CE 135 – Analysis and Design of Steel Structures

CHAPTER 4:
Simple Connection

Prepared by: Engr. CBR

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TOPIC OUTLINE
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Simple Bolt Connection
4.2.1 Bolt Holes
4.2.2 Bolt Spacing
4.2.3 Workable Gages
4.2.4 Limit States
4.2.5 Shear Strength of Bolts
4.2.6 Bearing Strength at Bolt Holes
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TOPIC OUTLINE
4.3 Welds
4.2.1 Welding Process
4.2.2 Electrodes and Fluxes
4.2.3 Types of Welds and Joints
4.2.4 Fillet Welds
4.2.5 Shear strength of Fillet Welds
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4. 1 Introduction 4.2 Bolts 4.3 Welds

Steel members are connected to each other by bolts

and/or welds called as connectors/fasteners

Connections are the ”weakest link” in the structure

Defines three types of construction:

Fully Restrained – Rotationally restrained
– Type FR (LRFD)/ Type I (ASD)
Simple Framing – Unrestrained, Bracing System
– Type PR (LRFD)/ Type II (ASD)
Semi-rigid Framing – Moment is approximately
zero, Type PR (LRFD)/ Type III (ASD)
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4. 1 Introduction 4.2 Bolts 4.3 Welds

There are three classifications of connection:

Simple Shear Connection
Moment Connection
Eccentric Connection

But for this chapter, we will focus on simple shear

connections

➢ Resultant force passes through the center of

gravity of the connection

➢ Each connector shares an equal amount of load

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4. 1 Introduction 4.2 Bolts 4.3 Welds

Simple Bolted Connection

Simple Welded Connection

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4. 1 Introduction 4.2 Bolts 4.3 Welds

Bolts BOLT

A bolt assembly consists of a

bolt, a nut, and a washer

High strength bolts are used

for structural construction

This is used to connect two NUT

steel members
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4. 1 Introduction 4.2 Bolts 4.3 Welds

4.2.1 Bolt Holes, h

Table J3.3 of AISC

shows the
maximum sizes of
holes for bolts

Table J3.3M only

shows the SI
equivalent of holes
for bolts shown in
Table J3.3
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4. 1 Introduction 4.2 Bolts 4.3 Welds

4.2.1 Bolt Holes, h

Types of Bolt Holes:

Standard Holes Oversized Holes

d d+1 " d d+3 "

16 16

Short Slotted Holes Long Slotted Holes

d+1 " 2.5d
4

d+1 " d d+1 " d

16 16
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4. 1 Introduction 4.2 Bolts 4.3 Welds

4.2.2 Bolt Spacing, s

Definition of Terms p
Row of bolts – line of
bolts placed parallel to the A
line of stress (A,B,C,D) g
B
Bolt gage, g – transverse g
staggered distance g
C
between adjacent rows of D
bolts
Pitch, p – center-to-center
p F
of two adjacent bolt holes
on a given gage line
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4. 1 Introduction 4.2 Bolts 4.3 Welds

4.2.2 Bolt Spacing, s

Definition of Terms le
End Distance, Le – from
center of the bolt hole to ls A
the plate edge parallel to
B
the stress
C
Side Distance, Ls – from D
ls
center of the bolt hole to
the plate edge le F
perpendicular to the stress

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4. 1 Introduction 4.2 Bolts 4.3 Welds

4.2.2 Bolt Spacing, s

Definition of Terms l ci
Clear distance from an
lce
end bolt, lce – between A
edge of an end hole and
edge of the material
l ce B

C
Clear distance from an D
interior bolt, lci –
between edge of a bolt hole F
lci
and edge of the adjacent
hole
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4. 1 Introduction 4.2 Bolts 4.3 Welds

4.2.2 Bolt Spacing, s

Definition of Terms s s
Staggered Pitch, s – A
longitudinal spacing of any
B
two consecutive bolt holes on
adjacent gage lines C
D

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4. 1 Introduction 4.2 Bolts 4.3 Welds

