ARTIFICIAL REPRODUCTION

(Four Reproductive Technologies)

CANTAR, JEFFREY JR. L.

CENTENO, JHERSEY P.
QUIZON, JACK ANGELA PABLITA E.
DEIPARINE, AIRAH JADE H.
ALOJADO, JERICHO

GRADE 10 GUITING-GUITING

MRS. JENNIFER G. GALINGAN

Science 10 Teacher
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

l. Title Page...........................................................................i

ll. Table of Contents..............................................................ii

Ill. Abstract............................................................................1

IV. Discussion.......................................................................2

.
V. Reflection..........................................................................9

VI. References.....................................................................10
 ABSTRACT
Assisted Reproductive Technology (ART) refers to fertility treatments and procedures that can
help with difficulties or an inability to conceive children. It is typically an option for people for
whom other infertility treatments may not work or those who have already tried treatment but
have not become pregnant. It is difficult for many people to access fertility services due to its
high cost and limited coverage by private insurance and Medicaid. There are several types of
ART procedures that involve different techniques and reproductive cells. The most common
type is in vitro fertilization (IVF), which involves a doctor extracting eggs and fertilizing them in
a special lab.

The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) lists the 2018 success rates of IVF
treatments for one oocyte retrieval from people using their own eggs as 52%, 38.1%, 23.5%,
and 7.6%. It may take more than one IVF cycle to result in pregnancy, and some people may
not conceive with IVF at all. Potential complications include multiple pregnancy, or two or
more embryos implanting at a time, side effects from fertility drugs, and ectopic pregnancy.
Intrafallopian transfer (GIFT) is a type of ART that involves collecting eggs and sperm in a
tube before a doctor places the gametes directly into the fallopian tubes using laparoscopic
surgery. It is typically more expensive than IVF, and specialists rarely use these procedures.

ZIFT is a procedure that can help those with damaged fallopian tubes or severe infertility
issues become pregnant. PROST is similar to ZIFT, but involves transferring a fertilized egg to
the fallopian tube before cell division occurs. FET is as safe as using fresh embryos, but
some evidence suggests an increased risk of preterm birth. ICSI is an effective method of
ART for people with sperm-related infertility. ICSI is an add-on procedure to IVF that can be
more costly than IVF alone.

It can damage some or all of the eggs, and if a person becomes pregnant naturally, there is a
1.5-3% chance of a major birth defect. Third-party ART is when another individual donates
eggs, sperm, or embryos to an individual or couple. Evidence suggests that 50% of transfers
with donated frozen embryos result in pregnancy, and 40% result in a live birth. It can help
those who have difficulty producing an egg or sperm, but it can be very costly. Sperm
donation is typically the cheapest option, costing around $1,000 per vial.

Many types of ART are available to treat infertility. The success rates of ART vary according to
the type of ART people choose, and factors such as the individual’s age and health. A
specialist will suggest ART based on an individual or couple’s preferences and type of
infertility while also weighing the risks, benefits, and costs.

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 DISCUSSION
Assisted Reproductive Technology (ART) refers to fertility treatments and procedures that
can help with difficulties or an inability to conceive children. ART techniques involve the
manipulation of eggs, sperm, or embryos to increase the likelihood of a successful pregnancy.

Infertility is when people cannot conceive after a period of regular sexual intercourse without
the use of birth control. Evidence suggests that roughly 10% of women aged 15–44 in the
United States have difficulty conceiving or staying pregnant. Research also indicates that
worldwide, 8–12% of couples experience fertility problems, and 40–50% of cases may stem
from factors that affect males.

According to the CDC, approximately 1.9% of all U.S. infants are born using ART. While the
technology can be successful, it can also be expensive. Individuals wishing to conceive a
child using ART in the U.S. can check their infertility coverage by state. In this article, we will
discuss some of the different types of ART, including their success rates, benefits, risks, costs,
and the ethics of the technology.

Definition:
ART refers to medical procedures that aim to achieve pregnancy. These complex treatments
involve influencing gametes, or eggs and sperm, to increase the chances of fertilization. ART
is typically an option for people for whom other infertility treatments may not work or those
who have already tried treatment but have not become pregnant. People considering ART will
often discuss options with a healthcare professional and may require a consultation from a
fertility specialist. While people primarily use ART to address infertility, others may use it for
genetic purposes or avoid pregnancy complications. Some people may also refer to ART as
fertility treatment or medically assisted reproduction. It may be difficult for many people to
access fertility services such as ART due to its high cost and limited coverage by private
insurance and Medicaid.

