restore
my health perfectly. There are many friends at Washington it would give me
great pleasure to see, but none more than yourself.

Must sincerely yours,

C. A. RODNEY.

FROM URIAH TRACEY. [5]

Washington, March 29, 1802.

The sermon, for which I am indebted to your goodness, is now returned, with
many thanks for the loan.

I have perused it with pleasure, and, I hope, profit. It is an excellent treatise,

worthy of the attention of every man, and more emphatically so of men in high
and responsible stations in government.

Our time is short, my friend, too short to allow an opportunity of retrieving

almost any misspense of it; much more so to allow a redemption for any neglect
to perform great public services when once happily in our power. God grant that
you may be profited by this, and, in turn, be more profitable to this distracted
nation.

U. TRACY.

FROM GENERAL HORATIO GATES.

New-York, March 30, 1802.

MY DEAR SIR,

Yesterday I was favoured with your obliging letter of the 23d inst. by Mr. Peter
Townsend; also, with a most beautiful silver medal from the die I have presented
you. It is in the highest polish and perfection. In respect to the tin medal and its
case, I have only heard of them from you, as I never received either, or a single
line from Mr. Dallas. But men so much engaged in business seldom have time to
attend to such small affairs.

When you see Dr. Murray, present my affectionate respects to him; he is, indeed,
an old and highly esteemed friend. As to news, I never expect any from
statesmen high in office. So far as the session of the Congress has proceeded, I,
poor little I, am satisfied with what they have done. Taxes and law diminished
should be approved of by the many. The stricken deer will weep; but the
powerful will, I trust, be generous to those who are not malignant. The charming
Miss Church was, on Thursday, married to Mr. Cruger. But I have a more serious
piece of news for your private ear. Young Secretary Sumter, on the passage to
Europe, fell desperately in love with Miss Natalie d'Lage. They landed at Nantz,
near her mother's chateau. The old lady is a furious royalist, and will not hear of
her daughter's being married to a republican; perhaps you know more than I can
tell you what is likely to be the result.

Mr. Townsend goes so immediately to Orange county, that he prevents my

intended civilities; but I trust be will hereafter put it in my power to cultivate his
acquaintance. For any thing I see, your session will be shortly over.

Judge Brockholst Livingston took his seat in the City Hall yesterday. This
phenomenon (what shall I call it?) in office or in policy has caused a grumbling
in the legislature, where it seems to be laid aside for future contention; but you
will hear more from your correspondents. I am told it is nicknamed the
Livingston act. My Mary is well, and has every desire to oblige you.

Affectionately yours,

HORATIO GATES.

FROM DAVID GELSTON.

New-York, April 3, 1802.

DEAR SIR,

I am favoured with yours of the 30th ult., with its enclosure. The subject
contained in my letter of the 22d to you has, in several instances, become so
important, that I wrote yesterday to Mr. Gallatin on the same business.

You are, in general, so apt to decide promptly and correctly, that if you had at
once told me my construction of the law referred to was right, I should have
wanted no more. We begin to look better in the city—alarms are less frequent,
confidence is gaining, and business increasing.

I have just received permission from the secretary of the treasury to make some
additional inspectors. Mr. L. shall be gratified, but my authority is limited to the
15th of November next. If you have a particular wish for any other person,
please let me know immediately.

Yours, truly,

D. GELSTON.

TO THEODOSIA.

Washington, April 5, 1802.

MA CHERE ENFANTE,
Different accidents and interruptions prevented me from writing by the two last
mails; a very unusual omission, and thus happens what, I believe, has never
before occurred, that I have two of your letters unanswered, those of the 19th
and 22d, both affecting and interesting. The last of them acknowledges the
receipt of a letter from me dated March 9th. Now, I did not write any letter under
that date, it must be a forgery. On the 8th and 12th I did write to you.

It is, I hope and believe, true that Richmond Hill is competent to all purposes;
but nothing is done nor can be speedily done. The thing constantly eludes a
conclusion, and matters are, in fact, now as badly circumstanced as one year ago.
When I left New-York I arranged my affairs of all kinds for six months' absence,
which would extend to the middle of June, with the determination to go hence to
South Carolina, in which determination I persist; yet you know that a single
letter may take me in a contrary direction, and mar all my plans of pleasure.
This, and this only, produces the instability of my resolutions, and the equivocal
tenour of my letters on the subject of the visit.

Nothing certain can be predicated of the adjournment; but I am quite resolved

not to remain here beyond the 25th, more probable that I may leave it on the
19th. In either case, it will be vain to address a letter to me at Washington after
the receipt of this, as I shall not be here to receive it. My route will be through
Richmond and Petersburgh to Fayetteville, and thence to Georgetown and
Clifton, where I presume I shall find Papa Alston, Ellen, &c. You may address
me a line to Richmond, and another to Fayetteville, merely to say how you are,
and who more are dead. Recollecting, when you write, that it will be very
uncertain whether they will reach me; still, on my arrival at those places, I shall
be quite out of humour if I find no letter from you, and will stay a week at each
place in hopes of receiving one.

I have ordered Vanderlyn to send you, from New-York, both his and Stuart's
picture of A. Burr; and have told him to ship himself for the port of Charleston
on the 1st of May.

I have also desired that my beautiful little bust of Bonaparte be sent to Mr.
William Alston.

You may send a letter to meet me at Clifton, and two or three to each place if
you find my movements so retarded as to admit a probability of their being
received. Adieu.
A. BURR

TO THEODOSIA.

Washington, April 12, 1802.

Your letter of the 29th came by the last mail, exactly, as heretofore, on the eighth
day after the date of your last preceding. Whether it be invariably Sunday or not,
at least it is always octo-diurnal. Pray get an eight-day clock, and then all family
matters will move on in strict uniformity. Thank your husband for his letter
about Mr. Law's indents.

The instability of all human concerns has been a theme of remark for the last
4000 years. Lately, very lately, I wrote you of my determination to leave this city
on the 26th. I then thought so, as you will readily believe; because, why should I
deceive my dear little Theodosia? Now this thing is altered, for reasons too
numerous and mighty to be here enumerated; and, besides, you know our
doctrine is not to give reasons, but to let the facts speak for themselves. On this
occasion, however, even your hard heart would yield to the motives which
govern me. The plan, I say, is all altered. Instead of leaving this fair region, as
was gravely proposed, on the 26th of this month, the present project is to part
from all I here hold dear on the 20th (the twentieth) inst., which piece of caprice
I hope you will pardon. If no letter intervenes before that day, Papa Alston may
expect to see me in some twelve or fifteen days thereafter. I shall hope to find
letters at Richmond, Fayetteville, &c. Adieu.

A. BURR.

TO THEODOSIA.

Clifton, May 3, 1802.

At the moment of my arrival on Friday evening I wrote you from Mr. Kinlock's.
The day following (May 1) I came here, and, being without horses, sent on
Sunday morning to engage the whole stage, which was to go to-morrow, and, as
I understand, reaches Charleston in a day. Unfortunately, the stage was full—not
even a seat vacant for the vice-president. I am, therefore, doomed to remain here
one day longer, and to be two days on the road. My horses not having arrived,
Mr. Alston will, on Wednesday morning, set out with me in his curricle. We shall
dine and stay the night of Wednesday at Mrs. Mott's, and on the day following,
Thursday evening, reach Charleston.

I now send my man George (late Azor Le Guen, now George d'Grasse) to
Georgetown. If he can get a place in the stage, he goes on with my baggage; if
not, he sends this letter, with all affectionate good wishes. William arrived here
this afternoon, and tells us that you are well, and your husband ill. This is exactly
wrong, unless he means to take the whole trouble off your hands, as some good
husbands have heretofore done; so, at least, Darwin records. God bless thee, my
dear Theodosia.

A. BURR.

FROM MIDSHIPMAN JAMES BIDDLE.

U. S. Ship Constellation, at Gibraltar, May 8, 1802.

DEAR SIR,

As the frigate Philadelphia will sail in a few days for America, I cannot neglect
so good an opportunity of writing, and returning you my sincere thanks for the
marked civilities I have received at all times from you, particularly at New-York
in the summer of 1800. Be assured, Sir, I feel the liveliest sense of the
obligations I am under for the many favours conferred upon me, and shall ever
feel extremely happy to have it in my power to render you any service.

Owing to our being perplexed with almost constant easterly winds, we did not
make the land until the 24th ult., when we made Cape Canter, on the coast of
Africa. On the 28th we got into the Straits of Gibraltar, but the wind heading us
off the rock, we were obliged to bear away for Malaga. There we found the
Essex and Philadelphia at anchor. On the 3d inst. we left Malaga, and arrived
here in company with the Philadelphia and Essex on the 5th, and I expect to
remain until Commodore Truxton arrives on the station.
While the ship lay at Malaga I had an opportunity of seeing every thing that
could attract the eye of a stranger. The country round the city is extremely fertile,
abounding with all the different kinds of fruit-trees. Indeed, the lower class of
the Spaniards subsist almost entirely upon fruit, the produce of the country. The
chief articles of exportation are grapes, figs, raisins, oranges, anchovies, wines,
&c. Their streets are very narrow, running at random in every direction. Their
houses are mostly built of marble, four stories high, different families occupying
different stories of the same house. They have two or three forts, built on
eminences adjacent to the city for its protection, but they are out of order and
decaying.

I anticipate enjoying a very pleasant cruise, as we seem to be favoured with

every thing that could render our situation agreeable. Captain Murray is one of
the best of men, and treats us with all the kindness and attention we could wish.
The climate is mild and healthy. The Tripolitans keep among themselves, and
never venture out, so that we shall have nothing to do but to visit the different
ports of the Mediterranean. The closest friendship and harmony prevails among
the officers of the ship. Every thing, in short, that we could wish, we seem to
have, to make our situation comfortable. Pray remember me kindly to Mrs.
Alston, and believe me, with esteem and respect, your most obedient servant,

JAMES BIDDLE.

FROM JOHN TAYLOR, OF CAROLINE.

Virginia, Caroline, May 25, 1802.

DEAR SIR,

Your favour, covering the medal struck to commemorate the most brilliant
exploit of the American war, from some cause unknown to me, never arrived
until this instant. It is particularly acceptable from the circumstance of my
having imbibed a personal affection for General Gates by having served under
him for a few months.

It would be quite premature in me to consider whether I would go into Congress

unless it was probable that I could. The government have no means of providing
for the gentleman you mention; and if they had, to do so for the purpose of
making room for another might expose them to censures which they will hardly
encounter. As to a voluntary resignation of his station, there are some
circumstances in his case which do really justify him in refusing to do it, unless
for some better prospect of public benefit.

Not until some days after you left this was it discovered that you had forgotten
your travelling map. I lamented the inconveniences to which the oversight would
expose you, but had no mode of removing them, despairing, from a recollection
of your horses, that either of mine would be fleet enough to overtake you. The
map could, therefore, only be taken care of for the purpose of being restored to
you. Permit me to hope that you will allow me to do this at my own house as you
return; and that you will apprize me of your resolution to do so, both that I may
be at home and that I may enjoy the hope of your company before the pleasure is
realized. Farewell.

JOHN TAYLOR.

Footnotes:

1. A paragraph cut from the Aurora.

2. Wood's History of John Adams's Administration.

3. The present Commodore James Biddle.

4. The vice-president, Colonel Burr. This letter was written more than a year
after the presidential contest in Congress.

5. At that time a member of the United States Senate.

CHAPTER XIII.

THEODOSIA TO JOSEPH ALSTON.

New-York, June 24, 1802.

We arrived yesterday morning, exactly the eighth day since I left you. Our
passage was pleasant, inasmuch as we had no storms, and the most obliging,
attentive captain. I never met with more unremitted politeness. He was
constantly endeavouring to tempt my appetite by all the delicacies in his own
stores. To the child he proved an excellent nurse when I was fatigued and the rest
sick. We are now in my father's town-house. Mrs. Allen had gone up the North
River before my arrival; thus I have seen neither her nor her sons. John is to
return and be married in a few days.

I have just returned from a ride in the country and a visit to Richmond Hill.
Never did I behold this island so beautiful. The variety of vivid greens; the
finely-cultivated fields and gaudy gardens; the neat, cool air of the cit's boxes,
peeping through straight rows of tall poplars, and the elegance of some
gentlemen's seats, commanding a view of the majestic Hudson, and the high,
dark shores of New-Jersey, altogether form a scene so lively, so touching, and to
me now so new, that I was in constant rapture. How much did I wish for you to
join with me in admiring it. With how much regret did I recollect some rides we
took together last summer. Ah, my husband, why are we separated? I had rather
have been ill on Sullivan's Island with you, than well separated from you. Even
my amusements serve to increase my unhappiness; for if any thing affords me
pleasure, the thought that, were you here, you also would feel pleasure, and thus
redouble mine, at once puts an end to enjoyment. You do not know how
constantly my whole mind is employed in thinking of you. Do you, my husband,
think as frequently of your Theo., and wish for her? Do you really feel a vacuum
in your pleasures? As for your wife, she has bid adieu to pleasure till next
October. When, when will that month come? It appears to me a century off. I can
scarcely yet realize to myself that we are to be so long separated. Do not
imagine, however, that I mean to beg you to join me this summer. No, my
husband, I know your reasons, and approve them. Your wife feels a consolation
in talking of her sorrows to you; but she would think herself unworthy of you
could she not find fortitude enough to bear them! God knows how delighted I
shall be when once again in your arms; but how much would my happiness be
diminished by recollecting that your advancement and interest suffered. When
we meet, let there be nothing to alloy a happiness so pure, so unbounded. Our
little boy grows charmingly; he is much admired here. The colour of his eyes is
not yet determined. You shall know when it is.

As our papers were mixed, I left my writing-desk open; pray lock the drawers
and desk both, and keep the key yourself.

Have you any rice on hand yet? It sells here for five dollars cash. If you have
any, had you not better send it? Papa intends writing to you on the subject.

I began a letter to you this morning in time for the mail, but was prevented by
innumerable visits, which commenced before I was dressed for breakfast. I am
most impatiently waiting for a letter from you. I hope you wrote soon after my
departure. I am counting every minute to next Wednesday, when I hope to
receive one, though I have many fears it is too early. With how much anxiety do
I expect a letter. Maybe, one of these days, I may tell you of a piece of weakness
of mine on that subject; maybe, for I do not know whether it is quite right for a
wife to display all her foibles in that way to her husband. We have not
determined when or where we shall move in the country. It shall certainly not be
long ere we leave the city.

Anna Pierpont is well. She and husband go on merrily. They love each other
very much, and that is half the battle. She begged me not to omit giving a
thousand loves to you. My love to the Hugers. Tell them I have seen Nancy. She
looks better than they ever saw her. She has got a colour, and is so much more
beautiful that I scarcely recognised her. Adieu, mon bien aimi.

THEODOSIA.
THEODOSIA TO JOSEPH ALSTON.

New-York, June 26, 1802.

When, when will the month of October come? It appears to recede instead of
approaching; and time, which extinguishes all other sorrows, serves but to
increase mine; every moment I feel that I have lost so much of your society
which can never be regained. Ah, my husband, what can be pleasure to your
Theo., unassisted by the charms of your presence and participation? Nothing. It
is an idea which has no place in my mind unconnected with you.

I send you M'Kenzie; there is no London edition in town more elegantly bound.
Before my departure you complained grievously of the bad cigars sold in
Charleston. In the hope that this city affords better, I send you a box containing a
thousand; the seller took some trouble to choose the best for me, and I have
added some Vanilla and Tonka beans to them. May the offering please my great
Apollo! If you should do so rash a thing as to visit the city during the summer,
pray smoke all the time you remain there; it creates an atmosphere round you,
and prevents impure air from reaching you.

I wish, also, that you would never be in town before or after the middle of the
day. I have somewhere heard that persons were less apt to catch infectious
disorders at that time than any other, and I believe it. Have you never remarked
how highly scented the air is before sunrise in a flower-garden, so much so as to
render the smell of any flower totally imperceptible if you put it to your nose?
That is, I suppose, because, when the sun acts with all his force, the air becomes
so rarefied, that the quantity of perfume you inhale at a breath can have no
effect; while, on the contrary, during the night, the vapours become so condensed
that you perceive them in every blast. May not the same be the case with noxious
vapours? It is said that the fever in Charleston does not arise from that, but the
filth of the streets are quite enough to make one think otherwise. Perhaps I am
wrong both in my reason and opinion. If so, you are able to correct; only do as
you think best, and be prudent. It is all I ask. I imagine the subject worth a
reflection, and you cannot err. Montesquieu says he writes to make people think;
and why may not Theodosia?

We have this evening been to visit Mrs. Caines (late Mrs. Verplanck) at her
country place. The marriage was thus published—Married, G.C., Esq.,
counsellor of law, from the West Indies, and now having a work in the press, to
Mrs., &c. That work has been the cause of some curiosity and not a little
amusement.

I dined the other day with Mrs. Montgomery. The chancellor has sent her out a
list of statues, which are to be so exactly imitated in plaster as to leave the
difference of materials only. The statues are, the Apollo Belvidere, Venus de
Medicis, Laocoon and his children, Antinous, and some others. The patriotic
citizens of New-York are now subscribing to the importation of a set here for the
good of the public. If they are really perfect imitations, they will be a great
acquisition to this city. But, selon moi, there is the difficulty. Our son looks
charmingly. Adieu.

THEODOSIA.

THEODOSIA TO JOSEPH ALSTON.

New-York, June 28, 1802.

And do you, indeed, miss your Theo.? Do you really find happiness indissolubly
blended with her presence? Ah! my husband, how much more amiable you are
as the man than as the philosopher! How much better your wife can love you!
The latter character produces a distance between us; it so resembles coldness,
that it annihilates all that free communication of the heart, that certainty of the
most perfect sympathy and concord of feeling, which affords so much real
happiness. Believe me, it is a very mistaken idea, that to discover sensibility at
parting with a friend increases their sorrow. No; it consoles them. That apparent
indifference, instead of lessening their pain at separation, only adds to it the
mortification of finding themselves alone; wounds their feelings by the idea that,
where they expected the most sincere reciprocity, they meet with the most calm
tranquillity; and, above all, it is apt to make them involuntarily exclaim—If I am
thus regretted, how little shall I be thought of! How soon forgotten! Never, then,
my beloved, attempt to play the philosopher. If you see a friend weeping, weep
with them. Sympathy is the sovereign cure for all wounds of the heart.

Your letter of the 16th, which I received yesterday, delighted me the more as it
was unexpected. I did not hope you would have written so soon; still less did I
imagine a letter from Charleston would reach this on the eleventh day after date.
How anxious I am for to-morrow. Perhaps I may hear from you again.

S. appears more pleased with New-York than any person I ever saw from South
Carolina. With the beauty of the country it is impossible not to be delighted,
whether that delight is confessed or not; and every woman cannot fail to prefer
the style of society, whatever she may say. If she denies it, she is set down in my
mind as insincere and weakly prejudiced.

Pray write your journal this summer; you have little else to do. I should be
charmed to find it finished on my return. Adieu.

THEODOSIA.

TO JOSEPH ALSTON.

New-York, July 3, 1802.

Your letter of the 19th of June, covering two for Theodosia, was received this
morning. She, with Lady Nisbett and your boy, sailed yesterday for Red Hook
(120 miles north) on a visit to Mrs. A., who had solicited this attention in terms
and under circumstances which admitted of no refusal. The boy has grown
surprisingly. The mother has recovered her appetite and spirits. I shall go up to
take care of them in ten or fifteen days.

I desired your father to bring or send a barrel of rough rice (rice unpounded).
The young Scotchman of whom I spoke to him has already invented a machine
which I think will clean ten times as much as your pounding machine with the
same power; that is, ten times as fast. Send the rice that we may try.

As to the publications of Cheetham and Wood, it is not worth while to write any
thing by way of comment or explanation. It will, in due time, be known what
they are, and what is Dewitt Clinton, their colleague and instigator. These things
will do no harm to me personally. What effect they may have on the cause is a
problem.

I forgot to pay Placide for two or three times bathing. Give him a guinea for me.
Yours, affectionately,
A. BURR.

TO NATALIE.

New-York, July 5, 1802.

Your letter of the 22d of February, announcing your intended marriage, is this
minute received. Nothing could be more grateful to me than your proposed
connexion with Mr. Sumter. I know little of him personally, but his reputation
and standing in society fully justify your choice, and I pray you to assure him
that I shall most cordially take him to my bosom as a son. With his father I have
been long acquainted, and always greatly respected him. We were fellow-
soldiers during our revolutionary war, in which he acted a most distinguished
part, though we were not then known to each other. We served together some
years in Congress, and laboured in the same party. These circumstances never
fail to generate attachments, and I am truly happy in being more closely allied to
him.

I perceive, and with pleasure, that I shall pass much of my time in South
Carolina, and shall divide it between you and Theodosia; but the mountains are
my favourite residence. Which is my favourite daughter I have not yet been able
to decide. We must not, however, abandon New-York. I will have you both here,
if possible, every year, and at Richmond Hill you shall renew the recollection of
the happy hours of your childhood.

I have been long impatient, my dear Natalie, to write you on this subject, but I
waited for advice from yourself. I was mortified to learn from common report
only an event so nearly interesting, and which I had supposed you would have
communicated to me the first. Your letter, however, has been long in America,
and has travelled nearly two thousand miles in pursuit of me, having come in
this morning from Charleston.

I arrived here on the 23d with Theodosia, her boy—a most lovely boy, and her
sister, Lady Nisbett, who salutes you as a sister, and longs to embrace you. We
had a most charming passage of seven days.

This is a great holyday. We are celebrating, with show and much noise, the 4th
of July. This may appear to you a little ridiculous when you look at the date of
this letter; but, madame, please to look at your almanac, and you will see that
yesterday was Sunday. I should not have attempted to write to you amid so much
bustle; but the good Mr. Arcambal came in just as I received your letter, and
informed me that there was an immediate and safe opportunity to France, and I
was impatient to express to you and your husband my participation in your joys,
and hearty approbation of your union. God bless you, my dear child.

A. BURR.

P.S. I have not received a line from your mamma in some years. I am not at all
surprised at her repugnance to your marriage with a democrat, the son of a rebel.
She must hate, above all things, democrats and rebels. But tell her, as doubtless
you have told her a thousand times, that she is wrong; and that we are not like
your French democrats. Encore, adieu.

A. BURR.

THEODOSIA TO JOSEPH ALSTON.

New-York, September 3, 1802.

What a pity minds could not be made sensible of each other's approach! Why
were we not so formed, that when your thoughts, your soul were with your
Theo., hers could be enabled, by the finest sensation of sympathy, to meet it.
How superior to writing would that be! A letter is a month old before it is
received; by that time other thoughts and subjects engage the writer. The
sentiments expressed in it seem no longer warm from the heart. I have been all
this evening divining your occupation. Sometimes I imagine you writing or
reading, and then the hope that you are thinking of me arises. Pray what have
you been doing? If you can possibly recollect, let me know. After all, it is more
than probable that you have been smoking with Huger, entirely absorbed in your
society and segar.

How does your election advance? I am anxious to know something of it; not
from patriotism, however. It little concerns me which party succeeds. Where you
are, there is my country, and in you are centred all my wishes.
Were you a Brutus, I should be a Roman. But were you a Caesar, I should only
wish glory to Rome that glory might be yours. As long as you love me, I am
nothing on earth but your wife and your friend: contented and proud to be that.

Mr. M'Pherson is much better. He sits up—I mean out of bed, a great part of the
day. Mr.——- spent about three hours with him yesterday. What a
Chesterfieldian that is; he has not had the civility to call on me, although you
were so attentive to him. He has grown sentimental. He caught a moscheto the
other day, and kept it under a tumbler to meditate on, because it reminded him of
Carolina, and consequently of Miss ——-. What man under heaven ever before
discovered an analogy between a moscheto and his mistress? I am very happy
you have chosen chess for your amusement. It keeps you constantly in mind how
poor kings fare without their queens. Our little one has been very amiable to-day.
Adieu.

THEODOSIA.

TO JOSEPH ALSTON.

New-York, July 19, 1802.

On Saturday (17th) Mr. and Mrs. Alston, Lady Nisbett, and Charlotte took
passage for Red Hook. The wind has been so favourable that they undoubtedly
arrived yesterday before dinner. Charlotte had three or four fits of ague and
fever, but had escaped two days before she sailed, and was again in health.

You will herewith receive the second book. The malice and the motives are in
this so obvious, that it will tend to discredit the whole. The charges which are of
any moment will be shown to be mere fabrications. But there seems at present to
be no medium of communication. The printers, called republican in this city
(Denniston and Cheetham), are devoted to the Clintons, one of them (Denniston)
being nephew of the governor, and, of course, cousin to Dewitt. Wood, after
absconding for some time, returned to this city, was put in jail, where he lay
some days and until taken out by Coleman. You will shortly receive an
explanation of this controversy, but not from me. Very affectionately yours,

A. BURR.
TO JOSEPH ALSTON.

New-York, August 2, 1802.

Your letter of the 18th is received. Mr. Williams had before shown me the
pamphlet, and had informed me that it had produced all the effect that the writer
could have wished, which is the best evidence of the merit of the work. It is
evidently a hasty performance, and incorrectly printed, yet it displays ability as a
writer, and sentiments honourable to him as a man.

Wood's book has surprised us. We all expected a new series of abuse against
A.B. It should be entitled "The Confessions of John Wood, one of the
Conspirators lately associated with James Cheetham and Dewitt Clinton against
the vice-president." It shows pretty clearly the motives and views of this clan.

The enclosed paper will give you the particulars of the affair of Swartwout and
Clinton. You will perceive that the latter indirectly acknowledges that he is an
agent in the calumnies against me.

I am about to take possession of Richmond Hill for the reception of Theodosia

and her boy, and shall go for them in about ten days. We propose to pass part of
September in Orange county.

The letter herewith enclosed came to me under a blank cover; through

inattention, I broke the seal without looking at the superscription. The first
sentence betrayed my error, and I have scolded her a good deal for her blank
cover. Affectionately yours,

A. BURR.

TO THEODOSIA.

New-York, August 8, 1802.

With extreme reluctance, madame, I am constrained to resign to Dr. Brown the

honour of escorting you hither. The circumstances which have led to this
measure are briefly noted in a letter which I have this day written you by the
mail.

By Tuesday the 9th inst. I shall be settled at Richmond Hill, ready to receive you
and your incumbrances. Tell Mr. and Mrs. Alston, &c., that I hope there to have
the pleasure of accommodating them more to their satisfaction than was in my
power in the little mansion in Broadway.

The moment you shall receive this, send a line for me to the postoffice, saying
how you are, when you will move, &c. Leave with the postmaster a written
direction to forward to New-York all letters for Mrs. Joseph Alston. I
recommend to you to go round by Stockbridge to see Binney. She is there at the
house of Mr. Bidwell. You will also there see your old great-uncle Edwards. But
this is left to your discretion. If you go through Pittsfield, you should call and see
H. Van Schaack, for whom Dr. Brown has a letter of credence. Make your
journey perfectly at your ease; id est, with dignified leisure. Write me at every
post-town, for I shall have a deal of impatience and anxiety about you and your
little nonentity.

All your friends here are well except George's dog and one of his South Carolina
birds. We are all in the bustle of moving. Heighho! for Richmond Hill. What a
pity you were not here, you do so love a bustle; and then you, and the brat, and
the maid, and thirty trunks would add so charmingly to the confusion. Adieu.

A. BURR.

TO JOSEPH ALSTON.

New-York, September 8, 1802.

The debility and loss of appetite which your wife has experienced alarmed me;
yet I was totally ignorant of the cause. I was first informed of it by Dr. Bard, who
came accidentally to this city about a fortnight ago. He, with Hosack and Brown,
all of whom I consulted, joined with me in opinion that she ought immediately to
wean her child or provide a wet nurse. This she peremptorily refused, and the
bare proposition occasioned so many tears and so much distress that I abandoned
it. Within the last three days, however, she has such a loss of appetite and
prostration of strength, that she is satisfied of the necessity of the measure for the
sake of the child, if not for herself; and I have this day sent off a man to the
country to find a suitable nurse. The complaint continued from the period of her
confinement during the whole time that she remained in Charleston.

It is most unfortunate that she left the Springs. While she was there, either by
means of the air or the water, or perhaps both, she had got quite rid of the
complaint, and there is no doubt but that, had she remained there a fortnight
longer, the cure would have been radical. The ride to Hudson, only thirty miles,
brought on a relapse; and, with slight variations, the affliction was increased and
her strength diminished. Bard advised the Springs, and was quite angry that she
left them.

There is nothing in this disorder which immediately threatens life; nor is it, at
present, attended with pain; but if it should become fixed upon her, of which
there is danger unless speedily cured, it will unfit her for every duty and every
enjoyment in life. The medicines, which under the direction of Bard she used at
Lebanon, have hitherto proved ineffectual since her return. I have written fully to
Eustis, and expect his answer within two or three days.

The present state of her health and strength will not, I think, admit of an attempt
to take her to either of the Springs, or I should not hesitate to go off immediately
with her. I have, however, strong and well-grounded hopes that, when she shall
have a nurse, and resume the use of proper remedies, a cure will be effected.

I have thought that you ought to be informed of these facts, as well to explain the
varied accounts which you may have received of her health, as to anticipate the
vague or exaggerated relations which you may receive through other channels.

Most affectionately yours,

A. BURR.

THEODOSIA TO JOSEPH ALSTON.

New-York, September 30, 1802.

Another mail has arrived, but to your Theo. it has brought only unhappiness. It is
now a week since I received your last letter. You are ill. You have been
imprudent, and all my fears are fulfilled. Without any one near you to feel for
you, to attend to you, to watch every change and share every pain. Your wife
only could do that. It is her whose soul clings to yours, and vibrates but in
harmony with it; whose happiness, whose every emotion, more than entirely
dependant on yours, are exchanged for them. It is she only who forgets herself in
you, and who, in gratifying your wishes or alleviating your pain, serves the
interest nearest her heart. I know you have friends with you; but, when you lose
your vivacity, and your society is robbed of its usual charms, they will find your
chamber dull, and leave it for some more amusing place. They cannot, like your
little Theo., hang over you in your sleep, and, with a beating heart, listen to
every groan and tremble at every noise. Your son, too, were we with you, would
charm away your cares. His smiles could not fail to sooth any pain. They possess
a magic which you cannot conceive till you see him. Would we were with you,
my beloved. I am miserable about you. Adieu. Heaven bless my husband, and I
am happy.

THEODOSIA.
THEODOSIA TO JOSEPH ALSTON.

New-York, October 30, 1802.

I have just received yours of the 21st. You already know the result of my
confinement in bed. It certainly relieved me for some time, which proves how
easily that cure would have succeeded at first. I have now abandoned all hope of
recovery. I do not say it in a moment of depression, but with all my reason about
me. I am endeavouring to resign myself with cheerfulness; and you also, my
husband, must summon up your fortitude to bear with a sick wife the rest of her
life. At present, my general health is very good; indeed, my appearance so
perfectly announces it, that physicians smile at the idea of my being an invalid.
The great misfortune of this complaint is, that one may vegetate forty years in a
sort of middle state between life and death, without the enjoyment of one or the
rest of the other.

You will now see your boy in a few days, and you will really be very much
pleased with him. He is a sweet little rascal. If Heaven grant him but to live, I
shall never repent what he has cost me. Adieu.

THEODOSIA.

TO JOSEPH ALSTON.

New-York, October 15, 1802.

In my letter of yesterday I said nothing of your son. He is well, and growing as

you could wish. If I can see without prejudice, there never was a finer boy.

Of yourself I have a good deal to say; more than I can find time to write, and
some things which cannot be written. Except the little practical knowledge
which you may have gained by mingling with your committee-men, &c., your
summer and autumn have, I perceive, been lost—lost, I mean, as to literary
acquirements. From your companions, I presume, little is to be gained save the
pastime of a social hour. Yet time goes on, and you have much to do.

To the execution of any project, however, health is a sine qua non. Whether you
can ever enjoy it in Charleston or on Sullivan's Island has become a problem in
my mind. I was quite shocked with your wan appearance when I first met you
last spring. How different from that which you took hence the fall preceding.
With every advantage attainable in your climate, you have scarcely been free
from fever during the season. This cannot fail to debilitate both mind and body.
If these hazards are to be annually encountered with similar effects, and worse
may be apprehended, it is a price far beyond the value of any benefits which
Charleston can offer. The mountains, a more Northern latitude, or the grave,
must be your refuge. Pray think of these things. If I should not go to South
Carolina this fall, nor you come hither, let us meet in Washington next winter.
After the rising of your legislature, you may find time for that journey. But I
should prefer to see you here immediately after your election, if there be time for
your return before the session of the legislature. Your health must require this
change. Here you may freeze out all your "miasmata" and surplus bile in ten
days, and go to Columbia with nerves well strung and blood well purified.

My solicitude for your frequent appearance in courts is no way diminished. The

applause which I heard bestowed upon you sunk into my heart. I could
distinguish that which you merited from the fulsome eulogy which was uttered
through politeness. Your talent for writing is enviable, and, with cultivation, will
be unrivalled (nothing without cultivation, remember). No one wishes so
ardently as I do, not even you, that these advantages should be improved. But
these considerations are unimportant compared with those which regard your
health.

If you should leave Charleston, give special orders about your letters, for I may
write what I should wish no one but you to see. Affectionately adieu.

A. BURR.

TO JOSEPH ALSTON.

New-York, November 5, 1802.

The cold weather of the last ten days has had a happy effect on Theodosia. She is
so far restored that I can with confidence assure you she will return in health.
The boy, too, grows fat and rosy with the frost. They have taken passage in the
brig Enterprise, Captain Tombs, the same with whom we came last June. She
will have the control of the cabin, and will be perfectly well accommodated. I
regret she will sail so soon (the 12th), as well because I cannot attend her as that
I could have wished her health and that of the boy to have been still more
confirmed. Yet I cannot any longer resist her impatience. You must not delay
your journey to Columbia in expectation of her arrival. It is important that you
be on the ground the first day, and it is to be desired that you could be there two
or three days before the commencement of the session. If you should be gone,
she projects to follow you, of which I advise you, that you may leave your
directions. When you shall see her and son, you will not regret this five months'
separation. I rejoice that you are to meet Major Pinckney on the floor of your
assembly. "The Citizen" (Cheetham and Denniston's), in publishing a list of
members chosen in Charleston and its vicinity, omitted your name; but took care
to add, by way of extract from a pretended letter, that the Alstons were of no
consideration or influence in South Carolina. There is no bound to the malice of
these people. The conspiracy was formed last winter at Washington. A little
reflection will indicate to you the description of men, the motives, and the object
of this combination.

Apologize for me to Ch. Marshall that I do not fulfil my engagement to

accompany him from Charleston to Washington. I hope you will bring him with
you.

Would Charles Lee accept the place of secretary of the Senate? It is worth
twenty-three hundred dollars per annum, and not laborious. The secretary, you
know, is chosen by the Senate. Otis, the present incumbent, will probably
decline. If you should think that Lee would desire it, and the thing should appear
to you proper, it should be suggested to your senators. Of the legislative subjects
mentioned in one of your letters, I hope to find time to say a word on Sunday
(7th inst.). God bless you.

A. BURR.

TO THEODOSIA.
New-York, December 4, 1802.

So you arrived on the 24th, after a passage of ten days; you and the Charleston
packet on the same day. All this I learned last night; not from you. Vanderlyn and
I drank a bottle of Champagne on the occasion.

Though this relieves me from the great anxiety under which I laboured, still
there are many details of your passage, your arrival, &c., on which nothing but
your letter can satisfy me. For some unknown reason, the mail is now eighteen
days on the road.

Vanderlyn has finished your picture in the most beautiful style imaginable. When
it was done, he exclaimed with enthusiasm, "There is the best work I have ever
done in America."

Your letter must be addressed to Washington. The dear little boy, I hope, made a
good sailor. Adieu.

A. BURR.

TO THEODOSIA.

New-York, December 16, 1802.

Your letter of the 26th November came yesterday, that of the 25th the day
preceding. You see, therefore, that twenty-one days had elapsed from the time of
your arrival to the receipt of your first letter. This is not by way of reproach, for
it is an unpleasant truth that, for the last six or eight weeks, the Charleston mail
has been twenty days on the way. Had it not been for the intelligence by water of
your safe arrival, we should have concluded that you and Kate [1] were now
dancing with Amphitrite. How jealous her majesty would have been at the
presence of two such rivals.

The day after you left us, though the weather was mild, not even a frost, the
leaves of the trees about the house began to fall, and in three days they were as
bare as in midwinter, though you may recollect that you left them in perfect
verdure. This, I am sure, was sympathy and regret. I shall respect these trees for
their sensibility. It was in harmony with my feelings; for, truly, all was dreary.

Yes, I enter into all your little vexations; but while I write, and long before, they
probably have passed away, and are succeeded by new ones. Kate will help you
to laugh them off. Kiss her for me. Not a word, not a line from your husband
since the 30th of October. We ought, nay, we must, every day add something to
our experience, and usually at some cost.

I expect to leave this in about a week. Henceforth, therefore, address me at

Washington. On my arrival there we will begin to talk of our spring and summer
plans. You did well, very well to give up the Columbia project. I really wish you
had given the pair of horses in your own name. In all such cases, that which is
most grateful to you will be so to me. Butter shall be sent. The card plate must
be altered.

Maybe I may write you from Philadelphia; not again from this city, unless I
should receive from you something very pretty. Vanderlyn projects to visit
Charleston, but I am sure he will not. He is run down with applications for
portraits, all of which, without discrimination, he refuses. He is greatly occupied
in finishing his Niagara views, which, —indeed, will do him honour. They will
be four in number, and he thinks of having them engraved in France. You hear
the roaring of the cataract when you look at them. Kiss the dear little boy. Adieu,
ma belle.

A. BURR.

TO THEODOSIA.

Washington, January 26, 1803.

Your last letter, and the only one received within a month, is dated the 14th inst.,
and written, I suppose, at your plantation. It gives me the satisfaction of knowing
that you and your boy are well, and nothing more. How long you are to remain
there, where next to go, and every thing leading to a knowledge of your
occupations and intentions, is omitted. One half of the letter is a complaint of my
silence, and the other half (nearly) an apology for yours, You know (or am I now
to tell you) that you and your concerns are the highest, the dearest interest I have
in this world; one in comparison with which all others are insignificant.

Recollect, my dear Theodosia, that in five weeks Congress will adjourn (3d
March); that I shall then go in some direction, but in what is yet unsettled; that
my movements will depend essentially on yours. Tell me, therefore, where you
are to pass the summer, when you are to leave Charleston, and all the details. If
these matters should not yet be settled, let it be forthwith done. If you are not to
go northward, it is not probable that I shall see you in some time, for I have
thoughts of going on a tour through the western country, which, if executed, will
consume the whole summer. I offer you and your family Richmond Hill for the
season, and will meet you there in May or June, or when you please. Perhaps
would come to make the voyage with you, by land or water. Sullivan's Island
will not, I hope, be thought of. How is it that I have not a line from Mari, in
answer to several letters which I wrote him from New-York?

I entreat you to answer this letter distinctly, and in all its parts; for there will not
be time for another letter and reply before I shall be off. My love to Kate. You do
not say whether she grows handsome or ugly, nor is it any matter which while on
the plantation.

I can't conceive how you all stow yourselves in that little wreck of a mansion.
Please to write over, in some way, the erased part of your letter. You must be
very destitute of wit and contrivance. No essence in Washington. I still prefer
musk, but not to be had. One would think you had suffered some injury from
perfumes. Your message and commission to Mrs. Madison will be delivered. My
mode of life, establishment, &c., are the same as last year, except that I bought a
chariot, having some hope of seeing you and your husband here. As I shall not
write again until I hear where you are, I may as well say now all that occurs to
me.

On my way through Philadelphia I rode out to Lansdown, to see our beautiful

little K. and Mrs. L. They appear to love you with all their hearts. K. especially
talked of you with an interest which could not be affected. The ladies find fault
with her dress, her person, her manners; in short, with every thing appertaining
to her. Mrs. L. has also her full share of the eulogium. K. is toujours belle. At
Wilmington I did not see friend S. She had gone to church. God bless thee.

A. BURR
TO DR. JOHN COATS.

Washington, February 23, 1803.

It is from me, my dear sir, that apologies are due; but you have kindly
anticipated all I could make. I thank you for this instance of your goodness; for
your friendly recollection; above all, for the justice you do to my heart and
feelings. Your last letter has been received. It is without date, and came by the
mail of yesterday. You see that I am resolved not to furnish a new occasion for
apologies by further negligence. Whether, after the adjournment, I shall go North
or South, is yet undetermined. If northward, I propose to take the route which
you had the goodness to describe, and to pass at least some hours with you. I
shall insist on a dish of lillipee, in order to give a more dramatic effect to the
review which we will take of past scenes.

Dearborn, now minister of war, was our fellow-traveller through the wilderness.
If you will designate more particularly the papers you wish to recover, I will
with pleasure make search for them. Accept, I pray you, the assurance of my
undiminished regard and esteem.

A. BURR.

FROM THEODOSIA.

Clifton, March 17, 1802.

Ever since the date of my last letter, for it was not forwarded till some days after,
I have been quite ill; till within these two or three days totally unable to write.
The whole family, as well as myself, had begun to think pretty seriously of my
last journey; but, fortunately, I have had the pleasure of keeping them up a few
nights, and drawing forth all their sensibility, without giving them the trouble of
burying, mourning, &c.

I was one night so ill as to have lost my senses in a great measure; about
daylight, as a last resource, they began plying me with old wine, and blisters to
my feet. But, on recovering a little, I kicked off the blisters, and declared I would
be dressed; be carried in the open air, and have free use of cold water. I was
indulged. I was carried below, where I drank plentifully of cold water, and I had
my face, neck, and arms bathed with it, and it assisted most astonishingly in
recovering me. The day before yesterday I was put on a bed in a boat and
brought here. The change of air and scene have assisted me wonderfully. I am
again getting well. Indeed, the rapidity with which I gain strength surprises the
whole family. The secret is, that my constitution is good. I exert myself to the
utmost, feeling none of that pride, so common to my sex, of being weak and ill.
Delicacy and debility are sometimes fascinating when affected by a coquette,
adorned with the freshness of health; but a pale, thin face; sunken, instead of
languishing eyes; and a form, evidently tottering, not gracefully bending, never, I
suspect, made, far less could they retain a conquest, or even please a friend. I
therefore encourage spirits, try to appear well, and am rewarded. In a few days I
shall be on the high road to health. Mari is well, and the boy charming. Adieu.

THEODOSIA.

TO THEODOSIA.

Philadelphia, June 3, 1903.

I have only to announce my safe arrival yesterday noon. Went forthwith to see
the B.'s. They were all out of town. Will be back to-day.

Send me the number of volumes of the American Encyclopedia. I wish to

complete the set, and must, therefore, know the deficiencies. I have seen none of
your acquaintance save the Biddles. To-morrow (if I should in the mean time
receive a letter from you) I shall add something. You are the two most spiritless
young persons I ever knew. Pray muster up energy enough to do something more
than lounge on sofas. Go on Sunday to Ludlow's. Ask some of your friends often
to dine with you. There is a little boy right opposite my window who has
something of the way of "mammy's treasure." Don't be jealous; not half so
handsome. I have had him over to my room, and have already taught him to
bang. Adieu.

A. BURR.
FROM THEODOSIA.

New-York, June 4, 1803.

Encore stupid. For Heaven's sake, what do you imagine I can find to say once a
day that is worth saying, shut up thus, either tinkling on the harp or holding a
tête-à-tête conversation? You must, indeed, have a high opinion of my genius
and the fertility of my imagination.

Pray how do you advance? Heavy business, is it not? I beg you will perform
your promise, and write me the history of it. I'll bind it in red morocco, and keep
it for the advantage and instruction of the boy. Adieu. Do not forget my
commission, and return soon.

A. BURR.
TO THEODOSIA.

Philadelphia, June 5, 1803.

I received yesterday your first letter. Pray no more apologies about your
stupidity, &c., because on that subject I am perfectly informed. Be pleased to
recollect that your letters cannot be answered the day they are received. We are
now even. I wrote you on Friday.

I went this morning to see L. and Keene. The former, as usual, polite, friendly,
and cheerful. The latter something improved by a very slight acquisition of
embonpoint; so very slight, however, as not to be obvious to common optics.
They will pass their summer at their present residence, and I have almost
promised that you shall make them a visit.

But I should have narrated in the order of events according to their dates or in
the order of the importance. Neither hath been observed, which argues ill of my
temper of mind for the principal pursuit. Cette ——- spoils me. From that
intercourse I return faintly to the line of duty. On Friday I saw the inamorata, and
it happened as we had feared; for really I did not know whom I had the honour
to address; nor could I, with certainty, discover during the interview, for I saw
but one. The appearance was pleasing. There was something pensive and
interesting. It exceeded my expectations. It was a visit of ceremony, and passed
off as such. This day I met the whole four at dinner. My attentions were pointed,
and met a cheerful return. There was more sprightliness than before. Le pere
leaves town to-morrow for eight days, and I am now meditating whether to take
the fatal step to-morrow. I falter and hesitate, which you know is not the way. I
tremble at the success I desire. You will not know my determination till
Wednesday. In the mean time I crave your prayers.

I entreat you to ride about. Your monotonous life can never restore your health;
nay, it is hostile to recovery. The business part of my journey assumes some
importance, but the result is uncertain. Adieu.

A. BURR.

TO THEODOSIA.

Philadelphia, June 6, 1803.

The plot thickens, and I do not find it possible to communicate faithfully the
details, without hazarding too much in case of loss of the letter. Something,
however, may be said.

I called at the house this morning; before I had asked for any one in particular,
the servant bid me in, and in a few minutes Inamorat sole appeared. This looked
like secret understanding or sympathy; perhaps, however, it was only as head
and representative of the family. She looked well; but, unfortunately, a trifling
carelessness in dress had nearly concluded the farce. Recollecting, however, that
they were packing up for a temporary removal, to take place this very day, an
apology was obvious. Having made to myself the apology, I went further, and
found that there was politeness, at least, in receiving me, and in so prompt an
attendance under such circumstances. After ten minutes le pere came in;
conversation became general, and I took leave.

Returning home, and pondering on the subject most profoundly for full five
minutes, I boldly took up my pen, and wrote le pere that I wished a few minutes'
conversation with him at his own house in the course of the day. Within an hour
he was at my room to receive the communication. Now paint to yourself a
desperate miscreant on the point of committing self-murder, trembling with
anxiety, choking for want of utterance, &c. Having formed the portrait to your
own taste, I must tell you that there was no such figure. The salutations, on
meeting, passed as usual. An expression or two of sensibility to the courtesy
which anticipated so promptly the intended visit, and then some unembarrassed
direct questions and monosyllabic answers. "Is ——- under any engagement?"
None. "Would it be agreeable to you that ——- should make overtures?" &c.
Certainly. A very complimentary thing, however, was said by le pere. It was
agreed that the suiter should make known his pretensions, he (le pere) declining
to intermeddle. End of the first act.

I have the honour to acknowledge the receipt of your two letters, both dated June
4. Evidently they cost you great labour.

June 7.

I left this open that I might acknowledge the receipt of one by this morning's
mail. I am gratified to have it in my power. The accident to the harp has been
very fortunate, inasmuch as it enabled you to make out a long letter on the
subject. However it may be broken, nothing is so easy to be repaired. Kiss dear
little bang.

A. BURR.

TO THEODOSIA.

Philadelphia, June 7, 1803.

As you were informed yesterday, my Celeste has gone with the family (le pere
excepted) to pass a fortnight six miles from town. I go to-morrow morning to
recommend myself; and that no time may be wasted, and these six mile rides
may not be too often repeated to no purpose, I shall not go much round about the
subject, but come pretty directly to the point; of all which you will be duly
informed.