4.2.2 Bolt Spacing, s

Minimum Spacing:
Standard, oversized, slotted
holes

s  22 d
3
Preferred Spacing:

s  3d
Where: d is the bolt diameter
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4. 1 Introduction 4.2 Bolts 4.3 Welds

4.2.2 Bolt Spacing, s

Minimum Edge Distance Spacing:

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4. 1 Introduction 4.2 Bolts 4.3 Welds

4.2.2 Bolt Spacing, s

Maximum Spacing:
From center of any bolt to
nearest edge

 e = 12t

But,
 e  6 in (150mm)
Where: t is the thickness of member
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4. 1 Introduction 4.2 Bolts 4.3 Welds

4.2.2 Bolt Spacing, s

Maximum Spacing:
For members not subject to
corrosionn
12in(305mm)  s  24t min
Unpainted members of
weathering steel
7in(180mm)  s  14t min

Where: t is the thickness of member Steel Design|NMST|DCE|UPLB

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4. 1 Introduction 4.2 Bolts 4.3 Welds

4.2.3 Workable Gages

Provide for entering and tightening clearance and for edge

distance and spacing requirements

Given in AISC “Part 1 – Dimensions and Properties” ,

example:

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4. 1 Introduction 4.2 Bolts 4.3 Welds

4.2.4 Limit States

Broad Categories of Failure:

Failure of Fastener
Failure of Connected Parts
http://expeditionworkshed.org/works
hed/bolted-steel-connection-bolt-
shear/

http://structures.engr.utexas.edu/

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4. 1 Introduction 4.2 Bolts 4.3 Welds

4.2.4 Limit States

Failure of Fastener
Shear Failure

Failure of Connected Parts

Tensile Fracture
Bearing Failure of Member
Block Shear Failure of Member

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4. 1 Introduction 4.2 Bolts 4.3 Welds

4.2.5 Shear Strength of Bolts

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4. 1 Introduction 4.2 Bolts 4.3 Welds

4.2.5 Shear Strength of Bolts

Consider the connection below:

P2
P1
d
By summation of forces from statics,

F = 0 P1 = P2
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4. 1 Introduction 4.2 Bolts 4.3 Welds

4.2.5 Shear Strength of Bolts

Due to force P:

Pv
P
P Pv

Derived from strength of materials,

 d  2
P = fv  
 4 
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4. 1 Introduction 4.2 Bolts 4.3 Welds

4.2.5 Shear Strength of Bolts

Consider the connection below,

P/2
P
P/2
then,

 d 
2
P = 2 fv  
 4 
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4. 1 Introduction 4.2 Bolts 4.3 Welds

4.2.5 Shear Strength of Bolts

By AISC provision,

Rn = nFnv Ab  (Equation J3-1)

Where: Rn Total nominal shearing force

n number of bolts
Fnv nominal shear strength of bolt
(Table J3.2)
Ab Nominal cross-sectional area of bolt

 = 0.75( LFRD)  = 2.00( ASD)

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4. 1 Introduction 4.2 Bolts 4.3 Welds

Strength of Bolts
Table J3.2 of AISC
steel construction
manual

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4. 1 Introduction 4.2 Bolts 4.3 Welds

4.2.5 Shear Strength of Bolts

Sample Problem 1:
The connection is made up of double angle tension
member. The member is connected to a gusset plate by 4-3/4”
ASTM A325 bolts, threads are included in shear plane. If the
member carries dead load of 40 kips and live load of 100 kips,
are the number of bolts enough to resist the load? Consider
shear strength only.

