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    Working Principle of Heat Exchangers

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    Leighton Williams
    Heat exchangers transfer thermal energy between two or more fluids at different temperatures. They work by separating hot and cold fluids with a conductive surface, allowing heat to flow from the hotter to the colder side. Common modes of heat transfer are conduction, convection, and radiation. Proper operation of heat exchangers relies on the laws of thermodynamics. Calculating heat exchanger performance and size requires determining fluid mass flow rates, heat duties, effective temperature differences, and final heat exchange area.

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    Working Principle of Heat Exchangers

    Uploaded by

    Leighton Williams
    66 views9 pages
    Heat exchangers transfer thermal energy between two or more fluids at different temperatures. They work by separating hot and cold fluids with a conductive surface, allowing heat to flow from the hotter to the colder side. Common modes of heat transfer are conduction, convection, and radiation. Proper operation of heat exchangers relies on the laws of thermodynamics. Calculating heat exchanger performance and size requires determining fluid mass flow rates, heat duties, effective temperature differences, and final heat exchange area.

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    Heat exchangers transfer thermal energy between two or more fluids at different temperatures. They work by separating hot and cold fluids with a conductive surface, allowing heat to flow from the hotter to the colder side. Common modes of heat transfer are conduction, convection, and radiation. Proper operation of heat exchangers relies on the laws of thermodynamics. Calculating heat exchanger performance and size requires determining fluid mass flow rates, heat duties, effective temperature differences, and final heat exchange area.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    66 views9 pages

    Working Principle of Heat Exchangers

    Uploaded by

    Leighton Williams
    Heat exchangers transfer thermal energy between two or more fluids at different temperatures. They work by separating hot and cold fluids with a conductive surface, allowing heat to flow from the hotter to the colder side. Common modes of heat transfer are conduction, convection, and radiation. Proper operation of heat exchangers relies on the laws of thermodynamics. Calculating heat exchanger performance and size requires determining fluid mass flow rates, heat duties, effective temperature differences, and final heat exchange area.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    of 9

    Working Principle of Heat Exchangers

    Heat exchanger functions by transferring heat from higher to lower temperatures. Heat can thus
    be transferred from the hot fluid to the cold fluid if a hot fluid and a cold fluid are separated by a
    heat-conducting surface.

    The operation of a heat exchanger is governed by thermodynamics. Heat can be transferred with
    the help of conduction, convection, or radiation. Conduction is the transfer of thermal energy
    from one material to another through the motion of a fluid such as heated air or water.

    Convection is the transfer of thermal energy from one surface to another through the motion of a
    fluid such as heated air or water, and thermal radiation is a heat energy transfer mechanism
    characterized by the emission of electromagnetic waves from a heated surface or object.

    The laws of thermodynamics are the fundamental concepts that underpin heat exchangers.

     The Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics states that in thermal equilibrium, thermodynamic


    systems have the same temperature. If two systems are in thermal equilibrium with a
    third system, the two former systems must also be in thermal equilibrium with one
    another; hence, all three systems are at the same temperature.
     The First Law of Thermodynamics states that energy cannot be created or destroyed, but
    it can be transmitted from one medium to another, such as heat.
     The Second Law of Thermodynamics establishes entropy (S) as an additional property of
    thermodynamic systems, which describes a closed thermodynamic system’s natural
    invariable tendency to increase in entropy over time.

    Heat Exchanger. (n.d.). Unacademy.


    https://unacademy.com/content/gate/study-material/mechanical-engineering/heat-exchanger/

    Heat exchanger configurations


    Heat exchangers come in what sometimes seems like an infinite variety of configurations to fit
    the limitless number of heat transfer situations.  Other names include enhanced surfaces, heat
    sinks, heat dissipators, heat concentrators, and many more. Even restricting our attention to fluid-
    to-fluid heat exchangers, there is an enormous number of different configurations.  
    Many fluid-to-fluid heat exchanger calculations can be coined in terms described by the easy-to-
    visualize cases represented by counterflow and parallel flow concentric pipe heat exchangers.

    Diagram showing two configuration of heat exchangers


    In these two flow configurations, one fluid flows through a central pipe, while the other flows in
    the annulus between the central pipe and a larger pipe.  For rudimentary analysis, it doesn’t
    matter which flow passage contains which fluid (hot or cold).  The temperature distribution
    along the length of the heat exchangers would look something like this:

    Heat Exchanger Configurations | Parallel Flow & Counterflow. (2021, June 4). Wattco.

    https://www.wattco.com/2021/06/heat-exchanger-configurations/

    ‌
    II. Calculate the flowrate for the selected fluid
    Oil
    M =1902815 lb/hr (239.75 Kg/s)
    Cp = 2 kJ/KgC (1000 J/KgK)
    T1= 219.8 ℃
    T2= 190.6 ℃
    Water
    M = 51.77 Kg/s
    Cp = 4200 J/KgK
    T1= 137.8 ℃
    T2= 170 ℃

    Mo(Cp)o ΔT = mw (cp)w ΔTw


    239.75* 1000* 29.2 = mw* 4200* 32.2
    7,000,700 = mw* 135,240
    Mw = 51.77 Kg/s
    III. Determine the heat duty
    Heat Duty of Oil
    =mCpdT
    = 239.75 Kg/s* 1000* 29.2
    = 7,000,700 Kg/s

    Heat Duty of Water


    =mCpdT
    = 51.77 Kg/s* 4200* 32.2
    = 7,001,374.8 Kg/s
    IV. Calculate the Correct Effective Temperature difference (CMTD) – Provide all supporting
    graphs or tables

    ΔT 0−ΔT 1
    LMTD =
    ln ⁡( ΔT 0 / ΔT 1)
    ΔT0 = 190.6 - 137.8 = 52.8 ℃
    ΔT1 = 219.8 – 170 = 49.8 ℃
    52.8−49.8
    = 52.8
    ln ( )
    49.8
    = 51.29 ℃

    Ts 2−Ts 1
    P=
    Tc1−Ts1

    190.6−219.8
    P=
    137.8−219.8

    P = 0.3561

    Tc1−Tc 2
    R=
    Ts2−Ts1
    137.8−170
    R=
    170−219.8
    R = 1.1027
    From the graph, F = 0.95, therefore,
    CMTD = 0.95 *52.29
    = 48.72℃
    V. Estimate the required heat exchange area
    Diameter of Pipe = 10 mm
    Length of Pipe = 20 m
    A=2 π rl❑
    A = 2 π∗0.01∗20
    A = 1.26 m2
    Discussion

    The mass flow rate of the give fluid (oil) was 1902815 lb/hr, which was then converted to 238.75
    Kg/s, which enabled use to have an easier number to work with. This number, along with the
    specific heat capacity for oil and the inlet and outlet temperatures given, these values were
    substituted in the formula, assuming the exchange is 100% efficient. With this, we obtained the
    mass flow rate of the coolant, Water, which was 51.77 Kg/s. With all the missing variables
    found, the values were used to find the Heat Duty of Oil and Water, where it was determined to
    be 7,000,700 Kg/s for the former and 7,001,374.8 Kg/s for the latter. The LMTD was determined
    by using the inlet and outlet temperatures of both fluids and that value was determined to be
    44.44℃ , Using the dimensions for our heat exchanger, we inserted said values into the formula
    ❑
    to find the area of a sphere which is A=2 π rl and the resulting value was 1.26 m2.

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