Truly, if my head be as confused as my narrative, it will be of little use to me in

the negotiation. I should have begun by relating what happened this morning.
There are, however, two ways of telling a story. One by beginning with the
oldest event, and so travelling down to the close of the tale, and this is the mode
commonly used by philosophers and historians. The other, is by commencing
with the most recent fact or earliest incident, which is the mode universally
practised by lovers, and, generally, by poets. I could even quote Homer and
Virgil as authorities in support of this latter method. Further I may add, that this
retro-progressive arrangement seems more congenial with the temper and
feelings of the fair sex. Thus, you see, most ladies turn first to the last chapter of
a novel or romance. In defence of this practice I could dilate to the utmost extent
of many sheets; but, intending soon to publish an essay on the subject, I leave for
the present the residue to your reflections, and return to the interview of this
morning.

I was admitted without hesitation, and was presently joined by Celeste, though I
had not particularized any one as the object of my visit. For some minutes she
led the conversation, and did it with grace and sprightliness, and with admirable
good sense. I made several attempts to divert it to other subjects—subjects
which might have nearer affinity, again, to others; unsuccessfully, however; yet,
whether I was foiled through art or accident, I could not discover. Be assured she
is much superior to l'ainée.

"I would be wooed, and, not unsought, be won."

So I conjectured she thought, and she was right.

A. BURR.

TO THEODOSIA.

Philadelphia, June 8, 1803.

I told you the negotiation should not be long. It is finished—concluded—for

ever abandoned—liber sum. Celeste never means to marry; "firmly resolved." I
am very sorry to hear it, madam; had promised myself great happiness, but
cannot blame your determination. "No, certainly, sir, you cannot; for I recollect
to have heard you express surprise that any woman would marry, &c., and you
gave such reasons, and with so much eloquence, as made an indelible impression
on my mind." Have you any commands to town, madam? I wish you a good-
morning. End of the second and last act.

The interview was about an hour. Celeste was greatly agitated; behaved,
however, with great propriety. The parting was full of courtesy, and there is
reason to hope that there will be no hanging or drowning.

I dined to-day chez Rush. The two elder daughters are in Canada. The little Julia,
now about ten, is growing up very lovely and tres gentile. Afterward called to
see your friend, Mrs. Stewart, and her beautiful daughter. She is really beautiful.
To-morrow I dine chez la Raz.

The law business goes on slowly; may be finished about Tuesday next, after
which I shall hasten to those who love me, when I shall endeavour to rouse them
from their lethargy, and give them a little zest for life. Just now I recollect that I
have no letter from you this morning, at which I was confoundedly vexed. I stop,
therefore, and shall withhold even this for a day, by way of punishment. You will
say that you were not well, that you were engaged in company, that the servant
neglected to take the letter, or some such trite thing. All nonsense. Bon soir.

Thursday morning.

Your letter of Tuesday, containing the history of the dinner, is received this
morning. Truly, I think that Mr. and Mrs. Moore and Clem might, with any
tolerable aid, have made the dinner gay. Mr. and Mrs. Moore have both a great
deal of wit, and are both well bred. Clem is by no means deficient. It must,
therefore, have been the fault of yourself and husband. If the harp is not
essentially injured, I would not purchase a new one. Kiss little bang.

A. BURR.

FROM THEODOSIA.

New-York, June 9, 1803.

I received yesterday your three letters of the 5th and 6th. They made me laugh,
yet I pity you, and have really a fellow feeling for you. Poor little Rippy, so you
are mortgaged! But you bear it charmingly; do you think this courage will last,
or is it only a spasm? Spasmodic love. It is really quite new. The trifling incident
in relation to dress you must pardon. I am a connoisseur in these things, and can
assure you they are very pardonable.

I am all anxiety and impatience for to-day's mail. But it surprises me that primo
mobile is forgotten. Pray, have you lived altogether on pepper? We shall ride to
Montalto this afternoon, and you shall know our reception. I am too anxious for
my letters to add a word more. Poor Starling!

THEODOSIA.

TO THEODOSIA.

Philadelphia, June 10, 1803.

Yesterday I dined chez la Raz; a very pleasant party. The farce of eight days past
had been forgotten, or recollected only as a dream.

Just as I sit down to write to you I receive a note from Celeste, advising me that
she is in town for a few hours, and will be happy to see me. What in the name of
love and matrimony can this mean? The conclusion was definitive, and a mutual
promise that neither would ever renew the subject. I am all impatience, and I go
to hear. You shall know to-morrow.

A. BURR.

FROM THEODOSIA.

New-York, June 10, 1803.

My apology for not writing this morning is enclosed. We have been dining with
Mrs. Laight to-day, and have been much amused. We are to take them, with Miss
Laight and Miss Brown, in curricle and coachee to Montalto to-morrow
afternoon. We are absolutely two demonstrations of two laws in mechanics.
When we repose it requires a great exertion to move us, and when put in motion
we go on.

My interruption last evening prevented me from wishing you joy at the

declaration of independence. What are your plans now. Cher petit pere, the boy
kisses you; but I do not, because you remain so long in Philadelphia.

THEODOSIA.

Footnotes:

1. Her cousin, Catharine Brown, daughter of Dr. Joseph Brown.

CHAPTER XIV.

TO THEODOSIA.

Philadelphia, June 11, 1803.

Continuation of the Story of the Loves of Reubon and Celeste.

Your recollection must be recalled to the fatal and decisive interview of

Wednesday. The result only was stated in a former letter. It would have required
too much time to compress into the compass of one or two sheets a conversation
of two hours. The details are therefore omitted; but a circumstance which will
increase your surprise at the incident related yesterday morning is, that, on
Wednesday night, Reubon received by the hands of a servant of Celeste, sent for
the sole purpose seven miles, a letter from her, couched in civil terms, but
expressing "an unalterable determination never to listen again to his suit, and
requesting that the subject might never be renewed." Reubon returned home late
last evening, and was told that a boy had been three times in the course of the
afternoon and evening to deliver him a message, but refused to say from whom
he came. The last time the servant of Reubon traced the boy to the house of
Celeste in town. It was not known that Celeste had been that day in town, and no
conjecture could be formed as to the owner of the boy or the object of his
message. The note received by Reubon this morning explains the mystery. The
letter which I wrote you by the mail left Reubon puzzling his brain to discover
the meaning of that note, and just going out to obey the challenge which it
conveyed. He went, as you were apprized, and has just now returned and
communicated what you shall now hear.

Some years ago, a worthy country judge, having heard a cause very ingeniously
debated by lawyers on each side, when he came to charge the jury, did it in the
words following: "Gentlemen of the jury, you must get along with this cause as
well as you can; for my part, I am swamp'd." Now Reubon is exactly in the case
of this judge, and I am at a loss what to advise him. You could unravel this thing
in five minutes. Would to God you were here; but to the story.

He found Celeste with a visitor; some female neighbour, who sat a full half hour.
Celeste betrayed considerable agitation when Reubon came in, and the most
palpable impatience at the long stay of the lady visitor. At length she went, and
the parties were alone. As she had desired the interview, it was her place to speak
first. After a pause and several efforts, she, with some trepidation, said that she
feared the letter which she had writen had not been expressed in terms
sufficiently polite and respectful; she had wished an opportunity to apologize;
and here she stuck. Reubon ought in mercy and in politeness to have taken up
the conversation; but he, expecting no such thing, was taken by surprise, and
remained dumb, with a kind of half grin. The duette, at this moment, would have
made a charming subject for the pencil of Vanderlyn. Celeste was profoundly
occupied in tearing up some roses which she held in her hand, and Reubon was
equally industrious in twirling his hat, and pinching some new corners and
angles in the brim. At length he recovered himself so far as to gain utterance. He
denied, plumply, that there was want of politeness or respect in the letter; and,
after many awkward detours and half-finished sentences, he said he would return
the letter, and would consider it as cancelling the determination which it
contained, and proposed to call on her in the country to-morrow morning to
renew his suit. This was faintly opposed. He changed the course of conversation,
without insisting on a formal permission or refusal, and then went into the
subject of celibacy and matrimony, and passed an hour tête-à-tête. It may be
worth noting that, towards the close of the conversation, some one knocked, and
that she went out and ordered the servant to deny her, from which it may be
inferred that she was not disagreeably engaged, and that she did not wish to be
interrupted.

Now, ma Minerve, is not this a very ridiculous posture for so grave an affair?
And is not Reubon in a way to be coquetted, with his eyes open? I rather think
he erred in giving to the apology of Celeste any other meaning than she literally
expressed. Thus he might have compelled her to be more explicit. On the other
hand, if she did in fact repent, and so suddenly, it would seem too harsh and
fastidious to shut the door against all treaty and negotiation. Upon the whole,
however, I conclude that if she wished, for any kind reason, to retreat, she should
have gone further, and held out something like encouragement; in short, have
met him half way. It may, I know, be replied, that her habits of life and singular
education forbid every thing like advance; and that a lady may always presume
that her lover, if sincere, will seize the slightest ground for hope; and that, in the
logic of love, an equivocal refusal is assent. Certainly, this last interview has
been illy managed on the part of Reubon, but I have not yet resolved what to
advise. This is left open till morning, when perhaps a word may be added.

Saturday morning.

From the state of things it is obvious that there can, at this hour, be no new fact
to communicate; but I have no longer any doubts as to the meaning of the late
scene, nor as to the line of conduct to be pursued by Reubon. The note of Celeste
is one of those trifling incidents which are too small for calculation, which may
have arisen from the trifling motive assigned. Perhaps from a little spirit of
coquetry, perhaps a mere piece of sport. He shall, therefore, take no further
notice of it; not even to go out this morning to see her, as he had solicited and
engaged; and, when he shall next meet her, make some slight apology. Thus the
thing is settled.

A. BURR.

TO THEODOSIA.

Philadelphia, June 12, 1803.

I am weary, and so must you be, of this story of Reubon and Celeste. It is,
however, closed, and you will, after this letter, hear no more of it.

Reubon agreed to comport himself in the manner advised in my last.

Immediately after this determination, Celeste sent a servant to inform him that
she was in town! He called to see her; returned the offensive letter, and told her
that, as he understood that it was the manner and not the substance of the letter
which had induced her to recall it, it would be quite unnecessary for her to take
the trouble of writing another. They talked of indifferent matters. Reubon, quite
at ease, played the man of the world, and, in my opinion, the man of sense.
Before they parted, her face was flushed like a full-blown rose. She begged his
permission to destroy the letter, which was certainly a very useless request,
considering that the letter was wholly in her power. During the interview,
Celeste, having no roses to occupy her hands, twisted off two corners of a
pocket-handkerchief.

This reference (the law business), of which I informed you something, has
become extremely troublesome and disagreeable. I am apprehensive that it will
detain me here nearly the whole of this week.

Binny looks remarkably well, and talks much about you. Dennis and wife, from
Savannah, are here. Madame est toujours belle. I can't express to you my
impatience to be with you, your husband, and little one. Truly I think with horror
of passing five days more here. Pray form no plans of distant rides until my
return.

A. BURR.

FROM THEODOSIA.

New-York, June 14, 1803.

As to Celeste, voila mon opinion. She meant, from the beginning, to say that
awful word—yes; but not choosing to say it immediately, she told you that you
had furnished her with arguments against matrimony, which in French means,
Please, sir, to persuade me out of them again. But you took it as a plump refusal,
and walked off. She called you back. What more could she do? I would have
seen you to Japan before I should have done so much. I still, however, like your
plan. My opinion is not, perhaps, well founded, and it is best to be on the safe
side. If she is determined to be kind, she will find out a way of expressing it, or
she is not worth having. I am quite pleased with her, and am waiting the arrival
of the mail with the utmost impatience.

"Treasure" is well, notwithstanding all predictions on my folly in his dress. You

must be home for my birthday, (the 20th inst.), or I'll never forgive you; or,
rather, I shall not spend it pleasantly.

THEODOSIA
TO THEODOSIA.

Philadelphia, June 16, 1803.

No letter by this mail; being the fourth omission and violation of promise since
the 1st inst.

The birthday must be kept. It shall be "honoured by my presence." You will

therefore make your preparations, and, among other articles for your feast or
party, I recommend two fiddlers, not barbecued or roasted, but en plein vie.

If this should be received on Friday morning, in season to be answered by that

day's mail, I beg to have a line from you, if only a bon jour; after which, no more
letters can be received. You shall not have any distant parties or jaunts until I can
partake. I am even jealous of the Fort Washington tour. Indeed, you can't go
there without me, for no one can so well show you the ground.

If Mr. Kane and his wife (late Miss Clarke) should be in town, pray call on them
immediately, and make them and the sister of the party. Recollect they have
many claims to your civilities. His sister, Mrs. Thomas Morris, was very kind to
you at Genesee. Mr. Kane himself overwhelmed us with good offices on a
certain occasion at Albany, and the frequent hospitalities of John Innes Clarke
can never be forgotten. Be prompt, therefore, and courteous.

A. BURR.

FROM THEODOSIA.

Ballston, July 20, 1803.

Behold us, cher pere, at this fountain of health; and now my only wish is to
leave it as soon as possible. On arriving here we found that your letter to H.
Walton had not been received; but we have been very fortunate in getting a
house entirely to ourselves, and one quite as pleasantly situated as that you
mentioned. Mr. Walton has been extremely polite to us. We dined there on
Monday, and in the evening went to a ball, which surpassed my expectations in
brilliancy. I danced twice, but I am unable to tell you whether I looked well or
danced well; for you are the only person in the world who says any thing to me
about my appearance. Mari generally looks pleased, but rarely makes remarks.
On my return, therefore, I wished for you to learn some account of myself; for
vanity and diffidence had a combat in which each so well maintained its ground
that the affair is still left undecided.

General Smith and family are here. Never was ennui more strongly depicted than
in the countenance of madame and sister. They appear absolutely bereft of every
thing like exertion. Mr. ——-, on the contrary, while he owns that this is not one
of the most pleasant places he has ever seen, is still lively and agreeable. Such
are the baneful effects of our education. Put out of our usual sphere of
acquaintance, or the old routine of amusement and occupation, we rarely have
knowledge of the world enough to discover any pleasant qualification that may
exist in a stranger, and to put it to any use if it obtrude itself on our notice; and
still less are we taught to create amusements for ourselves.

The boy is pretty well, but I confess I have many doubts as to the healthiness of
this place for children. Every morning since our arrival there has been a thick
mist, which the sun does not disperse till nine or ten o'clock. I kiss you with all
my heart.

THEODOSIA.

FROM CHARLES BIDDLE.

Philadelphia, February 3, 1803.

DEAR SIR,

The business of New-Orleans is much talked of here. In my opinion, and it is the

opinion of many others, we should immediately take possession, and then treat
about it. We have no business to make excuses for the conduct of the Spanish
government, by saying that they gave no orders to treat us in this manner. For
my own part I do not fear a war with France and Spain. We could do more injury
to them than they could do us. If we were at war with them, and Great Britain
did not join us, we should have our ports filled with their seamen, and the coasts
of France and Spain would soon swarm with our cruisers.
I remember, just before the commencement of the revolutionary war, my mother
was disputing with an English officer. He said the Americans, of right, should
not go to war; they could do nothing; they could get no person to head them. She
replied, that the Americans would have no difficulty in finding some person to
command their army; that she had seven sons, and, if necessary, would lead them
herself to oppose their army. Two of her sons fell during the war in the service of
their country. I have seven sons, whom I would much sooner lead to the field
than suffer our country to be insulted. Your friend,

CHARLES BIDDLE.

FROM JOHN TAYLOR, OF CAROLINA.

Virginia, near Port Royal, March 25, 1803,

DEAR SIR,

By your note from the Bowling Green I find you are under two mistakes. One,
that I am a candidate for Congress; the other, that I am making a book. As to the
first, I have withstood all solicitation; and, although a few gentlemen have been
pleased, without my knowledge, to make a stir, as it is called, nothing will come
of it, and the old colonel will once more be felicitated.

As to the second, writing is one of my amusements, but in a wild, careless, and

desultory way. Judge, then, how unlikely such scraps are to come out a book.
Not that I would hesitate to publish any thing which might do these people good,
however it might effect my own name, about which the fifty years which have
passed over my head have rendered me quite indifferent. My time goes along
tolerably enough, one way or another. Fancy furnishes me with passions and
amusements, and about one hundred dollars a year more than meets every want I
have which money can gratify.

This election affair has, however, exposed me to five or six essays in the
newspapers, composed of lies, malice, and nonsense. One writer (an old tory)
charges yourself and Colonel Smith with having met in caucus here, to plot the
expulsion of Anthony New from Congress. I would have given five guineas had
you called again, for it is probable you would have met Smith at my gate, and
another pretty piece would have appeared most prodigiously entertaining. Well,
if you will call in June, I will give you a hearty welcome to the best I have. May
you be happy.

Your friend,

JOHN TAYLOR.

FROM PIERCE BUTLER.

Near Darien, Georgia, March 30, 1803.

DEAR SIR,

The letter you did me the honour of writing, with the accompaniments you so
kindly forwarded, have my warm and grateful acknowledgments. The selection
of ten miles square for the seat of government appeared to me at the time, and
has continued, an excrescence on the Constitution, like a wart on a fair skin.
Neither the foreign ministers nor the resident citizens in the federal city have any
thing to alarm them under state laws. There is no finger of blood in the laws of
Maryland or Virginia. I am of Mr. Bacon's opinion—return the sovereignty to the
states. I hope we shall preserve peace with Spain. I observe, with much
gratification, that the debates in Congress are much more decorous than they
were last session.

The object or end of Mr. Monroe's mission I am ignorant of, as I do not

correspond with any public character but yourself. I suppose an explanation with
France respecting New-Orleans. I leave my farm in a few days for Philadelphia,
where it would afford me pleasure to see you.

Your friend,

P. BUTLER.

TO THEODOSIA.
New-York, July 30, 1803.

It was kind to announce to me, by the earliest opportunity, your safe arrival at
Lebanon. Tell me more precisely the movements and intentions of the family, as
they will in some measure control mine. I am negotiating for the possession of
Richmond Hill, by exchanging with Colonel F. for my house in town. It will be
interesting indeed to have you and your boy at the house where you have been
once so happy. We will trace back our childish sports and our more grave
amusements. In the sale of this estate I reserve the house and a due portion of the
ground about it; yet a good price will tempt me to part with it.

Some obscure hints in one of your letters have saddened my heart. From son
pere I have merited neither suspicion nor reserve. Is it, then, criminal that a
person of mature age should converse on a subject most highly interesting with
the friend most likely informed? Yet did I not even give advice; invariably and
inflexibly I declared that I would never interfere in the matter unless son pere
concurred. Have you forgotten the mad project of going to England? the anxiety
and misery it cost us for some days? I should have thanked the man who had
thus treated my child. Indeed, my dear Theodosia, such things sink into my soul.
They seem to invade the very sanctuary of happiness. Had I any thing so much at
heart as to render him happy? That I love him, you best know. God bless my
dear Theodosia.

A. BURR.

TO THEODOSIA.

Providence, R. I., August 1, 1803.

I left New-York two days after you, that is, on Saturday, and had a pretty little
passage of forty-eight hours. We were, on board, a British custom-house officer,
a sensible, pleasant man, who played chess with me; two ladies, rather pretty,
who did not molest us, point exigentes, bien amiable; five little children, who
neither cried nor quarrelled the whole way! yet cheerful and playful.

Six days have I passed here very pleasantly. To-morrow I go, whither is not
determined. You may, however, address me at New-York, which will most
probably be my destination.

All those you saw when you were last here inquire about you with great civility
and interest, and say pretty things of you. Don't be vain, madam, for I take this to
be a kind of flattery to me, or to be so intended. Miss C. talks much of you, and
L. N., and Miss A. Can you imagine what are Miss C.'s occupations and
arrangements? Never; so I'll tell you. Why, she instructs two nieces and a
nephew (things of twelve or thirteen) in astronomy, natural philosophy, and
principles of botany! Her boudoir has globes, several mathematical instruments,
&c. All this I discovered by accident; for she denies it all most strenuously, and
with some pretty, unaffected embarrassment. Be assured this is an amiable,
sensible girl. I don't believe you know her value: so I pray you to study her. She
left town yesterday with her mother for Lebanon. Mr. C. went on Friday to New-
York. What care you for all that?

Are you a good girl? Do you drink the waters, and bathe, and ride, and walk? I
hear Mrs. W. is handsomer than during her widowhood, of which I am very glad.
Mr. Russel left this on Thursday, intending to pass through Albany and Ballston
on his way to Niagara. If he should come into your vicinage, desire Mr. Alston to
recollect him. His wife is with him. I never saw her.

Tell me who you see, and what you do, and what are your plans. You had best
return by Boston and Providence if you should have time. Can you make little
chose drink the water? I dare say not. If I were there I would force some down
his little throat. God bless you all.

A. BURR.

TO THEODOSIA.

New-York, August 6, 1803.

Your letter of the 20th of July was received from the postoffice on my arrival last
evening. There must be some anachronism in the date, for you left New-York on
the 21st. I learn, however, that you arrived, were well, and had danced. Lord,
how I should have liked to see you dance. It is so long; how long is it? It is
certain that you dance better than anybody and looked better. Not a word of the
Spring waters, their effects, &c.

I made the journey from Providence by land in four days. Near town, yesterday,
P.M., I met Mr. and Mrs. Harper, of Baltimore. They are to breakfast with me
this morning; so I must make haste, for it is now eight o'clock. How bad I write
to-day. With Mr. and Mrs. Harper was a pretty-looking, black-eyed lass, whose
name I did not hear. I hope she is coming out to breakfast, for I like her. There
was also that Liverpool merchant, who used to hang on Butler so in Charleston. I
hope he won't come.

I wrote you from Providence, on Monday last, all I had to say of it and its
inhabitants. I found the whole country, from Providence to this place, greatly
alarmed about the yellow fever, said to be in New-York, and dreadful stories in
circulation, as usual. There have been some suspicious cases, and some decided
instances of yellow fever. Our practising physicians, however, our mayor and
police-officers deny its existence. There is no alarm in town. The coffee-house is
attended as usual. This length of intolerable heat has, I fear, prepared an
atmosphere for the kind reception, if not for the generation of the fever. Now I
hear the carriage. Bon jour. Be a good girl. Love to H. 'Twas nothing but a cart.

L. and her little bang are here (chez nous); how happy are you mothers. She will
descant on its beauties by the hour; will point them out to you distinctly, lest they
might escape notice. The hair, the nose, the mouth, and, in short, every feature,
limb, and muscle, is admirable and is admired. To all which I agreed.

Jerome Bonaparte is not here; nor is it certain that he is on the continent. The
French consul, whom I met in the road, told me, with une maniere mysterieuse,
that he had something to communicate on that subject. Maybe he is come,
maybe he isn't. I conjecture that he is come or coming.

Here they come, in earnest. I see only one lady in the carriage; so miss has not
come; well, she may stay.

A. BURR.

TO THEODOSIA.
New-York, August 8, 1803.

Your amiable letter of the 1st inst. has not yet come to hand, and therefore
cannot yet be acknowledged; perhaps it has not yet been written.

Indeed, we are about to be scourged with the plague called yellow fever. John
Bard dead; but, to keep the account good, Billy B. has twins (boys). Catharine
Church Cruger (Mrs. Peter C.) has a son. But of the deaths. We die reasonably
fast. Six or eight new cases reported yesterday. Of those who take the fever three
fourths die. The coffee-house was, nevertheless, pretty well attended. No
appearances of alarm until to-day. Several families have removed from the
neighbourhood of the Tontine Coffee-house, and five times the number will
remove to-morrow. Laight claimed Mr. Alston's promise of Montalto, and I have
admitted his pretensions. He will take possession to-morrow or next day. Our
pretty (beautiful) Mrs. Talbot, late Miss Truxton, more lately Mrs. Cox, is in my
neighbourhood.

I write in town, and in the most outrageous hurry, having nothing to do, but
having, according to custom, omitted writing till the moment of closing the mail.
Mr. and Mrs. Harper did come, and with them that black-eyed young lady, which
proved to be Miss Chase, of Baltimore. Mr. ——- came also.

Do you know Miss Joanna Livingston? Pray recollect all her good and amiable
qualities. Reflect profoundly. Adieu, ma chere amie.

A. BURR.

FROM THEODOSIA.

Washington, October 16, 1803.

We arrived here yesterday somewhat fatigued. I was, however, very happy to

find myself at Washington, for we had, in the morning, been near taking quite a
different route. Some part of our harness having broken on the top of a pretty
long descent, fortunately the leaders were frightened by the wheel horses
crowding on them; and running aside, one got his leg over the pole and was
stopped, or you would not have had the pleasure of receiving this interesting
scribleriad, and the poor world would have been deprived of the heir-apparent to
all its admiration and glory.

Our friend L. I have not seen. She was not to be seen. She has gone to Lancaster,
and intends returning by the way of Harper's Ferry. Her journey is taken with a
view to recruit herself after a severe attack of the bilious fever; with which, also,
her little daughter has been at the point of death—literally, I am told. Lest I
might lose the pleasure of seeing her by some mistake, I would not trust to the
information of Tunnecliffe as to her absence, but made him send directly to her
house. There; is not that little incident related in the true heroic style? Mrs.
Madison and myself have made an interchange of visits to-day. She is still
pretty; but oh, that unfortunate propensity to snuff-taking. We drank tea with Mr.
and Mrs. Gallatin by invitation. Nobody asked us to eat. The markets are bad, I
hear. We live very well, however, and, if you have not engaged lodgings, I
advise to apply here also.

To-morrow takes us to Dumfries, and the next day beyond Fredericksburgh. Le

pere is at Bowling Green. I bear travelling remarkably well. Headaches have
disappeared, and my appetite increases; but poor little gampy does not like the
confinement of the carriage.

On inquiry, we find that the one-eyed Nicholas who was in Congress is named
John, and has only three brothers, Wilson, Robert, and Normond; so your man is
an impostor, consequently you have been imposed on and cheated out of fifty
dollars. Wade Hampton arrived here this evening.

THEODOSIA.

FROM THEODOSIA.

Petersburgh, October 21, 1803.

We reached this last night without any accident or even incident, but with great
fatigue. Mr. Alston appears so distressed and worn out with the child's fretting,
that it returns on me with redoubled force.

Le pere et frere are here. Toujours honnête et bon. They breakfasted with us, for
we are obliged to take separate lodgings, and my husband has now gone to the
races with them; a party of pleasure I was very willing to resign for you and
repose. The longer I live, the more frequently the truth of your advice evinces
itself, and never was there any thing more true than that occupation is necessary
to give one command over themselves. I confess I feel myself growing quite
cross on the journey, and it is really to be feared that, unless we soon finish it,
the serene tranquillity of my placid temper may be injured. Novel reading has, I
find, not only the ill effect of rendering people romantic, which, thanks to my
father on earth, I am long past, but they really furnish no occupation to the mind.
A series of events follow so rapidly, and are interwoven with remarks so
commonplace and so spun out, that there is nothing left to reflect upon. A
collection of images, which amuse only from their variety and rapid succession,
like the pictures of a magic lantern; not like a piece of Vanderlyn, where the
painter makes fine touches, and leaves to your vanity at least the merit of
discovering them. Oh! would I had my friend Sterne. Half he says has no
meaning, and, therefore, every time I read him I find a different one.

The boy has perfectly recovered. He remembers you astonishingly. He is

constantly repeating that you are gone, and calling after you. When I told him to
call Mr. Alston grandfather—"Grandfather gone," says he. I kiss you from my
heart.

THEODOSIA.

FROM THEODOSIA.

Lumberton, S. C., October 29, 1803.

Thank Heaven, my dear father, I am at Lumberton, and within a few days of rest.
I am sick, fatigued, out of patience, and on the very brink of being out of temper.
Judge, therefore, if I am not in great need of repose. What conduces to render the
journey unpleasant is, that it frets the boy, who has acquired two jaw teeth since
he left you, and still talks of gampy. We travel in company with the two Alstons.
Pray teach me how to write two A's without producing something like an Ass.

We expect to reach Georgetown on the 1st of November. There we shall remain

three or four days, and then proceed to Charleston. Adieu. Mille baises.
THEODOSIA.

FROM THEODOSIA.

Clifton, November 8, 1803.

You are surprised at my date, but my last must have prepared you for it in some
degree. I received such warm and repeated solicitations to come here, that I
accepted. We came on the 3d, and shall remain here till the day after to-morrow,
when-oh!-oh! I go to Hagley, where we shall remain till Natalie's arrival, which
will carry me to Charleston. It might appear ill-natured and ungrateful for the
kindness John and Sally show me to regret residing at Hagley. But you, who
always put the best construction on my words and deeds, will allow, that a place
in which we have suffered much and run a risk of suffering more must be
unpleasant.

We have visited the Oaks house since our arrival. The lazy workmen have been
wasting their time, and have not yet finished what two Northern workmen would
have done in a month. They are in the act of plastering, and that will not be dry
enough to admit us in some time. Thus I shall remain with John till Mr. Alston
returns from Columbia. Do you not think we may safely enter the house then?
The plastering will be finished in less than a week hence; and the legislature, you
know, adjourns at Christmas. I am particular on this subject, because I have
known persons to suffer much from inhabiting a house too newly finished, and I
wish to have your opinion.

I am extremely anxious to hear from you. When we parted you were engaged in
talking over a bargain with Mr. Astor. Pray tell me the event of your
deliberations. I had almost forgotten to tell you that we have every prospect of a
capital crop.

THEODOSIA.

TO THEODOSIA.
New-York, November 7, 1803.

Your letter from Chester was received in due time; that from Washington came
only yesterday, having lain there fourteen days before it was put into the office.
By this time you must have received all those which I have written to you since
your departure—not a single one. This is the first time that I have put pen to
paper at you; but I have been too busy, selling. All is sold, and well sold; not all,
however. The house, outhouses, and some three or four acres remain. Enough to
keep up the appearance, and all the pleasant recollections of your infantine days,
and some of your matronly days also, are reserved with interest. This weighty
business, however, is completed, and a huge weight it has taken from the head
and shoulders, and every other part, animal and intellectual, of A. B.

Mr. M'Kinnon wrote me, last June, a letter, which I received a few days ago, and
with it came two shawls or cloaks (a kind of worked muslin, all the rage in Paris
and London at that date), some visiting cards, and ornamented message paper.
Half his letter is to you and of you. He begs you to accept one of the shawls, and
to give Frances the other. I executed his instructions by giving F. one. Surely it is
not worth while to send the other to the Oaks for the admiration of your
Africans. It is, in my opinion, beautiful; though, at first sight, I thought so little
of it that I was going to give it to Peggy or Nancy. Of the cards I enclose a
sample.

If little gamp could read, I should write to him volumes. I find my thoughts
straying to him every hour in the day, and think more of him twenty fold than of
you two together. Mrs. Laight and child are well. They move to town in six or
eight days. Anna is well. Cath. C. la la.

A. BURR.

TO THEODOSIA.

New-York, November 22, 1803.

My last went by water, in care of young Gibbs, the baker's son, with the curricle
box, and some other articles which I have forgotten. The letter contained some
samples of M'Kinnon's present. The shawl is still retained as being too precious
to be sent by sea or land. Is this right?

Mr. Astor left with me some days ago for Mr. Alston a very beautiful map of
Lower Canada, price ten dollars, and two views of Montreal and its vicinity, two
guineas. I am particularly charged by Mr. Astor to inform Mr. Alston that his
landlord at Montreal paid to him (Mr. Astor), for the account of Joseph Alston,
Esq., the sum of one half guinea; the said landlord having discovered, after the
departure of the said Joseph Alston et ux., that they had not taken with them two
bottles of Madeira wine which the said landlord had charged in the bill of the
said Joseph Alston, and for which he had received payment. Thus I have
discharged myself of a commission which has been enjoined upon me at least ten
times.

Roger Morris's place, the large handsome house on the height beyond Mrs.
Watkins, is for sale. I can get it for Richmond Hill with four acres. Shall I
exchange? R. M.'s has one hundred and thirty acres. If I leave Richmond Hill,
however, had I not better buy in town, that you may have a resting-place there ?
Dear little gampy; tell me a great deal about him, or I shall not value your letters.
Indeed, I will return them unopened. Is not that good Irish?

Mr. Law has arrived. Miss Wheeler [1] is also at Washington, and A. B. at New-
York-tant mieux. Would you think it? I have been coquetted by a rich widow,
and really I had some thoughts of yielding.

Jerome Bonaparte is here, and he will keep me three days to dine him. We have
exchanged visits, but have not yet met. I think I have mixed up here every thing I
have to say to T. B. A. or J. A. No one word of politics; but, on further reflection,
Mari will be at Columbia when this arrives.

A. BURR.

TO THEODOSIA.

Washington, December 4, 1803.

I arrived this afternoon, and found here your three letters from Petersburgh,
Lumberton, and Georgetown. The last is dated the 2d of November. How very
long ago. These letters are very satisfactory, except on the article of your health;
of that you must speak a little more plainly. How long are you to stay in
Charleston? Without knowing this, I am at a loss where to address you. I shall
conclude that you will remain there till the return of Mr. Alston from the
legislature.

The manner of your letters pleases me "prodigiously." There is ease, good sense,
and sprightliness. That from Petersburgh merits still higher encomium. Tell dear
little gampy that I have read over his letter a great many times, and with great
admiration. Mrs. Law, to whom I showed it, thinks it a production of genius.

That good and ill fortune never come in single strokes, but in sequences, you
have heard since you were four years old. Since we parted I have been almost
daily surprised by some pleasant occurrence or discovery of a personal nature. I
pray it may continue a little longer; even till a bust is found and obtained.

Mrs. Law was vexed and mortified beyond measure at missing you. She has bid
me say more things than this sheet would hold. The Misses Butler are all here. I
shall see them to-morrow. Mary Allen, that was, now Mrs. Livingston; that
beautiful little Miss Gray, whom we saw in Boston; she became Mrs. Dobel,
then a widow, and now Mrs. Payne.

At Philadelphia Mrs. Lenox and K. almost quarrelled with me for your passing
their gate without calling. They had made some preparation, and, in good faith,
desired your visit. Miss Boadley, too, talked of you with great interest. At
Wilmington I saw no one of your acquaintance; nor at Baltimore, except Susan
Smith, who is there on a visit from Princeton.

To go back to New-York. All things are much as you left them, except that what
regards gamp is a good deal better. Mrs. Laight, and child, and sisters all in good
condition and in high spirits. Have already been dancing—I believe twice. At
Mrs. General G.'s I met by accident Mrs. Rogers. She is a pleasant, cheerful,
comely woman, to appearance not past thirty-eight or forty. You know we had
heard otherwise. Eustis has sprained his ankle, which puts him, for the present,
out of the gay world. I have not been abroad except to dine with Mrs. L. I am
rejoiced at what you tell me of La Gree.

Pray take immediately in hand some book which requires attention and study.
You will, I fear, lose the habit of study, which would be a greater misfortune than
to lose your head. M'Kinnon has sent me out a beautiful picture of the celebrated
Madame Ricammier. It is a good deal like your pretty widow, Mrs. Wright. Bon
soir.

A. BURR.
FROM THEODOSIA.

Charleston, November 19, 1803.

All your trouble, good precepts, and better example have been thrown away on
me. I am still a child. Your letter of the 7th inst. reached me yesterday. Of course
it made me very happy; but those pretty little playthings from D. M'Kinnon
delighted me. I looked at them over and over, with as much pleasure as a miser
over his hoard. But you must send me the shawl. I shall be down at the races,
and want to have the gratification of displaying it.

From my date and my last letter you imagine that Natalie is in town, but you are
mistaken. I came down in the hope of meeting her, and to buy some furniture for
the Oaks. Mari on business. I return to Waccamaw to-morrow morning early. My
husband left me to-day for Columbia. He received your letter too late to answer
it hence, but will do so from Columbia. As for me, I am in the height of bustle
and confusion. Before seven this morning I had packed up two or three trunks,
and unpacked them all again. Is not that industry? I write as if I were in a hurry.
You may perceive the state of my head and house from the style of my letter.
More from Hagley. Good-by.

THEODOSIA.

TO THEODOSIA.

Washington, December 6, 1803.

Since closing a letter to you last evening, I have received two more, 8th and 19th
of November. You are a good girl to write so often. Oh, yes! I knew how much
of a child you were when I sent the pretty things. Just such another child is son
pere.

I write from my breakfast-table, having not yet been abroad, and having denied
myself to everybody. I have, therefore, nothing now to say, and should not so
soon have troubled you again, but for that part of your letter which speaks of the
condition of your house. I hasten to say that, in my opinion, your house will not
be a fit or healthy residence for your boy before the middle of April or 1st of
May. The walls may, to the touch, appear dry in three or four weeks; but shut up
any room for twelve or twenty-four hours, and enter before it be aired, you will
meet an offensive, and, as I believe, a pernicious effluvia; an air totally unfit for
respiration, unelastic, and which, when inhaled, leaves the lungs unsatisfied.
This is the air you will breathe if you inhabit the house. I could, perhaps, show
chymically how the atmosphere of the closed rooms becomes thus azotic, but I
prefer to submit to the test of your senses.

The shawl shall be ordered on, since you will risk it. Yes, go to the races, and
appear to be amused. Be more social.

A. BURR.

TO THEODOSIA.

Washington, December 9, 1803.

When any thing amuses me, my first thought is whether it would not also amuse
you; and the pleasure is but half enjoyed until it is communicated. The enclosed
has suggested this prologue.

Perhaps I did not tell you that Kate made breakfast for Bonaparte one morning at
my house: a breakfast à la François, at twelve o'clock. Of four ladies, she was
the only one who spoke French, and she really seemed inspired. No Parisian
could have been more fluent, graceful, or sprightly.

I have nothing to add of A. B., nor of any of the rest of the alphabet; and my
breakfast being on table, farewell.

A. BURR.

FROM THEODOSIA.
Clifton, December 1, 1803.

I have been here about a week, cher pere. Since your letter by Gibbs, have not
received a line from you. I do not know whether to be most sorry or mad: a little
of both troubles me at present; but, to punish you for your silence, I will not tell
you which preponderates. Pray write to me immediately.

On the morning after writing to you in Charleston, I set off for the country, as
determined on; and, since my arrival, have learned that Natalie was at my house
in less than three hours after my departure. Sumter's business will not allow him
time to come here, so that I shall go there. William drives me down in his
curricle, and we shall set off to-day—this morning—now. The flat is in the
canal; the curricle on board; my clothes not yet packed up; so good-by. Before I
finish I must tell you that I have again heard from La Greque; she is
astonishingly improved in appearance, so say others, and is very happy. She has
sent me a Parisian bonnet, two beautiful handkerchiefs, and a pair of walking
shoes. To the boy a French and English library; and to Mari a beautiful little
golden candlestick, and wax tapers to light his segar.

My health is infinitely improved, and I attribute it to nothing but the continual

bustle I have been kept in for three weeks past. What a charming thing a bustle
is. Oh, dear, delightful confusion. It gives a circulation to the blood, an activity
to the mind, and a spring to the spirits.

THEODOSIA.

TO THEODOSIA.

Washington, December 27, 1803.

Indeed, indeed, my dear little Theodosia, I will write to you very soon. Don't
scold and pout so, and I will tell you how I visited Annapolis, and how I returned
about an hour ago. All that, however, may be told in half a line. I went and
returned in my own little coachee. But what I did and who I saw are other
matters. Something, too, about Celeste, and something about Madame G., whom
you are pleased to term the rich widow. This, I think, will keep you quiet a week.
Your letter, written on your return from seeing Natalie, is received. You are a
dear good little girl to write me so; and of dear little gampy, too, so much, yet
never enough. God bless thee.

A. BURR

FROM THEODOSIA.

Clifton, December 10, 1803.

Behold me again at Clifton; and, in good truth, I begin to be cloyed with the
delights of bustle. William and myself left this the day after the date of my last.
Some difficulty in crossing the horses delayed us till then. We reached
Charleston on the second day, and I found Natalie delighted to see me, and still
pretty. She has grown thinner, much thinner; but her complexion is still good,
though more languid. The loss of her hair is, however, an alteration much for the
worse. Her crop is pretty, but not half so much so as her fine brown hair. I write
you all these foolish little particulars because you enter into them all, or, rather,
are sensible of all their importance to us. Natalie has a lovely little daughter
called after her.

Mr. Sumter is very affectionate and attentive to her, and polite to me. I like him
infinitely better than I did. He is an amiable, good-hearted man, with talents to
render him respectable. The people of Charleston have paid Natalie every
possible attention; indeed, much more than I ever received.

Your letter of the 22d of November greeted me on my arrival here. The exchange
has employed my thoughts ever since. Richmond Hill will, for a few years to
come, be more valuable than Morris's; and to you, who are so fond of town, a
place so far from it would be useless. So much for my reasoning on one side;
now for the other. Richmond Hill has lost many of its beauties, and is daily
losing more. If you mean it for a residence, what avail its intrinsic value? If you
sell part, you deprive it of every beauty save the mere view. Morris's is the most
commanding view on the island. It is reputed to be indescribably beautiful. The
grounds are pretty. How many delightful walks can be made on one hundred and
thirty acres! How much of your taste displayed! In ten or twenty years hence,
one hundred and thirty acres on New-York island will be a principality; and there
is to me something stylish, elegant, respectable, and suitable to you in having a
handsome country-seat. So that, upon the whole, I vote for Morris's.

You, perhaps, have not yet heard of the death of J. M'Pherson. He expired on the
road from town to his brother's. Poor Sally was with him, and John here. He has
gone for her, and thus Hagley will be deserted for a long time.

Men are indubitably born monkeys. Gampy imitates me in every thing I do, and
to-day I had a lesson not to be forgotten. He was playing in my room while I was
dressing; quite at the commencement of my toilet, toute a fais en desabille, I ran
out in the entry to call my maid; while engaged in that operation, I turned round
and saw my brother's door opening within a few yards of me; girl-like, or rather
babylike, I ran to my room, threw the door open violently, and uttering a scream,
was at the other end of it in one jump. The boy, who was busily engaged in
eating mint-drops, no sooner heard me scream and appear frightened than he
yelled most loudly, and, running to me, caught my clothes, clinched his fists, and
appeared really alarmed for two minutes. It was not affectation. Do you think
this trait ominous of a coward? You know my abhorrence and contempt of those
animals. Really I have been uneasy ever since it happened. You see I follow your
injunction to the letter. How do you like this essay? Have you enough of gampy
now?

THEODOSIA.

TO CHARLES BIDDLE.

New-York, July 20, 1800.

MY DEAR SIR,

The President has hauled out into the stream. Your boys left my house yesterday
and went on board. They have gained very much of my esteem and attachment
by their amiable manners, their modesty, and good sense; the friendship which I
formerly bore them on your account is now due to them on their own.

The more I reflect on the destination of these young men, the more I am pleased
with it; and if I had but one son, I think I should place him in the navy.
If the object be ambition, our navy presents the best prospect of honour and
advancement. A young man of merit may be sure of rapid promotion and
opportunities of distinction. If the pursuit be wealth, still the navy offers the
fairest and most honourable means of acquiring it.

But another reason, perhaps not often attended to nor generally believed, would
weigh very much with me. The young men of our day, those, I mean, who are
deemed to be in the higher ranks of life, are addicted to gross and vicious habits,
which are often ruinous to their health and constitutions, and always corrupt the
morals and enfeeble the mind. In naval life they are certainly much less exposed
to these vices. The profession calls for the active exertions both of body and
mind; and I have always remarked that sailors, I mean those among them who
are men of education, and are stimulated by motives of honour or ambition, have
a generosity of temper, a frankness and manliness of character, which is much
more seldom seen in other orders of life.

I am, therefore, firmly persuaded that, situated as our country now is, a young
man of activity and talents has the best chance for health, fortune, and honour by
entering the navy. Your sons are under peculiar advantages, for you may be
assured that they will find not only a friend, but truly a parent in Captain
Truxton. We have talked much about them, and I am happy to find that his
dispositions towards them are such as you could wish.

I am, dear sir,

Your very affectionate friend and servant,

A. BURR.

Recollect, if you please, the Trenton bridge, and find me a copy of the law—any
information with regard to the difficulties—the expense, and probable income—
also the doings of the commissioners, if indeed they have done any thing.

FROM JAMES BIDDLE.

Tripoli Prison, November 29, 1803.

MY DEAR SIR,

I sit down to fulfil the promise made at parting, of writing you upon our arrival
in the Mediterranean. I had flattered myself with the pleasure of hearing from
you frequently during the long and happy cruise which I had contemplated; for,
although the greater part of our time was to be spent far up the Mediterranean,
where opportunities to America rarely occur, yet I should have written you from
every port we visited, sealed, and forwarded my letters as a conveyance offered.
But fate, it seems, had cruelly ordained that we should not realize those
prospects of pleasure and gratification which we had, with so much certainty,
calculated upon; and that this cruise, which had promised to be so agreeable,
should be suddenly terminated, in its very commencement, by events the most
distressing to ourselves and our friends, and which may involve our country in
difficulties and perplexities with this regency.

For the unfortunate events of the thirty-first ultimo, the lamentable day which
terminated in the loss of our ship [2] by being wrecked on rocks within a few
miles of this town, and in ourselves becoming prisoners of war to the Bashaw of
Tripoli (I should have said slaves, for we certainly are in the most abject slavery,
our very lives being within the power and at the very nod of a most capricious
tyrant), let me refer you to statements which I presume you will already have
seen before the receipt of this. Suffice it to say, that the shoal we run upon was
never laid down on any chart yet published, nor ever before discovered by any of
our vessels cruising off this coast; consequently, the charts and soundings
justifying as near an approach to the land as we made, not the smallest degree of
censure can be attached to Captain Bainbridge for the loss of the ship. That, after
having grounded, every effort was made, and every expedient tried, without
effect, that could have the remotest probability of getting her afloat; and that,
after having sustained the fire of the enemy's gunboats for upward of four hours,
and a re-enforcement approaching from the town, while our guns were rendered
almost useless from the careening of the ship, there seemed no alternative left
but the cruel, mortifying one of hauling down our colours. Let me also tell you
that the treatment we received from these savages was such as raised our utmost
indignation. Our swords were snatched from us; the money, and every thing in
our pockets was stolen; some had their boots pulled off to examine if something
was not concealed there; and some had their very coats stripped off their backs,
which the barbarians exultingly put upon themselves; and, as if the trophies of
some signal victory, seemed to triumph in obtaining what fortune alone had put
them in possession of. To murmur at their treatment was only to expose
ourselves to repeated and more provoking insults; to resist was only hazarding
our lives. We were therefore obliged, however degrading in our own opinion, to
submit to these lawless, unfeeling robbers.

We were all conducted, amid the shouts and acclamations of the rabble
multitude, to the palace, and there ushered into the presence of the mighty
bashaw, who, seated in state, with his council about him, and surrounded by
guards, awaited our coming. He asked a variety of questions, principally
concerning our ship and our squadron; and, after having us all paraded before
him, and taken a full survey of each of us, at which a gracious smile appeared
upon his countenance, expressive of his inward satisfaction at so unexpected a
piece of good fortune, we were carried by our guards to the house allotted for us
during our imprisonment in this country. It was the American consular house
formerly occupied by Mr. Catchcart.

