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Plautus: Pot of Gold
UNIT 2 POT OF GOLD-I
Structure
2.0 Objectives
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Prologue
2.3 Euclio and the Slaves
2.4 The Marriage Proposal: Implications
2.5 The Slave Pageant
2.6 Let Us Sum Up
2.7 Glossary
2.8 Questions
2.0 OBJECTIVES
This unit will acquaint us with a brief summary and introduce important themes
in the first half of the play Pot of Gold. Some of these are the speech of
Lar Familiaris, Euclio as miser, Megadorus’s marriage proposal for Euclio’s
daughter, Phaedria and the slave pageant. The focus will remain on the use
of language to build Euclio’s character as a miser and the implications of
Megadorus’s marriage proposal. There will also be a discussion of stage space
given to the slaves in the play.
2.1 INTRODUCTION
Aulularia or Pot of Gold like most other Roman Comedies falls within the
tradition of the fabula palliata. These were Roman adaptations of the Greek
originals. In the hands of Plautus these underwent significant changes as the
stock characters from Greek plays were placed in a Roman setting. The issues
taken up, the social setting and the humour was akin to the world of the Roman
audience. As suggested in the previous unit, Plautus and Terence reworked
the Greek plays but instead of the style of the Old Comedy they responded
to the idea of New Comedy. According to Costas Panayotakis in “Comedy,
Atellane Farce and Mime”
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UNIT 3 POT OF GOLD-II
Structure
3.0 Objectives
3.1 Introduction
3.2 A View of Society in Rome
3.3 The People of Rome
3.4 Taking the Plot ahead
3.5 The Audience in Plautus’s Plays
3.6 ‘Renouncing’ Phaedria
3.7 The Ending
3.8 Let Us Sum Up
3.9 Glossary
3.10 Questions
3.0 OBJECTIVES
In the previous unit we looked at the construction of characters and the
beginnings of the plot line. The first part of the play establishes Euclio as a
miser. Megadorus’s proposal of marriage to Euclio’s daughter has been
accepted and the servants are busy executing orders for the wedding feast.
In this chaos, Euclio moves his pot of gold outside the house and a new string
of events begin. This unit will acquaint us with further developments in the plot
line. It will help us understand Roman society with special reference to the
position of women and slaves. In this unit, we will also be able to get a broad
spectrum picture of the different social groups in Rome apart from the slaves
and the masters.
3.1 INTRODUCTION
Having said that let us analyse Megadorus’s speech further to try and see what
Roman society of that time was like. To understand the worldview of the Romans
it is important to look at their attitude towards the institution of marriage and
the position of women within it. Megadorus’s musings on marriage give an insight
into the workings of Roman society. We understand the treatment meted out
to women both in terms of class and gender.
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UNIT 4 POT OF GOLD: CRITICAL
PERSPECTIVES
Structure
4.0 Objectives
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Fabula Palliata
4.3 The Structure of the Pot of Gold
4.4 Euclio as “agelast”
4.5 Dowry, Market and Acquisition in The Pot of Gold
4.6 Ending of The Pot of Gold
4.7 Let Us Sum Up
4.8 Hints to Check Your Progress
4.9 Glossary
4.10 Suggested Readings & References
4.0 OBJECTIVES
In this unit we shall take up, in detail, the important issues in The Pot of Gold
and the perspective of modern day critics towards them. The themes and ideas
analysed here are the structure of the play as a Fabula Palliate, Euclio and
Phaedria’s alienation from society, and the ensuing process of their social
integration. The composition of Roman society, system of dowry and the
institution of marriage will be examined with respect to changes in the market
and social practices of the times. Finally we will be acquainted with the
implications of the ending of the play.
4.1 INTRODUCTION
This section will focus on the structure of the Roman comedy and Plautus’s
role as playwright in contributing to it a certain form. The Roman comedies
of Plautus and Terence are referred to as the Fabula Palliata. What then
was the Fabula Palliate? We shall examine that next.