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4. 1 Introduction 4.2 Bolts 4.3 Welds

4.2.6 Bearing Strength at Bolt Holes

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4. 1 Introduction 4.2 Bolts 4.3 Welds

4.2.6 Bearing Strength at Bolt Holes

Independent of the type of fastener because stress is

on the connected part not on the fastener
(a) (b)
Rn
2
Rn Rn
2

Failure Surface
lc
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4. 1 Introduction 4.2 Bolts 4.3 Welds

4.2.6 Bearing Strength at Bolt Holes

Rn
2
Analyzing the failure block, A:
t
A
A

lc
Then the shearing failure area is:

Av = t  lc (Equation 4-1)

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4. 1 Introduction 4.2 Bolts 4.3 Welds

4.2.6 Bearing Strength at Bolt Holes

And, from the strength of materials,

Rn
= A
(Equation 4-2)

As per Research Council on Structural Connections

(2009), the shear fracture stress is given by:

 = 0.6 Fu (Equation 4-3)

Therefore,
Rn = 2  (0.6 Fu )  (tlc )
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4. 1 Introduction 4.2 Bolts 4.3 Welds

4.2.6 Bearing Strength at Bolt Holes

By AISC provisions, limit state of bearing shall be

determined as follows:
 = 0.75( LFRD)  = 2.00( ASD)
a) Standard , oversized, and short-slotted holes, independent
of the direction of loading, or a long-slotted hole with slot
parallel to the direction of bearing
b) long-slotted holes with slot perpendicular to the direction
of force
c) Bolts that pass completely pass through unstiffened box
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4. 1 Introduction 4.2 Bolts 4.3 Welds

4.2.6 Bearing Strength at Bolt Holes

a) Standard , oversized, and short-slotted holes, independent

of the direction of loading, or a long-slotted hole with slot
parallel to the direction of bearing
i. Deformation at bolt hole at service load is a design
consideration

Rn = 1.2 Lc tFu  2.4dtFu (Equation J3-6a)

Where: d nominal bolt diameter

t member thickness
Lc clear distance, in the direction of force
Fu Ultimate tensile strength of the member
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4. 1 Introduction 4.2 Bolts 4.3 Welds

4.2.6 Bearing Strength at Bolt Holes

a) Standard , oversized, and short-slotted holes, independent

of the direction of loading, or a long-slotted hole with slot
parallel to the direction of bearing
ii. Deformation at bolt hole at service load is NOT a design
consideration

Rn = 1.5Lc tFu  3.0dtFu (Equation J3-6b)

Where: d nominal bolt diameter

t member thickness
Lc clear distance (interior/edge)
Fu Ultimate tensile strength of the member
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4. 1 Introduction 4.2 Bolts 4.3 Welds

4.2.6 Bearing Strength at Bolt Holes

a) Standard , oversized, and short-slotted holes, independent

of the direction of loading, or a long-slotted hole with slot
parallel to the direction of bearing
ii. Deformation at bolt hole at service load is NOT a design
consideration

Rn = 1.5LctFu  3.0dtFu (Equation J3-6b)

Where: d nominal bolt diameter

t member thickness
Lc clear distance (interior/edge)
Fu Ultimate tensile strength of the member
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4. 1 Introduction 4.2 Bolts 4.3 Welds

4.2.6 Bearing Strength at Bolt Holes

Clear Distance, lc

Edge bolts:
h
lce = le −
2
Interior bolts:
lci = s − h Where: h hole diameter
=d+ 1
16
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4. 1 Introduction 4.2 Bolts 4.3 Welds

4.2.6 Bearing Strength at Bolt Holes

Sample Problem 2:
The connection is made up of 2L4x4x1/2. The member is
connected to a gusset plate by 4 - 3/4” ASTM A325 bolts,
threads are included in shear plane. If the member carries
dead load of 40 kips and live load of 100 kips, are the number
of bolts enough to resist the load? Consider bearing strength
only.

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4. 1 Introduction 4.2 Bolts 4.3 Welds

Sample Problem 3:
Re-design the connection below if the capacities, from
problems 1 & 2, are not adequate.