Here we were left undisturbed to our own reflections till the fifteenth instant. A
few days previous to this the prime minister had written to inform Captain
Bainbridge that a letter had been received from the Tripolitan captain of the ship
captured by the U. S. Frigate John Adams, in which he complained of being ill
treated by Captain Rogers; that, in consequence of this, he should be under the
necessity of retaliating such ill treatment upon us, unless Captain B. would
immediately write to Commodore Preble, and order him to deliver up all the
prisoners he had, in which latter case we should continue to be treated as
heretofore. No exchange was proposed, but we were to deliver up seventy-eight
prisoners merely to ensure our not being cruelly treated. Captain B. told him that
he would write to Commodore Preble, and acquaint him with their demands; but
as to ordering or requesting him to deliver up the prisoners in question, he would
not do it. We were, therefore, conducted to the castle, under the idea of being put
to work. The change, indeed, was an unpleasant one, from a large, commodious
house, to what they called a castle, which was, in fact, a most loathsome prison.
We were crammed into the same room with all our ship's company—how well
calculated to contain such a number, you may be enabled to judge, when I tell
you that the place was about eighty feet by twenty-five. How comfortable, when
I tell you that the only place to admit the air was through a small aperture in the
top of the house, grated over, with no floor, nor a single article of furniture, so
that, when we were tired standing up, we were obliged to lay down on the
ground. While there, Lisle, the admiral, accidentally passed, and was very much
surprised at our removal. He came to inquire the cause, observing that he had
understood a letter was received, mentioning that the Tripolitan prisoners had
been illy treated by Captain Rogers. Captain Bainbridge told him, that if such a
letter had been written, the writer had asserted a most malicious falsehood; that
the laws of the United States absolutely forbid any prisoners being illy treated;
and that having grounded, every effort was made, and every expedient tried,
without effect, that could have the remotest probability of getting her afloat; and
that, after having sustained the fire of the enemy's gunboats for upward of four
hours, and a re-enforcement approaching from the town, while our guns were
rendered almost useless from the careening of the ship, there seemed no
alternative left but the cruel, mortifying one of hauling down our colours. Let me
also tell you that the treatment we received from these savages was such as
raised our utmost indignation. Our swords were snatched from us; the money,
and every thing in our pockets was stolen; some had their boots pulled off to
examine if something was not concealed there; and some had their very coats
stripped off their backs, which the barbarians exultingly put upon themselves;
and, as if the trophies of some signal victory, seemed to triumph in obtaining
what fortune alone had put them in possession of. To murmur at their treatment
was only to expose ourselves to repeated and more provoking insults; to resist
was only hazarding our lives. We were therefore obliged, however degrading in
our own opinion, to submit to these lawless, unfeeling robbers.

We were all conducted, amid the shouts and acclamations of the rabble
multitude, to the palace, and there ushered into the presence of the mighty
bashaw, who, seated in state, with his council about him, and surrounded by
guards, awaited our coming. He asked a variety of questions, principally
concerning our ship and our squadron; and, after having us all paraded before
him, and taken a full survey of each of us, at which a gracious smile appeared
upon his countenance, expressive of his inward satisfaction at so unexpected a
piece of good fortune, we were carried by our guards to the house allotted for us
during our imprisonment in this country. It was the American consular house
formerly occupied by Mr. Catchcart.

Here we were left undisturbed to our own reflections till the fifteenth instant. A
few days previous to this the prime minister had written to inform Captain
Bainbridge that a letter had been received from the Tripolitan captain of the ship
captured by the U. S. Frigate John Adams, in which he complained of being ill
treated by Captain Rogers; that, in consequence of this, he should be under the
necessity of retaliating such ill treatment upon us, unless Captain B. would
immediately write to Commodore Preble, and order him to deliver up all the
prisoners he had, in which latter case we should continue to be treated as
heretofore. No exchange was proposed, but we were to deliver up seventy-eight
prisoners merely to ensure our not being cruelly treated. Captain B. told him that
he would write to Commodore Preble, and acquaint him with their demands; but
as to ordering or requesting him to deliver up the prisoners in question, he would
not do it. We were, therefore, conducted to the castle, under the idea of being put
to work. The change, indeed, was an unpleasant one, from a large, commodious
house, to what they called a castle, which was, in fact, a most loathsome prison.
We were crammed into the same room with all our ship's company—how well
calculated to contain such a number, you may be enabled to judge, when I tell
you that the place was about eighty feet by twenty-five. How comfortable, when
I tell you that the only place to admit the air was through a small aperture in the
top of the house, grated over, with no floor, nor a single article of furniture, so
that, when we were tired standing up, we were obliged to lay down on the
ground. While there, Lisle, the admiral, accidentally passed, and was very much
surprised at our removal. He came to inquire the cause, observing that he had
understood a letter was received, mentioning that the Tripolitan prisoners had
been illy treated by Captain Rogers. Captain Bainbridge told him, that if such a
letter had been written, the writer had asserted a most malicious falsehood; that
the laws of the United States absolutely forbid any prisoners being illy treated;
and that he knew Captain Rogers had given no just cause of complaint; that,
even supposing he had, that could not justify their retaliating upon us; it would
not tend to produce a reconciliation, but would have a quite opposite effect; that,
however, we were in their power, and they might sacrifice the whole of us; but
the United States had men and ships enough to send in our places.

In the evening we were reconducted to our former house, probably in

consequence of the interposition of the Danish and French consuls in our behalf.
The reason of our removal to the castle, as given out to us, was in order to
retaliate upon us ill treatment which they say their prisoners received from us. A
more probable reason was this:—

When our ship was plundered, all our chests and trunks, with every article of
clothing, was carried off. The prime minister, with the view of making money,
bought in at reduced prices as many of our clothes as he could collect, and
offered them to us for twelve hundred dollars. Captain Bainbridge would not
purchase them. Disappointed in his expectations of pecuniary profit, and, instead
of gain, sustaining loss, he probably sought consolation in his disappointment by
increasing the weight of our misfortunes. The prime minister and admiral are
both renegadoes, the former a Prussian, the latter a Frenchman.
How long we are to remain in this savage country God only knows. No doubt it
must depend in a great measure upon the exertions that are made in our favour.
We rely with implicit confidence that the government of our country will make
the most speedy, as well as effectual measures for our release. While we are
here, our lives must be in constant jeopardy and uncertainty. Adieu. Remember
me affectionately to Mrs. Alston; and believe me,

With much esteem and respect,

Your most obedient servant,

JAMES BIDDLE.[3]

Footnotes:

1. Subsequently Mrs. Commodore Decatur.

2. The Philadelphia.

3. Now Commodore Biddle, and son of the late Charles Biddle.

CHAPTER XV.

An amendment to the Constitution of the United States having been proposed by

Congress, and doubts existing as to the manner in which it should be
authenticated and transmitted to the several states, Mr. Burr, as president of the
Senate, addressed a note on the subject to the secretary of state, Mr. Madison,
and to the secretary of the Senate, Mr. Otis, to which the following replies were
made.

FROM MR. MADISON.

Department of State, December 11, 1803.

J. Madison presents his respects to the vice-president, who will find in the
enclosed the information afforded by the office of state on the subject of former
amendments to the Constitution. Mr. Beckley recollects, that in one of the
instances, copies equal to the number of the states were made out in the clerk's
office of the House of Representatives. In the other, I understood from him that
the copies were not furnished to the executive; but it does not appear, from any
thing in the office of state, whether this was or was not the case.

J. WAGNER TO MR. MADISON.

Department of State, December 10, 1803.

DEAR SIR,

I find that all the amendments to the Constitution, though none of them are
signed by the president, have been enrolled in this office. I do not find that the
first set was forwarded by this department to the states, though the president was
requested to communicate them, as appears by the journals. The last amendment
was forwarded by the secretary of state, by direction of the president, to the
governors of the states.

The vice-president called this morning and stated two questions, which I was
then unable to answer, viz., Whether the enrolment took place here, and whether
the amendments were forwarded to the states from hence?

It is to enable you to give him satisfaction on these points that I have written
this. With great respect, your obedient servant,

J. WAGNER.

FROM SAMUEL A. OTIS.

Senate Chamber, December 15, 1803.

SIR,

In answer to the note you did me the honour to send this morning, my first
impression was that the amendments for each state should be enrolled in the
office of the secretary of the Senate, as the resolution commenced in Senate.
This impression arose from the proceeding in the first instance, when the
enrolments were made in the House of Representatives, where the amendments,
commenced. This was at a time when the secretary of Senate and clerk of the
House of Representatives were empowered to publish the laws. But, since the
establishment Of the department of state, the amendments to the Constitution
have been enrolled in the office of that house where they originated. This
enrolment, as a bill, hath been sent to the President of the United States, with a
joint resolution that he would forward authenticated copies. This was the case in
March, 1794, as you will see by the journals of Senate. To confirm this idea, a
resolution is on the table of the House of Representatives for the above purpose.
If precedent is of avail, it certainly devolves, in the distribution, on the office of
state.

Hearing there was some uncertainty, I have, through a friend, transmitted my

opinion to the secretary of state.

Very respectfully,

SAMUEL A. OTIS.

FROM GEORGE DAVIS. [1]

Leghorn, December 3, 1803.

A letter to my brother [1] of this date will give you a detail of my pursuits since
leaving Malaga until my arrival in Leghorn. I have only to say of Tuscany that
two months have passed away in endeavouring to repair the ravages of Italian
physicians. My pursuits, though not profitable, have still been flattering to
myself. I am at the house of F. C. Degen, who married Miss Russell, of Boston.
She is acquainted with you, and often retraces the hours you spent with Mrs.
Russell. I may add, that I have been not only a welcome, but most happy guest
of this worthy family for six weeks. My hours of relaxation have not been
employed in playing the cavallero cervante, but in acquiring the Italian; and,
with the assistance of a tolerable tutor, I am making great progress. Pisa and
Lucca I have been at twice, and about the 20th of this month I shall visit
Florence. From thence I proceed to Rome, Naples, Palermo, and Malta, where I
am directed to join the commodore, he having given me furlough for the
purposed route.

I refrain speaking of those places all the world have seen. Should my
expectations be realized when at Rome, I shall certainly offer you my first essay.
Nothing has yet been done in the way of making me rich. The hospital
establishment lays over till spring. Commodore Morris offers to leave me as
chargé des affaires for Tripoli in the event of peace. If nothing better can be
done, I will remain. Eaton has resigned the consulship of Tunis. Who will be
appointed? Rufus King is expected daily in Tuscany. He sails early in the spring
for the United States.

I ought not to omit mentioning Mrs. Derby, who arrived here a few days since
from Florence. I have spent some pleasant hours with her. She is unaffected and
untinctured with the licentious manners of Paris and London. We shall meet at
Rome. I yesterday dined with Mr. Pinckney, our minister for the court of Spain.
He wants, I think, ministerial dignity, whatever may be his talents.

I have written you several times, and although this gives me no claim to expect a
letter, yet, when you learn that I have not received a line from the United States
since leaving it, you may judge how great is my desire, and what would be my
gratification in hearing from you. The beautiful Mrs. D. is in the parlour, and I
have been sent for three times. With perfect respect,

GEORGE DAVIS.

FROM CHARLES BIDDLE.

Philadelphia, December 12, 1803.

If you can, without inconvenience, let me know how James stands as a

midshipman, I wish you would do it. Having lost a brother, a son, and two
nephews in the service, I have some right to expect James will not be neglected.
I have not the honour of knowing the secretary of the navy, but I am told he is a
very worthy and respectable gentleman.

Yours,

CHARLES BIDDLE.

FROM ROBERT SMITH, SECRETARY OF NAVY.

Washington, December 31, 1803.

SIR,

It was my intention to have had the pleasure of calling upon you for the purpose
of having some conversation with you about Mr. Biddle, midshipman. Not
knowing what is the precise object of his father's inquiries, my communication
may not afford the expected explanations. I can only state to you, at present, that
the official reports which have been made of him by his commanding officers
are highly favourable, and that, of course, I have a strong disposition to afford to
him every opportunity of improvement, and to give him every advancement in
the navy that can be done consistently with the just pretensions of his fellow-
officers.

We regret sincerely that the weather has deprived us of the pleasure of

presenting, in person, our reciprocal compliments and solicitations of the season.

Respectfully yours,

R. SMITH.

FROM ROBERT G. HARPER.

Baltimore, December 20, 1803.

Mr. Carroll, my dear sir, requests me to assure you that it will give him very
particular pleasure to see you at his house on Christmas day, and as many days
before and after as you may find it agreeable to favour him with your company.
He regrets that there will not, at that time, be a room which he can offer you; but,
in every thing except the article of lodging, he hopes that you will be his guest
while you find it agreeable to remain at Annapolis.

Yours truly,

ROBERT G. HARPER.

FROM J. GUILLEMARD.
February 22, 1803.

SIR, You will not, I hope, think me over intrusive when I take the liberty of
introducing to your attentions and kindness the Earl of Selkirk, a young
nobleman who has a project of making a settlement for some of his countrymen
on the western side of the Atlantic. I need say nothing more of him. His merits
will speak for themselves; and give me leave to add, that I am happy in this
opportunity of expressing my grateful sense of your kindness and attention to me
during my residence in the United States. With great respect, your obedient
servant,

J. GUILLEMARD.

FROM JOHN VAUGHAN.

Wilmington (Delaware), January 3, 1804.

DEAR SIR,

I cannot resist, until morning, the pleasure of acknowledging how much I am

indebted to you for an acquaintance with Doctor Peter Irving and Mr. Bishop. I
found them all you intimated, and much more; and sincerely hope the
reciprocation you anticipated may have taken place. We spent the evening with
Mr. Dickinson, and, I believe, with mutual pleasure; and they have just left my
house, Dr. Irving the last. We have many fine tales of the satisfaction inspired by
a common sense of public rights, but I query whether a just sense of political
wrongs do not bind men more closely together.

A very curious game, indeed, has been played here since you passed through our
borough. A special caucus has been held, to counteract the political machinations
which are to arise out of my pleasurable interview with you; but the clamour is
unexpectedly checked. Some wicked man in New-York had the assurance to
send to Mr. Dickinson and myself each a copy of a pamphlet, entitled, "An
Examination, &c., by Aristides," and, after perusing it with equal pleasure and
avidity, I had the imprudence to hand it to a disinterested republican, who read it
with the highest satisfaction. In one week it has passed through several hands,
and has excited no inconsiderable interest. Dr. Irving has promised me a supply
as soon as practicable.

I am authorized to say that Mr. Dickinson was never prejudiced, and is now
highly gratified. He indeed regretted that I had not assured you, when here, that
his opinion was untarnished by the malignant clamour of demagogues.
It is a more than lamentable fact, that factions have arisen up in several states
which are determined to prostrate every man who might be capable of opposing
them, or dared to lisp one expression of dissent to the machinations of
favouritism. But, though I have borne too much, I am unalterably resolved to
adhere inflexibly to the ground I have taken, and stand or fall in the honest path
of political rectitude.

There is a crisis in the affairs of men which sooner or later unveils the hidden
features of selfishness; and there is no position in which my opinion is more
fixed than in the utility of a firm union of honest men. If the cabals of the day be
not speedily arrested, where shall our political bark be anchored? The Sylla of
oligarchy, or Charybdis of disorganization must be the portion of our
government. Of all tyrannies, oligarchies are the most delusive and dreadful, and
anarchy is equally to be deplored.

Wishing you, my dear sir, complete retribution for the past, and happy in the
reflection of having preserved myself uncontrolled by artifice,

I am sincerely your friend,

JOHN VAUGHAN.

FROM JOHN DICKINSON.

Wilmington, Delaware, 4th 1st mo, 1804.

MY DEAR FRIEND,

Thy letter of the 30th of last month was delivered to me yesterday by Abraham
Bishop, and I desire thee to accept my thanks for introducing one to the other.

He was so kind as to spend some hours with me, and I was exceedingly pleased
with the traits of character displayed in the course of our conversation. He
appears to me to be a man who possesses great and well-directed energies of
mind. I rejoice in the prospect he opened to me of the advancement of republican
principles and measures to the eastward.
I am thy sincere friend,

JOHN DICKINSON.

TO CHARLES BIDDLE.

Washington, January 2, 1804.

Last evening I received the answer of Robert Smith, of which a copy is enclosed.
It may be satisfactory to you to know, officially, that James is favourably spoken
of, and is in estimation with the government. A more precise answer could not,
perhaps, be expected from a minister. The application may secure him from
being forgotten, and the answer from being prejudiced in any future
arrangements. He shall be informed of your precise object by

A. BURR.

TO THEODOSIA.

Washington, January 3, 1804.

This is only to assure you that I am in perfect health. That General Jackson is my
good friend; that I have had no duel nor quarrel with anybody, and have not been
wounded or hurt.

Jerome Bonaparte, wife, maids of honour (Miss Spear et al.), &c., &c., will be
here to-morrow. There are various opinions about the expediency, policy,
decency, propriety, and future prospects of this match. I adhere to Mrs. Caton. To
be sure the French laws say something on this subject. As you are a learned lady,
I will not say what; but, if you avow ignorance, you shall have all I know: not in
my next, for Annapolis is yet on hand. Indeed, matters thicken so fast, that I may
possibly leave this within twenty days to go northward, without saying a word
about it. I hope the shawl (or cloak) has arrived safe, and that it may be so
displayed as to add beauty to grace and grace to beauty.
A. BURR.

TO THEODOSIA.

Washington, January 4th or 5th, 1804.

How could I forget to tell you the very important event of the marriage of
Jerome Bonaparte with Miss Patterson.

It took place on Saturday, the 24th ult. Mrs. Caton approves of this match, and
therefore A. B. does, for he respects greatly the opinions of Mrs. Caton.

I like much your reasoning about Morris's place and Richmond Hill. Yet would
not a permanent residence in town for some, for many, for all reasons, be better?
La G. is much better than I had heard—d'un certaine age, and well-looking,
considering that circumstance. Cheerful, good-tempered, the best of housewives,
and, as it is thought, willing.

Celeste—(for this I begin a new line) Celeste will be seen on the way home, but
that La R. spoils every thing in that place. La Planche; that you will never find
out. I bet you thirty guineas against M'K.'s shawl. By-the-by, the shawl is
ordered on; at this moment, perhaps, on the perilous ocean, and unensured. La
Planche, I say, was seen on our way hither. All right and pretty; improved since
the last inspection. Great friend of La R.; tant pis. Lex et ux. ill suited; mischief
brewing. Gamp, the mutual friend and confidant.

Now for the trip to Annapolis. No, not now either. It is past two o'clock in the
morning (no matter of what day, for I don't intend to date this, seeing it will
equally suit all dates), and I am (not) sleepy. Yet I will go to bed, and not be kept
up by any such baggage. So good-morning. Poor little Natalie, I have not written
her a line. What's the matter I don't write to Natalie any more? I say I will go to
bed. The fire is out, and I have no wood.

A. BURR.

TO PEGGY GAITIN (A SLAVE).

Washington, January 4, 1804.

You may assure the family that I never was in better health; that I have not been
wounded or hurt, and have had no quarrel with anybody. I received your letter of
the 29th this evening. Let nothing hinder you from going to school punctually.
Make the master teach you arithmetic, so that you may be able to keep the
accounts of the family. I am very much obliged to you for teaching Nancy. She
will learn more from you than by going to school.

I shall be at home about the last of this month, when I will make you all New
Year's presents. Tell Harry that I shall expect to find a good road up to the house.
Tell me what Harry is about, and what is doing at Montalto. Sam and George are
well.

You must write to Mrs. Alston about Leonora's child. Enclose your letter to me. I
hope little Peter is doing well.

A. BURR.

TO THEODOSIA.

Washington, January 17, 1804.

Your kind wishes on the new year are received this evening in your letter dated
3d January, 1803. No matter what date, such things are always welcome. I don't
believe it came into my head to say Happy New Year! my heart is so full of good
wishes for you every day in the calendar. Yet I like to see attention paid to all les
jours de fête. I am very sorry for poor Charlotte, and do most sincerely
sympathize with Sally. She must know my great attachment for her brother.

Of my plans for the spring nothing can be said, for nothing is resolved. It is not
probable that I shall be able to visit you; but I shall expect you very early. If you
are to come by land, I will meet you on the road; perhaps in this place, perhaps
in Richmond. I do not now see that it will be possible for me to visit South
Carolina. Now, what are your plans? The shawl was ordered on the very day I
received your commands; whether it has actually been sent I know not, but most
probably it has.
Of the boy you never say enough. Nothing about his French in your last. I hope
you talk to him much in French, and Eleonore always. A letter from Peggy says
that Eleonore's boy was well on the 13th. Your icehouse and vaults are finished.
Of Annapolis I find the newspapers have anticipated me. They will tell you
where I dined, and supped, and whom I saw.

Madame Bonaparte passed a week here. She is a charming little woman; just the
size and nearly the figure of Theodosia Burr Alston; by some thought a little like
her; perhaps not so well in the shoulders; dresses with taste and simplicity (by
some thought too free); has sense, and spirit, and sprightliness. A little of the
style and manner of Susan Smith.

Mrs. Merry [2] is tall, fair, fat—pas trop, however. No more than a desirable
embonpoint. Much of grace and dignity, ease and sprightliness; full of
intelligence. An Englishwoman who has lived much in Paris, and has all that
could be wished of the manners of both countries. An amiable and interesting
companion, with whose acquaintance you will, next summer, be much gratified.
She proposes to pass some time in New-York.

I want a French translation of the Constitution of the United States, and, for the
purpose, send you a copy in English. It will, I fear, be a great labour to you; but I
cannot get it done here, and it may not be useless to you to burnish up your
French a little. Do you ever hear from Natalie? I have not yet written to her. How
scandalous.

You do not say whether the boy knows his letters. I am sure he may now be
taught them, and then put a pen into his hand, and set him to imitate them. He
may read and write before he is three years old. This, with speaking French,
would make him a tolerably accomplished lad of that age, and worthy of his
blood.

A most bitter cold day. Bon jour.

A. BURR.

TO JOSEPH ALSTON.
Washington, January 18, 1804.

I have been greatly flattered by the applauses bestowed on your speech at

Columbia. Send me half a dozen copies. Why have you not already done it?

The papers herewith enclosed will show you our possession of Louisiana, and
the manner of it. The Spanish government will endeavour to limit our west
bounds to the Mississippi, with the addition of the Island of Orleans only; on this
consideration that government would still hold on the west bank of the
Mississippi, from the river Iberville to the 31st degree of latitude, an extent of
one hundred miles.

In attempting to legislate for our newly-acquired territory, it is doubted whether

the Louisianians can be received into the Union without an amendment to the
Constitution. Consider of this. Again, are they citizens of the United States, or
can Congress make them such? A bill establishing a form of government is now
before the Senate; when it shall have passed that house I will send you a copy. It
is at present in too crude a state to merit your notice.

The newspapers will have informed you that a committee has been appointed in
the House of Representatives to inquire into the official conduct of Judge Chace.
Peters is associated with him, but he is not the object, and the insertion of his
name was accidental. This inquiry, as is obvious, is with a view to an
impeachment. If it result in an impeachment, and an immediate trial be had,
Congress will sit till May or June. Yours very affectionately,

A. BURR.

TO CHARLES BIDDLE.

Washington, January 20, 1804.

Dear Sir,

I thank you for the letter and the newspaper; for a short letter too, written on
your return from Lancaster, which has not yet been answered.

It is seriously my intention to visit you next week, if I can get away, which will
depend a little on the state of business in Senate. The association of Peters with
Chace was, I believe, accidental. It was moved (I think by one of your
members), and, as they sat together on the bench, it was not, at the time, seen
how they could be separated. I presume it affords him a new subject for wit. On
receipt of this, write me one line, saying when Mr. R. will leave Philadelphia.
God bless you.

A. BURR.

TO CHARLES BIDDLE.

Washington, January 23, 1804.

MY DEAR SIR,

When I last wrote you (about Thursday, I think), I felt the approaches of a
headache, which I concluded would be, as usual, the torment of twenty-four
hours only. On the contrary, it has pursued me without intermission. I have
undergone cathartic, emetic, and phlebotomy, operations not experienced by me
in twenty years, and all to no purpose. The pain continues, but to-day has
allowed me to leave my bed for an hour or so at a time. At one of these intervals
I now write to you to say that this incident has rendered my journey doubtful,
though on the day I last wrote you I informed the Senate that I should have
occasion to be absent for two or three weeks.

It is extraordinary that all these medical experiments, and a total abstinence from
food for three days, has produced no diminution of strength or spirits. At this
instant I feel able to start for Philadelphia (the snow eight inches deep) not
withstanding. It will, however, be impossible to move before Thursday, if at all.

January 24.

After writing, last evening, the nonsense on the other page, I recollected that the
mail had closed. This postscript is added to say that I am much better to-day; but
little pain, yet my head too weak to bear the least motion, and fear it will not
allow me to travel for several days.
I. Brown is again in the chair as president of the Senate. It was a hard election.
Ten or twelve ballotings. The Virginia interest supported Mr. Franklin. Yours,

A. BURR.

TO NATALIE DELAGE SUMTER.

Washington, January 25,1804.

Your safe arrival, my dear Natalie, gave me the greatest joy. Theodosia has given
me a detailed account of yourself and your lovely little girl. All as I could wish. I
could never realize that you were not lost to me till I heard that you were
actually on American ground. Your letter relieved my anxieties and fulfilled my
hopes, by assuring me of your unabated affection. But when or where, I pray, are
we to meet? Engage Mr. Sumter to come and pass the summer with me at New-
York; by the summer I mean from the 1st of May till the middle of November.
Theodosia has told you that I am wholly at Richmond Hill, and that her house is
only five miles off. You will review with pleasure the scenes of your sportive
childhood, and you will gratify the fondest wishes of your affectionate friend and
father,

A. BURR.

P. S. I enclose some papers for the amusement of your husband. Pray present
them to him with the assurance of my respectful and affectionate regard. You,
too, my dear Natalie, will read with instruction and amusement the account of
Louisiana.

A. B.

TO THEODOSIA.

Washington, January 25, 1804.

A letter from Mari, without a line from Theodosia, is novel. If the compliment
should be returned, I should bring an old house about my ears. But no apologies
or explanations.

I hate them, and the matter will be forgotten before they can reach me.

I have been a week confined to my room by a headache, but there are no mortal
or alarming symptoms. On Saturday I take a ride to Baltimore, where I am to
dine with Madame Bonaparte. Then on to Philadelphia; thence, perhaps, to New-
York, and here again by the time your answer can arrive. Have not yet written to
Natalie. How shameful!

Fine sleighing here. Eight inches snow; clear and cold. Having nothing more at
present of great importance to add I remain yours, &c.,

A. BURR.

P. S. Since the conclusion of this performance I have set down in a rage, and
written a pretty little letter to Natalie. Lord, how much easier and lighter I feel.

A. B.

TO NATALIE DELAGE SUMTER.

Washington, January 27, 1804.

The brochure, containing proclamations and manifestoes regarding Louisiana,

was intended to accompany those which I lately transmitted to you for Mr.
Sumter.

You will be proud, as a New-Yorker, to see that the first attempt to create a taste
for painting and sculpture has been made in our city. We have about forty busts
and groups. Lailson's theatre (west side Greenwich-street) has been fitted up for
their reception. It forms a circular room of about sixty or seventy feet diameter,
lighted by a dome, and to us, who have seen nothing better, the thing, of course,
looks well. Come and see our infant efforts.

I am just leaving this place for a few days on a visit to Philadelphia; a visit,
however, of business only. On my return you will hear again from me. In the
mean time, pray write me when I may expect you at New-York.

A. BURR,

TO THEODOSIA.

Washington, January 29, 1804.

There is no end to the trouble such a baggage gives me. Another thing occurs,
which, forsooth, must be sent to her too. It would not, perhaps, merit so high an
honour as that of being perused by your——eyes and touched by your fair
hands, but that it is the production of a youth [3] of about nineteen, the youngest
brother of Dr. Peter Irving, of New-York.

Salut.

A. BURR.

TO A. R. ELLERY.

Washington, January 29, 1804.

DEAR SIR,

Your letter of the 6th of January is received at the moment that I am leaving this
city on a tour to Philadelphia for two or three weeks. I can, therefore, only
acknowledge it. The map was a most acceptable present. I value it greatly as the
work of Madame Ellery; a circumstance which my vanity has not allowed me to
conceal.

You may rely on my zeal and my good will. You can estimate their importance.
On my return you will hear again from me.

The bill, or project of law, herewith enclosed, is now under debate in the Senate.
You will, therefore, consider it as a project merely, not yet a law. In the course of
this discussion it may receive important alterations, and may be finally rejected.
Do not, therefore, suffer any copy to be taken of it, still less to get into
newspapers, if any you have. You may show it to whom you please. If you have
any acquaintance with Mr. Daniel Clarke, pray let him see it. I wish his and your
opinions, though they may, probably, be received too late to influence the result.
Mr. Clarke is not known to me personally, but very much through our common
friend General Dayton. With respectful compliments and thanks to Mrs. Ellery, I
am your friend,

A. Burr.

TO THEODOSIA.

Havre de Grace (Susquehannah), January 30, 1804. In a former letter I told you
we had eight inches snow at Washington. On Saturday last, 28th, fell six or eight
inches more, so that we had a foot depth of snow, cold weather, and, of course,
good sleighing. The vice-president having, with great judgment and science,
calculated the gradations of cold in different latitudes, discovered that for every
degree he should go north he might count on four and a half inches of snow.
Thus he was sure of sixteen and a half inches at Philadelphia; twenty-one inches
at New-York, and so for all the intermediate space. Hence he wisely concluded
to take off the wheels from his coachee and to set it on runners. This was no
sooner resolved than done. With his sleigh and four horses he arrived at
Baltimore at early dinner. Passed the evening with Madame Bonaparte; all very
charming. Came off this morning; fine sleighing. A hundred times he applauded
the wisdom of his plan. Within six miles of the Susquehannah the snow appeared
thin; within four, the ground was bare. It had not thawed, but none had fallen. He
dragged on to this place, and here he is in the midst of the most forlorn dilemma.
This is palpable fraud in monsieur le tems, to hold out such lures merely to draw
one into jeopardy. Having neither wife nor daughter near me on whom to vent
my spleen, renders the case more deplorable. It is downright desperation.

After pacing the floor with a very quick step for about five minutes, I determined
to call for a good dinner and a bottle of wine, and, after the discussion whereof, I
hope to be more able to meet the exigence. You shall presently know.

New-York, February 8, 1804.

Just arrived—all well. The dinner and wine mentioned t'other side operated so
happily, that, before the repast was concluded, I ordered my horses to the door,
drove over the Susquehannah on the ice, and came that night to the head of Elk.
Next day to Chester, having seen friend Dickenson en passant (the daughters not
visible, on account of the loss of their mother, who died last summer), and
breakfasted in Philadelphia on the morning of the 1st of February. The ebullition
of the 30th January was intended to have been finished at Havre de Grace and
sent to the postoffice. I came off in too much haste, and, seeing it now in my
writing-case, I thought it a pity that so precious a morceau should be lost to the
world.

Tout le monde is marrying at Philadelphia. You will not have a single single
(decipher that) acquaintance there on your return. Yes, La R., La Planche, and La
Bin. may remain. I went to a wedding supper at Mrs. Moore's, whose daughter
has married Willing—could any one suppose she was unwilling? Execrable! Mr.
Boadley died a few days ago. Madame of course was invisible. Ann Stuart will,
most likely, marry P. C.—very well. She is very pretty. Mary Rush just married
Manners, a captain in the British army. She looked quite melancholy, being on
the point of setting off for Niagara, where her husband is stationed. Binney and
Keene look better than I ever saw them. Keene is learning the harp. They are at
lodgings in town, and, happening to be near my quarters, I saw them two or three
times a day.

I left Philadelphia yesterday, and arrived, as you see, after a very pleasant
journey. Fine, mild winter weather. Roads hard and smooth. Note. I left my
runners and got wheels at Philadelphia. How could I omit Celeste and her sisters,
whom I saw several times? What of that? Pray can it be true that she was
engaged to a young man whom we knew and valued, and who lately died in your
country? To-morrow I am to see La G. Pray for me.

To-morrow, February 9th.

A most ugly northeast storm of rain, and hail, and mist. Shall not see
La G. to-day. God bless thee.

A. BURR.
TO THEODOSIA.

New-York, February 16, 1804.

In one hour I shall be on the west side of the Hudson river, and in the mail stage.
Goldsmith is the very book I should have recommended. A critical knowledge of
historical events may assist a statesman or form a pedant. For you, something
less will do, and something more is necessary. La G. will not do. I have written
twice to Natalie.

Say to Mari, the Clintons, Livingstons, &c., had not, at the last advice from
Albany, decided on their candidate for governor. Hamilton is intriguing for any
candidate who can have a chance of success against A. B. He would, doubtless,
become the advocate even of Dewitt Clinton if he should be the opponent.

A. BURR.

TO THEODOSIA.

Baltimore, February 21, 1804. I left New-York on the 16th. The roads were so
very bad that I sent back Sam, George, and the horses from Trenton, and came
on in the mail stage sans valet. One great discovery has been made by the
experiment, namely, that George is not only useless on the road, but requires
abundance of my care, so that, in fact, I have less trouble without him.

On the way I saw Celeste, and renewed, with some levity, a certain subject. It
excited an agitation perfectly astonishing. The emotion was so great as to
produce universal tremour, which attracted the notice of the company (there was
a room full); I was exceedingly alarmed and perplexed, having imagined the
denouement of last summer to have been conclusive, in good faith. Undoubtedly
there is some secret agent, some underwork, perhaps restraint, of which I am
ignorant. I strongly suspect that she has done violence to her feelings. Shall I or
shall I not investigate this point? Humph! heighho!

I have just been visiting Monsieur Dubourg, president of the French College.
The visit, indeed, was to the institution rather than to the man. Both please me
greatly. It (the college) seems to me to possess some advantages over any other
in the United States; more decorous subordination. The living languages, French
and Spanish, may there be learned by association and habit. The French, the
Spanish, the English (I mean the learners of those languages) are each in
separate apartments. Not a word is spoken but in the language intended to be
taught. It is even the medium of instruction for every other branch. The Senats
speak Spanish fluently. Bon soir.

A. BURR.

TO THOMAS SUMTER, JUN.

Washington, February 27, 1504.

DEAR SIR,

On my return from New-York a few days past, I had the pleasure to meet here
your father, and to receive your letter of the 21st of January. It is not probable
that it will be in my power to visit South Carolina this spring. If, fortunately, I
should find leisure for a journey which I have so much at heart, my first object
would be Statesburgh; but as Mr. and Mrs. Alston will be in New-York early in
the season, I entertain hopes that this, with other motives, may induce you to
pass the summer and autumn with me. Yet great as is my solicitude to see your
wife and child, to renew my acquaintance with you, to tender you my friendship
and affection, and to claim a return, I would by no means urge a measure
inconsistent with your interest. Of this you only can judge. I should not, perhaps,
have repeated the invitation expressed in my last letter to Natalie, but that I learn
from your father that her health has suffered materially. Hence I am filled with
apprehension of the effects of your long summer on a northern constitution
already debilitated.

Presuming that you hear from your father as much as you desire to know of the
doings of Congress, I abstain from those subjects. Be assured of the great
consideration and esteem with which I am your friend,

A. BURR.
TO CHARLES BIDDLE.

Washington, March 3, 1804.

Your letter of the 28th February, covering a newspaper, was received last
evening. It cannot yet be settled whether there will be commissioners to run the
boundary line with Spain; but I will mention the thing to the Smiths, who still
profess friendship for General Wilkinson. My direct interference otherwise
would not probably be useful to him. Please to put the enclosed, for Truxton, in
the postoffice. One of his friends here (not a man in power, for he has, I believe,
no such friend) thinks he will certainly be called into service; and he states to me
pretty plausible grounds for the opinion. Yet I doubt, which is perhaps the result
only of my ignorance.

I shall be with you the last of next week, or, at farthest, within ten days, on my
way home.

Very affectionately yours,

A. BURR.

TO FREDERIC A. VANDERKEMP.

Washington, March 6, 1804.

SIR,

Immediately on the receipt of your letter of the 15th of February, I wrote to Mr.
Madison for the information you desired. It affords me great pleasure to learn
that you are engaged in a literary pursuit so congenial with your taste and your
talents. If I can in any way promote your views in this or in any other instance, I
entreat that you will command me, without apology. I have now the satisfaction
to enclose you Mr. Madison's answer, which I this day received.

You speak of a letter written to me some time ago-on the subject of Captain
Ingraham's voyage. It is impossible, sir, that I can have been guilty of so gross an
inattention as to have permitted a letter from you to have remained unnoticed. I
have no recollection of that which you mention, and am persuaded that it never
came to hand.

Allow me to repeat the assurance of the very great consideration and respect
with which I am

Your obedient servant,

A. BURR.

TO WILLIAM P. VAN NESS.

Washington, March 7, 1804.

Friday last was the day assigned for the appearance of Judge Pickering on his
impeachment. He did not appear; but an amicus curiae suggested that the judge
was insane, and tendered the proof of that fact.

This has given rise to some troublesome questions, rendered more embarrassing
by the total want of rule or precedent, and still increased by some dissatisfaction
on the part of the managers, which seems to have also infected the House of
Representatives. In this dilemma it would be improper that I should leave the
Senate. Considerations, however, of a nature which you will more readily
approve, have had an influence in detaining me. A decision is hoped this day on
the points now under discussion. I take my leave as soon as this business is
disposed of, and will be with you in the course of mail-stage.

A. BURR.
TO THEODOSIA.

New-York, March 28, 1804

Your letter, dated early in this month—I don't recollect the very day, having left
the letter in town; but you write so seldom that a reference to the month is
sufficiently descriptive; your letter, then, of March, announcing your removal to
the Oaks, the pretty description of your house and establishment, and all that,
were very amusing. I had really begun to doubt whether you were not all dead or
something worse.

I shall get the speech, no thanks to you; there is a copy in Philadelphia, for which
I have written, and it will come endorsed by the fair hand of Celeste: truly her
hand and arm are handsome. I did not see her on my way through—tant mieux;
for I took great affront; thence ensued explanations, &c. Nothing like a quarrel to
advance love. La Planche I did see twice in one day; the last a long, very long
visit. Lovely in weeds. La G., of whom you inquire, is of the grave age of forty-
six; about the age of the vice-president.

They are very busy here about an election between Morgan Lewis and A. Burr.
The former supported by the Livingstons and Clintons, the latter per se. I would
send you some new and amusing libels against the vice-president, but, as you did
not send the speech, nor did even acknowledge the receipt of one of the many
public documents which I took the trouble of forwarding, it may be presumed
that this sort of intercourse is not desired.

Ph. Church and Miss Stewart, of Philadelphia, it is said, are to be married; Duer
(which Duer I don't know) and Miss M. Denning reported as engaged; Bunner
and Miss Church said to be mutually in love; on his part avowed, on hers not
denied.

The Earl of Selkirk is here: a frank, unassuming, sensible man of about thirty.
Whether he thinks of La R. is unknown to the writer. He dines with me on
Monday.

If you had one particle of invention or genius, you would have taught A. B. A.
his a, b, c before this. God mend you. His fibbing is an inheritance, which pride,
an inheritance, will cure. His mother went through that process. Adieu.

A. BURR.

TO THEODOSIA.

New-York, April 3, 1804.

I hasten to acknowledge your long, interesting, and beautiful letter of the 14th. It
is received this morning, and finds me in the midst of occupations connected
with the approaching election: of course, every moment interruptions.

The History of Frederic II. will amuse you. You will read Montesquieu with
interest and instruction. Yet he has a character—I mean that his "Esprit des Loix"
has a character above its merit. His historical facts are, nevertheless, collected
and arranged with judgment, and his reasoning is ingenuous. The political
dogmas are not, however, to be received as axioms. They are neither founded on
experience nor on a knowledge of human nature.

You improve greatly in your style and manner of writing. A little more pains and
a little more reading, and you will exceed Lady Mary W. Montague. Practice,
however, is indispensable. The art of writing is an acquirement, as much as
music or dancing.

April 7.

Since the 3d I have vainly endeavoured to get a minute to write to you. It will
not, I fear, be possible before the 30th inst., when, or soon after, I hope to be in
Philadelphia, whence you will hear from me. As you have a great taste for
mischief, I send you a new paper [4] established in this city, by whom edited
unknown. Some of the numbers are allowed to have wit. Whether these have any
I know not. God bless thee.

A. BURR.
TO MRS. ——-

New-York, April 18, 1804.

Your vanity, if in any degree concerned, will be fully satisfied by the assurance
that my heart, my wishes, and my thoughts will be with you. The mortal part of
me is indispensably otherwise engaged. As you cannot fail to have admirers, you
cannot fail to be amused. Knowing that you are happy, I shall be so by sympathy,
though in a less degree, as reflected light is less potent than direct.

A. BURR.

TO THEODOSIA.

New-York, April 25, 1804.

What nice, pretty paper. I verily believe that it would not have entered into my
head to write to you; but Peet or Peter just brought in a ream of paper so
handsome looking, that it tempted me to write, and chose being generally
uppermost in my mind, of course it will be addressed to chose, though, for aught
that yet appears, it will suit as well quelque autre chose.

I, too, write in a storm; an election storm, of the like you have once been a
witness. The thing began yesterday, and will terminate to-morrow. My
headquarters are in Johnstreet, and I have, since beginning this letter, been
already three times interrupted.

A very modest and amiable proposition! that I should ride sixteen hundred miles
to see a couple of varmins. As to your system of economy, I should rejoice at it
if I believed it; but I well know that you will spend double at the Mills that you
would here. Now for my plan, which is to be submitted to the judgment and the
feelings of Mr. Alston.

You take Richmond Hill; bring no horse nor carriage. I have got a nice, new,
beautiful little chariot, made purposely to please you. I have also a new coachee,
very light, on an entire new construction, invented by the vice-president. Now
these two machines are severally adapted to two horses, and you may take your
choice of them. Of horses I have five; three always and wholly at your devotion,
and the whole five occasionally. Harry and Sam are both good coachmen, either
at your orders. Of servants there are enough for family purposes. Eleonore,
however, must attend you, for the sake of the heir apparent. You will want no
others, as there are at my house Peggy, Nancy, and a small girl of about eleven.
Mr. Alston may bring a footman. Any thing further will be useless; he may,
however, bring six or eight of them, if he like. The cellars and garrets are well
stocked with wine, having had a great supply last fall. I shall take rooms (a
house, &c.) in town, but will live with you as much or as little as you may please
and as we can agree; but my establishment at Richmond Hill must remain,
whether you come or not. Great part of the summer I shall be off eight or ten
days at a time, but no long journeys. You will have to ride every day or two to
Montalto to direct the laying out of the grounds, &c.

In this way you cannot, without wanton extravagance, expend more than four
hundred dollars. If you insist on bringing your horses, there is now room for
them, and plenty of provender. You ought to come by water, but not to be
swindled again by taking a cabin. Bring your Ada, if you please, to finish her
education.

Tell Mr. Alston that I ordered my booksellers to open a correspondence with

him, and to send out, by way of sample, and under the advice of M'Kinnon, not
to exceed the value of fifty guineas. M'Kinnon writes me that the articles will be
here by the first or before the middle of June, shipped for New-York.

I forgot to speak of the election. [5]

Both parties claim majorities, and there never was, in my opinion, an election, of
the result of which so little judgment could be formed. A. B. will have a small
majority in this city if to-morrow should be a fair day, and not else.

You may wonder how I live and mean to live in town. Peter and Alexis are all
my attendants. My breakfast is made a la garcon: dinners, &c., from a
neighbouring eatinghouse. Adieu.

A. BURR.
TO THEODOSIA.

New-York, May 1, 1804.

Your letter of the 16th of April had better luck than that other of the 1st.; on the
road, I mean, for the reception of both was equally kind. The last arrived
yesterday. I do not remember exactly what it is about, and it is on my table in the
library up stairs, and I am writing in the dining-room beside a good fire on this
evening of the first of May. Now madame pour quelque chose tres interessante.

How limited is human foresight! How truly are we the sport of accident. To-
morrow I had proposed to visit Celeste, and now, alas! cetera desunt.

La G. may be forty-one. Something of the style and manners of la tante de La R.

Is about as silly; talks as much, and as much nonsense; is certainly good-
tempered and cheerful; rather comely, abating a flat chest; about two inches
taller than Theodosia. Things are not gone to extremities; but there is danger—
poor gampy.

The election is lost by a great majority: tant mieux. It does not appear possible
that I should make you a visit; even if La G. should not prevent it, which ought
to be hoped, some other thing of like kind will.

Tell Natalie that I have just now received her letter, which she acknowledges to
be in answer to four of mine. Of the boy you have been remarkably reserved in
your two last letters. I conclude, however, that he cannot be dead, as you would,
probably, have thought that a circumstance worthy of being mentioned, at least
in a postscript. Now Natalie has written me a whole page about her girl, for
which I am very grateful.

What would you bet that La G. is not in a kind of quandary just now?
Gods! what a pathetic love-scene it will make if it shall go on.
Adieu.

A. BURR.

TO MISS ——-
New-York, May 20, 1804. I send you a sample of that species of philosophy
which I have thought particularly suited to your cast of mind and the delicacy of
your taste. You are to read from the 66th page to the 125th. What precedes and
follows will fatigue, without interesting or amusing you. Indeed, some of it will
not be very intelligible, and you must not be disgusted in the outset.

The author has not noticed those advantages which personal beauty derives from
intellectual improvement, or expansion of the mind tempered by commerce with
the world, nor how grace and expression may be thus heightened and improved.
I wish some one would write a volume on this subject. Indeed, I have had
thoughts of doing it myself, and holding you up as the example to verify my
theory. To this some thoughtless ones may object, that, where nature had done so
much, nothing was left for the work of art. There cannot be a greater error. The
essential difference between the silly and the wise consists in their different
capacity for improvement. Bestow what pains, offer what advantages you may to
a dull subject, and she will remain stationary. One of taste and talents, on the
contrary, extracts improvement from every thing, and approaches perfection in
proportion as the means of advancement are afforded.

What grave nonsense, you will say, or at least think, if this should find you, as is
probable, surrounded by admirers uniting to persuade you that you are already
perfect; and in such company how stupid a compliment will it seem to tell you
that you may still improve; that there are no limits to the improvement and
approaches which you may make towards perfection. Such, however ungallant,
will be the language of your admirer and friend,

A. BURR.

TO THEODOSIA.

New-York, May 8, 1804.

I think I have answered, or at least have noticed, your letter of the 17th, being
the last which has been received, and, as usual, postmarked nine days after its
date.

The affair of La G. is becoming serious. After due reflection, this does appear to
me to be the most discreet thing—prudence, cheerfulness, and good-temper are
ingredients of importance. I will offer homage. Are you content? Answer
quickly.

Madame Bonaparte and husband are here. I have just seen them and no more.
For reasons unknown to me (doubtless some state policy), we are suddenly
become strangers.

Of all earthly things I most want to see your boy. Does he yet know his letters? If
not, you surely must want skill, for, most certain, he can't want genius. You must
tell me of all his acquirements.

It ought to have been mentioned that I have not seen my inamorata since the
time of which I wrote you, which you may think passing strange.

May 26, 1804.

I think I will never again be so long without writing to you. It has been a daily
and nightly reproach to me since the 8th of May, the date of the preceding part of
this letter. The matter there spoken of seemed to be in so precarious a state, that I
did not like to send you that page alone, and, in fact, knew not what to add to it.
It is just so now; but from that day to this I have not seen La G., owing partly to
accident and partly to apathy.

Your long and interesting letter of the 5th and 6th inst has been received. It shall
be answered anon. In the mean time I repeat the injunction that you read, and in
sequence. Study philosophy, if nothing should more allure you. Darwin and
Harris you have; others I will send. Read over Shakspeare critically, marking the
passages which are beautiful, absurd, or obscure. I will do the same, and one of
these days we will compare. To improve your style and language is, however, the
most interesting point. In this you will be aided by regaining your Latin. Gods!
how much you might accomplish this year.

Miss Cruger, youngest daughter of the late widow Cruger, now Mrs.
Rogers, married two or three days ago to one of your Haywards, I think
William. A runaway job. La mere et beau pere bien fachés. How far
are you from Natalie?

A. BURR.
TO THEODOSIA.

New-York, June 11, 1804.

Your letter of the 14th of May is the last, and, I believe, unanswered, which is
rather scandalous on both sides; but the letter of A.B.A., at the foot of yours, was
far the most interesting. I have studied every pothook and trammel of his first
literary performance, to see what rays of genius could be discovered. You
remember our friend Schweitzer, nephew and pupil of Lavater. He used to insist
that as much was to be inferred from the handwriting as from the face. I showed
him a letter from a man of great fame, and he saw genius in every stroke. I then
produced a letter from an arrant blockhead and great knave, but so like the other
as not to be distinguished, at least by my unphysiognomical discernment. He
acknowledged that there was resemblance to an ignorant eye; but, said he,
triumphantly, this (latter) could never have made that scratch, which sybilistic
scratch was the mere prolongation of the last letter of the last word in a sentence.
Now it occurs to me that one of A.B.A.'s scratches is exactly in the line of genius
according to Schweitzer; and surely more may be presumed from the instinctive
effort of untutored infancy than from the laboured essay of scientific cultivation.
To aid your observations in this line, I pray you to read Martinus Scriblerius. Mr.
and Mrs. Hayward are happily living with the mother.

