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    2.3 Properties of Determinants Cramers

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    Chloe
    The document discusses properties of determinants and Cramer's rule for solving systems of linear equations. It defines the determinant and adjoint of a matrix, and shows that the inverse of an invertible matrix can be found using the formula A^-1 = (1/det(A))adj(A). Cramer's rule is then introduced as a method to solve systems of n linear equations in n unknowns using determinants, where the solution for each unknown is the determinant of a matrix with one column replaced, divided by the determinant of the original matrix. An example demonstrates using Cramer's rule to solve a 3x3 system of equations.

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    2.3 Properties of Determinants Cramers

    Uploaded by

    Chloe
    73 views4 pages
    The document discusses properties of determinants and Cramer's rule for solving systems of linear equations. It defines the determinant and adjoint of a matrix, and shows that the inverse of an invertible matrix can be found using the formula A^-1 = (1/det(A))adj(A). Cramer's rule is then introduced as a method to solve systems of n linear equations in n unknowns using determinants, where the solution for each unknown is the determinant of a matrix with one column replaced, divided by the determinant of the original matrix. An example demonstrates using Cramer's rule to solve a 3x3 system of equations.

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    The document discusses properties of determinants and Cramer's rule for solving systems of linear equations. It defines the determinant and adjoint of a matrix, and shows that the inverse of an invertible matrix can be found using the formula A^-1 = (1/det(A))adj(A). Cramer's rule is then introduced as a method to solve systems of n linear equations in n unknowns using determinants, where the solution for each unknown is the determinant of a matrix with one column replaced, divided by the determinant of the original matrix. An example demonstrates using Cramer's rule to solve a 3x3 system of equations.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    73 views4 pages

    2.3 Properties of Determinants Cramers

    Uploaded by

    Chloe
    The document discusses properties of determinants and Cramer's rule for solving systems of linear equations. It defines the determinant and adjoint of a matrix, and shows that the inverse of an invertible matrix can be found using the formula A^-1 = (1/det(A))adj(A). Cramer's rule is then introduced as a method to solve systems of n linear equations in n unknowns using determinants, where the solution for each unknown is the determinant of a matrix with one column replaced, divided by the determinant of the original matrix. An example demonstrates using Cramer's rule to solve a 3x3 system of equations.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Download as pdf or txt
    of 4

    Dawson College

    Mathematics Department
    Linear Algebra, 201-NYC-05, Winter 2020
    Noushin Sabetghadam
    ———————————————————————————————–
    2.3. Properties of Determinants; Cramer’s Rule

    Some Properties of Determinant


    Let A and B be two square matrices of size n and k be a scalar, then
    (a) det(AB) = det(A) det(B),

    (b) det(kA) = k n det(A).


    1
    (c) det(A−1 ) = , where A is invertible.
    det(A)

    As we mentioned earlier a square matrix A is invertible if and only if det(A) 6= 0.

    How to find the inverse of an invertible matrix

    Definition. If A is any n × n matrix and Cij is the cofactor of aij ,


    then the matrix  
    C11 C12 ... C1n
     C21 C22 ... C2n 
     
     .. ... ... 
     . 
    Cn1 Cn2 ... Cnn
    is called the matrix of cofactors from A. The transpose of this
    is called the adjoint of A and is denoted by adj(A).

    Example 13) Let  


    2 5 5
    A =  −1 −1 0  .
    2 4 3
    The cofactors of A are

    C11 = −3, C12 = 3, C13 = −2,

    C21 = 5, C22 = −4, C23 = 2,


    C31 = 5, C32 = −5, C33 = 3;
    so the matrix of cofactors is
     
    −3 3 −2
     5 −4 2  ,
    5 −5 3

    and therefore the adjoint of A is


     T  
    −3 3 −2 −3 5 5
    adj(A) =  5 −4 2  =  3 −4 −5  .
    5 −5 3 −2 2 3

    The significance of adjoint comes from the fact that it can be used to find the
    inverse of an invertible matrix.

    Theorem. If A is an invertible matrix, then


    1
    A−1 = adj(A).
    det(A)
    .

    Example 14) Use this formula to find the inverse of the matrix of Example
    13).
    Since det(A) = −1, the formula of the theorem yields
       
    −3 5 5 3 −5 −5
    A−1 = −  3 −4 −5  =  −3 4 5  .
    −2 2 3 2 −2 −3

    The next theorem provides a formula for the solution of a system of n


    equations in n unknowns, provided that the coefficient matrix of the system is
    invertible.
    Theorem. If A is an n × n matrix, then the following statements
    are equivalent.
    (1) A is invertible.
    (2) The matrix equation Ax = b is consistent and has exactly one solution
    for every n × 1 matrix b.
    (3) The homogeneous matrix equation Ax = 0 has only the trivial solution.
    (4) The reduced row-echelon form of A is In .
    (5) det(A) 6= 0.

    Cramer’s Rule

    Theorem. (Cramer’s Rule) If Ax = b is a system of n linear


    equations in n unknowns such that det(A) 6= 0, then the system
    has a unique solution. This solution is
    det(A1) det(A2) det(An)
    x1 = , x2 = , ..., xn = ,
    det(A) det(A) det(A)
    where Aj is the matrix obtained from A by replacing the entries
    in the j-th column of A by the entries in the matrix
     
    b1
    b 
     
    b =  ..2  .
     . 
    bn

    Example 15) Solve the following system by Cramer’s Rule.



     4x + 5y =2
    11x + y + 2z = 3
    x + 5y + 2z = 1

    We have    
    4 5 0 2 5 0
    A =  11 1 2  , A1 =  3 1 2  ,
    1 5 2 1 5 2
       
    4 2 0 4 5 2
    A2 =  11 3 2  , A3 =  11 1 3  .
    1 1 2 1 5 1
    Therefore,
    det(A1 ) −36 3
    x1 = = = ,
    det(A) −132 11
    det(A2 ) −24 2
    x2 = = = ,
    det(A) −132 11
    det(A3 ) 12 1
    x3 = = =− .
    det(A) −132 11

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