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4. 1 Introduction 4.2 Bolts 4.3 Welds

Weld
Infusion of of base material and the electrode metal
Three types of welding process:
a) Shielded Metal Arc Welding (SMAW)
b) Submerged Arc Welding (SAW)
c) Resistance Welding

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4. 1 Introduction 4.2 Bolts 4.3 Welds

4.3.1 Welding Process

A. SMAW Process
Uses specially coated metal electrode
Most commonly used welding process

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4. 1 Introduction 4.2 Bolts 4.3 Welds

4.3.1 Welding Process

B. SAW Process
Uses continuous
bare wire electrode
and granular
material (flux)

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4. 1 Introduction 4.2 Bolts 4.3 Welds

4.3.1 Welding Process

C. Resistance Welding
Heat and squeeze process
Spot weld – overlapping the parts
and clapping pieces between two
opposing electrodes

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4. 1 Introduction 4.2 Bolts 4.3 Welds

4.3.2 Electrodes and Fluxes

Welding Electrodes
Rods or wires used in making welds
Affects weld properties: strength, ductility, and
corrosion resistance
i.e: E60XX, E70XX, E80XX, E90XX, E100XX, E110XX
Position code: 1 – all welding positions
“electrodes”
2 – flat/ horizontal
3 – flat only

Type of current (AC/DC) and

Ultimate Tensile Strength polarity (straight/reversed)
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4. 1 Introduction 4.2 Bolts 4.3 Welds

4.3.2 Electrodes and Fluxes

Fluxes
Fused or agglomerated constituents glued together
with silicates
Also serves as filler materal
i.e F6X-EXXX, F7X-EXXX, F8X-EXXX, F9X-EXXX,
F10X-EXXX, F11X-EXXX
“granular
flux”

Type of bare wire electrode material

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4. 1 Introduction 4.2 Bolts 4.3 Welds

4.3.2 Electrodes and Fluxes

Matching Filler Metals

Used for joints with complete-joint-penetration
groove welds subject to tension normal to the
effective area (AWS D1.1)

GRP Base Material SMAW SAW

I A36 E60XX / E70XX F6X/ F7X
II A242, A572 Grades 42 and 50, A588, A992 E70XX F7X
III A572 Grades 60 and 65 E80XX F8X
IV A514 (>2.5 in thick) E100X F10X
V A514 (=< 2.5 in thick) E110X F11X
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4. 1 Introduction 4.2 Bolts 4.3 Welds

4.3.3 Types of welds and Joints

Types of Welds
Welds are classified according to the shape of their
cross section

There are three types:

a) Fillet welds
b) Groove Welds
c) Slot and Plug welds

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4. 1 Introduction 4.2 Bolts 4.3 Welds

4.3.3 Types of welds and Joints

Fillet Welds
Theoretically right
triangular in cross
section

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4. 1 Introduction 4.2 Bolts 4.3 Welds

4.3.3 Types of welds and Joints

Groove Welds
Welds are deposited in a groove or gap between
joints

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4. 1 Introduction 4.2 Bolts 4.3 Welds

4.3.3 Types of welds and Joints

Slot and Plug Welds

Weld metal are

deposited in a circular
or slotted openings
formed in one the
two connected
members

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4. 1 Introduction 4.2 Bolts 4.3 Welds

4.3.3 Types of welds and Joints

Welding Symbol

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4. 1 Introduction 4.2 Bolts 4.3 Welds

4.3.3 Types of welds and Joints

Types of Joints
Joint pertains to the common surface of two
connected elements

There are four types:

a) Lap Joints
b) Butt Joints
c) Tee Joints
d) Corner Joints

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4. 1 Introduction 4.2 Bolts 4.3 Welds

4.3.3 Types of welds and Joints

Types of Joints
Corner Joint
Lap Joint

l
l = 5t min  1in

Butt Joint Tee Joint

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4. 1 Introduction 4.2 Bolts 4.3 Welds

4.3.4 Fillet Welds

Parts of a fillet weld

1. Leg (size, w)
2. Root
3. Face
1
4. Toe
4
5. Theoretical Throat
2 3

5
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4. 1 Introduction 4.2 Bolts 4.3 Welds