I am stationary (not paper, wax, and quills), but, adjectively speaking,

unlocomotive. The affair of La G. has also been perfectly stationary since my
last, the parties not having met; but hearing that La G. has expressed a sort of
surprise, approaching to vexation, at this apathy, the other party has kindly
promised an interview to-morrow. If it should take place, you will, in due time,
know the result. Your permission or dissent is impatiently expected by

A. BURR.

TO THEODOSIA.

New-York, June 13, 1804.

The joint and several letter of Natalie and Theodosia was received yesterday, and
will be answered to-morrow or next day. It seems that you write once a fortnight.
Two such idle sluts might find half an hour daily to give a sort of journal to papa.

Another interview yesterday with La G. One more would be fatal and final. I
shall seek it to-day; after which I will read Moore's fables, you impudence. My
time, till near closing the mail, has been occupied in writing to your husband. At
present I can only thank you both.

A. BURR.

TO THEODOSIA.

New-York, June 24, 1804.

"To-morrow, did I say? 'Tis nowhere to be found but in the fool's calendar;" and
yet I said "to-morrow." The morrow brought me an ague in the face, which I
have been nursing from that day to this, in great ill-humour. 'Till yesterday I
could not dispense with my mufflings, and yesterday we kept Theo.'s birthday.
The Laights and half a dozen others laughed an hour, and danced an hour, and
drank her health at Richmond Hill. We had your picture in the dining-room; but,
as it is a profile, and would not look at us, we hung it up, and placed Natalie's at
table, which laughs and talks with us.

I do not like the boy looking pale so early in the season. It argues ill; but I like
much his heroism and his gallantry. You can't think how much these little details
amuse and interest me. If you were quite mistress of natural philosophy, he
would now be hourly acquiring a knowledge of various branches, particularly
natural history, botany, and chymistry. Pursue these studies, and also that of
language. For fifty dollars you may get, in Philadelphia, a chymical apparatus,
put up in a small box, with which more than one hundred experiments may be
made.

Your idea of dressing up pieces of ancient mythology in the form of amusing

tales for children is very good. You yourself must write them. Send your
performances to me, and, within three weeks after they are received, you shall
have them again in print. This will be not only an amusing occupation, but a
very useful one to yourself. It will improve your style and your language, give
you habits of accuracy, and add a little to your stock of knowledge. Natalie, too,
must work at it, and I'll bet that she makes the best tale. I will be your editor and
your critic.

You laugh at me so much and so impudently, that I will not say a word more of
certain things till something be concluded. Your permission seems to be that I
may hang or drown, or make any other apotheosis I may please. Dear indulgent
creature, how I thank thee.

Pray, madam, give your orders to Peggy yourself. She writes a better hand than I
do, and would be so proud to receive a letter from Missy. I have shown her that
part of your letter which concerns her, and she is now engaged in executing your
commands.

A. BURR.

TO THEODOSIA.

New-York, July 1, 1804.

Having been shivering with cold all day, though in perfect health, I have now,
just at sunset, had a fire in my library, and am sitting near it and enjoying it, if
that word be applicable to any thing done in solitude. Some very wise man,
however, has exclaimed,

"Oh! fools, who think it solitude to be alone."

This is but poetry. Let us, therefore, drop the subject, lest it lead to another on
which I have imposed silence on myself.

You may recollect, and, if you do not, your husband will, that he has several
times requested me to open a correspondence between him and my bookseller in
London. To introduce the thing, I desired Mr. White to send with my next parcel
of books a parcel for Mr. Alston, not exceeding the value of fifty guineas, and
referred him to Mr. M'Kinnon for instructions. The books came out accordingly,
and, with respect to my box, all was smooth and fair; but it was alleged by the
owners of the ship and by the captain, that the box for Mr. Alston, having been
irregularly shipped, occasioned the seizure and detention of the ship, and the
owners refused to deliver the box unless I would pay thirty guineas damages.
This I declined, and the box was taken to the custom-house, where it has lain
these six weeks unopened. After the expiration of nine months it will be opened,
and the contents sold at auction by order of the officers of the customs. I shall
write to the bookseller, Mr. White, to employ his own agent here to look to the
box as his property. This trifling tale would not have been told but to show Mr.
Alston that I really have made an attempt to establish a correspondence for him.

You ought to be collecting a few books for your own use. One way of forming a
small library, and which I recommend to you, is to note down the title of every
book which, either from its reputation or from perusal, you may wish to possess.
Make you a small memorandum book for this purpose. If they be written on
loose scraps, by the time you get a dozen eleven of them will be lost. I
recommend to you a new publication called the Edinburgh Review. One number
is issued every three months. The plan of the editors differs from that of similar
works in that they give more copious extracts, and notice only books of merit or
reputation.

I wait impatiently for some of your tales. No hasty scrawls, madam, for I will
correct nothing. We have now here three shiploads of South Carolinians, who all
find the weather intolerably hot, though I have slept under a blanket every night
except one in all June.

Jerome Bonaparte has taken Belvidere for the season. The two French frigates
remain here blockaded. C. C. says you are a good-for-nothing, lazy ****** (I
really cannot write her words; they are too dreadful, and must be left to your
imagination to supply), because you never write to her, nor even answer her
letters. I assented to all this.

All strangers go to see Montalto as one of the curiosities or beauties of the

island. Your last letter is dated the 31st of May, whence I conclude that you
submit to the labour of writing to me once a fortnight only.

A. BURR.

Footnotes:

1. Matthew L. Davis.
2. The lady of the then British Minister Plenipotentiary to the United States.

3. Washington Irving

4. The Corrector, by Toby Tickler.

5. The election for governor; Morgan Lewis and Aaron Burr being the
candidates.
CHAPTER XVI.

In February, 1804, Colonel Burr was nominated, at a public meeting held in the
city of New-York, as a candidate for the office of governor. At this meeting
Colonel Marinus Willett presided as chairman, and Ezekiel Robbins acted as
secretary. Both these gentlemen were well known as efficient members of the
democratic party. Judge Morgan Lewis was the opposing and successful
candidate. This contest was of an acrimonious character. While the great mass of
the democratic party supported Judge Lewis, a section of that party, alike
distinguished for their talents and patriotism, sustained Colonel Burr. Nor were
these divisions confined to the ranks of the democracy. Among the federalists
similar dissensions sprang up. General Hamilton, and all that portion of
politicians over whom he had a controlling influence, opposed the election of
Colonel Burr with an ardour bordering on fanaticism. The press teemed with
libels of the most atrocious character. An event connected with this election has
rendered it memorable in the history of our state and country. A letter, written by
Dr. Charles D. Cooper, and published pending the election, ultimately led to the
hostile and fatal meeting between General Hamilton and Colonel Burr.
Immediately after the death of the former gentleman, Judge William P. Van Ness,
the second of Colonel Burr, published the correspondence between the parties,
with a statement of the conversations he held with General Hamilton and Judge
Pendleton, the second of the general. As their accuracy has never been called in
question, they are now presented in the form in which they then appeared.

STATEMENT.

On the afternoon of the 17th of June last (1804), says Judge Van Ness, I received
a note from Colonel Burr [1] requesting me to call on him the following
morning. Upon my arrival he alleged that it had, of late, been frequently stated to
him that General Hamilton had, at different times and upon various occasions,
used language and expressed opinions highly injurious to his reputation; that he
had for some time felt the necessity of calling on General Hamilton for an
explanation of his conduct, but that the statements which had been made to him
did not appear sufficiently authentic to justify the measure; that, a newspaper
had, however, been recently put into his hands, in which he perceived a letter
signed Charles D. Cooper, containing something which he thought demanded
immediate investigation. Urged by these circumstances, and justified by the
evident opinion of his friends, he had determined to write General Hamilton a
note upon the subject, which he requested me to deliver. I assented to this
request, and, on my return to the city, which was at eleven o'clock the same
morning, I delivered to General Hamilton the note which I received from
Colonel Burr for that purpose, and of which the following is a copy.

No. I.

New-York, June 18, 1804.

SIR,

I send for your perusal a letter signed Charles D. Cooper, which, though
apparently published some time ago, has but very recently come to my
knowledge. Mr. Van Ness, who does me the favour to deliver this, will point out
to you that clause of the letter to which I particularly request your attention.

You must perceive, sir, the necessity of a prompt and unqualified

acknowledgment or denial of the use of any expressions which would warrant
the assertions of Mr. Cooper.

I have the honour to be

Your obedient servant,

A. BURR.

General HAMILTON.

General Hamilton read the note of Mr. Burr, and the printed letter of Mr. Cooper
to which it refers, and remarked that they required some consideration, and that
in the course of the day he would send an answer to my office. At half past ten
o'clock General Hamilton called at my house, and said that a variety of
engagements would demand his attention during the whole of that day and the
next; but that on Wednesday, the 20th inst., he would furnish me with such an
answer to Colonel Burr's letter as he should deem most suitable and compatible
with his feelings. In the evening of Wednesday, the 20th, while I was from home,
the following letter, addressed to Colonel Burr, was left at my house, under
cover to me.

No. II.

New-York, June 20, 1804.

SIR,

I have maturely reflected on the subject of your letter of the 18th inst., and the
more I have reflected the more I have become convinced that I could not,
without manifest impropriety, make the avowal or disavowal which you seem to
think necessary. The clause pointed out by Mr. Van Ness is in these terms: "I
could detail to you a still more despicable opinion which General Hamilton has
expressed of Mr. Burr." To endeavour to discover the meaning of this
declaration, I was obliged to seek in the antecedent part of this letter for the
opinion to which it referred as having been already disclosed. I found it in these
words: "General Hamilton and Judge Kent have declared, in substance, that they
looked upon Mr. Burr to be a dangerous man, and one who ought not to be
trusted with the reins of government."

The language of Doctor Cooper plainly implies that he considered this opinion
of you, which he attributes to me, as a despicable one; but he affirms that I have
expressed some other more despicable, without, however, mentioning to whom,
when, or where. 'Tis evident that the phrase "still more despicable" admits of
infinite shades, from very light to very dark. How am I to judge of the degree
intended? Or how shall I annex any precise idea to language so indefinite?

Between gentlemen, despicable and more despicable are not worth the pains of
distinction; when, therefore, you do not interrogate me as to the opinion which is
specifically ascribed to me, I must conclude that you view it as within the limits
to which the animadversions of political opponents upon each other may
justifiably extend, and, consequently, as not warranting the idea which Doctor
Cooper appears to entertain. If so, what precise inference could you draw as a
guide for your conduct, were I to acknowledge that I had expressed an opinion
of you still more despicable than the one which is particularized? How could you
be sure that even this opinion had exceeded the bounds which you would
yourself deem admissible between political opponents?

But I forbear further comment on the embarrassment to which the requisition

you have made naturally leads. The occasion forbids a more ample illustration,
though nothing could be more easy than to pursue it.

Repeating that I cannot reconcile it with propriety to make the acknowledgment

or denial you desire, I will add, that I deem it inadmissible, on principle, to
consent to be interrogated as to the justice of the inferences which may be drawn
by others from whatever I have said of a political opponent in the course of
fifteen years competition. If there were no other objection to it, this is sufficient,
that it would tend to expose my sincerity and delicacy to injurious imputations
from every person who may at any time have conceived the import of my
expressions differently from what I may then have intended or may afterward
recollect. I stand ready to avow or disavow promptly and explicitly any precise
or definite opinion which I may be charged with having declared of any
gentleman. More than this cannot fitly be expected from me; and, especially, it
cannot be reasonably expected that I shall enter into any explanation upon a
basis so vague as that you have adopted. I trust, on more reflection, you will see
the matter in the same light with me. If not, I can only regret the circumstance,
and must abide the consequences.

The publication of Doctor Cooper was never seen by me till after the receipt of
your letter. I have the honour to be, &c.,

A. HAMILTON.

Colonel BURR.

On the morning of Thursday, the 21st, I delivered to Colonel Burr the above
letter, and, in the evening, was furnished with the following letter for General
Hamilton, which I delivered to him at 12 o'clock on Friday, the 22d inst.

No. III.

New-York, June 21, 1804.

SIR,

Your letter of the 20th inst. has been this day received. Having considered it
attentively, I regret to find in it nothing of that sincerity and delicacy which you
profess to value.

Political opposition can never absolve gentlemen from the necessity of a rigid
adherence to the laws of honour and the rules of decorum. I neither claim such
privilege nor indulge it in others.

The common sense of mankind affixes to the epithet adopted by Doctor Cooper
the idea of dishonour. It has been publicly applied to me under the sanction of
your name. The question is not whether he has understood the meaning of the
word, or has used it according to syntax and with grammatical accuracy, but
whether you have authorized this application, either directly or by uttering
expressions or opinions derogatory to my honour. The time "when" is in your
own knowledge, but no way material to me, as the calumny has now first been
disclosed so as to become the subject of my notice, and as the effect is present
and palpable.

Your letter has furnished me with new reasons for requiring a definite reply.

I have the honour to be,

Sir, your obedient

A. BURR.

General HAMILTON.
General Hamilton perused it, and said it was such a letter as he had hoped not to
have received; that it contained several offensive expressions, and seemed to
close the door to all further reply; that he had hoped the answer he had returned
to Colonel Burr's first letter would have given a different direction to the
controversy; that he thought Mr. Burr would have perceived that there was a
difficulty in his making a more specific reply, and would have desired him to
state what had fallen from him that might have given rise to the inference of
Doctor Cooper. He would have done this frankly; and he believed it would not
have been found to exceed the limits justifiable among political opponents. If
Mr. Burr should be disposed to give a different complexion to the discussion, he
was willing to consider the last letter not delivered; but if that communication
was not withdrawn, he could make no reply; and Mr. Burr must pursue such
course as he should deem most proper.

At the request of General Hamilton, I replied that I would detail these ideas to
Colonel Burr; but added, that if in his first letter he had introduced the idea (if it
was a correct one) that he could recollect of no terms that would justify the
construction made by Dr. Cooper, it would, in my opinion, have opened a door
for accommodation. General Hamilton then repeated the same objections to this
measure which were stated in substance in his first letter to Colonel Burr.

When I was about leaving him he observed, that if I preferred it, he would
commit his refusal to writing. I replied, that if he had resolved not to answer
Colonel Burr's letter, that I could report that to him verbally, without giving him
the trouble of writing it. He again repeated his determination not to answer; and
that Colonel Burr must pursue such course as he should deem most proper.

In the afternoon of this day I reported to Colonel Burr, at his house out of town,
the answer and the determination of General Hamilton, and promised to call on
him again in the evening to learn his further wishes. I was detained in town,
however, this evening, by some private business, and did not call on Colonel
Burr until the following morning, Saturday, the 23d June. I then received from
him a letter for General Hamilton, which is numbered IV.; but, as will presently
be explained, never was delivered. The substance of it will be found in number
XII.

When I returned with this letter to the city, which was about two o'clock in the
afternoon of the same day, I sent a note to General Hamilton's office, and also to
his house, desiring to know when it would be convenient to him to receive a
communication. The servant, as he informed me, received for answer at both
places that General Hamilton had gone to his country seat. I then wrote the note
of which No. V. is a copy, and sent it out to him in the country.

No. V.

June 23, 1804.

SIR,

In the afternoon of yesterday I reported to Colonel Burr the result of my last

interview with you, and appointed the evening to receive his further instructions.
Some private engagements, however, prevented me from calling on him till this
morning. On my return to the city, I found, upon inquiry, both at your office and
house, that you had returned to your residence in the country. Lest an interview
there might be less agreeable to you than elsewhere, I have taken the liberty of
addressing you this note, to inquire when and where it will be most convenient
to you to receive a communication.

Your most obedient and very humble servant,

W. P. VAN NESS.

General HAMILTON.

To this I received for answer No. VI., which follows.

No. VI.

Grange, June 23, 1804.

SIR,

I was in town to-day till half past one. I thank you for the delicacy which
dictated your note to me. If it is indispensable the communication should be
made before Monday morning, I must receive it here; but I should think this
cannot be important. On Monday, by nine o'clock, I shall be in town at my house
in Cedar-street, No. 52, where I should be glad to see you. An additional reason
for preferring this is, that I am unwilling to occasion you trouble.

With esteem I am your obedient servant,

A. HAMILTON.

At nine o'clock on Monday, the 25th of June, I called on General Hamilton, at

his house in Cedar-street, to present the letter No. IV. already alluded to, and
with instructions for a verbal communication, of which the following notes, No.
VII, handed me by Mr. Burr, were to be the basis. The substance of which,
though in terms as much softened as my injunctions would permit, was
accordingly communicated to General Hamilton.

No. VII.

A. Burr, far from conceiving that rivalship authorizes a latitude not otherwise
justifiable, always feels greater delicacy in such cases, and would think it
meanness to speak of a rival but in terms of respect; to do justice to his merits; to
be silent of his foibles. Such has invariably been his conduct towards Jay,
Adams, and Hamilton; the only three who can be supposed to have stood in that
relation to him.

That he has too much reason to believe that, in regard to Mr. Hamilton, there has
been no reciprocity. For several years his name has been lent to the support of
base slanders. He has never had the generosity, the magnanimity, or the candour
to contradict or disavow. Burr forbears to particularize, as it could only tend to
produce new irritations; but, having made great sacrifices for the sake of
harmony; having exercised forbearance until it approached to humiliation, he has
seen no effect produced by such conduct but a repetition of injury. He is obliged
to conclude that there is, on the part of Mr. Hamilton, a settled and implacable
malevolence; that he will never cease, in his conduct towards Mr. Burr, to violate
those courtesies of life; and that, hence, he has no alternative but to announce
these things to the world; which, consistently with Mr. Burr's ideas of propriety,
can be done in no way but that which he has adopted. He is incapable of
revenge, still less is he capable of imitating the conduct of Mr. Hamilton, by
committing secret depredations on his fame and character. But these things must
have an end.

Before I delivered the written communication with which I was charged, General
Hamilton said that he had prepared a written reply to Colonel Burr's letter of the
21st, which he had left with Mr. Pendleton, and wished me to receive. I
answered, that the communication I had to make to him was predicated upon the
idea that he would make no reply to Mr. Burr's letter of the 21st of June, and that
I had so understood him in our conversation of the 22d. General Hamilton said
that he believed, before I left him, he had proffered a written reply. I observed
that, when he answered verbally, he had offered to put that refusal in writing; but
that, if he had now prepared a written reply, I would receive it with pleasure. I
accordingly called on Mr. Pendleton on the same day (Monday, June 25th),
between one and two o'clock P. M., and stated to him the result of my recent
interview with General Hamilton, and the reference he had made to him.

I then received from Mr. Pendleton No. VIII., which follows:—

No. VIII.

New-York, June 22, 1804.

SIR,

Your first letter, in a style too peremptory, made a demand, in my opinion,

unprecedented and unwarrantable. My answer, pointing out the embarrassment,
gave you an opportunity to take a less exceptionable course. You have not
chosen to do it; but, by your last letter, received this day, containing expressions
indecorous and improper, you have increased the difficulties to explanation
intrinsically incident to the nature of your application.

If by a "definite reply" you mean the direct avowal or disavowal required in your
first letter, I have no other answer to give than that which has already been
given. If you mean any thing different, admitting of greater latitude, it is
requisite you should explain.

I have the honour to be, sir, your obedient servant,

ALEX. HAMILTON.

A. BURR, Esq.

This letter was unsealed, but I did not read it in his presence. After some
conversation relative to what General Hamilton would say on the subject of the
present controversy, during which Mr. Pendleton read from a paper his ideas on
the subject, he left me for the purpose of seeing and consulting Mr. Hamilton,
taking the paper with him. In about an hour he called at my house. I informed
him that I had shown to Colonel Burr the letter he had given me from General
Hamilton; that, in his opinion, it amounted to nothing more than the verbal reply
I had already reported; that it left the business precisely where it then was; that
Mr. Burr had very explicitly stated the injuries he had received and the
reparation he demanded, and that be did not think it proper to be asked now for
further explanation. Towards the conclusion of the conversation I informed him
that Colonel Burr required a general disavowal of any intention, on the part of
General Hamilton, in his various conversations, to convey expressions
derogatory to the honour of Mr. Burr. Mr. Pendleton replied that he believed
General Hamilton would have no objections to make such declaration, and left
me for the purpose of consulting him, requesting me to call in the course of the
afternoon for an answer. I called on him, accordingly, about six o'clock. He then
observed that General Hamilton declined making such a disavowal as I had
stated in our last conversation; that he, Mr. Pendleton, did not then perceive the
whole force and extent of it; and presented me with the following paper, No. IX.,
which I transmitted in the evening to Mr. Burr.

No. IX.

In answer to a letter properly adapted to obtain from General Hamilton a

declaration whether he had charged Colonel Burr with any particular instance of
dishonourable conduct, or had impeached his private character either in the
conversation alluded to by Doctor Cooper, or in any other particular instance to
be specified, he would be able to answer consistently with his honour and the
truth, in substance, that the conversation to which Doctor Cooper alluded turned
wholly on political topics, and did not attribute to Colonel Burr any instance of
dishonourable conduct, nor relate to his private character; and in relation to any
other language or conversation of General Hamilton which Colonel Burr will
specify, a prompt and frank avowal or denial will be given.

The following day (Tuesday, 26th June), as early as was convenient, I had an
interview with Colonel Burr, who informed me that he considered General
Hamilton's proposition a mere evasion, that evinced a desire to leave the
injurious impressions which had arisen from the conversations of General
Hamilton in full force; that when he had undertaken to investigate an injury his
honour had sustained, it would be unworthy of him not to make that
investigation complete. He gave me further instructions, which are substantially
contained in the following letter to Mr. Pendleton, No. X.

No. X.

June 26, 1804.

SIR,

The letter which you yesterday delivered to me, and your subsequent
communication, in Colonel Burr's opinion, evince no disposition, on the part of
General Hamilton, to come to a satisfactory accommodation. The injury
complained of and the reparation expected are so definitely expressed in Colonel
Burr's letter of the 21st instant, that there is not perceived a necessity for further
explanation on his part. The difficulty that would result from confining the
inquiry to any particular times and occasions must be manifest. The denial of a
specified conversation only would leave strong implication that on other
occasions improper language had been used. When and where injurious opinions
and expressions had been uttered by General Hamilton must be best known to
him, and of him only will Colonel Burr inquire. No denial or declaration will be
satisfactory unless it be general, so as wholly to exclude the idea that rumours
derogatory to Colonel Burr's honour has originated with General Hamilton, or
have been fairly inferred from any thing he has said. A definite reply to a
requisition of this nature was demanded by Colonel Burr's letter of the 21st
instant. This being refused, invites the alternative alluded to in General
Hamilton's letter of the 20th.

It was required by the position in which the controversy was placed by General
Hamilton on Friday (June 22d) last, and I was immediately furnished with a
communication demanding a personal interview. The necessity of this measure
has not, in the opinion of Colonel Burr, been diminished by the general's last
letter, or any communication which has since been received. I am, consequently,
again instructed to deliver you a message as soon as it may be convenient for
you to receive it. I beg, therefore, you will be so good as to inform me at what
hour I can have the pleasure of seeing you.

Your most obedient and humble servant,

W. P. VAN NESS.

NATHANIEL PENDLETON, Esq.

In the evening of the same day I received from him the following answer:—

No. XI.

June 26, 1804.

SIR,

I have communicated the letter which you did me the honour to write to me of
this date, to General Hamilton. The expectations now disclosed on the part of
Colonel Burr appear to him to have greatly extended the original ground of
inquiry, and, instead of presenting a particular and definite case for explanation,
seem to aim at nothing less than an inquisition into his most confidential
conversations, as well as others, through the whole period of his acquaintance
with Colonel Burr.

While he was prepared to meet the particular case fairly and fully, he thinks it
inadmissible that he should be expected to answer at large as to every thing that
he may possibly have said in relation to the character of Colonel Burr at any
time or upon any occasion. Though he is not conscious that any charges which
are in circulation to the prejudice of Colonel Burr have originated with him,
except one which may have been so considered, and which has long since been
fully explained between Colonel Burr and himself, yet he cannot consent to be
questioned generally as to any rumours which may be afloat derogatory to the
character of Colonel Burr, without specification of the several rumours, many of
them, probably, unknown to him. He does not, however, mean to authorize any
conclusion as to the real nature of his conduct in relation to Colonel Burr by his
declining so loose and vague a basis of explanation, and he disavows an
unwillingness to come to a satisfactory, provided it be an honourable,
accommodation. His objection is the very indefinite ground which Colonel Burr
has assumed, in which he is sorry to be able to discern nothing short of
predetermined hostility. Presuming, therefore, that it will be adhered to, he has
instructed me to receive the message which you have it in charge to deliver. For
this purpose I shall be at home and at your command to-morrow morning from
eight to ten o'clock.

I have the honour to be, respectfully,

Your obedient servant,

NATHANIEL PENDLETON.

WM. P. VAN NESS, Esq.

I transmitted this to Colonel Burr; and, after a conference with him, in which I
received his further instructions, and that no misunderstanding might arise from
verbal communication, I committed to writing the remarks contained in No. XII.,
which follows:

No. XII.

Wednesday morning, June 27, 1804.

SIR,

The letter which I had the honour to receive from you, under date of yesterday,
states, among other things, that, in General Hamilton's opinion, Colonel Burr has
taken a very indefinite ground, in which he evinces nothing short of
predetermined hostility, and General Hamilton thinks it inadmissible that the
inquiry should extend to his confidential as well as other conversations. To this
Colonel Burr can only reply, that secret whispers traducing his fame and
impeaching his honour are at least equally injurious with slanders publicly
uttered; that General Hamilton had, at no time and in no place, a right to use any
such injurious expression; and that the partial negative he is disposed to give,
with the reservations he wishes to make, are proofs that he has done the injury
specified.

Colonel Burr's request was, in the first instance, proposed in a form the most
simple, in order that General Hamilton might give to the affair that course to
which he might be induced by his temper and his knowledge of facts. Colonel
Burr trusted with confidence, that, from the frankness of a soldier and the
candour of a gentleman, he might expect an ingenuous declaration. That if, as he
had reason to believe, General Hamilton had used expressions derogatory to his
honour, he would have had the magnanimity to retract them; and that if, from his
language, injurious inferences had been improperly drawn, he would have
perceived the propriety of correcting errors which might thus have been widely
diffused. With these impressions Colonel Burr was greatly surprised at receiving
a letter which he considered as evasive, and which, in manner, he deemed not
altogether decorous. In one expectation, however, he was not wholly deceived;
for the close of General Hamilton's letter contained an intimation that, if Colonel
Burr should dislike his refusal to acknowledge or deny, he was ready to meet the
consequences. This Colonel Burr deemed a sort of defiance, and would have felt
justified in making it the basis of an immediate message; but, as the
communication contained something concerning the indefiniteness of the
request; as he believed it rather the offspring of false pride than of reflection; and
as he felt the utmost reluctance to proceed to extremities while any other hope
remained, his request was repeated in terms more explicit. The replies and
propositions on the part of General Hamilton have, in Colonel Burr's opinion,
been constantly, in substance, the same.

Colonel Burr disavows all motives of predetermined hostility, a charge by which

he thinks insult added to injury. He feels as a gentleman should when his honour
is impeached or assailed; and, without sensations of hostility or wishes of
revenge, he is determined to vindicate that honour at such hazard as the nature of
the case demands.

The length to which this correspondence has extended only tending to prove that
the satisfactory redress, earnestly desired, cannot be attained, he deems it useless
to offer any proposition except the single message which I shall now have the
honour to deliver.
With great respect, your obedient servant,

W. P. VAN NESS.

NATHANIEL PENDLETON, Esq.

I handed this to Mr. Pendleton at twelve o'clock on Wednesday the 27th. After he
had perused it, agreeable to my instructions, I delivered the message which it is
unnecessary to repeat. The request it contained was acceded to. After which Mr.
Pendleton remarked that a court was then sitting in which General Hamilton had
much business to transact, and that he had also some private arrangements to
make, which would render some delay unavoidable. I acceded to his wish, and
Mr. Pendleton said he would call on me again in the course of the day or the
following morning, to confer further relative to time and place.

Thursday, June 28th, ten o'clock P. M., Mr. Pendleton called on me with a paper
which he said contained some views of General Hamilton, and which he had
received from him. I replied, that if the paper contained a definite and specific
proposition for an accommodation, I would with pleasure receive it, and submit
it to the consideration of my principal; if not, that I must decline taking it, as Mr.
Burr conceived the correspondence completely terminated by the acceptance of
the invitation contained in the message I had yesterday delivered. Mr. Pendleton
replied that the paper did not contain any proposition of the kind I alluded to, but
remarks on my last letter. I, of course, declined receiving it. Mr. Pendleton then
took leave, and said that he would call again in a day or two to arrange time and
place. Tuesday, July 3d, I again saw Mr. Pendleton; and, after a few subsequent
interviews, the time when the parties were to meet was ultimately fixed for the
morning of the 11th of July instant. The occurrences of that interview will appear
from the following statement, No. XIII., which has been drawn up and mutually
agreed to by the seconds of the parties.

No. XIII.

Colonel Burr arrived first on the ground, as had been previously agreed. When
General Hamilton arrived, the parties exchanged salutations, and the seconds
proceeded to make their arrangements. They measured the distance, ten full
paces, and cast lots for the choice of position, as also to determine by whom the
word should be given, both of which fell to the second of General Hamilton.
They then proceeded to load the pistols in each other's presence, after which the
parties took their stations. The gentleman who was to give the word then
explained to the parties the rules which were to govern them in firing, which
were as follows: "The parties being placed at their stations, the second who gives
the word shall ask them whether they are ready; being answered in the
affirmative, he shall say—present! After this the parties shall present and fire
when they please. If one fires before the other, the opposite second shall say one,
two, three, fire, and he shall then fire or lose his fire. He then asked if they were
prepared; being answered in the affirmative, he gave the word present, as had
been agreed on, and both parties presented and fired in succession. The
intervening time is not expressed, as the seconds do not precisely agree on that
point. The fire of Colonel Burr took effect, and General Hamilton almost
instantly fell. Colonel Burr advanced towards General Hamilton with a manner
and gesture that appeared to General Hamilton's friend to be expressive of regret;
but, without speaking, turned about and withdrew, being urged from the field by
his friend, as has been subsequently stated, with a view to prevent his being
recognised by the surgeon and bargemen who were then approaching. No further
communication took place between the principals, and the barge that carried
Colonel Burr immediately returned to the city. We conceive it proper to add, that
the conduct of the parties in this interview was perfectly proper, as suited the
occasion."

In the interviews between Mr. Pendleton and Mr. Van Ness, they were not able to
agree in two important facts that passed on the ground. "Mr. Pendleton expressed
a confident opinion that General Hamilton did not fire first, and that he did not
fire at all at Colonel Burr. Mr. Van Ness seemed equally confident in opinion that
General Hamilton did fire first; and, of course, that it must have been at his
antagonist."

Such was the statement made by the friend of Colonel Burr. It is now proposed
to insert such explanations of, or remarks on, the communications between the
parties as emanated from the friend of General Hamilton. None were given
previous to document No. III. Immediately after that letter, dated 21st June, are
the following remarks:—

"On Saturday, the 22d of June, General Hamilton for the first time called on Mr.
Pendleton, and communicated to him the preceding correspondence. He
informed him that, in a conversation with Mr. Van Ness at the time of receiving
the last letter (No. III.), he told Mr. Van Ness that he considered that letter as
rude and offensive, and that it was not possible for him to give any other answer
than that Mr. Burr must take such steps as he might think proper. He said,
further, that Mr. Van Ness requested him to take time to deliberate, and then
return an answer, when he might possibly entertain a different opinion, and that
he would call on him to receive it. That his reply to Mr. Van Ness was, that he
did not perceive it possible for him to give any other answer than that he had
mentioned, unless Mr. Burr would take back his last letter, and write one which
would admit of a different reply. He then gave Mr. Pendleton the letter hereafter
mentioned of the 22d of June, to be delivered to Mr. Van Ness when he should
call on Mr. Pendleton for an answer, and went to his country house."

[After No. V., dated June 23d, is the following:—]

"Mr. Pendleton understood from General Hamilton that he immediately

answered that, if the communication was pressing, he would receive it at his
country house that day; if not, he would be at his house in town the next morning
at nine o'clock. But he did not give Mr. Pendleton any copy of this note."

[After No. VIII., dated June 22d, is the following:—]

"This letter, although dated on the 22d of June, remained in Mr. Pendleton's
possession until the 25th, within which period he had several conversations with
Mr. Van Ness. In these conversations Mr. Pendleton endeavoured to illustrate
and enforce the propriety of the ground General Hamilton had taken. Mr.
Pendleton mentioned to Mr. Van Ness as the result, that if Colonel Burr would
write a letter, requesting to know, in substance, whether, in the conversation to
which Dr. Cooper alluded, any particular instance of dishonourable conduct was
imputed to Colonel Burr, or whether there was any impeachment of his private
character, General Hamilton would declare, to the best of his recollection, what
passed in that conversation; and Mr. Pendleton read to Mr. Van Ness a paper
containing the substance of what General Hamilton would say on that subject,
which is as follows:—

"General Hamilton says he cannot imagine to what Doctor Cooper may have
alluded, unless it were to a conversation at Mr. Taylor's, in Albany, last winter (at
which he and General Hamilton were present). General Hamilton cannot
recollect distinctly the particulars of that conversation, so as to undertake to
repeat them without running the risk of varying, or omitting what might be
deemed important circumstances. The expressions are entirely forgotten, and the
specific ideas imperfectly remembered; but, to the best of his recollection, it
consisted of comments on the political principles and views of Colonel Burr, and
the results that might be expected from them in the event of his election as
governor, without reference to any particular instance of past conduct or to
private character."

"After the delivery of the letter of the 22d, as above mentioned, in another
interview with Mr. Van Ness, he desired Mr. Pendleton to give him, in writing,
the substance of what he had proposed on the part of General Hamilton, which
Mr. Pendleton did, in the following words." [See No. IX] [After No. XII., dated
June 27th, is the following:—]

"With this letter a message was received, such as was to be expected, containing
an invitation which was accepted, and Mr. Pendleton informed Mr. Van Ness he
should hear from him the next day as to further particulars.

"This letter was delivered to General Hamilton on the same evening, and a very
short conversation ensued between him and Mr. Pendleton, who was to call on
him early the next morning for a further conference. When he did so, General
Hamilton said he had not understood whether the message and answer was
definitively concluded, or whether another meeting was to take place for that
purpose between Mr. Pendleton and Mr. Van Ness. Under the latter impression,
and as the last letter contained matter that naturally led to animadversion, he
gave Mr. Pendleton a paper of remarks in his own handwriting, to be
communicated to Mr. Van Ness, if the state of the affair rendered it proper.

"In an interview with Mr. Van Ness on the same day, after explaining the causes
which had induced General Hamilton to suppose that the state of the affair did
not render it improper, Mr. Pendleton offered this paper to Mr. Van Ness, but he
declined receiving it, alleging that he considered the correspondence as closed
by the acceptance of the message that he had delivered.

"Mr. Pendleton then informed Mr. Van Ness of the inducements mentioned by
General Hamilton in the paper for at least postponing the meeting until the close
of the circuit; and, as this was uncertain, Mr. Pendleton was to let him know
when it would be convenient."

Remarks on the letter of June 27, 1804, which Mr. Van Ness declined to receive.
"Whether the observations on this letter are designed merely to justify the result
which is indicated in the close of the letter, or may be intended to give an
opening for rendering any thing explicit which may have been deemed vague
heretofore, can only be judged of by the sequel. At any rate, it appears to me
necessary not to be misunderstood. Mr. Pendleton is therefore authorized to say,
that in the course of the present discussion, written or verbal, there has been no
intention to evade, defy, or insult, but a sincere disposition to avoid extremities,
if it could be done with propriety. With this view General Hamilton has been
ready to enter into a frank and free explanation on any and every object of a
specific nature; but not to answer a general and abstract inquiry, embracing a
period too long for any accurate recollection, and exposing him to unpleasant
criticisms from, or unpleasant discussions with, any and every person who may
have understood him in an unfavourable sense. This (admitting that he could
answer in a manner the most satisfactory to Colonel Burr) he should deem
inadmissible in principle and precedent, and humiliating in practice. To this,
therefore, he can never submit. Frequent allusion has been made to slanders said
to be in circulation. Whether they are openly or in whispers, they have a form
and shape, and might be specified."

"If the alternative alluded to in the close of the letter is definitively tendered, it
must be accepted; the time, place, and manner to be afterward regulated. I should
not think it right, in the midst of a circuit court, to withdraw my services from
those who may have confided important interests to me, and expose them to the
embarrassment of seeking other counsel, who may not have time to be
sufficiently instructed in their causes. I shall also want a little time to make some
arrangements respecting my own affairs."

"On Friday, the 6th of July, the circuit being closed, Mr. Pendleton informed Mr.
Van Ness that General Hamilton would be ready at any time after the Sunday
following. On Monday the particulars were arranged. On Wednesday the parties
met at Weehawk, on the Jersey shore, at seven o'clock A.M. The particulars of
what then took place appear in the statement, as agreed upon and corrected by
the seconds of the parties." [See No. XIII.]

DOCTOR DAVID HOSACK TO WILLIAM COLEMAN.

August 17, 1804.

DEAR SIR,

To comply with your request is a painful task; but I will repress my feelings
while I endeavour to furnish you with an enumeration of such particulars relative
to the melancholy end of our beloved friend Hamilton as dwell most forcibly on
my recollection.

When called to him upon his receiving the fatal wound, I found him half sitting
on the ground, supported in the arms of Mr. Pendleton. His countenance of death
I shall never forget. He had at that instant just strength to say, "This is a mortal
wound, doctor;" when he sunk away, and became to all appearance lifeless. I
immediately stripped up his clothes, and soon, alas! ascertained that the direction
of the ball must have been through some vital part. [2]

His pulses were not to be felt, his respiration was entirely suspended, and, upon
laying my hand on his heart and perceiving no motion there, I considered him as
irrecoverably gone. I, however, observed to Mr. Pendleton, that the only chance
for his reviving was immediately to get him upon the water. We therefore lifted
him up, and carried him out of the wood to the margin of the bank, where the
bargemen aided us in conveying him into the boat, which immediately put off.
During all this time I could not discover the least symptom of returning life. I
now rubbed his face, lips, and temples with spirits of hartshorn, applied it to his
neck and breast, and to the wrists and palms of his hands, and endeavoured to
pour some into his mouth. When we had got, as I should judge, about fifty yards
from the shore, some imperfect efforts to breathe were for the first time
manifest; in a few minutes he sighed, and became sensible to the impression of
the hartshorn or the fresh air of the water. He breathed; his eyes, hardly opened,
wandered, without fixing upon any object; to our great joy, he at length spoke.
"My vision is indistinct," were his first words. His pulse became more
perceptible, his respiration more regular, his sight returned. I then examined the
wound to know if there was any dangerous discharge of blood; upon slightly
pressing his side it gave him pain, on which I desisted. Soon after recovering his
sight, he happened to cast his eye upon the case of pistols, and observing the one
that he had had in his hand lying on the outside, he said, "Take care of that
pistol; it is undischarged, and still cocked; it may go off and do harm. Pendleton
knows" (attempting to turn his head towards him) "that I did not intend to fire at
him." "Yes," said Mr. Pendleton, understanding his wish, "I have already made
Dr. Hosack acquainted with your determination as to that." He then closed his
eyes and remained calm, without any disposition to speak; nor did he say much
afterward, except in reply to my questions. He asked me once or twice how I
found his pulse; and he informed me that his lower extremities had lost all
feeling, manifesting to me that he entertained no hopes that he should long
survive. I changed the posture of his limbs, but to no purpose; they had entirely
lost their sensibility. Perceiving that we approached the shore, he said, "Let Mrs.
Hamilton be immediately sent for; let the event be gradually broken to her, but
give her hopes." Looking up we saw his friend, Mr. Bayard, standing on the
wharf in great agitation. He had been told by his servant that General Hamilton,
Mr. Pendleton, and myself had crossed the river in a boat together, and too well
he conjectured the fatal errand, and foreboded the dreadful result. Perceiving, as
we came nearer, that Mr. Pendleton and myself only sat up in the stern sheets, he
clasped his hands together in the most violent apprehension; but when I called to
him to have a cot prepared, and he at the same moment saw his poor friend lying
in the bottom of the boat, he threw up his eyes and burst into a flood of tears and
lamentation. Hamilton alone appeared tranquil and composed. We then conveyed
him as tenderly as possible up to the house. The distresses of this amiable family
were such that, till the first shock was abated, they were scarcely able to
summon fortitude enough to yield sufficient assistance to their dying friend.

Upon our reaching the house he became more languid, occasioned probably by
the agitation of his removal from the boat. I gave him a little weak wine and
water. When he recovered his feelings, he complained of pain in his back; we
immediately undressed him, laid him in bed, and darkened the room. I then gave
him a large anodyne, which I frequently repeated. During the first day he took
upward of an ounce of laudanum; and tepid anodyne fomentations were also
applied to those parts nearest the seat of his pain. Yet were his sufferings during
the whole of the day almost intolerable. [3]

I had not the shadow of a hope of his recovery; and Dr. Post, whom I requested
might be sent for immediately on our reaching Mr. Bayard's house, united with
me in this opinion. General Rey, the French consul, also had the goodness to
invite the surgeons of the French frigates in our harbour, as they had had much
experience in gunshot wounds, to render their assistance. They immediately
came; but, to prevent his being disturbed, I stated to them his situation, described
the nature of his wound, and the direction of the ball, with all the symptoms that
could enable them to form an opinion as to the event. One of the gentlemen then
accompanied me to the bedside. The result was a confirmation of the opinion
that had already been expressed by Dr. Post and myself.
During the night he had some imperfect sleep, but the succeeding morning his
symptoms were aggravated, attended, however, with a diminution of pain. His
mind retained all its usual strength and composure. The great source of his
anxiety seemed to be in his sympathy with his half-distracted—wife and
children. He spoke to me frequently of them—"My beloved wife and children"
were always his expressions. But his fortitude triumphed over his situation,
dreadful as it was; once, indeed, at the sight of his children, brought to the
bedside together, seven in number, his utterance forsook him; he opened his
eyes, gave them one look, and closed them again till they were taken away. As a
proof of his extraordinary composure of mind, let me add, that he alone could
calm the frantic grief of their mother. "Remember, my Eliza, you are a
Christian," were the expressions with which he frequently, with a firm voice,
but, in a pathetic and impressive manner, addressed her. His words, and the tone
in which they were uttered, will never be effaced from my memory. About two
o'clock, as the public well know, he expired—
 "Incorrupta fides—nudaque veritas
Quando ullum invenient parem?
Multis ille quidem flebilis occidit."

Your friend and humble servant,

DAVID HOSACK.

"After his death, a note, which had been written the evening before the interview,
was found addressed to the gentleman who accompanied him to the field;
thanking him with tenderness for his friendship to him, and informing him where
would be found the keys of certain drawers in his desk, in which he had
deposited such papers as he had thought proper to leave behind him, together
with his last will." Among these papers was the following.

On my expected interview with Colonel Burr, I think it proper to make some

remarks explanatory of my conduct, motives, and views.

I was certainly desirous of avoiding this interview for the most cogent reasons.

1. My religious and moral principles are strongly opposed to the practice of

duelling, and it would ever give me pain to be obliged to shed the blood of a
fellow-creature in a private combat forbidden by the laws.

2. My wife and children are extremely dear to me, and my life is of the utmost
importance to them in various views.

3. I feel a sense of obligation towards my creditors; who, in case of accident to

me, by the forced sale of my property, may be in some degree sufferers. I did not
think myself at liberty, as a man of probity, lightly to expose them to this hazard.

4. I am conscious of no ill will to Colonel Burr distinct from political opposition,

which, as I trust, has proceeded from pure and upright motives.

Lastly, I shall hazard much, and can possibly gain nothing by the issue of the
interview.
But it was, as I conceive, impossible for me to avoid it. There were intrinsic
difficulties in the thing, and artificial embarrassments from the manner of
proceeding on the part of Colonel Burr.

Intrinsic, because it is not to be denied that my animadversions on the political

principles, character, and views of Colonel Burr have been extremely severe;
and, on different occasions, I, in common with many others, have made very
unfavourable criticisms on particular instances of the private conduct of this
gentleman.

In proportion as these impressions were entertained with sincerity, and uttered

with motives and for purposes which might appear to me commendable, would
be the difficulty (until they could be removed by evidence of their being
erroneous) of explanation or apology. The disavowal required of me by Colonel
Burr, in a general and definite form, was out of my power, if it had really been
proper for me to submit to be so questioned; but I was sincerely of the opinion
that this could not be; and in this opinion I was confirmed by that of a very
moderate and judicious friend whom I consulted. Besides that, Colonel Burr
appeared to me to assume, in the first instance, a tone unnecessarily peremptory
and menacing, and, in the second, positively offensive. Yet I wished, as far as
might be practicable, to leave a door open for accommodation. This, I think, will
be inferred from the written communications made by me and by my direction,
and would be confirmed by the conversations between Mr. Van Ness and myself
which arose out of the subject.

I am not sure whether, under all the circumstances, I did not go further in the
attempt to accommodate than a punctilious delicacy will justify. If so, I hope the
motives I have stated will excuse me.

It is not my design, by what I have said, to affix any odium on the character of
Colonel Burr in this case. He doubtless has heard of animadversions of mine
which bore very hard upon him; and it is probable that, as usual, they were
accompanied with some falsehoods. He may have supposed himself under a
necessity of acting as he has done. I hope the grounds of his proceeding have
been such as ought to satisfy his own conscience.

I trust, at the same time, that the world will do me the justice to believe that I
have not censured him on light grounds nor from unworthy inducements. I
certainly have had strong reasons for what I have said, though it is possible that
in some particulars I have been influenced by misconstruction or
misinformation. It is also my ardent wish that I may have been more mistaken
than I think I have been, and that he, by his future conduct, may show himself
worthy of all confidence and esteem, and prove an ornament and blessing to the
country.

As well, because it is possible that I may have injured Colonel Burr, however
convinced myself that my opinions and declarations have been well founded, as
from my general principles and temper in relation to similar affairs, I have
resolved, if our interview is conducted in the usual manner, and it pleases God to
give me the opportunity, to reserve and throw away my first fire, and I have
thoughts even of reserving my second fire, and thus giving a double opportunity
to Colonel Burr to pause and to reflect.

It is not, however, my intention to enter into any explanations on the ground—

apology from principle, I hope, rather than pride, is out of the question.

To those who, with me, abhorring the practice of duelling, may think that I ought
on no account to add to the number of bad examples, I answer, that my relative
situation, as well in public as private, enforcing all the considerations which men
of the world denominate honour, imposed on me (as I thought) a peculiar
necessity not to decline the call. The ability to be in future useful, whether in
resisting mischief or effecting good, in those crises of our public affairs which
seem likely to happen, would probably be inseparable from a conformity with
prejudice in this particular.

A.H.

The impression which the death of General Hamilton made on every class of
people in the city of New-York is best described by simply remarking, that all
party distinction was lost in the general sentiment of respect expressed for the
illustrious dead. On Wednesday morning, the 11th of July, 1804, the parties met;
on Thursday, the 12th, General Hamilton died; and on Saturday, the 14th, he was
interred, with military honours, "the Society of the Cincinnati being charged
with the direction of the funeral ceremonies of its president-general." About
noon, the different bodies forming the procession took their respective places.
The body was conducted from the house of his brother-in-law, John B. Church,
Esq., to Trinity Church, where an appropriate oration was delivered by the Hon.
Gouverneur Morris.

TO THEODOSIA.

New-York, July 10, 1804.