In the process of the integration of the miser into society, it is also important
to reintegrate, Phaedria within marriage. The two ideas are closely linked and
it is imperative that both cases be resolved for the play to move towards being
a comedy. In the case where even one strand is left hanging the play will cease
to be a comedy. Before we understand the critical perspectives marriage in
this play, let us look at its construction in Rome. Marriage was a kind of contract
and there was a system of dowry in place. There were two systems on which
this contract was based—cum manu and sine manu. In the first kind of contract,
the married woman came under the legal guardianship of her husband and shared
her dowry with him. She became independent only after his death. In the second
case, the married woman continued under the guardianship of her father, even
though she shared her dowry with her husband. Susanna Morton Braund
in “Marriage, Adultery, and Divorce in Roman Comic Drama” explains these
ideas thus:
Under the seemingly simple comic structure debates and discussions relevant
to the time were taken up by Plautus. The playwright draws attention towards
the discomfort of men in power with any kind of financial fortification of the
women in society. If as Braund elaborates, there was a shift to a system of
marriage that kept the woman relatively free from the control of the husband,
one can sense disquiet as expressed by Megadorus especially with respect to
“dowried” women. His comments on dowry and marriage put forth the anxieties
of the husband who is resentful of a somewhat strong partner. Further as
Konstan points out there is also the repealment of the lex oppi in the backdrop.
Paul B Harvey Jr. explains the law of Lex Oppia in detail, in the context
of the historicity and attempts to date specific plays. In the context of the Pot
of Gold, the critic states:
43
Plautus: Pot of Gold Many have argued that the Aulularia should be dated to 195 or shortly
thereafter, because this play contains allusions to the debate on lex
Oppia held that year. That suputuary law passed in 215 and repealed
in 195, forbade Roman women from conspicuous display in the form
of multicoloured garments (construed in most ancient sources as
purple), extravagant gold jewellery and transport. (300)
The critic points out that this may not be “cogent evidence” for the drama’s
date. For the purpose of discussion, however, the understanding of the debate
around women and their finances is enlightening. The lex Oppia was a law
that sought to control the display of wealth by women. However against the
backdrop of the Punic wars and rising prosperity, this show of affluence became
important. The repealment of this law, affirming display as financial assertion,
must have led to the chagrin of husbands who could no longer control the
extravagant ways of the dowried women. Megadorus’s speech expresses these
concerns.
This show of riches is to be read in tandem with the presence of a group
of people who now facilitate this display. They provide new items to lure the
attention of the upper class and provide for their own existence. The Pot of
Gold gives us a glimpse into these people in Roman society. In terms of social
composition, the people are not just from two broad groups of the rich and
the poor. The Plautine world presents a wider and more colourful social canvas.
This group comprises the “jeweller”, “embroider”, “violet-dyer”, “sandal
maker” and so on. These workers must have been there but in a country
increasingly powerful and subject to cross-cultural encounters there is a new
kind of market mobility that emerges. We can deduce two important factors
regarding the social composition of the times. Firstly, in the play, we encounter
a society making a marked shift from a stark and austere one to an acquisitive
one. The Roman habit of not spending, no longer holds ground against a group
of people who are introducing new commodities. The women take to this group
of workers who present to them fabric in purple and gold indicating desire for
more commodities. Secondly, this increase in the purchasing power of women
disturbs the men who can no longer exercise control over the finances of the
upper class women.
Having understood the implications of dowry and display of wealth, there is
another functional aspect to the system of dowry as pointed out by David
Konstan He sees it as a measure of integration in society. This is the reason
that the pot of gold must eventually be given to Lyconides for Phaedria’s social
well-being. But the critic also explains how dowry is now a marker of wealth
wherein it is now equated with money.
Check Your Progress 3
1. What do you understand of the institution of marriage and the system of
dowry in The Pot of Gold?
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