4.3.4 Fillet Welds

Minimum Weld Size

“Minimum size shall not be less than the size
required nor the size shown in Table J2.4”

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4. 1 Introduction 4.2 Bolts 4.3 Welds

4.3.4 Fillet Welds

Maximum Weld Size

a) Along edges of material less than ¼ - inch (6mm)
thick, not greater than the thickness of the
material
wmax = t member
b) Along edges of material ¼ - inch (6mm) or more
thickness, not greater than the thickness of the
material minus 1/16 in (2mm)
wmax = t member − 1
16
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4. 1 Introduction 4.2 Bolts 4.3 Welds

4.2.5 Shear Strength of Welds

By AISC provision, design strength shall be the

minimum between (1) base metal shear strength and
(2) weld strength
Weld Strength

Rn = 0.707 Fnw wL (Equation J2-3)

Where:  = 0.75( LFRD)

FEXX nominal strength of weld
w weld size
L length of weld  = 2.00( ASD)
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4. 1 Introduction 4.2 Bolts 4.3 Welds

4.2.5 Shear Strength of Welds

Base Metal Strength (J4-2)

- Shall be lower than shear yielding and shear rupture of
the connecting elements
Shear Yielding

Rn = 0.6 Fy tL (Equation J4-3)

Where: Fu base metal ultimate strength

t thickness of the connecting element
L length of weld

 = 0.75( LFRD)  = 2.00( ASD)

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4. 1 Introduction 4.2 Bolts 4.3 Welds

4.2.5 Shear Strength of Welds

Base Metal Strength (J4-2)

- Shall be lower than shear yielding and shear rupture of
the connecting elements
Shear Rupture

Rn = 0.6 Fu tL (Equation J4-4)

Where: Fu base metal yield strength

t thickness of the connecting element
L length of weld

 = 1.00( LFRD)  = 1.50( ASD)

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4. 1 Introduction 4.2 Bolts 4.3 Welds

4.2.5 Shear Strength of Welds

By AISC provision, for fillet weld groups consisting of

elements oriented for both longitudinal and transverse
direction total strength shall be determined as:

Rn = max(Rwl + Rwt ), (0.85Rwl + 1.5R wt )

(Equation J2-9)
Where:
Rwl total nominal strength in the longitudinal welds
Rwt total nominal strength in the transverse welds

 = 0.75( LFRD)  = 2.00( ASD)

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4. 1 Introduction 4.2 Bolts 4.3 Welds

4.2.5 Shear Strength of Welds

Sample Problem 4:
Determine the strength of
weld connection shown. The
tension member is A572 Grade
50 steel and the gusset plate
is A36. The weld is 3/8 – inch
fillet weld with E70XX
electrodes.

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4. 1 Introduction 4.2 Bolts 4.3 Welds

4.2.5 Shear Strength of Welds

Sample Problem 5:
Determine the maximum service load that can be applied if
live load-to-dead ratio is 2.0. All structural steels are A36 and
the weld is 3/16- inch fillet weld with E70XX electrodes.

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4. 1 Introduction 4.2 Bolts 4.3 Welds

Sample Problem 6:
A plate ½ x 4 of ASTM A36 steel is used as a tension
member to carry a service DL of 6 kips and a service LL of 18
kips. It is to be attached to a 3/8 – inch gusset plate as
shown. Design a welded connection.

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REFERENCES
American Institute of Steel Construction. 2010a. Specification
for Structural Steel Buildings. ANSI/AISC 360-10, Chicago.

Vinnakota, Sriramulu. 2006. Steel Structures: Behavior and

LRFD. McGraw-Hill Companies. Boston.

Segui, W. T. 2012. Steel Design. Fifth Edition. Cengage

Publishing Company

Salmon, Charles G., Johnson, John E, and Malhas, Faris A.

2009. Steel Structures: Design and Behavior: Emphasizing
Load and Resistance Factor Design. Fifth Edition.
Pearson/Prentice Hall. New Jersey.
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Steel Design|NMST|DCE|UPLB
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