Having lately written my will, and given my private letters and papers in charge
to you, I have no other direction to give you on the subject but to request you to
burn all such as, if by accident made public, would injure any person. This is
more particularly applicable to the letters of my female correspondents. All my
letters, and copies of letters, of which I have retained copies, are in the six blue
boxes. If your husband or any one else (no one, however, could do it so well as
he) should think it worth while to write a sketch of my life, some materials will
be found among these letters.

Tell my dear Natalie that I have not left her any thing, for the very good reason
that I had nothing to leave to any one. My estate will just about pay my debts
and no more—I mean, if I should die this year. If I live a few years, it is probable
things may be better. Give Natalie one of the pictures of me. There are three in
this house; that of Stewart, and two by Vanderlyn. Give her any other little
tokens she may desire. One of those pictures, also, I pray you to give to Doctor
Eustis. To Bartow something—what you please.

I pray you and your husband to convey to Peggy the small lot, not numbered,
which is the fourth article mentioned in my list of property. It is worth about two
hundred and fifty dollars. Give her also fifty dollars in cash as a reward for her
fidelity. Dispose of Nancy as you please. She is honest, robust, and good-
tempered. Peter is the most intelligent and best-disposed black I have ever
known. (I mean the black boy I bought last fall from Mr. Turnbull.) I advise you,
by all means, to keep him as the valet of your son. Persuade Peggy to live with
you if you can.

I have desired that my wearing apparel be given to Frederic. Give him also a
sword or pair of pistols.

Burn immediately a small bundle, tied with a red string, which you will find in
the little flat writing-case—that which we used with the curricle. The bundle is
marked "Put."

The letters of Clara (the greater part of them) are tied up in a white
handkerchief, which you will find in the blue box No. 5. You may hand them to
Mari, if you please. My letters to Clara are in the same bundle. You, and by-and-
by Aaron Burr Alston, may laugh at gamp when you look over this nonsense.

Many of the letters of Clara will be found among my ordinary letters, filed and
marked, sometimes "Clara", sometimes "L."

I am indebted to you, my dearest Theodosia, for a very great portion of the

happiness which I have enjoyed in this life. You have completely satisfied all
that my heart and affections had hoped or even wished. With a little more
perseverance, determination, and industry, you will obtain all that my ambition
or vanity had fondly imagined. Let your son have occasion to be proud that he
had a mother. Adieu. Adieu.

A. BURR.

I have directed that the flat writing-case and the blue box No. 5, both in the
library, be opened only by you. There are six of these blue boxes, which contain
my letters and copies of letters, except those two clumsy quarto volumes, in
which letter-press copies are pasted. They are somewhere in the library. The
keys of the other five boxes are in No. 5.

It just now occurs to me to give poor dear Frederic my watch. I have already
directed my executors here to give him my wearing apparel. When you come
hither you must send for Frederic, and open your whole heart to him. He loves
me almost as much as Theodosia does; and he does love you to adoration.

I have just now found four packets of letters between Clara and Mentor besides
those in the handkerchief. I have thrown them loose into box No. 5. What a
medley you will find in that box!

The seal of the late General Washington, which you will find in the blue box No.
5, was given to me by Mr. and Mrs. Law. You may keep it for your son, or give it
to whom you please.

Assure Mrs. Law of my latest recollection. Adieu. Adieu.

A. BURR.

TO JOSEPH ALSTON.

New-York, July 10, 1804.

MY DEAR SIR,

You will find enclosed a statement of my affairs. Swartwout and Van Ness are
joint executors with you and Theodosia. It was indispensable that there should
be an executor on the spot. I have directed them to sell immediately my horses,
and to sell nothing else until your pleasure shall be known. I pray that Theodosia
may be consulted and gratified in this particular.

Explanations of every concern of my property is given in two sheets of paper

which accompany my will. The enclosed is an abstract.

It would have been a great satisfaction to me to have had your assurance that you
would assume my debts, and take and dispose of the property at discretion. It
may be done in a way which you would find a convenience. My creditors would
take your assumption at such time as you might judge convenient. The property
will, undoubtedly, produce more than the amount of my debts. What you may
not incline to keep may be forthwith turned into cash.

The library, maps, pictures, and wine are articles which you will need, and which
you cannot procure without great trouble and more money. I think, too, you
would do well to retain Richmond Hill, as a more convenient residence than
Montalto, particularly as no expense will be necessary for buildings or
improvements.

My private letters I have directed to be put in the hands of Theodosia, that she
may select from them her own, those of her mother, and some others. Among
them and my copies you will find much of trifling, something of amusement,
and a little of interest.

Get from Mr. Taylor (the younger), of Columbia or Camden, my letters to his
brother-in-law, the late J.E. Hunt, who was one of your chancellors.
Messrs. R. Bunner, William Duer, John Duer, and J.W. Smith, of this city, and
John Van Ness Yates, of Albany, all lawyers and young men of talents, have
manifested great and disinterested zeal in my favour on some recent occasions.
[4]

I pray you to take some notice of them, and give to each of them, and to William
T. Broome, now in Paris, some small token of remembrance of me. William T.
Broome, with great defects of temper, unites very considerable literary talents
and acquirements. A little attention would attach them all to you.

My very worthy friend, Charles Biddle, of Philadelphia, has six or seven sons—
three of them grown up. With different characters and various degrees of
intelligence, they will all be men of eminence and of influence. Call to see the
father when you pass through Philadelphia, and receive the sons kindly.

I have taught my friends in every quarter to look to you as my representative.

There are many of them, your discernment will distinguish which, on whose
loyalty and firmness you may rely through all changes.

I have called out General Hamilton, and we meet tomorrow morning. Van Ness
will give you the particulars. The preceding has been written in contemplation of
this event. If it should be my lot to fall, * * * * * * * * yet I shall live in you and
your son. I commit to you all that is most dear to me—my reputation and my
daughter. Your talents and your attachment will be the guardian of the one—your
kindness and your generosity of the other. Let me entreat you to stimulate and
aid Theodosia in the cultivation of her mind. It is indispensable to her happiness
and essential to yours. It is also of the utmost importance to your son. She would
presently acquire a critical knowledge of Latin, English, and all branches of
natural philosophy. All this would be poured into your son. If you should differ
with me as to the importance of this measure, suffer me to ask it of you as a last
favour. She will richly compensate your trouble.

Most affectionately adieu,

A. BURR.

The elder Prevost, [5] Augustine James Frederic Prevost, is a most amiable and
honourable man. Under the garb of coarse rusticity you will find, if you know
him, refinement, wit, a delicate sense of propriety, the most inflexible intrepidity,
incorruptible integrity, and disinterestedness. I wish you could know him; but it
would be difficult, by reason of his diffidence and great reluctance to mingle
with the world. It has been a source of extreme regret and mortification to me
that he should be lost to society and to his friends. The case seems almost
remediless, for, alas! he is married!

A. BURR.

If you can pardon and indulge a folly, I would suggest that Madame Sansay, too
well known under the name of Leonora, has claims on my recollection. She is
now with her husband at St. Jago of Cuba.

A. BURR.

Footnotes:

1. Colonel Burr then resided at Richmond Hill.

2. For the satisfaction of some of General Hamilton's friends, I examined his

body after death, in presence of Dr. Post and two other gentlemen. I discovered
that the ball struck the second or third false rib, and fractured it about in the
middle; it then passed through the liver and diaphragm, and, as far as we could
ascertain without a minute examination, lodged in the first or second lumbar
vertebra. The vertebra in which it was lodged was considerably splintered, so
that the spiculae were distinctly perceptible to the finger. About a pint of clotted
blood was found in the cavity of the belly, which had probably been effused
from the divided vessels of the liver.

3. As his habit was delicate, and had been lately rendered more feeble by ill
health, particularly by a disorder of the stomach and bowels, I carefully avoided
all those remedies which are usually indicated on such occasions.

4. They supported Colonel Burr for the office of governor in opposition to

Morgan Lewis.
5. Mrs. Burr's son by her first husband, Colonel Prevost, of the British army.
CHAPTER XVII.

TO JOSEPH ALSTON.

New-York, July 13, 1804.

GENERAL HAMILTON died yesterday. The malignant federalists or tories, and

the imbittered Clintonians, unite in endeavouring to excite public sympathy in
his favour and indignation against his antagonist. Thousands of absurd
falsehoods are circulated with industry. The most illiberal means are practised in
order to produce excitement, and, for the moment, with effect.

I propose leaving town for a few days, and meditate also a journey for some
weeks, but whither is not resolved. Perhaps to Statesburgh. You will hear from
me again in about eight days.

A. BURR.

TO JOSEPH ALSTON.

July 18, 1804.

The event of which you have been advised has driven me into a sort of exile, and
may terminate in an actual and permanent ostracism. Our most unprincipled
Jacobins are the loudest in their lamentations for the death of General Hamilton,
whom, for many years, they have uniformly represented as the most detestable
and unprincipled of men—the motives are obvious. Every sort of persecution is
to be exercised against me. A coroner's jury will sit this evening, being the fourth
time. The object of this unexampled measure is to obtain an inquest of murder.
Upon this a warrant will issue to apprehend me, and, if I should be taken, no bail
would probably be allowed. You know enough of the temper and principles of
the generality of the officers of our state government to form a judgment of my
position.

The statement [1] in the Morning Chronicle was not submitted to my perusal, I
being absent at the time of the publication. Several circumstances not very
favourable to the deceased are suppressed; I presume, from holy reverence for
the dead. I am waiting the report of this jury; when that is known, you shall be
advised of my movements. At present I have decided on nothing. Write under
cover to Charles Biddle, Philadelphia.

A. BURR.

TO THEODOSIA.

July 20, 1804.

La G. has, on a recent occasion, manifested a degree of sensibility and

attachment which have their influence on gamp. Her conduct is also highly
honourable to the independence of her mind, for all her associations and
connexions would lead to a different result. An interview is expected this
evening, which, if it take place, will terminate in something definitive.

It was, indeed, a pretty ludicrous description which you received. On the other
side you may add, real good-temper and cheerfulness; a good education,
according to the estimation of the world. I shall journey somewhere within a few
days, but whither is not yet decided. My heart will travel southward, and repose
on the hills of Santee.

Adieu, my dear child.

A. BURR.

TO JOSEPH ALSTON.
Philadelphia, July 29, 1804.

The coroner's jury continued to the 26th (my last New-York date) to sit and
adjourn. Upon suspicion that my friends had some knowledge of the subject,
derived either from Van Ness or me, warrants have issued to bring them in to
testify. Matthew L. Davis was apprehended, and, refusing to answer, was
committed to prison, where he now lies; probably Colonel Willett is now also in
jail on the same account. Swartwout, Van Ness, and others are secreted. How
long this sort of persecution may endure cannot be conjectured.

The ferment, which was with so much industry excited, has subsided, and public
opinion begins to take its proper course.

A. BURR.

FROM JOHN SWARTWOUT.

New-York, August 2, 1804.

I was interrupted in my letter yesterday. The jury agreed to their verdict this
morning at two o'clock, viz., wilful murder by the hand of A. B. William P. Van
Ness and Nathaniel Pendleton accessories before the fact. The only evidence,
Bishop Moore. Edward Ferris, James Ferris, and a Mr. Milne dissented, and
contemplate a protest against the illegal conduct of the coroner. Their counsel is
James Woods. At four o'clock this morning I despatched an express to Van Ness.
The printers, you perceive, continue their malevolence through the vilest
motives; notwithstanding all this, there is a considerable reaction. The public
palate has become satiated. The Nicholsons, the Gelstons, the Mills's, and may
other demo's are rapidly travelling back to 1800. Mr. P. called and begged that
the Chronicle might still be kept silent. He observed, that he mixed with these
people, and found it to be the true policy. Although this is not my opinion, yet
we must be governed by the advice of the majority.

The oration (by Gouverneur Morris) has displeased many republicans of the first
water. Governor Morgan Lewis speaks of the proceedings openly as disgraceful,
illiberal, and ungentlemanly. In short, a little more noise on their side, and a little
further magnanimity on ours, is all that is necessary. In all this bustle, judicious
men see nothing but the workings of the meanest passions. The Salem Gazette
and the Boston Chronicle seem to take the most correct ground.

TO JOSEPH ALSTON.

Philadelphia, August 3, 1804.

The preceding is a summary of the intelligence by this day's mail. The purport of
the inquest is confirmed by a letter from J.B.P. I am further advised that an
application has been made to Governor Lewis, of New-York, requiring him to
demand me of the governor of this state, with which Lewis will most probably
be obliged to comply. I shall, nevertheless, remain here some days (from 8 to
20), that I may the better know the measures of the enemy. Have no anxiety
about the issue of this business.

A. BURR.

TO THEODOSIA.

Philadelphia, August 2, 1804.

Your letters of the 8th and 18th of July are received; the latter yesterday. You
must not complain or find fault if I omit to answer, or even to write. Don't let me
have the idea that you are dissatisfied with me a moment. I can't just now endure
it. At another time you may play the Juno if you please. Your letters amuse and
console me. Continue to write with this reliance, and without the expectation of
pay in kind. I owe you no thanks for a letter if you demand prompt payment to
the full amount.

All you write of the boy represents him such as I would have him. His refusal of
the peaches reminded me of his mother. Just so she has done fifty times, and just
so I kissed her; but then I did not give her peaches.

Nothing can be done with Celeste. There is a strange indecision and timidity
which I cannot fathom. The thing, however, is abandoned; and, for a few
months, I believe, all such things.

I shall be here for some days. How many cannot now be resolved. I am very
well, and not without occupation or amusement. Nothing would give me so
much pleasure as to hear that your time, or any part of it, is usefully employed.

A. BURR.

TO THEODOSIA.

Philadelphia, August 3, 1804.

You will have learned, through Mr. Alston, of certain measures pursuing against
me in New-York. I absent myself from home merely to give a little time for
passions to subside, not from any apprehension of the final effects of
proceedings in courts of law. They can, by no possibility, eventually affect my
person. You will find the papers filled with all manner of nonsense and lies.
Among other things, accounts of attempts to assassinate me. These, I assure you,
are mere fables. Those who wish me dead prefer to keep at a very respectful
distance. No such attempt has been made nor will be made. I walk and ride about
here as usual.

A. BURR.

TO THEODOSIA.

Philadelphia, August 11, 1804.

Your letter of the 25th July finds me in a moment of great occupation, being on
the point of embarking for St. Simons. Write to me on receipt of this, and
enclose to the postmaster at Darien, Georgia. The letter to me to be addressed to
A. B., at Hampton, St. Simons; and pray write over again all you have written
since the 25th, for the letters now on the way will not be received for some time.
I shall lay a plan for meeting you somewhere, but whether I may have it in my
power to visit the high hills of Santee is doubtful; I fear improbable. They say
there is no going through the flat country at this season without hazard of life.
Consult your husband about this, and write me as above directed. You shall hear
from me the moment of my arrival anywhere; that is, I shall write, and you may
read as soon as you can get the letter.

If any male friend of yours should be dying of ennui, recommend to him to

engage in a duel and a courtship at the same time—prob. est.

Celeste seems more pliant. I do believe that eight days would have produced
some grave event; but, alas! those eight days, and perhaps eight days more, are
to be passed on the ocean.

My love to Natalie; to her girl and your boy. I have received a very charming
letter from her, which shall be noticed when I get the other side of you. Adieu.

A. BURR.

TO JOSEPH ALSTON.

Philadelphia, August 11, 1804.

Your letters of the 21st and 25th July are just now received, and I have barely
time to read them and transmit your orders to New-York about Montalto.

My plan is to visit the Floridas for five or six weeks. I have desired Theodosia to
consult you whether there be any healthy point within a hundred miles or so of
St. Simons at which we might meet. Might I safely travel through your low
country at this season?

Theodosia fat and the boy pale are bad omens. For God's sake, or rather for
theirs, your own, and mine, hurry them off to the mountains. I could, perhaps, as
easily find you there as elsewhere. Warrants have been issued in New-York
against all those charged with an agency in the death of General Hamilton, but
no requisition or demand has been made by the governor of that state on this or
any other, nor does it seem very probable that such demand will be immediately
made.

I am negotiating to get an assurance from authority that I shall be bailed, on

receipt of which I shall surrender.
The eastern republicans take part against the calumniators in New-York.
Swartwout is now here. He thinks the tide has already turned in New-York. You
had better open a correspondence with him.

A. BURR.

TO THEODOSIA.

Hampton, St. Simon's, August 28, 1804.

We arrived on Saturday evening, all well. The mail, which arrives but once a
week, had just gone. An accidental opportunity enables me to forward this to
Savannah.

I am at the house of Major Butler, comfortably settled. A very agreeable family

within half a mile. My project is to go next week to Florida, which may take up a
fortnight or ten days, and soon after my return to go northward, by Augusta and
Columbia, if I can find ways and means to get on; but I have no horse, nor does
this country furnish one. In my letter to your husband, written at the moment of
leaving Philadelphia, I desired him to name some place (healthy place) at which
he could meet me. Enclose to "Mr. R. King, Hampton, St. Simon's."

A. BURR.

TO THEODOSIA.

St. Simon's, August 31, 1804.

I am now quite settled. My establishment consists of a housekeeper, cook, and

chambermaid, seamstress, and two footmen. There are, besides, two fishermen
and four bargemen always at command. The department of laundress is done
abroad. The plantation affords plenty of milk, cream, and butter; turkeys, fowls,
kids, pigs, geese, and mutton; fish, of course, in abundance. Of figs, peaches,
and melons there are yet a few. Oranges and pomegranates just begin to be
eatable. The house affords Madeira wine, brandy, and porter. Yesterday my
neighbour, Mr. Couper, sent me an assortment of French wines, consisting of
Claret, Sauterne, and Champagne, all excellent; and at least a twelve months'
supply of orange shrub, which makes a most delicious punch. Madame Couper
added sweetmeats and pickles. The plantations of Butler and Couper are divided
by a small creek, and the houses within one quarter of a mile of each other;
accessible, however, only by water. We have not a fly, moscheto, or bug. I can sit
a whole evening, with open windows and lighted candles, without the least
annoyance from insects; a circumstance which I have never beheld in any other
place. I have not even seen a cockroach.

At Mr. Couper's, besides his family, there are three young ladies, visitors. One of
them arrived about three months ago from France, to join a brother who had
been shipwrecked on this coast, liked the country so much that he resolved to
settle here, and sent for this sister and a younger brother. About the time of their
arrival, the elder brother was accidentally drowned; the younger went with views
to make an establishment some miles inland, where he now lies dangerously ill.
Both circumstances are concealed from the knowledge of Mademoiselle
Nicholson. In any event, she will find refuge and protection in the benevolent
house of Mr. Couper.

The cotton in this neighbourhood, on the coast southward to the extremity of

Florida, and northward as far as we have heard, has been totally destroyed. The
crop of Mr. C. was supposed to be worth one hundred thousand dollars, and not
an extravagant estimate, for he has eight hundred slaves. He will not get enough
to pay half the expenses of the plantation. Yet he laughs about it with good
humour and without affectation. Butler suffers about half this loss. Part of his
force had been turned to rice. My travelling companion, secretary, and aid-de-
camp is Samuel Swartwout, the youngest brother of John, a very amiable young
man of twenty or twenty-one.

Now, verily, were it not for the intervention of one hundred miles of low,
swampy, pestiferous country, I would insist on your coming to see me, all, all!
Little gamp, and Mademoiselle Sum_tare_, and their appendages; for they are
the principals.

I still propose to visit Florida. To set off in three or four days, and to return hither
about the 16th of September; beyond this I have at present no plan. It is my wish,
God knows how ardently I wish, to return by land, and pass a week with you;
but, being without horses, and there being no possibility of hiring or buying, the
thing seems scarcely practicable. Two modes only offer themselves—either to
embark in the kind of mail stage which goes from Darien through Savannah,
Augusta, and Columbia, to Camden, or to take a water passage either to
Charleston or Georgetown. Either of these being accomplished, new difficulties
will occur in getting from Statesburgh northward. I must be at New-York the
first week in November. Consult your husband, and write me of these matters.
Enclose to Mr. Roswell King, which I repeat, lest my former letters should not
have been received. Our mail has just arrived, but has brought me no letter.

I erred a little in my history of the family of Mademoiselle N. There are still two
brothers here. One a man d'une certaine age. Though not wealthy, they are not
destitute of property.

Mr. C. has just now gone with his boat for the dashers who live about thirty
miles southwest on the main. He has requested me to escort Madame C. on
Sunday to his plantation on the south end of this island, where we are to meet
him and his party on Monday, and bring them home in our coach. Madame C. is
still young, tall, comely, and well bred.

I have been studying all the maps and gazetteers to discover the best access to
Statesburgh. Georgetown seems to be the nearest port; but whether there be
thence a direct road, I cannot discover. Does our friend Doctor Blythe still reside
at Georgetown? If so, I should repose on him for the means of transportation.
Desire Mari to write to him to aid me in case I should take that route. If I should
go to Charleston, meaning to Sullivan's Island, for Charleston I shall at this
season most certainly avoid, I should put myself on General M'Pherson, who, I
hear, is now living there with his family; thence up the Cooper river, about four
miles above the town, is a ferryhouse and tavern on the north side, and thence by
Strawberry, where is the best tavern in the state, is a very direct and beautiful
road, and thence, according to the maps, a very straight road to the high hills of
Santee. But how to get from that ferryhouse is a question I cannot resolve. All
these circumstances are mentioned that I may have your advice, meaning that of
your husband. And, after all, it is possible that I may not be able to find a
passage either to Charleston or Georgetown, and so be obliged to sail for New-
York. Will close this letter, for to-morrow it must go to the postoffice at Darien,
which is only about twenty-two miles distant.

September 1.
In one of Mr. Alston's letters he spoke of taking you and A. B. A. to the
mountains; and, in a letter which I wrote him from Philadelphia, I proposed to
meet you in the mountains. Now, for aught which I as yet know, it will be as
easy for me to get to the mountains, or to the Alps, or the Andes, as to
Statesburgh, and therefore, as before, I crave counsel.

Do yon recollect the second daughter of Mr. Barclay, of Philadelphia, the sister
of Nelly? She has grown up the very image of her sister. I saw her very often
while I was last in Philadelphia. She talked perpetually of you, and made me
promise that I would tell you so.

Adieu, my dear Theodosia. Remember that I have not received a letter from you
since that of the 22d or 25th of July. I forget which was the date. I have no faith
in the climate of your high hills, surrounded as they are by noxious swamps. God
bless and preserve thee.

A. BURR.

TO THEODOSIA.

St. Simon's, September 3, 1804.

You see me returned from Gaston's Bluff, now called Hamilton's Bluff, a London
merchant, partner of Mr. Couper. We were four in the carriage; the three ladies
and myself.

Mr. Morse informs you that this island is forty-five miles long, and that it lies
north of the mouth Altamaha, commonly spelled Alatamaha. It is, in fact, twelve
and a half miles in length, and lies southeast of that river. Its width is about two
and a half miles. There are now residing on the island about twenty-five white
families. Frederica, now known only by the name of Old Town, is on the west
side of the island, and about midway between its northern and southern
extremities. It was first settled by Governor Oglethorpe, and was, about fifty
years ago, a very gay place, consisting of perhaps twenty-five or thirty houses.
The walls of several of them still remain. Three or four families only now reside
here. In the vicinity of the town several ruins were pointed out to me, as having
been, formerly, country seats of the governor, and officers of the garrison, and
gentlemen of the town. At present, nothing can be more gloomy than what was
once called Frederica. The few families now remaining, or rather residing there,
for they are all new-comers, have a sickly, melancholy appearance, well assorted
with the ruins which surround them. The southern part of this island abounds
with fetid swamps, which must render it very unhealthy. On the northern half I
have seen no stagnant water.

Mr. Couper, with his escort of ladies, was to have met us this afternoon, but he
has sent us word that he is taken ill on the way; that, owing to illness in the
family of the ladies who were to have accompanied him, they have been obliged
to renounce the visit. We therefore returned as we went. At Frederica and
Gaston's Bluff we were convinced that insects can subsist on this island.
Moschetoes, flies, and cockroaches abounded.

Thursday, September 6, 1804

Just returned from Darien. And what took you to Darien? To see the plantation
of Mr. Butler on an island opposite that town, and to meet a day sooner the
letters which I expected from you. In the last object I have been again
disappointed, which I ascribe wholly to the irregularity of the mails. It is most
mortifying and vexatious to be seven weeks without hearing of you or from you,
and now a whole week must elapse before I can expect it.

You are probably ignorant that Darien is a settlement (called a town) on the north
bank of the Alatamaha, about eight miles from its mouth. Major Butler's Island
in this river is one mile below the town. It must become a fine rice country, for
the water is fresh four miles below Major Butler's, and the tide rises from four to
five feet, and the flats or swamps are from five to seven miles in width for a
considerable distance up the river. The country, of course, presents no scenes for
a painter. I visited Little St. Simon's and several other islands; frightened the
crocodiles, shot some rice-birds, and caught some trout. Honey of fine flavour is
found in great abundance in the woods about the mouth of the river, and, for
aught I know, in every part of the country. You perceive that I am constantly
discovering new luxuries for my table. Not having been able to kill a crocodile
(alligator), I have offered a reward for one, which I mean to eat, dressed in soup,
fricassees, and steaks. Oh! how you long to partake of this repast.

Wednesday, September 12, 1804.

On Friday last, hearing that Mr. Couper had returned and was very seriously ill, I
took a small canoe with two boys, and went to see him. He lay in a high fever.
When about to return in the evening, the wind had risen so that, after an
ineffectual attempt, I was obliged to give it up, and remain at Mr. C.'s. In the
morning the wind was still higher. It continued to rise, and by noon blew a gale
from the north, which, together with the swelling of the water, became alarming.
From twelve to three, several of the out-houses had been destroyed; most of the
trees about the house were blown down. The house in which we were shook and
rocked so much that Mr. C. began to express his apprehensions for our safety.
Before three, part of the piazza was carried away; two or three of the windows
bursted in. The house was inundated with water, and presently one of the
chimneys fell. Mr. C. then commanded a retreat to a storehouse about fifty yards
off, and we decamped, men, women, and children. You may imagine, in this
scene of confusion and dismay, a good many incidents to amuse one if one had
dared to be amused in a moment of much anxiety. The house, however, did not
blow down. The storm continued till four, and then very suddenly abated, and in
ten minutes it was almost a calm. I seized the moment to return home. Before I
had got quite over, the gale rose from the southeast and threatened new
destruction. It lasted great part of the night, but did not attain the violence of that
from the north; yet it contributed to raise still higher the water, which was the
principal instrument of devastation. The flood was about seven feet above the
height of an ordinary high tide. This has been sufficient to inundate great part of
the coast; to destroy all the rice; to carry off most of the buildings which were on
low lands, and to destroy the lives of many blacks. The roads are rendered
impassable, and scarcely a boat has been preserved. Thus all intercourse is
suspended. The mail-boat, which ought to have passed northward last Saturday,
and by which it was intended to forward this letter, has not been heard of. This
will go by a man who will attempt to get from Darien to Savannah on foot, being
sent express by the manager of Major Butler; but how, or whether it will go on
from Savannah, is not imagined.

Major Butler has lost nineteen negroes (drowned), and I fear his whole crop of
rice, being about two hundred and sixty acres. Mr. Brailsford, of Charleston,
who cultivates in rice an island at the mouth of the Alatamaha, has lost, reports
say, seventy-four blacks. The banks and the buildings on the low lands are
greatly injured. We have heard nothing from the southward, nor farther than
from Darien northward. I greatly fear that this hurricane, so it is here called, has
extended to the Waccama.
The illness of Mr. C., which still continues, and the effects of the storm, have
defeated all my plans. To get to Florida seems now impracticable; nor do any
present means occur of getting from this island in any direction. Young
Swartwout, who went ten days ago to Savannah, has not returned, nor is it
possible that he should very speedily return. I have not received a letter since my
arrival from any person north of Savannah (yes, one from C. Biddle, of 19th
August), nor do I expect one for many days to come.

I had taken up another sheet to say something more, I know not what; but the
appearance of a fine sheep's-head smoking on the table has attractions not to be
resisted. Laissez moi diner, "and then," &c.

Madame j'ais bien diner, and j'ai fait mettre mon writing-desk sur le table a
diner. What a scandalous thing to sit here all alone drinking Champagne—and
yet—(madame je bois a votre santé et a celle de monsieur votre fils)—and yet, I
say, if Champagne be that exhilarating cordial which (je bois a la santé de
Madame Sumtare) songs and rumour ascribe to it (a la santé de Mademoiselle
Sumtare), can there be ever an occasion in which its application could be more
appropriate, or its virtues more (mais buvons a la santé de mon hôte et bon ami,
Major Butler). By-the-by, you have no idea—how should you have, seeing that
you never heard a word about it?—you have no idea, I was going to say, of the
zeal and animation, of the intrepidity and frankness with which he avowed and
maintained—but I forget that this letter goes to Savannah by a negro, who has to
swim half a dozen creeks, in one of which, at least, it is probable he may drown,
and that, if he escape drowning, various other accidents may bring it to you
through the newspapers, and then how many enemies might my indiscretion
create for a man who had the sensibility and the honour to feel and to judge, and
the firmness to avow (a la santé de Celeste un bumper toast). La pauvre Celeste.
Adieu.

A. BURR.

TO THEODOSIA.

Frederica, St. Simon's, September 15, 1804.

Having very unexpectedly procured a boat, I left my house yesterday afternoon,

came hither by land, and proceed in a few minutes for St. Mary's. It is possible
that I may extend my tour to St. John's, and even to St. Augustine's; but, if so, it
will be very rapid; a mere flight, for I propose to be at home (Hampton, St.
Simon's) again in eight days.

On the 12th I sent by a special messenger, who was to go from Darien to

Savannah on foot, my journal for the ten or fifteen days preceding, with some
account of the hurricane; but a man this day from Darien says that our express
can by no possibility reach Savannah; for that every bridge and causeway is
destroyed, and the road so filled with fallen trees as to be utterly impassable. I
apprehend that the roads on the whole coast as far north, at least, as Cape
Hatteras, are in the same condition. If on my return I should receive intelligence
confirming those apprehensions, it will compel me to abandon the hope of
seeing you until the last of February. On this, as on all other occasions, let me
find that you exhibit the firmness which I have been proud to ascribe to you. Let
me hear that you are seriously engaged in some useful pursuit. Let me see the
progressive improvement of your mind, and it will console me for all the evils of
life.

My young friend Swartwout is still absent, and I suppose at Savannah.

It is not probable that I shall see him again before my return to
New-York.

A Mr. Bartram, of Philadelphia, travelled through Georgia and the Floridas in

1772. His travels are published in one large octavo volume. Procure and read it,
and you will better understand what I may write you. I promise myself much
gratification in this little trip. If an opportunity should offer for Charleston by
water, I shall venture a letter to you. This will be forwarded before my return; if
not, it will lay here. I am writing to you before sunrise, and am now summoned
to the boat (canoe).

A. BURR.

TO THEODOSIA.

Hampton, St. Simon's, September 26, 1804.

I returned yesterday from my Florida excursion, about which I wrote you on the
15th inst. The weather prevented me from going farther than the river St. John's,
about thirty miles from St. Augustine. I have been making out for you a journal
of my tour, but I still entertain a slight hope of seeing you somewhere within a
fortnight; if at all, it will be by the 10th of October. Pray keep yourselves in
readiness to meet me at Columbia, or still more southward if I should require it.

Not a line from you or your husband since those of the 25th of July. Your letters
have either been lost in the hurricane or are now in the mail-boat, which, by
some mistake, has brought down the Darien mail and carried it on more
southward, so that it will not reach Darien till I am off; yet I entertain a hope of
finding letters at Savannah.

A boat has at length been found to take me to Savannah, and thither I go to-
morrow, or rather set out, for I shall not reach it till the 30th instant. What course
I shall take thence will be determined by what I may hear at that city. You will
have a line from me as soon as I arrive there; meaning always that the line will
be written, and sent on by the first mail, to get to you as soon as it can.

It is a fact that the Spanish ladies smoke segars. They say that a young lady will
take a few puffs and hand it to her favoured lover as a mark of great kindness.
This rumour, however, I cannot verify from personal observation, much less
have I to boast of any such favour. But we will talk of these things if we should
meet; if not, we will write about them.

I was treated with great kindness and respect at St. Mary's, and have everywhere
experienced the utmost hospitality. My health has been perfect and
uninterrupted. God bless thee.

A. BURR.

TO THEODOSIA.

Savannah, October 1, 1804. Ten o'clock A.M., arrived in a storm (northeast).

They had last evening a minor hurricane here, for the special use of this city. It
overset some canoes, drowned a few negroes, unroofed some houses, and forced
in a few windows. It was the affair of a few minutes, confined to a small space,
and did no other mischief that I learn.

My last letter to you was from St. Simon's, about the 27th ult., the day previous
to my departure. My voyage hither was full of variety, and not of the most
pleasant kind, but no accident to affect health. My first reflection on landing was
that I was one hundred miles nearer to you; but my inquiries since my arrival
afford no prospect of getting on by land, except by the purchase of horses, to
which there is one insuperable objection. The condition of the roads has not yet
admitted of travelling northward or westward in a carriage. The mail goes on
horseback.

Not a line from any creature north of this place since I left
Philadelphia. I hear, however, that the Darien mail, which I passed at
Frederica, as mentioned with vexation in my last, had letters for me,
doubtless from you.

I was kindly interrupted in these idle regrets by visitors, who continued in

succession till dinner was announced. At the lodging-house, where rooms were
provided for me, were the governor, a Scotch merchant, and a sea captain. In the
evening a band of music came under the window, which I supposed to be a
compliment to the governor, till one of the gentlemen who accompanied it came
in and said that a number of citizens at the door wished to see the vice-president.
Interrupted again.

Tuesday, October 2.

Firstly, your pardon is craved for this torn sheet; it was entire when I
commenced, but one half went last night to answer a note, there being no paper
in the house, and Peter abroad with my key. You have not, I think, been
introduced to Peter, my now valet. It is a black boy purchased last fall. An
intelligent, good-tempered, willing fellow, about fifteen; a dirty, careless dog,
who, with the best intentions, is always in trouble by sins of omission or
commission. The latter through inadvertence, and often through excess of zeal.
About three times a day, sometimes oftener, I get angry enough to choke him,
but his honesty and good-nature prevail. In my will, made about the 10th of July,
I recommend him to you as valet to A.B.A.

I have been this morning scouring the town and the docks in quest of ways and
means to get on. There is a packet which will sail for Charleston on Saturday; a
great way off to one so impatient as the writer of this. No stage nor a horse to be
hired. Finding that the mail does not close till seven this evening, this letter shall
be kept open till the last moment, and shall not be closed till I have settled some
plan of getting forward, either to Statesburgh or New-York. It will, I think, be
Statesburgh. Six hours hence you shall know. Have patience, my dear child, for
six hours.

Lest I should forget it, let me now tell you that I am received with the warmest
hospitality. Notwithstanding the desolation occasioned by the hurricane (and it is
truly distressing), I have invitations which it would require weeks to satisfy.
These attentions are almost exclusively from republicans.

Four o'clock P. M.

Io triumphe! A letter; two, three letters. Two from you and one from your
husband. Since writing I have had other good luck; viz., two gentlemen have
offered me each an excellent horse to go as far as Statesburgh by any route I may
please. Another horse, and I am made. Note, my young friend Swartwout is with
me, and I cannot well part with him. If another horse shall be found, I shall take
the route through Orangeburgh, as being the most direct to Statesburgh. If the
land route shall for any reason be found impracticable, I shall take possession of
a Charleston packet, and perhaps take it on to Georgetown. By one way or the
other you shall see me within ten or twelve days. Tell Mari that his letter being
received this afternoon, and the postmaster having just now sent me word that
the mail is about to close, I can only answer him thus.

You are now to keep your ground and expect me at the hills. Pray let A.B.A.
know that gamp is a black man, otherwise he may be shocked at the appearance
of A.B., who is now about the colour of Peter Yates. Not brown, but a true
quadroon yellow; whether from the effects of climate, or travelling four hundred
miles in a canoe, is no matter.

A. BURR.

TO THEODOSIA.

Fayetteville, October 23, 1804. I get on as usual; arrived here this forenoon, but
detained all day by some trifling repairs to the carriage. I promised you a journal
in the manner of modern travels, to show you how such books could be made
without facts or ideas. My first four days, to wit, from Statesburgh to this place,
would, I find, from notes which I have actually taken, make about one hundred
pages, and two hundred in the manner of Rochefoucault d'Liancourt; but the
labour of so much writing has alarmed and almost discouraged me.

No more pauses, not even for weather, till Richmond, distant two hundred miles,
and proposed to be travelled in five days. I know no person in this place but Mr.
Grove, late member of Congress, who has not called on me. Tell your husband
that I have heard nothing worthy of being communicated. Since I began to write
it has begun to rain, as if to test my determination not to be stopped by weather.
Adieu, chere T.

A. BURR.

Warrenton, October 27, 1804.

We parted at Fayetteville. The morning following I started one hour before day,
the moon showing us the way, and, at about seven or eight in the evening, was at
Raleigh, being full fifty miles. It was a hard day's journey, and greater than will
be made again on this trip. The fatigues of the day were in some measure
compensated by the very hospitable reception which I met from the negroes of
the capital of North Carolina. I reposed till nine the next morning, and came the
next day only to Louisburgh (twenty-nine miles), where I slept in the little up-
stairs room which you once occupied; but there is a new landlord. The Jew is
broke up. The wind had been two days strong at northeast, threatening a storm,
and raining a little from time to time. Last night it came on in earnest, raining
and blowing vehemently. So I lay abed again till nine, and, after breakfasting for
two hours, set off at eleven in all the storm. At twelve it began to snow, and
continued to snow most plentifully till night. The ground looked like the depth of
winter in Albany. Poor Andrew was almost perished; and gamp's hands were
nearly frozen; still we kept on, and got here about five, being twenty-five miles.
It will take me full three days more to reach Richmond, and perhaps longer, for
the roads are so gullied as to be barely passable. This afternoon, stopping at a
tavern and calling for the hostler, the man told me that, foreseeing the storm, he
had sent him for a load of wood.
A gentleman who passed here yesterday says he left Major Butler on the way,
going to Georgia by land. When I sat down to write my head was full of totally
different matters; but, having gone on so far with road incidents, the other
concerns must be omitted.

My landlord has just been telling me that Swartwout passed here eight days ago.
They were three in the stage, all very apprehensive of being overset, as they
were to start at two in the morning. In the excess of caution, they desired the
landlord to give no rum to the driver. The landlord promised, and gave orders to
the barkeeper. When the driver arrived, he called for a dram; was refused, and
told the reason. Resenting this indignity, he swore he would get drunk; went to a
store, bought rum, and got drunk. Set out at two, and overset the stage the first
hour. The passengers were bruised, but not very seriously injured.

TO JOSEPH ALSTON.

Petersburgh, October 31, 1804.

I came here on the morning of the 29th, intending to stay two hours. The
hospitalities of the place have detained me three days. A party was prepared for
me on the evening of my arrival. There were present between fifty and sixty, all
pure republican. An invitation from the republican citizens, communicated
through the mayor, to a public dinner, was made in terms and in a manner which
could not be declined. We had the dinner yesterday at the hotel. In the evening I
was attended by some fifteen or twenty to the theatre, where I was greatly
amused, particularly by Mrs. West, whom I think the best female actress in
America, not excepting Mrs. Merry.

I send you a collection of Curran's speeches, compiled, however, only from

newspapers. There is reason to hope for one more perfect, made under the
inspection of the author. Burk's history has agreeably disappointed me. I speak
from the reading of thirty or forty pages. If it should gain your approbation, you
may render him a service by procuring him subscriptions at the meeting of your
legislature. My horses are at the door to take me to Richmond.

A. BURR.
TO THEODOSIA.

Richmond, October 31 (Evening), 1804.

How faithfully I return you the paper which you lent me at Statesburgh. This is
the last sheet, and I think you will have received back all but one of them.

My journey hither from Drummond, at which place you left me on Saturday

evening, the 27th, just going to bed, beside a comfortable fire in a furnished
room (what an unconscionable parenthesis), has been very pleasant; but why and
wherefore cannot now be told, because you know it must be reserved for "The
Travels of A. Gamp, Esq., A.M., LL.D., V.P.U.S.," &c., &c., &c., which will
appear in due time.

Virginia is the last state, and Petersburgh the last town in the state of Virginia, in
which I should have expected any open marks of hospitality and respect. You
will have seen from my note of this morning to Mr. Alston how illy I have
judged.

To think of meeting with such an actress as Mrs. West in such a place. Her voice
is as sweet as Mrs. Merry's (the actress, not the other Mrs. Merry), her manners
superior. In comedy she is unequalled. They say she excites equally in tragedy. I
have no doubt but she is good at every thing. I could make you laugh at a
ridiculous embarrassment, but I won't; nay, I dare not, for who knows but you
may first see this in the newspaper. Madam, this is Colonel B., V.P.U.S., all out
loud. Sir, this is Mrs.——-. Miss, this is, &c., &c. The players stand, and the pit
stand, and the gallery stand. No, there is no gallery. Indeed, I don't know when I
have been better entertained with a play.

I arrived here about sunset. Am to dine to-morrow with Dr. B., and, from
appearances, might be amused here a week. At the utmost I shall stay but two
days, desiring to be at Washington on Monday. I am most comfortably lodged.

Young Dr. Rush travels with Major Butler, which I forgot to mention to your
husband. Pray exert yourself to please and amuse Major Butler.

A. BURR.
TO JOSEPH ALSTON.

Washington, November 5, 1804.

I arrived last evening. You will have received my two letters of the 30th ult. and
1st instant, communicating, among other things, some information which I
received on the road respecting the feelings in Bergen county, New-Jersey. Since
that a grand jury has been empannelled, who have found an indictment of
murder. The witness, Parson Mason. The presiding judge, Boudinot, one of the
most vehement of vehement federalists. The particulars shall be communicated
as soon as I can find time to write them; they will furnish you with new materials
for reflection. They talk of making a demand here.

My house and furniture have been sold for about twenty-five thousand dollars.
Seven or eight thousand dollars of debts remain unpaid. My agents have not
collected any of my debts, nor sold any of the detached lots. The library and the
wine remain. They will, I think, become your property.

A. BURR.

TO THEODOSIA.

Washington, November 17, 1804.

Shall I write to her to-night, or omit it till to-morrow? Oh! to-night, dear pappy.
Well, then, to-night it shall be—"Je vous ecris parceque je n'ai rien a faire," &c.
That's not true; fifty unanswered letters on my table pronounce it false.

But when I deliberated about writing, it was with a view to write you sense—
grave sense. What a dull thing is sense. How it mars half the pleasure of life, and
yet how contemptible is all that has it not. Too much sense, by which I mean
only a great deal, is very troublesome to the possessor and to the world. It is like
one carrying a huge pack through a crowd. He is constantly hitting and annoying
somebody, and is, in turn, annoyed and jostled by every one, and he must be a
very powerful man indeed if he can keep upright and force his way. Now there
appears to me to be but two modes of carrying this pack with any tolerable
comfort to the owner.
Interrupted. A very extraordinary visit; you shall hear as soon as they go.

The visitors were a middle-aged gentleman; a man of fortune, of family; has

travelled, and been received in the first circles on both continents; intelligent and
well-informed; prompt, rapid, and decisive. A high federalist, yet a warm and
open friend of gamp on all occasions. Reputed to be insane, of which this
attachment may be deemed an evidence. Such is Mr. Y. The other, Mr. S., a very
handsome, genteel young man, who never carried a pack. They sat two hours,
and Mr. Y. was not only rational, but amusing. The only evidence of insanity
which I have heard is that he quarrels with his dear rib; and if this be deemed
evidence, I fear our madhouses will soon be filled with married men. I ought to
have excepted one incident, which has been related to me as follows:——

Mr. R., a young lawyer of reputable connexions, but who had committed some
follies, called to visit Mr. Y. After sitting some time, "Mr. R.," says Y., "it has
been reported that you are a little deranged in mind (there had, in fact, been such
a report), and I have heard that whipping has been found a sovereign remedy;
indeed, in the case of the King of England, its benefit was manifest. Now as I
have a very great regard for you, and doubt whether your friends will take the
trouble of administering this discipline, I will take it on myself to do it."

Two stout negroes were called in. The astonished R. was seized, stripped, and
tied, and most unmercifully whipped. All, however, with the utmost composure
on the part of Y., and mingled with expressions of kindness. When R. was taken
down, bloody, lacerated, and exhausted—"Pray, sir, walk in and take a dish of
tea." "No; d—-n you." "But, as you must be somewhat fatigued with the
exercise, perhaps you would prefer some brandy and water." R. walked sullenly
off, and, as soon as he had recovered, left the neighbourhood, and has not since
been heard of.

But by this digression we have lost sight of the pack. The further discussion of
that subject must be reserved for the "Book of Travels." The "grave sense" is still
further off, and must wait a more fit occasion. As you are skilled in ancient
mythology, I pray you to inform me whether there was ever a goddess of
nonsense. A god won't serve my purpose. Momus, for instance, is a loud,
boisterous, rude, coarse fellow.

Leave off the vice-president, &c., in the direction of your letters.

Let it be simply A.B. or Colonel B. Tell Mari so.
A. BURR.

TO THEODOSIA.

Washington, December 4, 1804.

You have doubtless heard that there has subsisted for some time a contention of a
very singular nature between the states of New-York and New-Jersey. To what
lengths it may go, or how it may terminate, cannot be predicted; but, as you will
take some interest in the question, I will state it for your satisfaction and
consideration.

The subject in dispute is which shall have the honour of hanging the vice-
president. I have not now the leisure to state the various pretensions of the
parties, with the arguments on either side; nor is it yet known that the vice-
president has made his election, though a paper received this morning asserts,
but without authority, that he had determined in favour of the New-York
tribunals. You shall have due notice of the time and place. Whenever it may be,
you may rely on a great concourse of company, much gayety, and many rare
sights; such as the lion, the elephant, &c.

On the subject of books, since I shall write to you only by this mail, tell Mr.
Alston to order out from his bookseller the British Critic and the Edinburgh
Review from their commencement, and to be continued as they shall come out.
To form a library is the work of time, and by having these books you may select
and give orders without danger of imposition; for though I disclaim much
reliance on the judgments of the editors, yet from their extracts and remarks a
pretty correct opinion may be formed. I recommend also that you prohibit the
sending out of any folio or quarto, unless particularly ordered. Octavo is at about
half the price, and much more convenient.

I hope you read Quintilian in the original, and not in translation; and let me
entreat you not to pass a word or sentence without understanding it. If I hear a
very good account of you, Stuart shall make a picture to please you. God bless
thee.

A. BURR.
TO JOSEPH ALSTON.

Washington, December 15, 1804.

The trial of Judge Chace will not come on before the middle of January. He is
summoned to appear the 2d January. I regret extremely that you cannot be
present.

Biddle and Dallas have written a joint letter to Governor Bloomfield, of New-
Jersey, urging a nol. pros. in the case of the vice-president. Dallas has,
throughout this business, behaved with an independence, and open, active zeal
which I could not have expected, and to which I had no personal claim.

The leading republican members of the United States Senate have addressed a
similar joint letter to the governor. Many individuals of the same sect co-operate
in the measure, and have expressed their opinions by letter and in conversation.
Nothing final and favourable will promptly be done. On the other hand, nothing
hostile will be attempted. I enclose you the articles of impeachment against
Judge Chace, as agreed upon.

A. BURR.

TO THEODOSIA.

Washington, December 31, 1804.

Being the last time I shall write 1804. Now, how much wiser or better are we
than this time last year? Have our enjoyments for that period been worth the
trouble of living? These are inquiries not wholly congenial with the compliments
of the new year, so we will drop them. You would laugh to know the occupation
of my New Year's eve. It cannot be written, but it shall at some time be told.

I propose to move my quarters to-morrow, and the confusion has already

commenced, and even pervades this letter. Mrs. Merry arrived a few days ago,
and looks extremely well. Madame Turreau is supposed to be lost or captured.
Mr. Chace's trial will not come on till after the middle of January. Peter Van
Ness, the father of General John P., died on the 23d instant. He has left his sons
about forty thousand dollars apiece.

Madame, when I enclose you a book or paper, be pleased, at least, to let me

know that you or your husband have read it. Pretty business, indeed, for me to be
spending hours in cutting and folding pamphlets and papers for people who,
perhaps, never open them. Heaven mend you.

A. BURR.

Footnotes:

1. The statement made by William P. Van Ness, Colonel Burr's second.

CHAPTER XIX.

TO THEODOSIA.

Washington, January 15, 1805.

At five in the morning I shall start for Philadelphia. The object of this journey
has been intimated in a former letter. One motive, however, lays down at the
bottom of my heart, and has scarcely, as yet, been avowed to myself. You will
conjecture, and rightly, that I mean Celeste. That matter shall receive its final
decision. Now, to confess the truth, which, however, I have but just discovered,
but for this matter the journey would not have been taken. How little is this truth
suspected by the hundreds who are at this moment ascribing to the movement
motives of profound political importance.

I enclose you a pamphlet written with views the most friendly to A.B.
So greatly do I differ from the author, that I have desired a friend
to buy them up and burn them. I shall return to this city on the 29th.
Adieu.

A. BURR.

TO THEODOSIA.

Washington, January 28, 1805.

Your letter of the 1st of January found me at Philadelphia, and at the moment of
leaving it. Your kind wishes came so warm from the heart, that, in a journey of
eight hundred miles, at this inclement season, they had not yet cooled.
You treat with too much gravity the New-Jersey affair. It should be considered as
a farce, and you will yet see it terminated so as to leave only ridicule and
contempt to its abettors. The affair of Celeste is for ever closed, so there is one
trouble off hand.

After you get through the book you are now reading, which I think is
Anacharsis, or is it Gibbon? you better suspend history till you have gone
through B. You do wrong to read so slow the first reading of B. I had rather you
went through it like a novel, to get fixed in your mind a kind of map of the
whole; after which, when you come to read scientifically, you would better see
the relations and bearings of one part to another. In all journeys, whether on foot
or on horseback, it is a relief to know not only where you start from, but where
you are going to, and all the intermediate stages. I beg that in every letter you
will give me one line about B., and ask me questions if you please.

A. BURR.

TO THEODOSIA.

Washington, February 23, 1805.

I regret the unprofitable employment of your time, and sincerely hope such long
visitations will not be repeated; but you are something to blame to have taken no
books with you, and again for not finding one at Clifton, where I know there are
many. Still I believe in your good intentions and in their execution. It will add
greatly to my happiness to know that the cultivation of your mind is not
neglected; because I know that without it you will become unfit for the duties, as
well as the enjoyments of life. Perhaps, also, my vanity may be something
concerned.

Your last letters are written with more correctness, and apparently with more
attention than is your habit. They have amused and pleased me much. By
pleased, I mean gratified my pride. Your critical remarks are quite interesting. I
advise you, as soon as you have finished a play, novel, pamphlet, or book,
immediately to write an account and criticism of it. You can form no idea how
much such a work will amuse you on perusal a few years hence. When A.B.A.
has got so far as to read stories of the most simple kind, the least pleasing part of
his intellectual education is finished. I might, perhaps, have added with truth, the
most laborious part.

A. BURR.

The last public duty of any importance performed by Colonel Burr was to
preside in the case of Judge Samuel Chace, who was impeached before the
Senate of the United States for high crimes and misdemeanours. Colonel Burr
evinced his accustomed promptitude, energy, and dignity. His impartiality and
fairness won for him the applause of opponents as well as friends; and it may be
confidently asserted, that never did president judge, in this or any other country,
more justly merit applause than did the vice-president on this occasion.

The Senate Chamber, under his immediate direction, was fitted up in handsome
style as a court, and laid out into apartments for the senators, the House of
Representatives, the managers, the accused and counsel, the members of the
executive departments, besides a semicircular gallery constructed within the area
of the chamber, which formed from its front an amphitheatre contiguous with the
fixed gallery of the Senate Chamber.

On the right and left of the president of the Senate, and in a right line with his
chair, there were two rows of benches, with desks in front, and the whole front
and seats covered with crimson cloth, so that the senators fronted the auditory.

The secretary of the Senate retained his usual station in front of the president's
chair; on the left of the secretary was placed the sergeant-at-arms of the Senate,
and on his right the sergeant-at-arms of the House of Representatives.

A temporary semicircular gallery, which consisted of three ranges of benches,

was elevated on pillars, and the whole front and seats thereof covered with green
cloth. At the angles or points of this gallery there were two boxes, which
projected into the area about three feet from the line of the front, which saved the
abruptness of a square termination, and added considerably to the effect of the
coup d'oeil. In this gallery ladies were accommodated, and they assembled in
numbers.

On the floor beneath this temporary gallery three benches were provided, rising
from front to rear, and also covered with green cloth; these benches were
occupied by the members of the House of Representatives; on the right there was
a spacious box, appropriated for the members of the executive departments,
foreign ministers, &c.

A passage was opened in front from the president's chair to the door; on the right
and left hand of the president, and in front of the members of the House of
Representatives, were two boxes of two rows of seats; that facing the president's
right was occupied by the managers, that on the other side of the bar for the
accused and his counsel. These boxes were covered with blue cloth. The marshal
of the District of Columbia and a number of his officers were stationed in the
avenues of the court and in the galleries.

On the 3d of January, 1805, the senators were sworn as judges, and Monday, the
4th of February ensuing, was fixed as "the day for receiving the answer and
proceeding on the trial of the impeachment of Samuel Chace." Accordingly, on
the day appointed, the senate convened, and

After proclamation was made that Samuel Chace should appear conformable to
the summons, or that his default should be recorded, Mr. Chace appeared. The
president of the senate (Mr. Burr) then stated to him, that, having been
summoned to answer the articles of impeachment exhibited against him by the
House of Representatives, the Senate were ready to hear any answer which he
had to make; whereupon Mr. Chace addressed the court.

The trial continued until Friday, the first day of March, 1805, when, at half past
twelve o'clock, the court took their seats; and the president, having directed the
secretary to read the first article of impeachment, observed, that the question
would be put to each member, on each article separately, as his name occurred in
alphabetical order. The first article was then read. When the question was
hereupon put by the president of the court, and repeated after each article as
read, viz.:——

Is Samuel Chase, Esquire, guilty of a high crime or misdemeanour in the article

of impeachment just read? The decision was as follows:—

Article 1st. Guilty 16; not guilty 18

2d. " 10; " 24
3d. " 18; " 16
4th. " 18; " 16
5th. Not guilty, unanimous.
 6th. " 4; " 30
7th. " 10; " 24
8th. " 19; " 15

The president then said—"There not being a constitutional majority on any one
article, it becomes my duty to pronounce that Samuel Chace, Esquire, is
acquitted on the articles of impeachment exhibited against him by the House of
Representatives."

TO THEODOSIA.

Washington, March 10, 1804.

Still lingering here, being detained by some trifling, important concerns of

business, for trifles are important in matters of finance; nothing vexatious,
however. That, I hope and believe, is past.

Your anxieties about me evince a sort of sickly sensibility, which indicates that
you are not well. I fear that you are suffering a debility, arising from climate or
other cause, which affects both mind and body. When you are in health you have
no sort of solicitude or apprehension about me; you confide that, under any
circumstances, I am able to fulfil your expectations and your wishes. Resume, I
pray you, this confidence, so flattering to me, so consoling to yourself, may I
add, so justly founded?

On the 13th I shall leave this for Philadelphia. There is no reason to think that I
shall this season visit either New-York or New-Jersey. The plan of summer
operations is to go from Philadelphia to Fort Pitt (Pittsburg), thence through the
states on each side of the Ohio. To visit St. Louis and the mouth of the Missouri;
thence through Tennessee (where pass a month) to Orleans; and thence, either by
water or land, to the Atlantic coast, not far from Yarnaco or the mouth of the
Waccama. Thus you see that you are the end of all plans, and, wherever they
may begin, the termination is the same. This tour has other objects than mere
curiosity. An operation of business, which promises to render the tour both
useful and agreeable. I may be at Philadelphia long enough to receive your
answer to this, after which you must surcease from writing till further advice.
You will hear of me occasionally on my route. Write now, therefore, all you have
to say.

Just at the moment of writing the last word I receive a message from the
president informing me that Dr. Browne may have the office of secretary of the
government of Louisiana (which means the upper district, whereof St. Louis is
the capital). General Wilkinson is appointed governor of that territory. St. Louis
is on the banks of the Mississippi, about twenty miles below the mouth of the
Missouri. It contains about two hundred houses, and some very wealthy people.
The inhabitants are French; retain the French manners of the last century; are
said to be hospitable; gay to dissipation; the society polished and fashionable.
All accounts represent the country as remarkably healthy, fertile, and beautiful.
The salary of secretary is, I think, but eight hundred dollars per annum. Certain
contingences, however, will make it worth about double that sum. Wilkinson and
Browne will suit most admirably as eaters and laughers, and, I believe, in all
other particulars.

Charles Williamson has not returned from Europe, but is hourly expected. My
right of franking letters will cease on the 23d of this month, so that you are not to
expect pamphlets, &c., by the mail. God bless thee.

A. BURR.

TO THEODOSIA.

Washington, March 13, 1805.

The enclosed newspaper is just now put into my hands. It is true, as is there said,
that I made a talk, as was decent and proper, to the Senate on leaving them
formally. There was nothing written or prepared, except that it had been some
days on my mind to say something. It was the solemnity, the anxiety, the
expectation, and the interest which I saw strongly painted in the countenances of
the auditors, that inspired whatever was said. I neither shed tears nor assumed
tenderness; but tears did flow abundantly. The story in this newspaper is rather
awkwardly and pompously told. It has been gathered up, I presume, from
different relations of the facts. This newspaper (The Washington Federalist) has
been for months past, and, for aught I know (for I read none of them), still is,
one of the most abusive against A. Burr. I am told that several papers lately
make some qualified compliments; thus, for instance, referring to Judge Chace's
trial—"He conducted with the dignity and impartiality of an angel, but with the
rigour of a devil." May God have you in his holy keeping

A. BURR.

From the Washington Federalist, 13th March, 1805.

Having heard much said in commendation of Mr. Burr's valedictory address to

the Senate, we have solicited and procured the following, which we present to
our readers without comment.

On Saturday, the 2d of March, 1805, Mr. Burr took leave of the Senate. This was
done at a time when the doors were closed; the Senate being engaged in
executive business, and, of course, there was no spectators. It is, however, said to
be the most dignified, sublime, and impressive that ever was uttered; and the
effect which it produced justifies these epithets. I will give you the best account I
have been able to obtain, from the relation of several senators, as well federal as
republican.

"Mr. Burr began by saying that he had intended to pass the day with them, but
the increase of a slight indisposition (sore throat) had determined him then to
take leave of them. He touched lightly on some of the rules and orders of the
house, and recommended, in one or two points, alterations, of which he briefly
explained the reasons and principles.

"He said he was sensible he must at times have wounded the feelings of
individual members. He had ever avoided entering into explanations at the time,
because a moment of irritation was not a moment for explanation; because his
position (being in the chair) rendered it impossible to enter into explanations
without obvious danger of consequences which might hazard the dignity of the
Senate, or prove disagreeable and injurious in more than one point of view; that
he had, therefore, preferred to leave to their reflections his justification; that, on
his part, he had no injuries to complain of; if any had been done or attempted, he
was ignorant of the authors; and if he had ever heard, he had forgotten, for, he
thanked God, he had no memory for injuries.

"He doubted not but that they had found occasion to observe, that to be prompt
was not therefore to be precipitate; and that to act without delay was not always
to act without reflection; that error was often to be preferred to indecision, that
his errors, whatever they might have been, were those of rule and principle, and
not of caprice; that it could not be deemed arrogance in him to say that, in his
official conduct, he had known no party—no cause—no friend; that if, in the
opinion of any, the discipline which had been established approached to rigour,
they would at least admit that it was uniform and indiscriminate.

"He further remarked, that the ignorant and unthinking affected to treat as
unnecessary and fastidious a rigid attention to rules and decorum; but he thought
nothing trivial which touched, however remotely, the dignity of that body; and
he appealed to their experience for the justice of this sentiment, and urged them
in language the most impressive, and in a manner the most commanding, to
avoid the smallest relaxation of the habits which he had endeavoured to inculcate
and establish.

"But he challenged their attention to considerations more momentous than any

which regarded merely their personal honour and character—the preservation of
law, of liberty, and the Constitution. This house, said he, is a sanctuary; a citadel
of law, of order, and of liberty; and it is here—it is here, in this exalted refuge—
here, if anywhere, will resistance be made to the storms of political phrensy and
the silent arts of corruption; and if the Constitution be destined ever to perish by
the sacrilegious hands of the demagogue or the usurper, which God avert, its
expiring agonies will be witnessed on this floor." [1]

"He then adverted to those affecting sentiments which attended a final separation
—a dissolution, perhaps for ever, of those associations which he hoped had been
mutually satisfactory. He consoled himself, however, and them, with the
reflections that, though they separated, they would be engaged in the common
cause of disseminating principles of freedom and social order. He should always
regard the proceedings of that body with interest and with solicitude. He should
feel for their honour and the national honour so intimately connected with it, and
took his leave with expressions of personal respect, and with prayers, and
wishes," &c.

In this cold relation a distant reader, especially one to whom Colonel Burr is not
personally known, will be at a loss to discover the cause of those extraordinary
emotions which were excited. The whole Senate were in tears, and so unmanned
that it was half an hour before they could recover themselves sufficiently to
come to order, and choose a vice-president pro tem.

At the president's, on Monday, two of the senators were relating these

circumstances to a circle which had collected round them. One said that he
wished that the tradition might be preserved as one of the most extraordinary
events he had ever witnessed. Another senator being asked, on the day following
that on which Mr. Burr took his leave, how long he was speaking, after a
moment's pause, said he could form no idea; it might have been an hour, and it
might have been but a moment; when he came to his senses, he seemed to have
awakened as from a kind of trance.

The characteristics of the vice-president's manner seemed to have been elevation

and dignity—a consciousness of superiority, &c. Nothing of that whining
adulation; those canting, hypocritical complaints of want of talents; assurance of
his endeavours to please them; hopes of their favour, &c. On the contrary, he
told them explicitly that he had determined to pursue a conduct which his
judgment should approve, and which should secure the suffrage of his own
conscience, and that he had never considered who else might be pleased or
displeased; although it was but justice on this occasion to thank them for their
deference and respect to his official conduct—the constant and uniform support
he had received from every member—for their prompt acquiescence in his
decisions; and to remark, to their honour, that they had never descended to a
single motion of passion or embarrassment; and so far was he from apologizing
for his defects, that he told them that, on reviewing the decisions he had had
occasion to make, there was no one which, on reflection, he was disposed to
vary or retract.

As soon as the Senate could compose themselves sufficiently to choose a

president pro tem., they calve to the following resolution:——

"Resolved, unanimously, That the thanks of the Senate be presented to Aaron

Burr, in testimony of the impartiality, dignity, and ability with which he has
presided over their deliberations, and of their entire approbation of his conduct
in the discharge of the arduous and important duties assigned him as president of
the Senate; and that Mr. Smith, of Maryland, and Mr. White be a committee to
wait on him with this resolution.

Attest. SAM. A. OTIS, Secretary.

To which resolution Colonel Burr returned the following answer to the
Senate:——

"Next to the satisfaction arising from a consciousness of having discharged my

duty, is that which is derived from the approbation of those who have been the
constant witnesses of my conduct, and the value of this testimony of their esteem
is greatly enhanced by the promptitude and unanimity with which it is offered.

"I pray you to accept my respectful acknowledgments, and the assurance of my

inviolable attachment to the interests and dignity of the Senate.

A. BURR.

TO JOSEPH ALSTON.

Philadelphia, March 22, 1805.

The enclosed paper will show you what is doing here. The subject of convention
is about to divide this state into new and inveterate parties. The old names and
the old animosities of federal and republican will be lost, but the passions will
have full scope in the new.

I am not wholly free from apprehension that you take no interest in any thing but
a rice-field. Fame says that you are about to degenerate into a mere planter. If so,
it is to be lamented that you have any thing above common sense, and that you
have learned any thing more than to read and write, for all above common sense
and school education spoils the planter.

Though in my former letters I did not, in express terms, inform you that I was
under ostracism, yet it must have been inferred. Such is the fact. In New-York I
am to be disfranchised, and in New-Jersey hanged. Having substantial objections
to both, I shall not, for the present, hazard either, but shall seek another country.
You will not, from this, conclude that I have become passive, or disposed to
submit tamely to the machinations of a banditti. If you should you would greatly
err.——and his clan affect to deplore, but secretly rejoice at and stimulate the
villanies of all sorts which are practised against me. Their alarm and anxiety,
however, are palpable to a degree perfectly ridiculous. Their awkward attempts
to propitiate reminds one of the Indian worship of the evil spirit. God bless you
ever.

A. BURR.

TO THEODOSIA.

Philadelphia, March 29, 1805.

I arrived here on the 21st instant, and shall remain here yet ten days. John W.
Smith is now here. He married Miss Duer a few weeks ago, and will take her,
with Frances, &c., to Orleans next month. Ann does not go; but one younger
than Susan, whose name I forget. Miss Dallas is to be married in a few days to a
handsome young man, just admitted to the bar: no fortune, but said to possess
talents. Poor La R. quite pale and emaciated; the fruit of dissipation. Celeste as
heretofore, abating the influence of time, which is a little too visible; courteous
even to flattery. La Planche a recluse. Miss Binney is to be married next week to
Mr. Wallace, a young lawyer of this city of good character and prospects.

People who are occupied are never dull, never melancholy. I learn, then, from
your letter of the 10th, that you have been a little lazy. To be sure, if that letter
was written for publication, it would do credit to the author; but to me, en
particulier, other reflections might have occurred. The story, however, is prettily
told, and I kiss your hand for some other pretty things. But let me see more of
the effects of those precepts and that example.

I am apprehensive that your milk diet will not carry you through the summer.
You will want stimulus of some kind. For this purpose something is used in all
warm countries. In the West Indies they drink rum and they die. In the East
Indies and China, ginseng is the panacea. Try ginseng. Some decoction or
(bitter) infusion. When my stomach is out of order or wants tone, nothing serves
so effectually as a cup of chamomile tea, without sugar or milk. I think this
would give you an appetite. Make the experiment. Bathing in seawater is a grand
preservative. If your bath be in the house, the best time is an hour or two before
dinner. Tepid bath; none of your cold baths for such a machine as yours. If you
have no convenience for a warm bath in the house, set a mason to work to-
morrow and make one in each of your country houses. It is a high evidence of
the barbarism of our Southern states that, in an extent of three hundred miles,
filled with wealthy people, and in a hot climate, there should not be, in any one
private family, a convenient bathing-room. Perhaps, indeed, some ruined French
refugee may have expended fifty dollars to furnish himself and family this
luxury, as essential to comfort and cleanliness as to health.

In ten or twelve days I shall be on my way westward. My address, till further

orders, is at Cincinnati, Ohio, to the care of the Hon. John Smith. As the objects
of this journey, not mere curiosity, or pour passer le tems, may lead me to
Orleans, and perhaps farther. I contemplate the tour with gayety and
cheerfulness. The most weighty solicitude on my mind is your health and that of
your boy. My letters have given you some advice as to yourself. You will have a
letter from Pittsburg, and from other points as opportunities may offer, though I
shall seldom be far from the route of some mail. God bless you

A. BURR.

TO THEODOSIA.

Philadelphia, April 10, 1805.

I rejoice that your nerves are in better tone, for truly, in some of your letters, I
could scarcely recognise my daughter. As to the boy, I beseech you not to
undertake to teach him the various sounds of the letters abstractedly from the
words in which those sounds are found. This must be learned arbitrarily. Go on
with his a, b, &c.; and when he shall have learned the language, and not till then,
can you teach him (or ought it to be attempted) the principles of the construction
of that language.

My ostracism is enlivened by a constant succession of visitors from New-York

and New-Jersey. Swartwout and Bunner have just now come in, and I have not
been a day without some one, two, or more. They stay generally two or three
days with me, and I am privileged to take them with me wherever I dine. Major
Powell, the friend of Miss Keene, and the lover of her mother, returned lately
from Europe and died here last week. He has left an estate of ten or twelve
thousand guineas per annum.
I met Miss Sumter (overtook meaning) at Wilmington last winter, and thence to
Baltimore we rode together in the stage. She is a frank, sensible, amiable girl.
May make a very interesting companion. I was so much pleased with her, that I
went several times to see her (two miles), though I visited no lady. I took her to
General Van Ness's, where I made her at home. She plays on the piano in a style
which may be called superior, and has a most uncommon fine voice, which has
been neglected.

A. BURR.

TO THEODOSIA.

Pittsburg, April 30, 1805.

Arrived in good order yesterday. Find my boat and hands ready. The water high
and weather fine. Shall set off in two hours. Have therefore no time to give any
account of my journey hither. My boat is, properly speaking, a floating house,
sixty feet by fourteen, containing dining-room, kitchen with fireplace, and two
bedrooms; roofed from stem to stern; steps to go up, and a walk on the top the
whole length; glass windows, &c. This edifice costs one hundred and thirty-three
dollars, and how it can be made for that sum passes my comprehension.

I find that Frankfort will be better than Cincinnati; so address to me, Frankfort,
Kentucky, to the care of the Honourable John Brown.

A. BURR.

On the 30th of April, 1805, Colonel Burr and Gabriel Shaw, who had
accompanied him from Philadelphia, left Pittsburg in their boat. At this period
Colonel Burr commences, for the amusement of his daughter, a journal of his
adventures, which contains some interesting details explanatory of the then
situation of the western country. Extracts from this journal will be made. On the
2d of May they stopped at a little village on the north bank called M'Intosh. The
next day "went on shore in the skiff (letting the ark float on) to see the town of
Wieling, sometimes erroneously spelled Wheeling; a pretty, neat village, well
situated on the south bank, containing sixty or eighty houses, some of brick, and
some of a fine free stone found in the vicinity. Saw several well-dressed women,
who had the air of fashion and movements of vous autres on the coast."

On the morning of the 5th reached Marietta, on the north side, "containing about
eighty houses; some that would be called handsome in any village on the
continent. After breakfast" (says Colonel Burr) "came in several gentlemen of
the town to offer me civilities and hospitalities. We have been walking several
miles to see the mounds, parapets, squares, and other remains of unknown
antiquity which are found in this neighbourhood. I am astonished and
confounded; totally unsatisfied with the conjectures of others, and unable to
repose on any plausible one of my own. I shall continue to write to you journal-
wise, but, having no copy, you must preserve the sheets, as I may wish to refer to
them for facts and dates."

Arrived at Cincinnati on the 11th May, by the course of the river estimated to be
310 miles from Marietta. "Meeting here with General Dayton and several old
army acquaintance, remained the whole day." In the evening started "for
Louisville, which is at the rapids or falls of the Ohio. There it is proposed to take
land, to ride through part of Kentucky, visit Lexington and Frankfort, and meet
the ark again at the mouth of the Cumberland, which empties into the Ohio about
fifty miles before its junction with the Mississippi."

TO THEODOSIA.

Lexington (Kentucky), May 23, 1805.

My journal has grown too big to be sent by mail. I have, therefore, only to assure
you of my health and safety, without entering into any of those details which you
will see anon. Shaw is with me. To-morrow we pursue our journey by land to
Nashville in Tennessee, and thence down the Cumberland to Eddyville, where
we expect to find our boat, and intend to go from that place to Orleans in ten
days.

Arrived at Nashville on the 29th of May. "One is astonished at the number of

sensible, well-informed, and well behaved people which is found here. I have
been received with much hospitality and kindness, and could stay a month with
pleasure; but General Andrew Jackson having provided us a boat, we shall set
off on Sunday, the 2d of June, to navigate down the Cumberland, either to
Smithland at its mouth, or to Eddyville, sixty or eighty miles above, at one of
which places we expect to find our boat, with which we intend to make a rapid
voyage down the Mississippi to Natchez and Orleans.

"Left Nashville on the 3d of June in an open boat. Came down the Cumberland
to its mouth, about 220 miles, in an open boat, where our ark was in waiting.
Reached Massac, on the Ohio, sixteen miles below, on the 6th. Here found
General Wilkinson on his way to St. Louis. The general and his officers fitted me
out with an elegant barge, sails, colours, and ten oars, with a sergeant, and ten
able, faithful hands. Thus equipped, I left Massac on the 10th of June, Shaw in
company.

"On the 17th arrived at Natchez, being by water, as estimated, nearly eight
hundred miles from Massac. Natchez is a town of three or four hundred houses;
the inhabitants traders and mechanics, but surrounded by wealthy planters,
among whom I have been entertained with great hospitality and taste. These
planters are, many of them, men of education and refinement; live as well as
yours, and have generally better houses. We are now going through a settled
country, and, during the residue of my voyage to Orleans, about three hundred
miles, I shall take breakfast and dinner each day at the house of some gentleman
on shore. I take no letters of introduction; but, whenever I hear of any gentleman
whose acquaintance or hospitalities I should desire, I send word that I am
coming to see him, and have always met a most cordial reception.

"Edward Livingston was married about a fortnight ago to Madame Moreau,

veuve, lately from St. Domingo, rich in beauty and accomplishments. I hear so
many pleasant things of Orleans, that I should certainly (if one half of them are
verified on inspection) settle down there were it not for Theodosia and her boy;
but these will control my fate.

"On the 25th of June reached New-Orleans. The lady of your laughing friend is a
charming woman. She was a widow from St. Domingo; sans argent et sans
enfants. Without a single good feature, she is very agreeable. She is nearly the
size and figure of Lady Nesbet. Fair, pale, with jet black hair and eyes—little,
sparkling black eyes, which seem to be made for far other purposes than those of
mere vision. Ph. Jones is to be married in a few days to a pretty little American,
Miss Brown. The inhabitants of the United States are here called Americans. I
have been received with distinction.
"The mark of attention with which I have been most flattered is a letter from the
holy sisters, the Ursuline nuns, congratulating me on my arrival. Having returned
a polite answer to this letter, it was intimated to me that the saints had a desire to
see me. The bishop conducted me to the cloister. We conversed at first through
the grates; but presently I was admitted within, and I passed an hour with them
greatly to my satisfaction. None of that calm monotony which I expected. All
was gayety, wit, and sprightliness. Saint A. is a very accomplished lady. In
manners and appearance a good deal like Mrs. Merry. All, except two, appear to
be past thirty. They were dressed with perfect neatness; their veils thrown back.
We had a repast of wine, fruit, and cakes. I was conducted to every part of the
building. All is neatness, simplicity, and order. At parting, I asked them to
remember me in their prayers, which they all promised with great promptness
and courtesy—Saint A. with earnestness.

"This city is larger than I expected, and there are found many more than would
be supposed living in handsome style. They are cheerful, gay, and easy. I have
promised to return here next fall. I go on the 10th instant (July) by land to
Kentucky, and thence, probably, to St. Louis. A la santé Madame Alston, is
generally the first toast at every table I have been. Then we say some evil things
of Mr. Alston. Encore, adieu. I will ask Saint A. to pray for thee too. I believe
much in the efficacy of her prayers. Le pauvre A.B.A., I can find nothing here to
send him.

"Arrived at Nashville on the 6th August. You now see me safe through the
wilderness, though I doubt (hussey) whether you knew that I had a wilderness to
pass in order to get here. Yes, about four hundred and fifty miles of wilderness.
The hospitality of these people will keep me here till the 12th instant, when I
shall partake of a public dinner, given not to the vice-president, but to A.B. I
shall be at Lexington on the 19th. I have directed Bradley's new map of the
United States to be sent to you; this will enable you to trace my route, and I pray
you to study the map attentively.

"I am still at Nashville (August 13th). For a week I have been lounging at the
house of General Jackson, once a lawyer, after a judge, now a planter; a man of
intelligence, and one of those prompt, frank, ardent souls whom I love to meet.
The general has no children, but two lovely nieces made a visit of some days,
contributed greatly to my amusement, and have cured me of all the evils of my
wilderness jaunt. If I had time I would describe to you these two girls, for they
deserve it. To-morrow I move on towards Lexington.
"I ought to tell you how I came hither. It was thus: I embarked in a little
schooner at the mouth of the Bayou St. Jean on Lake Ponchartrain, and landed
on the opposite side of the lake about ten miles below the mouth of the Chefonti,
a traverse of about twenty-five miles, which I made in six hours. Took a guide,
and went on next morning in a footpath; crossed the Chefonti about four miles
above its mouth, and then turned northerly; crossed the 31st degree of latitude at
forty-two miles from the Mississippi. Note; this line has been actually run, and
marked with great accuracy by commissioners on the part of the United States
and of Spain, as the north bound of the Floridas and the south bound of the
United States, till it strikes the St. Mary's. You will see on the map. Continued on
to Natchez. From the mouth of the Chefonti to Natchez by this route is about one
hundred and forty miles. I was four days from New-Orleans to Natchez. Passed
near a week in the vicinity of Natchez, and saw some tears of regret when I left
it; but I am now to give you the route; my journal will give you the incidents.

"The path from Natchez, going northward, keeps east of the Yazoo, and, I think,
nearly on the dividing ridge between the waters of the Yazoo and those of the
Tombigbee or Tambeckbee; a vile country, destitute of springs and of running
water—think of drinking the nasty puddle-water, covered with green scum, and
full of animalculae—bah! I crossed the Tennessee; how glad I was to get on the
waters of the Tennessee; all fine, transparent, lively streams, and itself a clear,
beautiful, magnificent river. I crossed it, I say, forty miles below the muscle
shoals, and three hundred and sixty above its mouth, reckoning by the meanders
of the river. Thence to Nashville through the town of Franklin. On the map you
will see laid down a road from Nashville to Natchez as having been cut by the
order of the minister of war. This is imaginary; there is no such road.

"Arrived at Lexington on the 20th August, 1805. Left it for Frankfort, distant
twenty-two miles, on the 31st. I am magnificently lodged at the house of John
Brown, who married your old friend and neighbour Miss Mason, who is, you
know, the sister of my friend, the priest (John Mason). She has two fine boys; the
youngest, now four, I find something like A.B.A., and, of course, amuse myself
with him a great deal. Mrs. Brown is still handsome, and speaks of you with
attachment and respect.

"My plans for the two next months are now made up, or rather imposed on me
by letters received since I last wrote you, and by my previous engagements. On
the 1st of September I leave this for St. Louis. My route is to Louisville, 55
miles; Vincennes, on the Wabash, 150 miles; Kaskaskias, on the Mississippi, 150
miles; St. Louis, 75 miles. These distances are probably inaccurate, but St. Louis
is called 450 miles from this. I propose to be at Cincinnati on the 1st of October;
at Chilicothe and Marietta from the 7th to the 15th; at Pittsburg about the 20th,
and at Bedford till the 1st of November. If by that time I should hear nothing
from you, shall take measures for going by land or water to Theoville, so that
you see it must be late in November before I can see you.

"Arrived at Louisville (Falls of the Ohio) on the 2d of September, being sixty

miles on my way to the Missouri. I have now again one hundred and fifty miles
of wilderness to encounter. I will be at Berkeley Springs by the 20th of October,
where I hope to meet you and Mari. Address to me at the city of Washington."

TO JOSEPH ALSTON.

Washington, November 29, 1804.

I came to Berkeley as was proposed. You were not there; no letter from you. I
sent a messenger to Washington city for intelligence, and waited his return in
unpleasant suspense. At the termination of six days my messenger returned with
letters advising that you would be at Hillsborough, whither I resolved
immediately to go, but thought it best to take Washington in my way, in the hope
of other letters. You were all at the Oaks, and no movement spoken of. You were
to go alone to the legislature. Wife and child to be left at the Oaks.

Though oppressed with important engagements, I would nevertheless set off

with the stage of this day for Georgetown and the Oaks if I could have been
assured of finding preparations ready made for the contemplated journey of
Theodosia and the boy; but as you may have left home without attending to this
point, it seemed probable that I might make a fruitless journey of nine hundred
miles; fruitless, except the pleasure of passing one day at the Oaks, and even this
with the alloy of your absence. My course will, therefore, be now to
Philadelphia, where I have made appointments, and either at that place or this
shall wait your reply, and we must endeavour to arrange our plans with
precision. Address me at this place.

My solicitude about the health of Theodosia is no way relieved by the sort of

recovery of which she advises me. The boy, too, has a relapse of the ague, a
disease of all others the most fatal to the infant constitution. Great God! what
sacrifices do you make, and to what end? These solicitudes poison all my
enjoyments, and often unfit me for business. Being apprized from recollection of
our personal communications last autumn, and of our correspondence last winter,
of the engagements and ties which will prevent you, at least for some months,
from leaving South Carolina, I determine, at any sacrifice, to rescue Theodosia
and son.

There will be no war with Spain unless we shall declare it, which is not
expected. England continues a course of malevolence, which will still continue
and be borne. France, more courteous in words, under the pressure of her own
affairs. Affectionately,

A. BURR.

The letters and extracts from the journal of Colonel Burr, which have been given
in the preceding part of this chapter, sufficiently indicate that he was actively
employed in travelling during the year 1805. From January, 1806, until August
following, his time was principally spent in the cities of Washington and
Philadelphia. During this period his correspondence [2] is voluminous, but in no
manner develops any other views than such as relate to land speculations.
Commodore Truxton, on the trial at Richmond, swore that Colonel Burr, in the
latter end of July, 1806, informed him that he was about concluding a bargain for
the Washita lands. In August Mr. Burr commenced his western tour. In the
summer and autumn, and during that tour, he was brought before two different
grand juries in Kentucky and discharged. So far as any testimony was produced,
it went to prove an intention of settling the Washita lands. On the 3d of March,
1807, he was arrested, by order of the government, on a charge of treason, in the
Tombigbee country, and transported to Richmond, Virginia, for trial.

Footnotes:

1. There was something prophetic in this prediction; for a few hours afterward,
in the House of Representatives, Messrs. Nicholson and Randolph were betrayed
into a violence of conduct which was noticed in our last.
Editor of the Washington Federalist.

2. Portions of the letters to and from Colonel Burr are interesting; many highly
amusing; but the space yet remaining in which these memoirs are to be closed
renders it absolutely necessary to exclude them from the work.
CHAPTER XX.

A separation of the South American provinces from the government of Spain had
long been anticipated. As early as the year 1796, while John Jay was governor,
Colonel Burr had various conversations with him on the subject of these
provinces. In these conversations Colonel Burr expressed his views in reference
to South America, which, he said, he could revolutionize and take possession of.
Governor Jay replied that the boldness of the project would contribute to its
success; expressing his opinion that it was not impracticable. From this period
until 1805, Mr. Burr's mind seemed to have been constantly engaged in
reflecting on the feasibility of the measure, and the proper period for carrying it
into operation.

As matter of history connected with this subject, but not generally known, it may
not be improper to refer to an occurrence as early as the year 1797, 98. About
this period General Miranda was in the United States. He formed an
acquaintance with Generals Hamilton, Knox, and other distinguished Americans.
To these gentlemen he communicated his project of revolutionizing South
America. From the United States he proceeded to England, and presented
himself to the British ministry. They entered into his views. The proposition was,
that the United States should furnish ten thousand troops, and, in that event, the
British government agreed to supply the necessary funds and ships to carry on an
expedition. As soon as Miranda had completed his arrangements with the British
minister, he addressed a letter to General Alexander Hamilton, dated April 6th,
1798, in which he says:——

"This, my dear and respectable friend, will be handed to you by my countryman

Don ——-, who is charged with despatches of the highest importance for the
President of the United States. He will tell you, confidentially, all that you wish
to know on this subject. It appears that the moment of our emancipation
approaches, and the establishment of liberty on all the continent of the New
World is confided by Providence to us. The only danger which I foresee is the
introduction of French principles, which would poison our liberty in its cradle,
and would finish by destroying yours."

So far did these arrangements advance, that Miranda again wrote

General Hamilton, under date of the 19th of October, 1798:——

"Your wishes are, in some sort, already accomplished, seeing that it has been
agreed here on one side not to employ in the operations on land English troops;
seeing that the auxiliary land forces are to be exclusively American, while the
naval force shall be purely English. Every thing is smooth, and we wait only for
the fiat of your illustrious president to depart like lightning."

On the same day (October 19th) General Miranda wrote General Knox as
follows:——

"I cannot express to you, my dear general, with what pleasure I heard of your
nomination [1] in the continental army of the United States of America. It would
appear that your wishes are at length accomplished, and that every possible
circumstance is united, at this moment, in our favour. Would to God that
Providence would endow us with sufficient wisdom to make the most
advantageous use of these circumstances."

At this time Mr. Adams, senior, was president of the United States, and declined
entering into the arrangement. It is believed that no reply was made to the letter
addressed to the president. Two questions here present themselves to the
inquiring mind.

Was there any connexion between this plan of Miranda for the invasion of
Mexico, and the raising of an army in the year 1798, under the pretext of
resisting an attack upon this country by France?

Was the policy adopted by President Adams on that occasion any way connected
with the imbittered warfare which subsequently ensued between Mr. Adams and
Mr. Hamilton? These are questions for the consideration of speculative
politicians, but not for discussion in this place.

It has been seen that Mr. Burr was actively engaged during the years 1805 and
1806 in traversing the western country. In his latter days Colonel Burr had no
longer any motive for concealment; nor did he evince the least desire to suppress
the facts in relation to any of his acts, even where the promulgation of those facts
was calculated to affect his moral character. According to his representations,
repeated at a time and under circumstances the most solemn [2] and impressive,
his views were twofold: viz., First. The revolutionizing of Mexico; and, Second,
A settlement on what was known as the Bastrop lands. Burr, from early
manhood, had a turn for speculation, and frequently entered into large contracts
for the purchase and sale of lands.

At this period (1806) the difficulties with Spain in relation to the Mississippi and
the right of deposite at New-Orleans created an opinion that a Spanish war was
inevitable. Such a war would have been popular with the western people. Of
these opinions and these feelings Burr took advantage, and undoubtedly, by
innuendoes or otherwise, induced some to believe that his arrangements for the
invasion of Mexico were with the knowledge, if not the approbation of the
government.

Previous to the cession of Louisiana to the United States, Baron P.N. Tut Bastrop
contracted with the Spanish government for a tract of land exceeding thirty miles
square near Nachitoches. By the terms of the contract he was, within a given
period of time, to settle upon these lands two hundred families. Subsequently
Colonel Charles Lynch made an arrangement with Bastrop for an interest in this
contract. Burr purchased from Lynch nearly four hundred thousand acres, and
Nachitoches. On the trial at Richmond this purchase was established, and the
actual payment to Lynch by Burr of five thousand dollars was also proved.

General Adair possessed the confidence of Colonel Burr in relation to his

western movements in a greater degree than any other individual. Burr was
introduced to Adair by General Wilkinson. In a letter dated March, 1807,
General Adair says, and there is no doubt truly says—"So far as I know or
believe of the intentions of Colonel Burr (and my enemies will agree I am not
ignorant on this subject), they were to prepare and lead an expedition into
Mexico, predicated on a war between the two governments; without a war he
knew he could do nothing. On this war taking place he calculated with certainty,
as well from the policy of the measure at this time as from the positive
assurances of Wilkinson, who seemed to have the power to force it in his own
hands. This continued to be the object of Colonel Burr until he heard of the venal
and shameful bargain made by Wilkinson at the Sabine river; this information he
received soon after the attempt to arrest him in Frankfort. He then turned his
attention altogether towards strengthening himself on the Washita, and waiting a
more favourable crisis. I thought the first of these objects honourable and worthy
the attention of any man; but I was not engaged in it, my political as well as
private pursuits forbidding me from taking a part until it was over; nor did I ever
believe, notwithstanding Wilkinson's swaggering letters to me on that subject,
which may be seen, that a war would take place."

The grant of the Spanish government to Bastrop amounted to 1,200,000 acres.

Six tenths of this grant was conveyed to Colonel Lynch, and cost him about one
hundred thousand dollars. As the time within which two hundred families were
to be settled on the land was rapidly drawing to a close, Lynch conveyed one
half his right to Burr for fifty thousand dollars. In this purchase many private
citizens of worth and respectability were interested. The two projects, however,
became in some degree blended. The great object of Burr was the conquest of
Mexico. With this view he conferred with General Wilkinson, who was ardent in
the cause. Wilkinson's regular force, about six hundred men, was intended as a
nucleus, around which the followers of Burr were to form. They were the only
disciplined corps that could be expected. As Wilkinson was the American
commander-in-chief, and stationed upon the borders of Mexico, he possessed the
power, and was pledged to strike the blow whenever it should be deemed
expedient. This commencement of the war would thus have been apparently
under the sanction and authority of the American government, and would have
drawn to the standard of Burr numerous volunteers from the western states.
Such, undoubtedly, was the plan; and Burr entertained no suspicion of
Wilkinson's treachery towards him until his interview with Swartwout. As soon
as he made that discovery, in the language of General Adair, "he turned his
attention towards strengthening himself on the Washita, and waiting a more
favourable crisis."

Daniel Clarke, of New-Orleans, entered into the Mexican project. He engaged to

advance fifty thousand dollars; but subsequently, from disappointments, he was
unable to fulfil his contract. General Wilkinson detailed to Colonel Burr all the
information he possessed respecting that country, and pointed out the facilities
which would probably be afforded by the inhabitants in effecting a revolution.
Without Wilkinson's troops, Burr declared most solemnly, a short time before his
death, that he would not have made the attempt on Mexico; that he was perfectly
aware the men he would collect, so far as it respected military operations, would
be at first little better than a mob.

Colonel Burr had repeated conferences on the subject with Mr. Merry, the British
plenipotentiary resident in the United States. Mr. Merry communicated to his
government the project of Mr. Burr. Colonel Charles Williamson, the brother of
Lord Balgray, went to England on the business, and, from the encouragement
which he received, it was hoped and believed that a British naval squadron
would have been furnished in aid of the expedition. At this juncture Mr. Pitt
died. Wilkinson must have heard of the death of the premier late in the spring or
early in the summer of 1806. From this moment, in Mr. Burr's opinion,
Wilkinson became alarmed, and resolved on an abandonment of the enterprise at
the sacrifice of his associates.

On the suggestion of Wilkinson, Mexico was twice visited by Daniel Clark. He

held conferences and effected arrangements with many of the principal militia
officers, who engaged to favour the revolution. The Catholic bishop, resident at
New-Orleans, was also consulted, and prepared to promote the enterprise. He
designated three priests, of the order of Jesuits, as suitable agents, and they were
accordingly employed. The bishop was an intelligent and social man. He had
been in Mexico, and spoke with great freedom of the dissatisfaction of the clergy
in South America. The religious establishments of the country were not to be
molested. Madame Xavier Tarjcon, superior of the convent of Ursuline nuns at
New-Orleans, was in the secret. Some of the sisterhood were also employed in
Mexico. So far as any decision had been formed, the landing was to have been
effected at Tampico.

During the year 1806 Colonel Burr was at the house of General Andrew Jackson
for some days. Repeated and detailed conversations were held between them in
relation to the expedition. Subsequently, General Jackson addressed a letter to
Colonel Burr, in which he alluded to rumours that were afloat of his having
hostile designs against the United States; adding that, if this were true, he would
hold no communication on the subject; but, if untrue, and his intentions were to
proceed to Mexico, he (Jackson) would join and accompany him with his whole
division. To this the proper answer was given.

About the same time Colonel Burr wrote Senator John Smith, of Ohio, on the
subject of these rumours, in which letter he says—"If Bonaparte, with all his
army, was in the western country for the purpose of accomplishing that object,
they would never again see salt water." It may be proper to state here that
Colonel Burr's whole force at no time exceeded one hundred and thirty men.

This is a brief, but it is believed to be a true and faithful account of Colonel

Burr's views and projects during the years 1805 and 1806. In the progress of
these transactions many individuals were implicated. While the promulgation of
their names might tend to gratify an idle curiosity, it could be productive of no
possible good. (The charge of treason, now that the storm has blown over, is so
perfectly ridiculous, that one who investigates the subject will be astounded that
it ever gained credence. It originated with the most corrupt and unprincipled, and
was countenanced, propagated, and sustained by the most malignant.) When the
charge of treason was first spread abroad, Colonel Burr appeared to be deserted
and abandoned by his confidential and devoted friends. Even his son-in-law,
Governor Alston, seemed to shrink from the consequences of an intercourse with
him. All those who were in any manner connected with the contemplated
expedition disclaimed the idea of treasonable designs, averring that, if such were
the views of Colonel Burr, they had been deceived. And what does all this
prove? Does it not demonstrate that if his object was a separation of the Union,
that object was to be accomplished without the knowledge or aid of his friends
and associates? Can any thing place the charge in a more ridiculous point of
view?

Colonel Burr was arrested as a traitor on the Tombigbee river, Mississippi

territory, and transported to Richmond, where he arrived on the 26th of March,
1807. He was bailed until the 22d of May, when the court was to convene. A
description of the outrages and cruelty which he endured would fill volumes. A
calm and dispassionate detail of the means which were adopted by Mr. Jefferson
to obtain an opportunity of shedding his blood, under colour of law, would be
revolting to the philanthropist and the patriot, while it would not change public
opinion of this philosopher.

In October, 1806, Mr. Swartwout delivered to General Wilkinson a letter from

Burr, written in cipher. That letter Wilkinson altered, and then deciphered it. The
forgery was detected before the grand jury, and he compelled to acknowledge the
fact, although he had sworn to the translation as being correct in all its parts.
Notwithstanding Mr. Jefferson's knowledge that Wilkinson was a Spanish
pensioner, which fact Mr. Derbigny had stated to Secretary Gallatin in a letter,
and subsequently swore to its truth; and notwithstanding his perjury before the
grand jury, yet did the president sustain and countenance the general as a fit
instrument for his purposes.

Other arrests were made during this military reign of terror, viz., Generals Adair
and Dayton, Blennerhassett, Swartwout, Alexander, Smith, Bollman, Ogden, &c.
Burr and Blennerhasset alone were brought to trial. On the 22d of May, 1807,
came on the cause of Aaron Burr before the Circuit Court of the United States,
Judge Marshall presiding. No indictment was found by the grand jury until the
25th of June, when two bills were presented against Burr; one for treason, and
the other for a misdemeanour. On the 30th of June he was committed to the
penitentiary for safe keeping until the third day of August. From the 5th until the
17th of August the court was engaged in obtaining a jury and discussing points
of law. On that day the treason case was opened, and an examination of
witnesses on the part of the government commenced. Colonel Burr had more
than thirty witnesses in attendance, but deemed it unnecessary to call any of
them.

On the 1st day of September, 1807, the jury retired, and in a short time returned
with the following verdict, which was read by Colonel Carrington, their
foreman.

"We of the jury say that Aaron Burr is not proved to be guilty under this
indictment by any evidence submitted to us. We therefore find him not guilty."

This verdict was objected to by Colonel Burr as informal. He observed that,

whenever a verdict is informal, the court will either send back the jury to alter it,
or correct it itself; that they had no right to depart from the usual form, &c. Mr.
Hay thought the verdict ought to be recorded as found by the jury, which was
substantially a verdict of acquittal; and that no principle of humanity, policy, or
law forbade its being received in the very terms used by the jury.

Mr. Martin said that it was like the whole play, "Much ado about Nothing;" that
this was a verdict of acquittal; that there was nothing to do but to answer the
question of guilty or not guilty; that it was the case with every jury in every
instance; they had or had not evidence before them.

Colonel Carrington, one of the jury, observed, that it was said among themselves
that, if the verdict was informal, they would alter it; that it was, in fact, a verdict
of acquittal.

The court then directed that the verdict should remain as found by the jury; and
that an entry should be made on the record of "Not Guilty."

On the 9th of September a jury was empannelled to try Colonel Burr on the
indictment for misdemeanour, which consisted of seven counts; the substance of
which were, that Aaron Burr did set on foot a military enterprise, to be carried
on against the territory of a foreign prince; viz., the province of Mexico, which
was within the territory of the King of Spain, with whom the United States were
at peace.

After the prosecution had examined some of their witnesses, and the court had
decided that the testimony of others was not relevant, the district attorney, Mr.
Hay, made a motion that the jury be discharged. To this motion Colonel Burr
objected, insisting upon a verdict. This was on the 15th of September. The court
being of opinion that the jury could not in this stage of the case be discharged
without the consent of the accused, and that they must give a verdict, they
accordingly retired, and very soon returned with a verdict of "Not Guilty."

Previous to the trial for treason it was industriously circulated that Commodore
Truxton had most honourably repelled Colonel Burr's advances, and pointed out
the infamy which awaited him. He was subpoenaed on the part of the United
States, and on his examination said—"That Colonel Burr told him (some time in
July, 1806) that he contemplated an expedition to Mexico in the event of a war
with Spain, which he thought inevitable. He asked me if the Havannah could be
easily taken in the event of a war. I told him that it would require the co-
operation of a naval force. Mr. Burr observed to me that that might be obtained.
He asked me if I had any personal knowledge of Carthagena and La Vera Cruz,
and what would be the best mode of attacking them by sea and land. I gave him
my opinion very freely. Mr. Burr then asked me if I would take the command of
a naval expedition. I asked him if the executive of the United States were privy
to or concerned in the project. He answered emphatically that he was not: I
asked that question because the executive had been charged with a knowledge of
Miranda's expedition. I told Mr. Burr that I would have nothing to do with it; that
Miranda's project had been intimated to me, but I declined to have any thing to
do with such affairs. He observed to me that, in the event of a war, he intended to
establish an independent government in Mexico; that Wilkinson, the army, and
many officers of the navy would join. I told Mr. Burr that I could not see how
any officer of the United States could join. He said that General Wilkinson had
projected the expedition, and he had matured it; that many greater men than
Wilkinson would join, and that thousands to the westward would join. I told
Colonel Burr that there would be no war. He was sanguine there would be war.
He said, however, that if he was disappointed as to the event of a war, he was
about to complete a contract for a large quantity of land on the Washita; that he
intended to invite his friends to settle it; that in one year he would have a
thousand families of respectable and fashionable people, and some of them of
considerable property; that it was a fine country, and that they would have a
charming society, and in two years he would have double the number of settlers;
and, being on the frontier, he would be ready to move whenever a war took
place."

On his cross examination Commodore Truxton added "that he was very intimate
with Colonel Burr; that in their conversations there appeared to be no reserve;
that he never heard Colonel Burr speak of a division of the Union; that Burr said
his Mexican expedition would be beneficial to the United States; that, so far
from doubting Burr's intention to settle the Washita lands, he was astonished at
hearing he had different views, which accounts were contained in newspapers
received from the western country."

From among numerous instances of Mr. Jefferson's idea of honour and morality,
as practised by him and by his order pending that trial, only one will be selected
as a sample. Dr. Erick Bollman, the friend of Lafayette, was arrested by the order
of Wilkinson as a co-conspirator with Burr. He was called as a witness on the
part of the United States; and in open court, the district attorney, Mr. Hay, by
order of Mr. Jefferson, tendered him a pardon, which he indignantly refused,
asserting his innocence of any act requiring a pardon. Immediately after the trial,
he published, under his own signature, an account of what occurred between
himself and the president. From that publication, which was never controverted,
sufficient will be extracted to show Mr. Jefferson's feelings and principles.

Bollman says, "In the month of December, 1806, I was seized and arrested at
New-Orleans by order of General Wilkinson, but in the name of the United
States. When I arrived at Charleston, Annapolis, and Washington, the
newspapers represented Colonel Burr as being at the head of two thousand men,
and they were ringing at the same time with reports of his pretended treason.

"These circumstances occasioned in my mind great indignation with regard to

the reports just mentioned, and great solicitude lest General Wilkinson's conduct
and Burr's situation might lead to occurrences which Colonel Burr would
deprecate, and which involuntarily would put him in the wrong.

"I therefore requested an interview with the president of the United States for
two decided objects. 1st, To remove from his mind the false impressions he had
received with regard to treason. 2d, To endeavour to convince him that the
interests of the United States would be best consulted by going to war with
Spain, and giving countenance to the expedition which Colonel Burr had
planned.

"It appeared to me that this step might do some good, could do no harm, and, in
my situation, ought to be attempted. I saw the president, together with Mr.
Madison; and having first, when questioned on that point, declared to the former
that I had no personal motives for this interview, spoke to them to the effect just
mentioned. The day after the interview I received the following note from the
president, the original of which, in his own handwriting, now remains in my
possession:—

"'The communications which Doctor Bollman made yesterday to Thomas

Jefferson were certainly interesting; but they were too much for his memory.
From their complexion and tendency, he presumes that Doctor Bollman would
have no objection to commit them to writing, in all the details into which he
went yesterday, and such others as he may have then omitted, Thomas Jefferson
giving him his word of honour that they shall never be used against himself, and
that the paper shall never go out of his hand.'

January 25, 1807.

"I immediately complied with the president's request; and considering the
communication, in conformity with the tenour of his note, as strictly
confidential, I had no motive to be unusually guarded, or to weigh every
expression with more than ordinary care. The paper, containing nearly twenty
pages, was hardly finished, when I immediately sent it to the president. I
borrowed it from him some time afterward when in prison, in order to take a
copy, and then returned it.

"The whole of it goes to the two points above mentioned, viz., to disprove
treason, and to show the expediency of war. It can give no other ideas to an
unbiased reader, unless one or two expressions, improperly used, and for which
the allowance ought to be made, that the English is not my native tongue, are
singled out, are considered disconnectedly with what precedes and follows, and
construed in a hostile manner.

"The president had given 'his word of honour' that this paper should not be used
against myself; and yet on it was predicated the pretended necessity of a pardon
for my personal safety. The attorney for the district (Mr. Hay), in open court,
when offering me the patent pardon, referred to it. Nay, when I indignantly
refused that pardon, he reminded me of the horrors of an ignominious fate, in
order, if possible, to change my determination. Is a paper not used against me
when, on account of its contents being misunderstood, I am thus assailed with
the tender of a badge of infamy? Is life, in Mr. Jefferson's opinion, all; and
character and reputation, which alone can render it desirable, nothing? The great
inquest of the nation, after hearing a great variety of testimony, and particularly
that of General Wilkinson, by an opinion nearly unanimous on my subject, have
absolved me from guilt! No indictment has been preferred against me, though
they have indicted various gentlemen in different parts of the United States. Was
it, then, becoming the first magistrate of the Union, whom I had approached with
some degree of confidence, and with regard to whom neither my conduct nor my
language have ever been unfriendly—was it becoming in him, in a measure, to
forestall the opinion of the grand jury, and to stigmatize me as a pardoned
criminal?

"The paper was never to get out of the president's hands, but it is now in the
hands of the attorney for the Virginia district. On the 23d of June, an occurrence
of which the prints have taken no notice, the grand jury came into court. Their
foreman stated that one of the witnesses had mentioned to him an important
paper, written by another witness, which was in the possession of Mr. Hay, and
of which they wished the delivery. Mr. Hay replied, that this referred to my letter
to the president, which was in his possession, but that he did not consider
himself warranted to give it to the grand jury. He also declared it to be his firm
persuasion that the paper was written in my own handwriting; it has further
appeared that he had occasioned General Wilkinson to read it. Through him he
had brought what is falsely stated to be its contents insidiously before the grand
jury. General Wilkinson, when before that body, and, of course, on his oath, did
assert that he knew the paper in Mr. Hay's hands; that it was my handwriting and
my signature.
"The history of the proposed pardon will have flown over Europe, and the
impression of treachery to a friend—this more detestable, more odious crime
than any infraction of the laws of the country, because essentially fraught with
turpitude, will be blended with my name in the minds of men who may never see
this letter. And if all this injury could be inflicted by Mr. Jefferson without ill
will, merely from want of consideration, under the disturbing influence of
passion and resentment against Colonel Burr, notwithstanding his mature age
and the dignity of his station, it will amount to strong proof, at least, that I, in my
humble sphere and with a more youthful imagination, may have become warmed
with the beautiful prospect of the emancipation of an enslaved kingdom; a
project which Mr. Jefferson himself approved of and connived at when planned,
not by Colonel Burr, but by Miranda; and that I may have engaged in it without
meaning any harm to the United States or their president.

"But since the measure of the pardon has proved abortive and ridiculous, and
since the fact of his breach of the 'word of honour' can no longer be denied, their
tone is changed. As usual, I am abused, not for the wrong I did, but for the
wrong which has been committed upon me. They insinuate, among other things,
that at Washington I had obtained promises from Mr. Jefferson, and had agreed
with him, for a pardon; that I refused it at Richmond, in order to have a pretext
for withholding testimony, on the ground that it would criminate myself, though
it is well known that such promise, such agreement never took place; and that
before the grand jury, during an examination of upward of two hours, I
answered, without a single exception, every question that was asked me.

"When party spirit and passion go so far, it would be improper to remain silent;
and should what I have said in my defence operate to the prejudice of Mr.
Jefferson or wound his feelings, it is not my fault.

"ERICK BOLLMAN."

Footnotes:

1. In July, 1798, Generals Hamilton, Pinckney, and Knox were appointed major
generals in the standing army raised that summer, nominally, for the purpose of
repelling a French invasion, at a moment when France had not a ship of war on
the ocean, and while British squadrons were hovering on her whole coast.
2. On the 10th of June, 1835, Dr. Hosack, the friend and physician of Colonel
Burr, supposed that he could not continue but a few days, perhaps a few hours.
Mr. Burr was so informed, and was then asked by M.L. Davis whether at any
time he had contemplated a separation of the Union. His reply was—"No; I
would as soon have thought of taking possession of the moon, and informing my
friends that I intended to divide it among them." While making the reply his
indignation seemed to be aroused.
CHAPTER XXI.

The excitement produced by Mr. Jefferson, Mr. Eaton, and Mr. Wilkinson in
relation to Burr's movements, exceeded any thing that can be well imagined.
That grave and dignified body, the Senate of the United States, were terrified, or
they were used for the purpose of terrifying the good people of the country. On
the 22d of January, 1807, Mr. Jefferson sent a message to Congress developing
the treasonable designs of Burr and his associates. On the 26th, with the aid of
General Wilkinson, a second message was transmitted on the same subject; and,
by accident, about the same time that this message of the president was received
by the House of Representatives, that honourable body received a message from
the Senate also, announcing that they had passed a "bill for suspending the writ
of habeas corpus," and asking the concurrence of the house. This was carrying
the farce too far, and a motion was therefore made and adopted to reject the bill
on its first reading. Ayes 113; nays 19. Thus the bill was rejected.

During the years 1806 and 1807 Herman Blennerhassett kept a private journal,
in which are recorded the principal incidents arising out of his connexion with
Colonel Burr. Portions of it are interesting and amusing. The entries confirm in
every particular the statements of Truxton, Bollman, and others, and repudiate
the idea of treasonable designs. That journal, having been transmitted from
England, is before me. From it a few brief extracts will be made. It appears that
in December, 1805, Blennerhassett addressed a letter to Colonel Burr, expressing
a wish to participate in any speculation in the western country that might present
itself to Burr. A Spanish war was hourly anticipated, and Blennerhassett
proposed to join Burr in any expedition that might be undertaken against the
Spainish dominions.

In August, 1806, in consequence of this overture, Burr visited Blennerhassett at

his house on the Ohio, and the next day rode with him to Marietta, and there they
separated, Burr being on his way to Chilicothe. From Marietta to
Blennerhassett's was about fifteen miles. Some time after Burr returned to
Blennerhassett's. Burr said that an expulsion of the Spaniards from the American
territory or an invasion of Mexico would be pleasing to the administration; if it
could be accomplished without an open formal war, which would be avoided as
long as possible, from parsimony on the one hand and the dread of France on the
other.

Blennerhassett tendered his services to Burr generally. Blennerhassett states that

General Jackson and others were to join, and that the general was in readiness to
march whenever he should think himself authorized by the position of the
government.

EXTRACTS.

"The vivacity of Burr's wit, and the exercise of his proper talents, now (at
Richmond) constantly solicited here, in private and public exhibition, while they
display his powers and address at the levee and the bar, must engross more of his
time than he can spare from the demands of other gratifications; while they
display him to the eager eyes of the multitude, like a favourite gladiator,
measuring over the arena of his fame with firm step and manly grace, the
pledges of easy victory."

"August 17, 1807. This led me to praise a pamphlet, Agrestis, which Alston
yesterday brought me, being two letters on Wilkinson's proceedings at New-
Orleans, which, for its arrangement and strength, as well as for the imagery of
the language, I observed would not be unworthy of a Curran; at the same time
inquiring who was the author. Alston said that was not known. I then repeated
the question to Colonel M'Kee, who said it was a friend of ours; at least, Mr.
Alston was suspected. I mention this trifling occurrence for the sake of
observing that Alston was now silent, thereby appropriating to himself the merit
of the book, which his wife, I have no doubt, might produce. To suppose Alston
[1] the author would be preposterous."

"August 23, 1807. My revery was soon broken in upon by the appearance of Mr.
Douglas with a stranger. I should rather have said by two apparitions; for it was
now near nightfall, and Douglas no sooner appeared than he turned on his heel,
saying, 'Colonel Duane, sir,' and ran down stairs. The surprise of this interruption
the stranger, whom I had never before seen, did not suffer to endure long enough
to allow me to invoke the angels and ministers of grace for my protection. I was
already within the grasp of this Gabriel of the government. He seized my hand,
and bade me dismiss my surprise, however natural it might be, on his appearance
before me. I handed him a chair, and said 'I had lived long enough in this country
to be surprised at nothing it could produce or exhibit, but yet desired to learn
from what cause I had the favour of this visit.' 'Having heard Mr. Douglas
observe,' said he, 'that you would be pleased to see me—' 'Sir, Mr. Douglas has
made a mistake; he must have meant somebody else.' 'No matter,' continued he;
'having known and seen your present situation, I could not as a man, as an
Irishman' (here he digressed to show me how he both was and was not an
Irishman), 'I would not leave this town (Richmond) without warning you of the
sacrifice now preparing to appease the government by your friends, of which
you are destined to be the victim. You cannot desire any other key to my
meaning than the course the defence has this week taken. But if you think the
government will not cease to pursue that justice they possess the means of
ensuring, and suspect, as you ought, the designs of those you have too long
thought your friends, it might yet appear no better on my part than a nominal
service to give you these cautions: I have therefore sought you, not to tender you
words, but deeds. The only return on your part will be that care of yourself
which will find a shield in my honour' (here he very awkwardly struck his breast,
and grinned a ghastly smile), 'and that confidence I can command in the
government whose good faith is not misplaced in the zeal I have testified to
serve it.' To this harangue he added violent protestations of his wishes to serve
me, saying, that for that purpose he would put off his journey back to
Philadelphia, which otherwise was irrevocably fixed for Wednesday, and would
now, or at any time hereafter, go to Washington for me, where nothing he should
ask would be refused him. In thanking him for the frankness and zeal with which
he cautioned me against my friends and a negligence of my safety, I assured him
I was not afraid to meet the prosecution, as I expected I should before my arrival
here, without counsel or friends; but, from present appearances, I was more
curious than interested to learn what were those means the said government
possessed of ensuring justice. Finding by his answer that he was now disposed to
allure me into a confession of having written certain papers in the hands of the
prosecutors, I told him, the warmth of his offers to serve me could not make me
forget either his situation or my own with relation to the government; that I cared
not what writings should be charged upon me; that I should admit none till fairly
proved, which, if any such should ever appear, I would justify, if necessary, on
the scaffold. He now summed up the objects of his mission, whatever produced
it, with abuse of Burr, Tyler, and Smith, acknowledging that he had been served
gratis by Burr in the most handsome manner; that the others were more
concerned against the government than I was; but swearing that he believed, if I
did not follow his advice, they would make a scapegoat sacrifice of me for their
deliverance."

"August 25, 1807. I asked Alston, 'Would you wish to see my notes of what
passed between Duane and me?' 'Yes,' said he, 'very much.' I then read to him the
minutes I had taken on Sunday evening, with which he seemed highly pleased,
and said they ought to be published. To this I told him I could not accede. * * * *
* * I informed him that Duane had intimated that government had got possession
of one of his letters to me. 'One of my letters,' cried he; 'I never wrote to you but
two upon business of a private nature; and, by G—d, any other letter they can
have of mine must be a forgery.' 'To be sure,' said I; 'or, at all events, from the
favourable course things are now likely to take, such a letter could do no harm.'
'But what did the rascal,' continued he, 'state to be the purport of the letter?'
'Nothing more,' said I, 'than that you and myself were equally involved in all
Colonel Burr's projects. He then abused Duane, and repeated his wish that my
notes were published."

"September 13, 1807. I visited Burr this morning. He is as gay as usual, and as
busy in speculations on reorganizing his projects for action as if he had never
suffered the least interruption. He observed to Major Smith and me, that in six
months our schemes could be all remounted; that we could now new model them
in a better mould than formerly, having a better view of the ground and a more
perfect knowledge of our men. We were silent. It should yet be granted, that if
Burr possessed sensibility of the right sort, with one hundredth part of the
energies for which, with many, he has obtained such ill-grounded credit, his first
and last determination, with the morning and the night, should be the destruction
of those enemies who have so long and so cruelly wreaked their malicious
vengeance upon him."

"September 16, 1807. I was glad to find Burr had at last thought of asking us to
dine with him, as I was rather curious again to see him shine in a partie quarrie,
consisting of new characters. We therefore walked with him from court; Luther
Martin, who lives with him, accompanying us. * * * * * The dinner was neat,
and followed by three or four sorts of wine. Splendid poverty! During the chit-
chat, after the cloth was removed, a letter was handed to Burr, next to whom I
sat. I immediately smelt musk. Burr broke the seal, put the cover to his nose, and
then handed it to me, saying—'This amounts to a disclosure!' I smelt the paper,
and said, 'I think so.' The whole physiognomy of the man now assumed an
alteration and vivacity that, to a stranger who had never seen him before, would
have sunk full fifteen years of his age. 'This,' said he, 'reminds me of a detection
once very neatly practised upon me at New-York. One day a lady stepped into
my library while I was reading, came softly behind my chair, and giving me a
slap on the cheek, said, "Come, tell me directly, what little French girl, pray,
have you had here?" The abruptness of the question and surprise left me little
room to doubt the discovery had been completely made. So I thought it best to
confess the whole fact; upon which the inquisitress burst out into a loud laugh on
the success of her artifice, which she was led to play off upon me from the mere
circumstance of, having smelt musk in the room.' I have given this anecdote a
place here only to convey an idea of that temperament and address which
enables this character to uphold his ascendèncy over the sex. After some time
Martin and Prevost withdrew, and we passed to the topics of our late adventures
on the Mississippi, in which Burr said little, but declared he did not know of any
reason to blame General Jackson, of Tennessee, for any thing he had done or
omitted. But he declares he will not lose a day after the favourable issue at the
Capitol (his acquittal), of which he has no doubt, to direct his entire attention to
setting up his projects (which have only been suspended) on a better model, 'in
which work,' he says, 'he has even here made some progress.'"

"September 20, 1807. I found Burr, just after a consultation with his counsel,
secretly writhing under much irritation at the conduct of Judge Marshall, but
affecting an air of contempt for his alleged inconsistencies, as Burr asserted he
(the judge) did not, for the last two days, understand either the questions or
himself; that he had wavered in his opinions before yesterday's adjournment, and
should, in future, be put right by strong language. I am afraid to say abuse,
though I think I could swear he used that word. I learned from Major Smith to-
day a confirmation of what Colonel de Pestre had also mentioned to me, that
Burr sets off immediately for England after his liberation to collect money for
reorganizing his projects."

"September 22, 1807. I have seen a complete file of all the depositions made
before the grand jury in Burr's possession. It must be confessed that few other
men in his circumstances could have procured these documents out of the
custody of offices filled by his inveterate enemies. Burr asserted to-day, in court,
that he expected documents that would disqualify Eaton as a witness."

"September 26, 1807. Wilkinson, in his examination, confessed that he had

altered the cipher letter, and sworn that there were no alterations."

"Of Dudley Woodbridge, [2] it must not be concealed from those who may have
access to these notes that, although he is reputed to have given a fair, candid, and
to us an advantageous testimony, he has not yet told the whole truth, having
suppressed my communication to him of our designs being unequivocally against
Mexico, which I suppose he kept back because he embraced and embarked in the
plan on the first mention of it to him, though he afterward receded from it upon
his own reflections or counsel of others. Such is the address with which
ingratitude and dishonesty are made to pass in the garb of integrity, like towcloth
under fine muslin."

"October 8, 1807. I called on Burr this morning, when he at last mentioned to

me, during a short tête-à-tête, that he was preparing to go to England; that the
time was now auspicious for him, and he wished to know whether I could give
him letters. I answered that I supposed, when he mentioned England, he meant
London, as his business would probably be with people in office; that I knew
none of the present ministry, nor did I believe I had a single acquaintance in
London. He replied, that he meant to visit every part of the country, and would
be glad to get letters to any one. I said I would think of it, that I might discover
whether I had any friends there whom it would be an object worth his attention
to know, and took leave. We can only conjecture his designs. For my part, I am
disposed to suspect he has no serious intent of reviving any of his speculations in
America, or even of returning from Europe if he can get there."

After Colonel Burr's return to the United States from Europe, he received several
letters from Blennerhassett; in two of them he refers to a suit which he
commenced against General Andrew Jackson, in Adams county, Mississippi
territory, for a balance due Burr. In reply to an inquiry made on the subject under
date of the 4th of October, 1812, he says, "I allude to an account between
yourself and Andrew Jackson, in his own handwriting, on which appears a
balance in your favour of $1726 62," &c. He then speaks of other papers, and
adds, "As to the manner in which I obtained the papers, it happened to be
discovered that the portmanteau you left with me, to be transmitted to Mr.
Alston, which lay at my disposal in the house of Mr. Harding, near Natchez, was
broken open by his servants. On this discovery I called for the portmanteau,
found the lock torn off, and some papers tumbled and abused, which had
seemingly been all opened. I observed and took out the above document. The
rest, with a silk tent, await the disposition of your orders."
In another letter, in a paroxysm of passion, he threatens the publication of a
book, which he says is to be entitled,

"A review of the projects and intrigues of Aaron Burr during the years 1805,
1806, and 1807, involving therein, as parties or privies, Thomas Jefferson, A.
Gallatin, Dr. Eustis, Governor Alston, Daniel Clark, Generals Wilkinson,
Dearborn, Harrison, Jackson, and Smith, and the late Spanish ambassador Yrujo,
exhibiting original documents and correspondence hitherto unpublished.
Compiled from the notes and private journal kept during the above period by
Herman Blennerhassett, LLD."

It has been seen that General Wilkinson altered the letter written in cipher by
Colonel Burr, and then swore that the translation was a true copy of the original.
This alteration was for the purpose of establishing treasonable designs in Burr
and his associates, to which fact the general had also sworn. But while he was
thus urging the charge of treason at home, he had to give his Spanish employers
a different account of the movements and object of Burr. Accordingly, after the
trial at Richmond, General Wilkinson despatched Captain Walter Burling, his
aid, to demand of the vice-king of Mexico the repayment of his expenditures and
compensation for his services to Spain in defeating Burr's expedition against
Mexico. The modesty of this demand, being only about two hundred thousand
dollars, is worthy of notice. The development of this fact places in a new point
of view Mr. Jefferson's confidential friend (General Wilkinson)—that friend
whom he recommended to Congress on the 22d of January, 1S07, as having
acted "with the honour of a soldier and the fidelity of a good citizen." The
documents are presented without comment.

State of Louisiana, City of New-Orleans.

Before me, William Young Lewis, notary public in and for the city of New-
Orleans, duly commissioned and sworn, this day personally appeared Richard
Raynal Keene, Esq., attorney and counsellor at law of this city, who delivered to
me, the said notary, and requested the same to be annexed to the current records
of my office, the following documents, to wit:—

First. A certificate of the vice-queen of Mexico, dated at Madrid on the twenty-

fourth day of January, eighteen hundred and sixteen.

Second. A letter from the said Richard R. Keene to the Reverend Dr. Mangan,
dated at Madrid on the twenty-first day of July, eighteen hundred and twenty-
one.

Third. The reply of the Reverend Dr. Mangan to the aforesaid letter, dated at
Madrid on the twenty-third day of July, eighteen hundred and twenty-one.

All of which said documents I have accordingly annexed to my current register,

there to remain and serve as the case may be, after having marked the same ne
varietur, to identify them with this act.

Done and passed at New-Orleans, this twenty-fourth day of December, eighteen

hundred and thirty-six, in presence of William T. Lewis and Gustavus Harper,
both of this city, witnesses, who have hereunto signed their names with said, and
me the said notary. Signed, Richard R. Keene, William T. Lewis, Gustavus
Harper.

W. Y. Lewis, Not. Pub.

Certificate of the Vice-queen.

"Whereas his excellency, the Marquis of Campo-Sagrado, minister of war, has

been pleased to accede to the request of Richard Raynal Keene, colonel of the
royal armies, addressed to him under date of the 12th instant, with the view of
obtaining my declaration respecting the mission sent by the Anglo-American
brigadier, James Wilkinson, to my late husband, Don Jose Yturrigaray,
lieutenant-general of the royal armies in Mexico, during the period of his
command as viceroy in that country; now, for the purpose required, I do declare
and certify, that, having accompanied my said husband to Mexico, and stayed
there with him during the time of his command as viceroy in that country, to wit,
from the year 1802 to the year 1808, I recollect perfectly well the aforesaid
mission, which was carried into effect by a person of the name of Burling; and
although I cannot now undertake to relate all the details of that mission,
nevertheless my memory enables me to state that, in substance, the exposition
made by Keene to the minister of war, of the artifices and stratagems resorted to
by Wilkinson on that occasion, through his confidential agent, is just and true.
The interested views manifested by Wilkinson in his reclamation of large sums
of money for his alleged disbursements in counteracting the hostile plans of the
American vice-president, Burr, against Mexico, appeared to the viceroy to be no
less incompatible with the rights of his majesty than they were irreconcilable to
the honour of an officer and patriot of a foreign state. The viceroy, therefore, did
not give a single ducat to Burling, but took immediate steps for having him
removed from the country.

This is what I declare, in compliance with the requisition of his excellency the
minister of war. Madrid, January 24, 1816.

MARIA INES JAUREGUI DE YTURRIGARAY.

Madrid, July 21, 1821.

REV. SIR,

I send you an exposition of the vice-queen Donna Maria Ines Jauregui de

Yturrigaray, of the 24th January, 1816, relative to the intrigue which the
brigadier Wilkinson attempted to carry into effect in 1806 or 1807, through the
agency of Mr. Burling, for the purpose of getting money from the vice-king of
Mexico. The vice-queen told me, in the different conversations I had with her on
this subject, that you enjoyed the full and entire confidence of her husband, and
that he, besides speaking with you unreservedly about this affair, commissioned
you to interpret the letter which Wilkinson sent him through Mr. Burling, the
said letter having been written in English. The vice-king, had he not died
suddenly, would have given me the same exposition which his widow gave me.
It being then, in some sort, a matter of justice that you should give your
declaration relative to the aforesaid exposition of the vice-queen, I therefore pray
you to do so.

I will merely add that, in one of my conversations with the vice-king, he told me
that, in the aforesaid letter, Wilkinson, in speaking of his service rendered in
frustrating what he called the invasion of Mexico by the ex-vice-president, Mr.
Burr, likened himself to Leonidas in the pass of Thermopylae. Be assured,
reverend sir, of my profound respect.

RICHARD RAYNAL KEENE,

Colonel in the service of H. C. M.

Rev. Dr. MANGAN, Rector of the Irish College in Salamanca. Madrid,

July 23, 1821

MY DEAR SIR,

I have carefully read the exposition you enclosed me in your esteemed favour of
the 21st instant, of the former vice-queen of Mexico, La Senora Donna Maria
Ines Jauregui de Yturrigaray, relative to the famous embassy of General
Wilkinson to her husband Don Joseph de Yturrigaray, viceroy of Mexico.

As his excellency was pleased to make use of me as interpreter in the interview

he granted Mr. Walter Burling, the bearer of a letter from the aforesaid General
Wilkinson, and commissioned by him to manifest to the viceroy the importance
of his embassy, I candidly confess that, to the best of my recollection, the
exposition of the vice-queen is perfectly correct, for the object of the famous
embassy of Mr. Burling was to display to the viceroy the great pecuniary
sacrifices made by General Wilkinson to frustrate the plan of invasion meditated
by the ex-vice-president, Mr. Burr, against the kingdom of Mexico, and to
solicit, in consideration of such important services, a pretty round sum of at least
two hundred thousand dollars.

I cannot help observing that the viceroy, Don Joseph de Yturrigaray, received
this communication with due contempt and indignation, bidding me to tell Mr.
Burling that General Wilkinson, in counteracting any treasonable plan of Mr.
Burr, did no more than comply with his duty; that he (the viceroy) would take
good care to defend the kingdom of Mexico against any attack or invasion, and
that he did not think himself authorized to give one farthing to General
Wilkinson in compensation for his pretended services. He concluded by ordering
Mr. Burling to leave the city of Mexico, and had him safely escorted to the port
of Vera Cruz, where he immediately embarked for the United States.

This is, believe me, the substance (as far as I can recollect) of the famous
embassy of General Wilkinson to the viceroy of Mexico, Don Joseph de
Yturrigaray, who certainly was not mistaken in the passage he mentioned to you
of Leonidas, as I recollect well that General Wilkinson, after displaying in a
pompous style the great difficulties he had to encounter to render Mr. Burr's plan
fruitless, concluded by affirming—"I, like Leonidas, boldly threw myself in the
pass," &c.

I return you the original exposition of the vice-queen, Donna Maria

Ines Jauregui de Yturrigaray, and remain yours,

PATRICK MANGAN, Rector of the Irish College of Salamanca.

RICHARD R. KEENE, Colonel in the service H. C. M.

I hereby certify that the foregoing is a true copy of the originals annexed to my
current register. In witness whereof I grant these presents, under my hand and
seal, at New-Orleans, this 26th day of December, 1836.

WILLIAM Y. LEWIS, Not. Pub.

The following short extracts from the letters of Colonel Burr to his daughter,
while he was imprisoned in Richmond, will serve to show the state of his mind
under circumstances thus oppressive and mortifying.

TO THEODOSIA.

"Richmond, March 27, 1807.

"My military escort having arrived at Fredericksburgh on our way to

Washington, there met a special messenger, with orders to convey me to this
place. Hither we came forthwith, and arrived last evening. It seems that here the
business is to be tried and concluded. I am to be surrendered to the civil
authority to-morrow, when the question of bail will be determined. In the mean
time I remain at the Eagle tavern."

"April 26, 1807.

"Your letters of the 10th and those preceding seemed to indicate a sort of stupor;
but now you rise into phrensy. Another ten days will, it is hoped, have brought
you back to reason. It ought not, however, to be forgotten that the letter of the
15th was written under a paroxysm of the toothache.

"You have read to very little purpose if you have not remarked that such things
happen in all democratic governments. Was there in Greece or Rome a man of
virtue and independence, and supposed to possess great talents, who was not the
object of vindictive and unrelenting persecution? Now, madame, I pray you to
amuse yourself by collecting and collating all the instances to be found in
ancient history, which you may connect together, if you please, in an essay, with
reflections, comments, and applications. This I may hope to receive about the
22d of May. I promise myself great pleasure in the perusal, and I promise you
great satisfaction and consolation in the composition."

"May 15, 1807.

"Respecting the approaching investigation, I can communicate nothing new. The

grand jury is composed of twenty democrats and four federalists. Among the
former is W. C. Nicholas, my vindictive and avowed personal enemy—the most
so that could be found in this state (Virginia).

The most indefatigable industry is used by the agents of government, and they
have money at command without stint. If I were possessed of the same means, I
could not only foil the prosecutors, but render them ridiculous and infamous.
The democratic papers teem with abuse against me and my counsel, and even
against the chief justice. Nothing is left undone or unsaid which can tend to
prejudice the public mind, and produce a conviction without evidence. The
machinations of this description which were used against Moreau in France were
treated in this country with indignation. They are practised against me in a still
more impudent degree, not only with impunity, but with applause; and the
authors and abettors suppose, with reason, that they are acquiring favour with the
administration."

"June 3, 1807.

"Still waiting for Wilkinson, and no certain accounts of his approach. The grand
jury, the witnesses, and the country grow impatient. It is an ungracious thing,
and so deemed, after having for six months been branded as a traitor; after
directing that Burr and his followers should be attacked, put to death, and their
property seized; after all the violations of law and constitution which have been
practised, that government should now say it has not proof!

"Busy, busy, busy from morning till night—from night till morning, yet there are
daily amusing incidents; things at which you will laugh, also things at which you
will pout and scold."

"June 18, 1807.

"On Saturday morning General Wilkinson, with ten or eleven witnesses from
New Orleans, arrived in Richmond. Four bills were immediately delivered to the
grand jury against Blennerhassett and Burr; one for treason and one for
misdemeanour against each. The examination of the witnesses was immediately
commenced. They had gone through thirty-two last evening. There are about
forty-six. General Eaton has been already examined. He came out of the jury-
room in such rage and agitation that he shed tears, and complained bitterly that
he had been questioned as if he were a villain. How else could he have been
questioned with any propriety?

"Poor Bollman is placed in a most awkward predicament. Some days ago Mr.
Hay, the district attorney, in open court tendered him a pardon under the great
seal and with the sign manual of Thomas Jefferson. Bollman refused to receive
it. Hay urged it upon him. Bollman said that no man could force on him such a
badge of infamy. Hay insisted that he was a pardoned man, whether he would or
not; and this question will, probably, also come before the court in argument to-
day or to-morrow."

"June 22, 1807.

On Friday Mr. Hay complained that Burr had so constantly occupied the court
for the four weeks past with his extraordinary motions, that he (Mr. Hay) could
not get an opportunity of making one on his part; he therefore gave notice that he
should, at the first interval, move for leave to send to the grand jury
interrogatories for their instruction, to be put to the witnesses, in order that the
whole truth might come out.

"Burr said it was a thing without example, and which the court could not permit
without his assent; but he thought there was reason in the proposal of Mr. Hay,
and that he should cheerfully assent, with the condition only that he (Burr)
should also send interrogatories, to be put to the same witnesses, the better to
extract the 'whole truth.'

"The court said that it certainly could not be permitted to Mr. Hay to send
interrogatories, being against usage and reason; but as Mr. Burr had assented,
there seemed to be no objection that both parties should send in interrogatories;
and such permission was granted, whereupon Mr. Hay withdrew his motion."

"June 24, 1807.

"While we were engaged to-day in the argument of the question for an

attachment against Wilkinson, the grand jury came into court with bills against
Blennerhassett and myself for treason and misdemeanour. Two bills against each
of us. These indictments for treason are founded on the following allegations:
that Colonel Tyler, with twenty or thirty men, stopped at Blennerhassett's Island
on their way down the Ohio; that though these men were not armed, and had no
military array or organization, and though they did neither use force nor threaten
it, yet, having set out with a view of taking temporary possession of New-
Orleans on their way to Mexico, that such intent was treasonable, and therefore a
war was levied on Blennerhassett's Island by construction; and that, though
Colonel Burr was then at Frankfort on his way to Tennessee, yet, having advised
the measure, he was, by construction of law, present at the island, and levied war
there. In fact, the indictment charges that Aaron Burr was on that day present at
the island, though not a man of the jury supposed this to be true.

"This idea of constructive war is, by this jury, carried far beyond the dictum
advanced by Judge Chace in the case of Fries; for Chace laid down that the
actual exertion of force, in a hostile or traitorous manner, was indispensable to
establish treason. Yet the opinions of Chace in this case were complained of by
the whole republican party, and condemned by all the lawyers of all parties in
Philadelphia, as tending to introduce the odious and unconstitutional doctrine of
constructive treason.

"Out of fifty witnesses who have been examined before the grand jury, it may be
safely alleged that thirty at least have been perjured.

"I beg and expect it of you that you will conduct yourself as becomes my
daughter, and that you manifest no signs of weakness or alarm."

June 30, 1807.

"Of myself you could expect to hear nothing new; yet something new and
unexpected was moved yesterday. The counsel for the prosecution proposed to
the court that Aaron Burr should be sent to the penitentiary for safe keeping, and
stated that the governor and council had offered to provide me with an apartment
in the third story of that building. This is extremely kind and obliging in the
governor and his council. The distance, however, would render it so
inconvenient to my counsel to visit me, that I should prefer to remain where I
am; yet the rooms proposed are said to be airy and healthy."
July 3, 1807.

"I have three rooms in the third story of the penitentiary, making an extent of one
hundred feet. My jailer is quite a polite and civil man—altogether unlike the idea
one would form of a jailer. You would have laughed to have heard our
compliments the first evening.

"Jailer. I hope, sir, it would not be disagreeable to you if I should lock this door
after dark.

"Burr. By no means, sir; I should prefer it, to keep out intruders.

"Jailer. It is our custom, sir, to extinguish all lights at nine o'clock; I hope, sir,
you will have no objection to conform to that.

"Burr. That, Sir, I am sorry to say, is impossible; for I never go to bed till twelve,
and always burn two candles.

"Jailer. Very well, sir, just as you please. I should have been glad if it had been
otherwise; but, as you please, sir.

"While I have been writing different servants have arrived with messages, notes,
and inquiries, bringing oranges, lemons, pineapples, raspberries, apricots, cream,
butter, ice, and some ordinary articles."

"July 6, 1807.

"My friends and acquaintance of both sexes are permitted to visit me without
interruption, without inquiring their business, and without the presence of a spy.
It is well that I have an antechamber, or I should often be gênê with visitors.

"If you come I can give you a bedroom and parlour on this floor. The bedroom
has three large closets, and it is a much more commodious one than you ever had
in your life. Remember, no agitations, no complaints, no fears or anxieties on the
road, or I renounce thee."

"July 24, 1807.

"I want an independent and discerning witness to my conduct and to that of the
government. The scenes which have passed and those about to be transacted will
exceed all reasonable credibility, and will hereafter be deemed fables, unless
attested by very high authority.

"I repeat what has heretofore been written, that I should never invite any one,
much less those so dear to me, to witness my disgrace. I may be immured in
dungeons, chained, murdered in legal form, but I cannot be humiliated or
disgraced. If absent, you will suffer great solicitude. In my presence you will feel
none, whatever may be the malice or the power of my enemies, and in both they
abound."

"July 30, 1807.

"I am informed that some good-natured people here have provided you a house,
and furnished it, a few steps from my townhouse. I had also made a temporary
provision for you in my townhouse, whither I shall remove on Sunday; but I will
not, if I can possibly avoid it, move before your arrival, having a great desire to
receive you all in this mansion. Pray, therefore, drive directly out here. You may
get admission at any time from four in the morning till ten at night. Write me by
the mail from Petersburgh, that I may know of your approach."

[On this letter is endorsed, in Theodosia's handwriting, "Received on our

approach to Richmond. How happy it made me!"]

The following was written after Theodosia had left Richmond and returned to
South Carolina.

"Richmond, September 28, 1807.

"It is impossible to predict when this business may terminate, as the chief justice
has gradually relaxed from former rules of evidence, and will now hear any
thing, without regard to distance of time or place. Wilkinson has been examined,
and had partly gone through the cross-examination when we closed on Saturday.
He acknowledged, very modestly, that he had made certain alterations in the
letter received from me, by erasures, &c., and then swore it to be a true copy. He
has not yet acknowledged the substitution of names."

"October 9, 1807.

"Major Bruff, who was produced as a witness on my behalf, deposed that, in a

conversation with Dearborn and Rodney, the attorney-general, in March last, he
accused Wilkinson of several crimes, and gave the names of witnesses who
would establish the charges. Those gentlemen replied that General Wilkinson
had stood very low in the estimation of the President, but that his energetic
conduct at New-Orleans had raised him in estimation; that he now stood very
high, and that the president would support him; that if the government should
now prosecute Wilkinson, or do any thing to impair his credit, Burr would
escape, and that was just what the federalists and the enemies to the
administration wished."

"October 23, 1807.

"After all, this is a sort of drawn battle. The chief justice gave his opinion on
Tuesday. After declaring that there were no grounds of suspicion as to the
treason, he directed that Burr and Blennerhassett should give bail in three
thousand dollars for further trial in Ohio. This opinion was matter of regret and
surprise to the friends of the chief justice, and of ridicule to his enemies—all
believing that it was a sacrifice of principle to conciliate Jack Cade. Mr. Hay
immediately said that he should advise the government to desist from further
prosecution. That he has actually so advised there is no doubt.

"A. BURR."

Footnotes:

1. At this period Blennerhassett was at war with both Colonel Burr and Alston,
on the subject of their pecuniary transactions.

2. Former mercantile partner of Blennerhassett, and contractor for building

Burr's boats on the Muskingum.
CHAPTER XXII.

On the 7th of June, 1808, Colonel Burr sailed from New-York on board the
British packet for England, via Halifax. The personal and political prejudices
which the influence of power and the death of Hamilton had excited against him;
rendered, as he conceived, a temporary absence from this country desirable; and,
at the same time, believing that the political situation of Europe offered
opportunities for accomplishing the object he had long contemplated, of
emancipating the Spanish American colonies from the degrading tyranny of
Spain, it was his design to solicit the aid of some European government in such
an undertaking. With these views he embarked for England.

During his residence in Europe he regularly corresponded with his daughter,

Mrs. Alston, and also kept a private diary; but probably from the apprehension
that his papers were at all times subject to the supervision of the government
police, his memoranda are in a great measure restricted to occurrences private
and personal. An amusing volume [1] might be made of these daily records of
his privations and personal adventures during his protracted and forced residence
in Europe, but the limits of the present work compel us to pass hastily over this
period of his life.

He arrived in Falmouth on the 15th, and in London on the 16th July; and on the
same day, with characteristic promptitude, he presented his letters of
introduction, and, among others, to John Reeves, Esq., then in the department of
the secretary of state, through whom he seems to have hoped to gain access to
the ministry.

During the next three months he made, through Mr. Reeves and others, various
unsuccessful efforts to approach the government; but there were two obstacles in
his way, both of which were insuperable. The Spaniards were then in the
commencement of their noble resistance to the invasion of Napoleon, and the
enthusiasm of the British nation in favour of the Spanish patriots, as well as the
policy of the British government, were absolutely opposed to any scheme for
separating the colonies from Spain. But, in addition to this obstacle, Colonel
Burr, from the moment of his landing in England, was an object of suspicion and
distrust to the government. The alien-bill was then in stern operation, and
apprehensions were entertained of the emissaries of France; and it is not to be
doubted that the same hostility which, as we shall see, openly displayed itself in
the conduct of the United States' agents towards Colonel Burr in France, had
been excited to misrepresent and anticipate him in his negotiations with the
British government. After various interviews, that led to nothing, with Mr.
Canning, Lord Mulgrave, and Lord Melville, on the 6th November, 1808, the
following communication from A. Merry put an end to all hopes of assistance in
his plans from the English ministry:—

Sunday morning, November 6.

DEAR SIR,

Although I could not see Mr. Canning yesterday, from his being gone into the
country, to stay till Tuesday morning, for the recovery of his health, I conversed
with another person of nearly equal authority, who told me he was sure that what
you proposed to me yesterday could never be consented to, pointing it out in
every way to be impracticable. I beg you to excuse the haste in which I write,
and believe me to be, dear sir,

Your most faithful humble servant,

A. MERRY.

In private life in England Colonel Burr received much attention, and from no one
more than Jeremy Bentham, with whom he formed a warm and intimate
friendship. In a letter to his daughter of the 8th September, 1808, he speaks of
Mr. Bentham:—"I hasten to make you acquainted with Jeremy Bentham, author
of a work entitled 'Principles of Morals and Legislation' (edited in French by
Dumont), and of many other works of less labour and research. You will well
recollect to have heard me place this man second to no one, ancient or modern,
in profound thinking, in logical and analytic reasoning. On the 8th of August I
received a letter from him, containing a most friendly invitation to come and
pass some days with him at a farm (where he passes the summer) called
Barrowgreen, near Gadstone, and twenty miles from London. I was not tardy in
profiting of this invitation. He met me at the gate with the frankness and
affection of an old friend. Mr. Bentham's countenance has all that character of
intense thought which you would expect to find; but it is impossible to conceive
a physiognomy more strongly marked with ingenuousness and philanthropy. I
have passed twelve days there, and shall return to-morrow, to stay most probably
till he returns to town. His house in the city, which I now occupy solely and
exclusively—[N. B. Three servants in the house at my command]—is most
beautifully situated on St. James's Park, with extensive gardens, and built and
fitted up more to my taste than any one I ever saw. In his library I am now
writing."

The friendship of Mr. Bentham was uniform and constant; and if it did not
preserve his friend from severe pecuniary privations and distress in Colonel
Burr's second residence in England, it was because the extent of these privations
was industriously and ingeniously concealed from him. "The benevolent heart of
J. B." (Burr remarks in his diary, when apprehending an arrest for debt) "shall
never be pained by the exhibition of my distress." Bentham, long after Burr's
return to the United States, continued to correspond with him.

With William Godwin Mr. Burr also formed an intimate and friendly
acquaintance. In a visit to Edinburgh in the winter of 1809, he seems to have
been treated with great distinction; and his diary is sprinkled with the names of
visitors the most distinguished in rank, fashion, and letters of the Scottish
metropolis. He writes to his daughter 12th February, 1809: "Among the literary
men of Edinburgh I have met M'Kenzie, author of the Man of Feeling, and Scott,
author of the Minstrel. I met both frequently, and from both received civilities
and hospitality. M'Kenzie has twelve children—six daughters, all very
interesting and handsome. He is remarkably sprightly in company, amiable, witty
—might pass for forty-two, though certainly much older. Scott, with less
softness than M'Kenzie, has still more animation; talks much, and very
agreeably."

While in Edinburgh Colonel Burr was informed by Lord Justice Clarke that Lord
Melville had mentioned in a letter that it would be necessary for Mr. Burr to
return to London. The government began now to evince great distrust of him. He
seems at one time, and before he had abandoned all hope of receiving assistance
in his political schemes, to have resolved to resist the operation of the alien bill,
by claiming the rights of a British subject. He probably suggested this singular
claim at the instance of his friend Reeves. The ground he took was that, having
been born a British subject, he had a right to reassume his allegiance at pleasure;
or rather that it was indefeasible, and never could be parted with. The claim
appears to have caused some sensation among the crown lawyers. It was
certainly unfounded and injudiciously asserted. Lord Liverpool pronounced it
monstrous; and it probably increased the suspicion and distrust already existing.

On the 4th April, 1809, the government took active measures against him. He
writes in his journal of that day—"Having a confused presentiment that
something was wrong, I packed up my papers and clothes with intent to go out
and seek other lodgings. At one o'clock came in without knocking four coarse-
looking men, who said they had a state warrant for seizing me and my papers,
but refused to show the warrant. I was peremptory, and the warrant was
produced, signed 'Liverpool,' but I was not permitted to read the whole. They
took possession of my trunks, searched every part of the rooms for papers, threw
all the loose articles into a sack, called a coach, and away we went to the alien
office. Before going I wrote a note to Reeves, and on our arrival sent it in—
waited one hour in the coach—very cold, but I refused to go in. Wrote in pencil
to Reeves another note. He came out. We had a little conversation. He could not
then explain, but said I must have patience. After half an hour more orders were
that I must go with one of the messengers to his house. On this order I first went
into the office to see Brooks, the under secretary, whom I knew [you may
recollect the transaction in July, which must have fixed me in his memory]. He
did not know me—none of them knew me—though every devil of them knew
me as well as I know you. Seeing the measure was resolved on, and having
inquired of the sort of restraint to which I was doomed, I wrote a note to Koe,
which Brooks took to show to Lord Liverpool for his approbation to forward it
—arrived at my prison, 31 Stafford Place, at four." In two days, however, he was
released, and his papers returned unopened; but he was informed he must leave
the kingdom. Some days afterward, as he still lingered, a message was conveyed
to him:—"Lord Liverpool expects you to leave London to-morrow, and the
kingdom in forty-eight hours." And on the 24th April, 1809, he sailed from
Harwich in his B. M. packet Diana for Gottenburgh.

On leaving England Mr. Burr seems to have been undetermined as to his future
movements. He was unwilling to renounce the projects which had carried him to
Europe; and all hope of assistance from England being ended, he looked next for
aid to Napoleon, whose policy, from the resistance of Spain and the
preponderancy of the British navy, was now in favour of the independence of the
Spanish American colonies. He finally resolved to wait in Sweden till he
received advices from America, and then proceed to Paris to communicate with
the emperor.

We must pass over his residence in Sweden, and his subsequent tour through
Germany to Paris, during the whole of which period he kept a journal. He visited
Hamburgh, Hanover, Saxe-Gotha, Weimar, and Frankfort; and, though travelling
without letters or introduction, it appears from his itinerary that he was
everywhere treated with distinction and attention. At Hamburg, where he arrived
the 20th November, 1809, De Bourrienne, since known as the author of the
Memoirs of Bonaparte, was the French minister. It will be amusing, perhaps, to
compare the following extracts from De Bourrienne's work with a brief
memorandum from Colonel Burr's diary, showing in what light they reciprocally
regarded each other.

"At the height of his glory and power, Bonaparte was so suspicious that the
veriest trifle sufficed to alarm him. I recollect that about the time the complaints
were made respecting the Minerva (newspaper), Colonel Burr, formerly vice-
president of the United States, who had recently arrived at Altona, was pointed
out to me as a dangerous man, and I received orders to watch him very closely,
and to arrest him on the slightest ground of suspicion if he should come to
Hamburgh. Colonel Burr was one of those in favour of whom I ventured to
disobey the orders I received from the restless police of Paris. As soon as the
minister of the police heard of his arrival at Altona, he directed me to adopt
towards him those violent measures which are equivalent to persecution. In
answer to these instructions, I stated that Colonel Burr conducted himself at
Altona with much prudence and propriety; that he kept but little company, and
that he was scarcely spoken of. Far from regarding him as a man who required
watching; having learned that he wished to go to Paris, I caused a passport to be
procured for him, which he was to receive at Frankfort; and I never heard that
this dangerous citizen had compromised the safety of the state in any way."
Bourrienne's Memoirs of Napoleon, vol. iv., p. 108.

In his journal of November 24, Burr writes:—

"I learn that A. B. is announced in the Paris papers in a manner no way

auspicious. Resolved to go direct to the French minister, to see if he had any
orders to give or refuse me passports. Sent in my name, but did not get out of my
carriage; after some minutes the servant returned, saying his excellency was then
much engaged, but would be glad to see me at three. At three, to minister's;
begged to call tomorrow at twelve. November 25. At twelve, the minister's; was
at once received; he is the transcript of our Mari, [2] only fifteen years older, but
marked with the same characters. His reception was courteous, but with a
mixture of surprise and curiosity. At once offered me passports to any frontier
town, but has no authority to do more. Passports to go to Paris must come from
Paris, and to that end I must write. Advises that I direct reply to be transmitted to
Mayence. Asked me to dine, at his country-house tomorrow."

At Mayence, however, he found no passport; and he was detained in suspense

there and at Frankfort for a month, before permission could be obtained to go to
Paris.

On the 16th February, 1810, he arrived in Paris.

He commenced here a long and most vexatious and wearisome course of

attendance on the minister of foreign relations and other high officers of state,
endeavouring in vain, by personal solicitations and memorials, to obtain an
audience of the emperor and an answer to his propositions. He attended the
levees of the Duc de Cadore, the Duc de Rovigo, Jerome Bonaparte, King of
Westphalia; but uniformly failed in his efforts, and was turned off with
unmeaning professions. He records in his diary, with gratitude, the friendly
attentions of Volney, Denon, and the Duc de Bassano; but, with these exceptions,
he seems to have been treated with great coolness, even by those to whom his
hospitality had been freely tendered in America. He always suspected that the
alienation and immutable discountenance of the emperor were to be ascribed to
the representations of Talleyrand and the representatives of the United States in
France.

Several months neglect and inattention at length discouraged him, and he

resolved to return home; but, on applying for a passport to the United States, he
was informed by the police that he could not have a passport to go out of the
empire. "Me voila [he writes in his journal], prisonier d'Etat! et presque sans
sous." This event changed the course of his solicitations; and for the next year
we find him, having abandoned all projects of ambition, limiting himself to
solicitation for permission to go home, and without success. A memorial which
he addressed to Napoleon sets forth in these manly terms the harshness and
injustice of his treatment.
"While in Germany last winter I saw in the Moniteur an expression of your
majesty's assent to the independence of the Spanish American colonies.
Believing that I could be useful in the execution of that object, I hastened to
Frankfort, and there addressed myself to your majesty's minister, Monsieur
Hedouville, who, at my request, wrote to the minister of exterior relations,
stating my views, and asking a passport if those views should be deemed worthy
of your majesty's attention. A passport was transmitted to me. On the day of my
arrival in Paris I announced myself to the Duc de Cadore, and on the day
following had an audience, in which I explained, as fully as the time would
admit, the nature of my projects and the means of execution. Further details were
added in subsequent conversations had with one of the chiefs of that department.
Afterward, at the request of the Duc de Cadore, they were reduced to writing, of
which memoir one copy was delivered to the Duc de Cadore and another to the
Duc de Rovigo, to be submitted to your majesty's perusal. After the lapse of
some weeks, having received no reply, nor any intimation that my views
accorded with those of your majesty, being here without occupation and without
the means of support, I asked a passport to return to the United States, where not
only the state of the country, but my personal concerns, demand my presence.
This passport has been refused; for nearly four months I have in vain solicited.
The only answer I receive is—'His majesty has not signified his assent.'

"After conduct so frank and loyal on my part, it is with reason that I am hurt and
surprised at this refusal. Not only did the motives of my visit and my conduct
since my residence in France deserve a different return; at all times I have
deserved well of your majesty and of the French nation. My home in the United
States has been always open to French citizens, and few of any note who have
visited the United States have not experienced my hospitalities. At a period
when the administration of the government of the United States was hostile to
France and Frenchmen, they received from me efficient protection. These, sire,
are my crimes against France!

"Presuming that a proceeding so distressing and unmerited—so contrary to the

laws of hospitality, to the fame of your majesty's magnanimity and justice, and to
that of the courtesy of the French nation, must be without your majesty's
knowledge, and that, amid the mighty concerns which weigh on your majesty's
mind, those of an individual so humble as myself may have escaped your notice,
I venture to intrude into your presence, and to ask either a passport to return to
the United States, or, if in fact your majesty, with the expectation of rendering
me useful to you, should wish a further delay, that I may be informed of the
period of that delay, that I may take measures accordingly for my subsistence."

This memorial passed without notice.

The following correspondence between Colonel Burr and Mr. Jonathan

Russell, then Chargé d'Affaires at Paris, and Mr. M'Rae, American
Consul at Paris, will show the conduct of representatives of the
United States to an American citizen in want and in a foreign land.

TO MR. RUSSELL.

Paris, October 25, 1810.

Mr. Burr presents respectful compliments. As a citizen of the United States, he

requests of Mr. Russell an official certificate to that effect, and will have the
honour of calling for the purpose at any hour which he may be pleased to name.
The fact of Mr. Burr's citizenship being sufficiently known to Mr. Russell, it is
presumed that other proof will be deemed unnecessary.

FROM MR. RUSSELL.

Paris, October 25, 1810.

In reply to Mr. Burr's note of this morning, Mr. Russell begs leave to inform him
that the province of granting passports to citizens of the United States belongs to
the consul, to whom all wishing for that protection must apply.

TO MR. M'RAE.

Paris, October 29, 1810.

Mr. Burr presents compliments. Having addressed himself to Mr. Russell for a
certificate of citizenship, has been informed by him that the business of granting
certificates was transferred to the consul. He therefore repeats the request to Mr.
M'Rae. If a personal attendance be deemed necessary, Mr. Burr will wait on Mr.
M'Rae for the purpose at any hour he may be pleased to appoint.

FROM MR. M'RAE.

Paris, October 29, 1810.

Mr. M'Rae answers to Mr. Burr's note of this morning, that his knowledge of the
circumstances under which Mr. Burr left the United States renders it his duty to
decline giving Mr. Burr either a passport or a permis de séjour. If, however, the
opinion Mr. M'Rae has formed and the determination he has adopted on this
subject be erroneous, there is a remedy at hand.

Although the business of granting passports and permis de séjour generally is

confided to the consul, the chargé des affaires unquestionably possesses full
authority to grant protection in either of those forms to any person to whom it
may be improperly denied by the consul.

TO MR. RUSSELL.

Paris, November 1, 1810.

On receipt of Mr. Russell's note, Mr. Burr applied to the consul; a copy of his
reply is herewith enclosed. It cannot be material to inquire what are the
"circumstances" referred to by the consul, nor whether true or false. Mr. Burr is
ignorant of any statute or instruction which authorizes a foreign minister or agent
to inquire into any circumstances other than those which tend to establish the
fact of citizen or not. If, however, Mr. Russell should be of a different opinion,
Mr. Burr is ready to satisfy him that no circumstances exist which can, by any
construction, in the slightest degree impair his rights as a citizen, and that the
conclusions of the consul are founded in error, either in point of fact or of
inference. Yet, conceiving that every citizen has a right to demand a certificate or
passport, Mr. Burr is constrained to renew his application to Mr. Russell, to
whom the consul has been pleased to refer the decision.
FROM MR. RUSSELL.

Paris, November 4, 1810.

Without subscribing to the opinion of Mr. M'Rae with regard to the appeal that
lays from the erroneous decisions of the consul to the chargé d'affaires, Mr.
Russell has no objection to judging the case which Mr. Burr has presented to
him.

The man who evades the offended laws of his country, abandons, for the time,
the right to their protection. This fugitive from justice, during his voluntary
exile, has a claim to no other passport than one which shall enable him to
surrender himself for trial for the offences with which he stands charged. Such a
passport Mr. Russell will furnish to Mr. Burr, but no other.

In the winter of 1810 and 1811, being cut off from remittances from America, it
appears from his journal that he suffered sad privations from the want of money.

In his diary of November 23, he writes—"Nothing from America, and really I

shall starve. Borrowed three francs to-day. Four or five little debts keep me in
constant alarm; all together, about two Louis."

December 1, 1810. "——- came in upon me this morning, just as I was out of
bed, for twenty-seven livres. Paid him, which took literally my last sous. When
at Denon's, thought I might as well go to St. Pelasgie; set off, but recollected I
owed the woman who sits in the passage two sous for a segar, so turned about to
pursue my way by Pont des Arts, which was within fifty paces; remembered I
had not wherewith to pay the toll, being one sous; had to go all the way round by
the Pont Royal, more than half a mile."

His journal for a year is filled with similar details, and would be a melancholy
narration were it not that it exhibits him under every vicissitude, suspected and
watched by the French government, misrepresented by the representatives of his
own country, treated with almost universal coldness and neglect, cut off from all
communication with America, without money, without occupation, and without
any reasonable hope of a termination of his troubles, uniformly composed, firm,
and cheerful. Not a discontented or fretful expression is to be found in his
voluminous memoranda.
At length, in July, 1811, a ship being about sailing in ballast for America, with
Napoleon's permission, Colonel Burr, through the influence of the Duc de
Bassano, received permission to leave Paris. He arrived at Amsterdam on the 3d
of August; and after a month's delay, apparently from the capricious tyranny of
the French authorities, he sailed for America in the ship Vigilant on the 20th of
September; and, escaping from the toils of one of the great belligerants, he fell
into the power of the other, and was on the next day captured by an English
frigate and carried into Yarmouth.

The Vigilant and the effects of her passengers were taken possession of by the
government for trial in the admiralty; and as Burr had paid for passage to
America, and was reduced very low in funds, he was obliged to remain in
England. He continued in England from the 9th of October, 1811, till the 6th of
March, 1812, when he sailed for America in the ship Aurora, and arrived in
New-York, via Boston, on the 8th of June, 1812, just four years after his
departure from America. During his second sojourn in England he enjoyed the
society and friendship of Bentham and Godwin; but the latter could not alleviate
his pecuniary distress, and the former was probably never fully aware of it. The
diary contains a protracted record of privations, sometimes threatening absolute
and hopeless want, but endured throughout with undisturbed and characteristic
fortitude and gayety. He seems to have missed the attentions and society which
he found on his first visit to London, and the following extract from his journal
of 26th March, 1812, shows that he left England without feeling affection or
regret.

"I shake the dust off my feet. Adieu, John Bull! Insula inhospitabilis, as you
were truly called 1800 years ago."

Footnotes:

1. It is highly probable that portions of Colonel Burr's journal, with his

correspondence while in Europe, may hereafter be published in a single volume,
as a separate and distinct work.

2. Joseph Alston, son-in-law of Colonel Burr.

CHAPTER XXIII.

Immediately after Colonel Burr's arrival in the city of New-York, he opened an

office and commenced the practice of law. The high and distinguished reputation
with which he had retired from the bar in 1801 secured to him, on his return, an
extensive and profitable business. A few individuals of the profession, under the
influence of former prejudices, some of them hereditary, and as ancient as the
4th of July, 1776, endeavoured to throw impediments in his way; but these
efforts were of short duration, and productive of but little effect. In general, he
was courteously, if not kindly received, by gentlemen of the profession. In
reference to this subject it was his request, that while no individual should be
censured, the name of his friend, Colonel Robert Troup, should be recorded as
meriting and receiving his most grateful acknowledgments. It has been seen that
their intimacy was formed while they were yet but boys, at a period and under
circumstances "that tried men's souls." On Burr's opening his office, Colonel
Troup, having abandoned the practice of law, generously tendered him the use of
his library until it should be required for his (Troup's) own son; which, to Burr,
was a most acceptable kindness, as he was destitute of the means of supplying
even his most pressing wants. His prospects, for the moment, were cheering and
auspicious. But they were soon "o'er-clouded with wo."

In his daughter (Mrs. Alston) and her son were centred all his hopes, all his
affections, all the ties that bound him to this life. The following appears to have
been the first letter, after his arrival in the United States, that Burr received from
his son-in-law Alston.

FROM JOSEPH ALSTON.

July 26, 1812.

A few miserable weeks since, my dear sir, and in spite of all the embarrassments,
the troubles, and disappointments which have fallen to our lot since we parted, I
would have congratulated you on your return in the language of happiness. With
my wife on one side and my boy on the other, I felt myself superior to
depression. The present was enjoyed, the future was anticipated with
enthusiasm. One dreadful blow has destroyed us; reduced us to the veriest, the
most sublimated wretchedness. That boy, on whom all rested; our companion,
our friend—he who was to have transmitted down the mingled blood of
Theodosia and myself—he who was to have redeemed all your glory, and shed
new lustre upon our families—that boy, at once our happiness and our pride, is
taken from us—is dead. We saw him dead. My own hand surrendered him to the
grave; yet we are alive. But it is past. I will not conceal from you that life is a
burden, which, heavy as it is, we shall both support, if not with dignity, at least
with decency and firmness. Theodosia has endured all that a human being could
endure; but her admirable mind will triumph. She supports herself in a manner
worthy of your daughter.

We have not yet been able to form any definite plan of life. My present wish is
that Theodosia should join you, with or without me, as soon as possible. My
command here, as brigadier-general, embarrasses me a good deal in the disposal
of myself. I would part with Theodosia reluctantly; but if I find myself detained
here, I shall certainly do so. I not only recognise your claim to her after such a
separation, but change of scene and your society will aid her, I am conscious, in
recovering at least that tone of mind which we are destined to carry through life
with us.

I have great anxiety to be employed against Quebec, should an army be ordered

thither, and have letters prepared asking of the president a brigade in that army.
From the support which that request will have, if not obtained now, I doubt not it
will be at the first increase of the military force, which, if the war be seriously
carried on, must be as soon as Congress meet. Then, be the event what it may, I
shall at least gain something. Adieu.

Yours, with respect and regard,

JOSEPH ALSTON.

The effect upon Burr of this blow may be imagined by those who have noticed
his constant and unceasing anxiety for his grandson, Aaron Burr Alston. In his
intercourse, however, with the world, and in his business pursuits, there was a
promptitude and an apparent cheerfulness which seemed to indicate a tranquillity
of mind. But not so in his lone and solitary hours. When in the society of a single
friend, if an accidental reference was made to the event, the manly tear would be
seen slowly stealing down his furrowed cheek, until, as if awakening from a
slumber, he would suddenly check those emotions of the heart, and all would
again become subdued, calm, dignified.

During this autumn (1812) Theodosia's health continued to be precarious. Deep-

settled grief, in addition to her protracted disease, was rapidly wasting her away.
She continued to correspond with her father; but at length, in November, it was
determined that she should join him in New-York. A few short extracts of letters
will unfold and close this melancholy tale.

FROM TIMOTHY GREEN.

Charleston, S. C., December 7, 1812.

I arrived here from New-York on the 28th ult., and on the 29th started for
Columbia. Mr. Alston seemed rather hurt that you should conceive it necessary
to send a person here, as he or one of his brothers would attend Mrs. Alston to
New-York. I told him you had some opinion of my medical talents; that you had
learned your daughter was in a low state of health, and required unusual
attention, and medical attention on her voyage; that I had torn myself from my
family to perform this service for my friend. He said that he was inclined to
charter a vessel to take her on. I informed him that I should return to Charleston,
where I should remain a day or two, and then proceed to Georgetown (S. C.) and
wait his arrival.

Georgetown, S. C., December 22, 1812.

I have engaged a passage to New-York for your daughter in a pilot-boat that has
been out privateering, but has come in here, and is refitting merely to get to
New-York. My only fears are that Governor Alston may think the mode of
conveyance too undignified, and object to it; but Mrs. Alston is fully bent on
going. You must not be surprised to see her very low, feeble, and emaciated. Her
complaint is an almost incessant nervous fever. We shall sail in about eight days.

TIMOTHY GREEN.

FROM JOSEPH ALSTON TO THEODOSIA.

Columbia, S. C., January 15, 1813.

Another mail, and still no letter! I hear, too, rumours of a gale off Cape Hatteras
the beginning of the month! The state of my mind is dreadful. Let no man,
wretched as he may be, presume to think himself beyond the reach of another
blow. I shall count the hours till noon to-morrow. If I do not hear then, there will
be no hope till Tuesday. To feelings like mine, what an interval! May God grant
me one word from you to-morrow. Adieu. All that I have left of heart is yours.
All my prayers are for your safety and well-being.

January 19, 1813.

Forebodings! wretched, heart-rending forebodings distract my mind. I may no

longer have a wife; and yet my impatient restlessness addresses her a letter. To-
morrow will be three weeks since our separation, and not yet one line. Gracious
God! for what am I reserved?

JOSEPH ALSTON.

FROM JOSEPH ALSTON TO COL. BURR.

Columbia, January 19, 1813.

To-morrow will be three weeks since, in obedience to your wishes, Theodosia

left me. It is three weeks, and not yet one line from her. My mind is tortured. I
wrote you on the 29th ult., the day before Theo. sailed, that on the next day she
would embark in the privateer Patriot, a pilot-boat-built schooner, commanded
by Captain Overstocks, with an old New-York pilot as sailing-master. The vessel
had dismissed her crew, and was returning home with her guns under deck. Her
reputed swiftness in sailing inspired such confidence of a voyage of not more
than five or six days, that the three weeks without a letter fill me with an
unhappiness—a wretchedness I can neither describe nor conquer. Gracious God!
Is my wife, too, taken from me? I do not know why I write, but I feel that I am
miserable.

Charleston, January 31, 1813.

A call of business to this place for a few days occasioned your letter of the 20th
not to be received till this morning. Not a moment is lost in replying to it. Yet
wherefore? You ask of me to relieve your suspense. Alas! it was to you I looked
for similar relief. I have written you twice since my letter of December 29. I can
add nothing to the information then given. I parted with our Theo. near the bar
about noon on Thursday, the last of December. The wind was moderate and fair.
She was in the pilot-boat-built schooner Patriot, Captain Overstocks, with an
experienced New-York pilot, Coon, as sailing-master. This vessel, the same
which had been sent by government last summer in pursuit of Commodore
Rodgers's squadron, had been selected as one which, from her reputed
excellence and swiftness in sailing, would ensure a passage of not more than five
or six days. From that moment I have heard nothing of the schooner nor my
wife. I have been the prey of feelings which you only can imagine. When I
turned from the grave of my boy I deemed myself no longer vulnerable.
Misfortune had no more a blow for me. I was wrong. It is true, I no longer feel, I
never shall feel as I was wont; but I have been taught that there was still one
being in whom I was inexpressibly interested. I have in vain endeavoured to
build upon the hope of long passage. Thirty days are decisive. My wife is either
captured or lost. What a destiny is mine! and I live under it, engage in business,
appear to the world as though all was tranquil, easy. 'Tis so, but it cannot endure.
A short time since, and the idea of capture would have been the source of
painful, terrible apprehension; it now furnishes me the only ray of comfort, or
rather of hope, that I have. Each mail is anticipated with impatient, yet fearful
and appalling anxiety. Should you hear aught relative to the object of this our
common solicitude, do not, I pray, forget me.

JOSEPH ALSTON.
FROM JOSEPH ALSTON.

February 25, 1813.

Your letter of the 10th, my friend, is received. This assurance of my fate was not
wanting. Authentic accounts from Bermuda and Nassau, as late as January 30,
connected with your letter from New-York of the 28th, had already forced upon
me the dreadful conviction that we had no more to hope. Without this victim,
too, the desolation would not have been complete. My boy—my wife—gone,
both! This, then, is the end of all the hopes we had formed. You may well
observe that you feel severed from the human race. She was the last tie that
bound us to the species. What have we left? In surviving the 30th of June [1] I
thought I could meet all other afflictions with ease, yet I have staggered under
this in a manner that I am glad had not a witness. Your letter of January 28 was
not received till February 9. The Oaks, for some months visited only at intervals,
when the feelings the world thought gone by were not to be controlled, was the
asylum I sought. It was there, in the chamber of my wife, where every thing was
disposed as usual; with the clothes, the books, the play-things of my boy around
me, that I sustained this second shock, doubled in a manner that I could not
account for. My son seemed to have been reanimated, to have been restored to
me, and to have just perished again with his mother. It was the loss of both
pressing upon me at the same moment.

Should it be my misfortune to live a Century, the 30th of June and the 10th of
February are so impressed upon my mind that they will always seem to have just
passed. I visited the grave of my boy. The little plans we had all three formed
rushed upon my memory. Where now was the boy? The mother I cherished with
so much pride? I felt like the very spirit of desolation. If it had not been for a
kind of stupefaction and confusion of mind which followed, God knows how I
should have borne it. Oh, my friend, if there be such a thing as the sublime of
misery, it is for us that it has been reserved.

You are the only person in the world with whom I can commune on this subject;
for you are the only person whose feelings can have any community with mine.
You knew those we loved. With you, therefore, it will be no weakness to feel
their loss. Here, none knew them; none valued them as they deserved. The
talents of my boy, his rare elevation of character, his already extensive reputation
for so early an age, made his death regretted by the pride of my family; but,
though certain of the loss of my not less admirable wife, they seem to consider it
like the loss of an ordinary woman. Alas! they know nothing of my heart. They
never have known any thing of it. Yet, after all, he is a poor actor who cannot
sustain his little hour upon the stage, be his part what it may. But the man who
has been deemed worthy of the heart of Theodosia Burr, and who has felt what it
was to be blessed with such a woman's, will never forget his elevation.

JOSEPH ALSTON.

This distressing correspondence between Colonel Burr and Governor Alston was
continued during the year 1813; but the unfortunate Theodosia was never again
heard of, except in idle rumours and exaggerated tales of her capture and murder
by pirates. These reports, it is believed, were without foundation. The schooner
on board which she had taken passage probably foundered, and every soul
perished in a heavy gale which was experienced along our whole coast a few
days after her departure from Georgetown.

Colonel Burr, on his return to the United States, mingled but little in society. He
only knew those who first recognised him. In the ordinary conflicts of the
political parties of the day he seemed to feel but little interest, and rarely
interfered. From them he sought neither honour nor emolument. He pursued his
profession, however, with great ardour and some success; but was continually
embarrassed, and sometimes experienced great difficulty from the pressure of his
old debts. The following extract will afford some general idea of his situation.

TO JOSEPH ALSTON.

New-York, October 16, 1815.

I have found it so difficult to answer that part of your letter which regards myself
and my concerns, that it has been deferred, though often in my mind. At some
other time I may give you, in detail, a sketch of the sad period which has elapsed
since my return. For the present, it will suffice to say that my business affords
me a decent support. If I had not been interrupted in the career which I began, I
should, before this, have paid all my debts and been at ease.

My old creditors (principally the holders of the Mexican debts) came upon me
last winter with vindictive fury. I was held to bail in large sums, and saw no
probability of keeping out of prison for six months. This danger is still
menacing, but not quite so imminent. I shall neither borrow nor receive from any
one, not even from you. I have determined not to begin to pay unless I see a
prospect of paying all.

A. BURR.

When any great political question agitated the country, such as a presidential
election, Mr. Burr seemed to feel it his duty to express his opinion to those
whom he supposed confided in his discernment or his patriotism. On these
occasions he spake with great freedom and boldness. Many of his letters exhibit
all that sagacity and talent for which he was so pre-eminently distinguished. It
has been seen by the extract from Blennerhassett's private journal, that he did not
complain in 1807 of any act done by General Andrew Jackson. The following
will show that he remained under the influence of similar feelings in 1815.

TO GOVERNOR JOSEPH ALSTON.

New-York, November 20, 1815.

A congressional caucus will, in the course of the ensuing month, nominate James
Monroe for President of the United States, and will call on all good republicans
to support the nomination.

Whether we consider the measure itself, the character and talents of the man, or
the state whence he comes, this nomination is equally exceptionable and odious.

I have often heard your opinion of these congressional nominations. They are
hostile to all freedom and independence of suffrage. A certain junto of actual and
factitious Virginians, having had possession of the government for twenty-four
years, consider the United States as their property, and, by bawling "Support the
Administration," have so long succeeded in duping the republican public. One of
their principal arts, and which has been systematically taught by Jefferson, is that
of promoting state dissensions, not between republican and federal—that would
do them no good—but schisms in the republican party. By looking round you
will see how the attention of leading men in the different states has thus been
turned from general and state politics. Let not this disgraceful domination
continue.

Independently of the manner of the nomination and the location of the candidate,
the man himself is one of the most improper and incompetent that could be
selected. Naturally dull and stupid; extremely illiterate; indecisive to a degree
that would be incredible to one who did not know him; pusillanimous, and, of
course, hypocritical; has no opinion on any subject, and will be always under the
government of the worst men; pretends, as I am told, to some knowledge of
military matters, but never commanded a platoon, nor was ever fit to command
one. "He served in the Revolutionary War!"—that is, he acted a short time as aid-
de-camp to Lord Stirling, who was regularly ********. Monroe's whole duty
was to fill his lordship's tankard, and hear, with indications of admiration, his
lordship's long stories about himself. Such is Monroe's military experience. I was
with my regiment in the same division at the time. As a lawyer, Monroe was far
below mediocrity.

He never rose to the honour of trying a cause of the value of a hundred pounds.
This is a character exactly suited to the views of the Virginia junto.

To this junto you have twice sacrificed yourself, and what have you got by it?
Their hatred and abhorrence. Did you ever know them to countenance a man of
talents and independence? Never—nor ever will.

It is time that you manifested that you had some individual character; some
opinion of your own; some influence to support that opinion. Make them fear
you, and they will be at your feet. Thus far they have reason to believe that you
fear them.

The moment is extremely auspicious for breaking down this degrading system.
The best citizens of our country acknowledge the feebleness of our
administration. They acknowledge that offices are bestowed merely to preserve
power, and without the smallest regard to fitness. If, then, there be a man in the
United States of firmness and decision, and having standing enough to afford
even a hope of success, it is your duty to hold him up to public view: that man is
Andrew Jackson. Nothing is wanting but a respectable nomination, made before
the proclamation of the Virginia caucus, and Jackson's success is inevitable.
If this project should accord with your views, I could wish to see you prominent
in the execution of it. It must be known to be your work. Whether a formal and
open nomination should now be made, or whether you should, for the present,
content yourself with barely denouncing, by a joint resolution of both houses of
your legislature, congressional caucuses and nominations, you only can judge.
One consideration inclines me to hesitate about the policy of a present
nomination. It is this—that Jackson ought first to be admonished to be passive:
for, the moment he shall be announced as a candidate, he will be assailed by the
Virginia junto with menaces, and with insidious promises of boons and favours.
There is danger that Jackson might be wrought upon by such practices. If an
open nomination be made, an express should be instantly sent to him.

This suggestion has not arisen from any exclusive attachment to Jackson. The
object is to break down this vile combination which rules and degrades the
United States. If you should think that any other man could be held up with
better prospect of success, name that man. I know of no such. But the business
must be accomplished, and on this occasion, and by you. So long as the present
system prevails, you will be struggling against wind and tide to preserve a
precarious influence. You will never be forgiven for the crime of having talents
and independence.

Exhibit yourself, then, and emerge from this state of nullity. You owe it to
yourself, you owe it to me, you owe it to your country, you owe it to the memory
of the dead.

I have talked of this matter to your late secretary, but he has not seen this letter.

A. BURR.

Your secretary was to have delivered this personally, but has changed his course
on hearing that Jackson is on his way to Washington. If you should have any
confidential friend among the members of Congress from your state, charge him
to caution Jackson against the perfidious caresses with which he will be
overwhelmed at Washington.

A. B.

New-York, December 11, 1815.

A copy of the preceding went under cover to Dr. Wragg. Since that date things
are wonderfully advanced, as your secretary will write or tell you. These will
require a written message (letter) from yourself and others (or yourself alone, but
three names would look more formal), advising Jackson what is doing; that
communications have been had with the Northern states, requiring him only to
be passive, and asking from him a list of persons in the Western states to whom
you may address your letters.

A. BURR.

FROM JOSEPH ALSTON.

Charleston, February 16, 1816.

Your letter of the 20th of November, entrusted to Mr. Phillips, was received
through the postoffice about the middle of last month. It was, of course, too late,
had circumstances been ever so favourable, to be acted upon in the manner
proposed. Had it even been received, however, in due season, it would have
found me utterly incapable of exertion. On my way to Columbia, in November, I
had another severe attack of illness, which rendered absolutely impracticable
either the immediate prosecution of my journey or my attendance during the
session of the legislature. As soon as I was able to bear the motion of a carriage,
I was brought by short stages to this place, where I have been confined ever
since. Yesterday was the first time for two months that I have been out of the
house. So much for the miserable remnant of myself.

With regard to the subject of your letter of the 20th of November, I fully
coincide with you in sentiment; but the spirit, the energy, the health necessary to
give practical effect to sentiment, are all gone. I feel too much alone, too entirely
unconnected with the world, to take much interest in any thing. Yet, without the
smallest solicitude about the result, I shall certainly not fail to discharge my
public duty, whenever the opportunity occurs, by giving a very strong and frank
expression of my opinion on the subject suggested.

Vanderlyn, I perceive from the papers, has returned to New-York. Nothing, I

trust, has prevented his bringing back the portrait [2] you left with him. Let me
again entreat you to use your influence with him in procuring me a good copy. I
received some days since, through the kindness of Mr. John B. Prevost, a
miniature, which appears to have been taken from Vanderlyn's portrait. The
execution is good, but in expression it is by no means equal to the portrait. There
was a small portrait of Natalie which you took with you, of which, if Vanderlyn
embraces that kind of painting in his present plan, I should be glad also to obtain
of him a copy. The original picture, I think, was the best portrait I ever saw.

Yours affectionately,

JOSEPH ALSTON.

In this depressed state of mind and debilitated state of body Governor Alston
remained until summer, when he died. Whatever may have been appearances to
the contrary, it is highly probable that, after the death of his son and wife, he
never enjoyed happiness. Their loss continually preyed upon him. To Colonel
Burr, and, it would seem, to him alone, he unbosomed himself. All his letters
breathe a deep and settled gloom, bordering on despondency—a gloom which
time could not subdue or change.

FROM WILLIAM A. ALSTON.

Rosehill, near Georgetown, October 4, 1916.

SIR,

It was enjoined on me, and my brother John A. Alston, verbally, by our late
brother Joseph Alston, to send a certain trunk to you, which he never had the
courage to open, containing, as he said, some things that belonged to your
daughter Theodosia; and to send a certain collection of other articles (of dress, I
believe), that had also been hers, to the eldest daughter of Mr. J. B. Prevost. Pray
point you out the way, sir, in which our trust is to be executed.

In his will, of which a copy shall be sent you if desired, my brother has given all
demands up to you that he had against you. Very respectfully,

WILLIAM A. ALSTON.
P. S. These are alone the words relating to you in the will: "To my father-in-law,
Aaron Burr, I give, devise, and bequeath all demands I may have against him,
whether by judgment or otherwise."

The trunk and other articles above referred to were subsequently transmitted to
Colonel Burr. Among the private papers of Theodosia there are some fragments
and scraps of much interest. In the summer of 1805 she was dangerously ill, and
she appears, from the following letter, to have been greatly depressed in mind.

FROM THEODOSIA TO JOSEPH ALSTON.

August 6, 1805.

Whether it is the effect of extreme debility and disordered nerves, or whether it

is really presentiment, the existence of which I have been often told of, and
always doubted, I cannot tell; but something whispers me that my end
approaches. In vain I reason with myself; in vain I occupy my mind, and seek to
fix my attention on other subjects ; there is about me that dreadful heaviness and
sinking of the heart, that awful foreboding, of which it is impossible to divest
myself. Perhaps I am now standing on the brink of eternity; and, ere I plunge in
the fearful abyss, I have some few requests to make.

I wish your sisters (one of them, it is immaterial which) would select from my
clothes certain things which they will easily perceive belonged to my mother.
These, with whatever lace they find in a large trunk in a garret-room of the Oaks
house, added to a little satinwood box (the largest, and having a lock and key),
and a black satin embroidered box, with a pincushion; all these things I wish
they would put together in one trunk, and send them to Frederic, with the
enclosed letter. I prefer him, because Bartow's wife would have little respect for
what, however trifling it may appear, I nevertheless deem sacred.

I beg Sister Maria will accept of my watch-ring. She will find a locket which she
gave me, containing the hair of her mother; she had better take it. If the lace in
my wardrobe at the Oaks will be of any use to Charlotte, I beg she will take it, or
any thing else she wishes. My heart is with those dear amiable sisters, to give
them something worth preserving in recollection of me; but they know that a
warm friendship is all I have to give.
Return to mamma the eagle she gave me. Should an opportunity to Catharine
Brown ever occur, send her a pearl necklace, a small diamond ring, a little pair
of coral tablets, which are among my trinkets at the Oaks. I pray you, my dear
husband, send Bartow's daughter some present for me, and to himself and
Frederic a lock of my hair. Return Natalie the little desk she gave me,
accompanied by assurances of my affectionate recollection, and a ring of my
hair. Remember me to Sally, who is truly amiable, and whom I sincerely esteem.

I beg, also, you will write immediately to New-York, for warding some money
for the comfortable support of Peggy until my father can provide for her. Do not
permit grief at the loss of me to render you forgetful of this, for the poor creature
may expire of want in the mean time. I beg this may be attended to without
delay.

To you, my beloved, I leave our child; the child of my bosom, who was once a
part of myself, and from whom I shall shortly be separated by the cold grave.
You love him now; henceforth love him for me also. And oh, my husband, attend
to this last prayer of a doting mother. Never, never listen to what any other
person tells you of him. Be yourself his judge on all occasions. He has faults; see
them, and correct them yourself. Desist not an instant from your endeavours to
secure his confidence. It is a work which requires as much uniformity of conduct
as warmth of affection towards him. I know, my beloved, that you can perceive
what is right on this subject as on every other. But recollect, these are the last
words I can ever utter. It will tranquillize my last moments to have disburdened
myself of them.

I fear you will scarcely be able to read this scrawl, but I feel hurried and agitated.
Death is not welcome to me. I confess it is ever dreaded. You have made me too
fond of life. Adieu, then, thou kind, thou tender husband. Adieu, friend of my
heart. May Heaven prosper you, and may we meet hereafter. Adieu; perhaps we
may never see each other again in this world. You are away, I wished to hold you
fast, and prevented you from going this morning. But He who is wisdom itself
ordains events; we must submit to them. Least of all should I murmur. I, on
whom so many blessings have been showered—whose days have been
numbered by bounties—who have had such a husband, such a child, and such a
father. Oh pardon me, my God, if I regret leaving these. I resign myself. Adieu,
once more, and for the last time, my beloved. Speak of me often to our son. Let
him love the memory of his mother, and let him know how he was loved by her.
Your wife, your fond wife,
THEO.

Let my father see my son sometimes. Do not be unkind towards him whom I
have loved so much, I beseech you. Burn all my papers except my father's
letters, which I beg you to return him. Adieu, my sweet boy. Love your father; be
grateful and affectionate to him while he lives; be the pride of his meridian, the
support of his departing days. Be all that he wishes; for he made your mother
happy. Oh! my heavenly Father, bless them both. If it is permitted, I will hover
round you, and guard you, and intercede for you. I hope for happiness in the next
world, for I have not been bad in this.

I had nearly forgotten to say that I charge you not to allow me to be stripped and
washed, as is usual. I am pure enough thus to return to dust. Why, then, expose
my person? Pray see to this. If it does not appear contradictory or silly, I beg to
be kept as long as possible before I am consigned to the earth.

[Directed—"My husband. To be delivered after my death. I wish this to be read

immediately, and before my burial."]

Although Colonel Burr seldom interfered in the politics of his own country, yet
he continued to feel a deep and abiding interest in the emancipation of South
America. He was constantly projecting some measure which in his opinion was
calculated to promote this object. He encouraged the friends of freedom in that
benighted land. He corresponded with those who were connected with any
enterprise favouring the revolution, and consulted and advised with all who
visited the United States, and sought his advice on the subject. The following
letter will show the wishes of distinguished Mexicans in the year 1816.

FROM GENERAL TOLEDO.

TRANSLATION.

New-York, September 20, 1816.

Sir,

Although I have not the honour of knowing you personally, the reputation of
your talents and good wishes for the cause of America have made your name
familiar among us; and since this will dispense the accustomed forms of
introduction, I dare present to your consideration the actual state of our
revolution, our evils, and the remedies which we believe may be applied to them.

It is six years since that, almost simultaneously, the standard of liberty was raised
by different provinces of Spanish America, and the cry of independence was
heard from the territory of Mexico to the extremities of Chili. The inhabitants,
determined to resist their European oppressors, formed themselves in groups
under the name of armies, and placed at the head of them persons of the first
reputation. Hundreds of battles have been fought, decided solely by dint of
valour, without the assistance of military art or skill; the youth and most
illustrious families have been sacrificed, and even entire populations have
disappeared in a struggle so just, but unfortunately conducted with inaptitude or
marked with cruelty.

I, among others, have been honoured with the confidence of the command of the
Mexican troops; and at the close of so many sacrifices we have only come to a
knowledge of the character of the people and of ourselves. Both are well
disposed, and there is only wanting, to complete our wishes, that these
dispositions be directed with calculation and wisdom for the public good.

My voyage to this country has for its object not only to obtain the means for
continuing the war, but to seek the person best capable of employing them. This
is the desire of that people; and I can assure you that their wish and mine would
be satisfied at the same time, if we should have the fortune of your assuming the
management of our political and military affairs in the dangerous crisis in which
we find ourselves.

I hope that, in behalf of the cause of America and of humanity, you will accept
this offer, which I have the honour to make you in the name of that people, and

I am, sir,

With the greatest respect and consideration,

Yours,

JOSE ALVAREZ DE TOLEDO.

The invitation of General Toledo was not accepted. Colonel Burr, however,
continued to act with his accustomed zeal in behalf of the South American
patriots; and in 1819 the Republic of Venezuela granted him the following
commission:—

TRANSLATION.

Republic of Venezuela, Palace of the Governor, Angostura, October 9, 1819.

John Baptiste Arismendi, of the Order of Liberators,

Captain-general of the Armies, and Vice-president of the State, &c., &c., &c.

Whereas Aaron Burr, citizen of the United States of North America, has proved,
to the satisfaction of this government, his ardent love for the cause of liberty and
independence, and his desire to be actively employed in its service, as one most
worthy of a freeman and a philanthropist, and most glorious for an American
who has fought for the rights of his native land:

Therefore, in compliance with his (noble) praiseworthy wishes, and in fulfilment

of a duty imposed upon me by the absence of the president of the republic in the
territory of New Grenada, and impressed with the necessity of rendering
assistance to all other countries of South America and Mexico now contending
against the civil and religious tyranny of the Spanish government,

I hereby authorize the above-named Aaron Burr (without violation of established

laws and customs) to raise troops for sea and land service, to aid this government
or any other now struggling in the same cause against the despotism of Spain;
provided that, in thus contending against the common enemy, he conform to
established ordinances, the laws of nations, and the acknowledged usages among
countries that aspire to emancipation and liberty.

And I declare that, it not being possible to organize gratuitously naval or land
expeditions in all parts of the country, the property taken from the enemy being
insufficient to defray the expenses, this republic and any other that may be
benefited or assisted by the said Aaron Burr shall hold their funds responsible
for any debts contracted by him in the premises.

Therefore, that he may proceed with that order which the exigence of the case
requires, the "commissioned" (A. B.) shall render an account, and advise of all
contracts entered into by him in the fulfilment of his commission, in order that
they may be examined and approved in anticipation (of payment). But it will be
understood that the government is unable at this time to pay its troops regularly;
and the latter will not be justified in relying on any thing more than a bare
subsistence or an occasional provision, more or less, according to circumstances.
This notice to be given to all enlisting under his banners. This measure is
rendered necessary, lest the good faith of the government should be
compromised. An account of all military stipends will be kept by the
government, that they may be liquidated in proportion to the increase of its
resources. The republic exacts this service only during the continuance of the
war. At its termination each soldier shall receive as a bounty a landed estate of
the value of five hundred dollars; and all officers shall be paid in proportion, in
conformity with the provisions of the law, or the decree for the division of
national property, in addition to the personal rights with which the gratitude of
Venezuela constitutionally recognises the services performed in its cause.

And that the above-named Aaron Burr may legally exert himself in favour of the
emancipation and liberty of Venezuela and New Grenada, and all other countries
of South America and Mexico now contending against the arbitrary and
oppressive power of Spain, without in any manner giving offence to friendly or
neutral powers, so long as they shall preserve their amity and neutrality, I grant
to him this commission, signed with my hand, sealed with the provisional seal of
the republic, and countersigned by the secretary of state and foreign affairs, in
the place, day, month, and year above named.

J. BAPTISTE ARISMENDI.

(Seal)

JUAN G. ROSCW, Secretary of State and F.A.

It was thus that Colonel Burr was employed after his return from Europe until
near the close of his life. During his leisure hours, if any such he had, his mind
was occupied for several years in directing the education of two young ladies
(Misses Eden) who were his wards, and for whom, in a protracted lawsuit, he
had recovered a valuable estate. His regular and constant correspondence with
these ladies, pointing out their errors, their improvements, and the studies which
they were to pursue from day to day, was to them invaluable, and well calculated
to "teach the young idea how to shoot." Copies of these letters are preserved, and
it was originally intended to have published portions of them in this work, but no
space remains. They would form a pleasing and interesting treatise on female
education.

Although Colonel Burr's pecuniary means were limited, yet he was not destitute.
He had an annual income of a few hundred dollars, in addition to his half-pay as
a colonel in the revolutionary army. For two or three years before his death he
suffered under the effects of a paralysis. Much of the time he was in a measure
helpless, so far as locomotion was concerned. His general health, however, was
tolerably good, by using great precaution in his diet. He had long abstained from
the use of either tea or coffee as affecting his nervous system. His mind retained
much of its vigour, and his memory, as to events of long standing, seemed to be
unimpaired. Few octogenarians had as little of what is termed the garrulity of
age as Colonel Burr. He never was a great talker, and in the decline of life
retained much of that dignified sedateness which had characterized his meridian.
When visited by strangers he received them with courtesy, unless his pride
became awakened by a suspicion that the visit was one of idle or impertinent
curiosity. On such occasions his manner was formal, cold, repulsive. Under
sufferings of body or mind he seldom complained; but, during the last year of his
life, he became more restive and impatient. The friends of his youth had gone
before him. All the ties of consanguinity which could operate in uniting him to
the world were severed asunder. To him there remained no brother, no sister, no
child, no lineal descendant. He had numbered four-score years, and was
incapable, from disease, of moving abroad, or even dressing himself. He
therefore became restless, and seemed anxious for the arrival of the hour when
his eyes should be closed in everlasting sleep. At length that hour came, and his
mortal career terminated without a struggle on Wednesday, the 14th of
September, 1836, in the eighty-first year of his age, on Staten Island, Richmond
county, state of New-York, whither he had been removed for the benefit of pure
air during the warm season. In conformity with his wish, his body was removed
to Princeton, New-Jersey. The New-York Courier and Enquirer of the 19th of
September gives the following account of his funeral.

From the Courier and Enquirer.

"On Friday morning, the 16th of September, the body of the late Colonel Aaron
Burr was put on board a steamboat at Staten Island, and conveyed, with a
number of his friends and relatives, from New-York to Amboy. Here it, with the
followers, was received by the railroad cars and taken to Hightstown, nine miles
from Princeton. A hearse and carriage having been previously prepared, the
remains, with the friends of the departed, proceeded immediately to Princeton
College, where the body was deposited until the hour of interment should arrive
—half past three o'clock.

"At the appointed hour, the professors, collegians, and citizens having
assembled, the ceremony commenced by a prayer to the Throne of Grace. It was
succeeded by a most eloquent, appropriate, and judicious sermon, delivered by
the president of the college; after which the procession was formed on the
college green, and proceeded to the burying-ground under an escort of the
military, accompanied by martial music. He was interred with the honours of
war. The firing over the grave was performed by a well-disciplined infantry
corps, designated as the Mercer Guards. The professors and students of the
college, and some of the clergy and citizens, united with the relatives and friends
of the deceased in the procession.

"The interment was in the college burying-place, near the tombs of his ancestors,
in his native state, under the superintendence of the fathers of that seat of
learning where the budding of his mighty mind first displayed itself, where it
was cultivated and matured, and where the foundation was laid for those
intellectual endowments which he afterward exhibited on the great theatre of
life. He has shed a halo of literary glory around Nassau Hall. Through a long
pilgrimage he loved her as the disciplinarian of his youthful mind. He vaunted
that he was one of her earliest and most attached sons. He joyed in her success
and sorrowed in her misfortunes. In this her last act of respect to his memory, she
has repaid those kind feelings in which he indulged during a long life; and
heartless must be the friend of the deceased who remembers not with gratitude
this testimony of regard for the giant mind of him who must fill a large space in
the history of his country. Peace be to his manes."

Extract from the Minutes of the Cliosophic Society.

"The Cliosophic Society having this morning received the mournful intelligence
of the decease of Colonel Aaron Burr, formerly Vice-president of the United
States, an eminent member, and one of the founders of our institution, would, in
consideration of his eminence and talents, as well as the zeal with which he has
promoted the interests of our association, pay to his memory a tribute of respect
expressive of our admiration of his greatness and regret at his demise. Be it
therefore

"Resolved, That the efforts of this individual in behalf of our society during her
infant struggle, and the affectionate interest which he has at all times manifested
for her success, claim from us an expression of condolence for his loss and
gratitude for his services.

"2d. That the whole society follow his remains to the grave as mourners.

"3d. That, as a feeble testimony of our respect, the members wear crape on the
left arm for the space of thirty days.

"4th. That these resolutions be published in the Princeton Whig, New-York

Courier and Enquirer, New-York Gazette, Commercial Advertiser, United States
Gazette, and United States Telegraph."

Footnotes:

1. The day on which his son died.

2. The portrait of Theodosia.

THE END.

End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Memoirs of Aaron Burr, Volume 2. by

Matthew L. Davis

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