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Types of Assisted Reproductive Technology (ART)
There are several types of ART procedures that involve different techniques and reproductive
cells. A doctor can advise which ART will be most suitable depending on the circumstances.
The most common type is in vitro fertilization (IVF).

IVF
IVF involves a doctor extracting eggs and fertilizing them in a special lab. Specialists can
combine this with an embryo transfer (IVF-ET) and transfer the resulting embryos into a
person’s uterus. The Society for Assisted Reproductive Technology states that IVF-ET
accounts for 99% of ART procedures. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)
lists the 2018 success rates of IVF treatments for one oocyte retrieval from people using their
own eggs as:
• 52% for people aged 35 or younger
• 38.1% for people aged 35–37
• 23.5% for people aged 38–40
• 7.6% for those over the age of 40

A person may also use a tool called an IVF success estimator to estimate their chance of
having a baby using IVF. It may take more than one IVF cycle to result in pregnancy, and
some people may not conceive with IVF at all. The benefits of IVF are an increased chance of
fertilization and pregnancy. Potential complications may include:
• multiple pregnancy, or two or more embryos implanting at a time
• side effects from fertility drugs,
• such as ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome
• ectopic pregnancy, where the embryo settles outside of the womb

Intrafallopian transfer
Some methods of ART are similar to IVF but use laparoscopic surgery to deliver the gametes
directly into the fallopian tube. Some people may choose this method for religious reasons, or
their insurance may only cover this type of ART.

Similar to other forms of ART, there is an increased chance of multiple pregnancy.

Additionally, due to the laparoscopy, there is a risk of complications from the surgery, such as
infection, organ puncture, or side effects from anesthesia.

Intrafallopian transfers are typically more expensive than IVF. Due to the higher costs and
risks of this type of ART, specialists rarely use these procedures. As such, there is not much
data available on their success rates.

Types include:
• Gamete intrafallopian transfer (GIFT): GIFT involves collecting eggs and sperm in a
tube before a doctor places the gametes directly into the fallopian tubes using
laparoscopic surgery. As there is no IVF procedure, a person does not have to choose
which embryo to transfer.
• Zygote Intrafallopian Transfer (ZIFT): ZIFT is a combination of IVF and GIFT.

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 • Specialists stimulate and collect the eggs using IVF methods and mix the eggs with
sperm in the lab before returning fertilized eggs or zygotes to the fallopian tubes. A
benefit of ZIFT is that it may help those with damaged fallopian tubes or severe
infertility issues become pregnant.
• Pronuclear stage tubal transfer (PROST): PROST is similar to ZIFT but involves the
transfer of a fertilized egg to the fallopian tube before cell division occurs.

Frozen embryo transfer

Frozen embryo transfer (FET) has become increasingly common in the U.S. It involves
thawing previously IVF frozen embryos and inserting them into a person’s uterus. A 2017
study found that 52% of people who had FET had ongoing pregnancies.

According to the United Kingdom’s Human Fertilisation and Embryology Authority, FET is as
safe as using fresh embryos in treatment. However, some evidence suggests an increased
risk of preterm birth with FET. Another possible risk of FET is that not all frozen embryos
survive the thawing out process. The estimated cost of FET varies but can be up to $6,000.

Intracytoplasmic sperm injection

Intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) is a procedure that specialists can perform alongside
IVF to help fertilize an egg. An embryologist, or embryo specialist, uses a tiny needle to inject
a single sperm directly into the center of an egg.
ICSI fertilizes between 50–80% of eggs. The success rate of ICSI is similar to those of IVF,
and it may be an effective method of ART for people with sperm-related infertility. ICSI is
typically an add-on procedure to IVF, so it will be more costly than IVF alone.
Things to consider about ICSI include the following:
• The procedure may damage some or all of the eggs.

• The egg might not grow into an embryo even after being injected with sperm.

• If a person becomes pregnant naturally, there is a 1.5 to 3% chance that the baby will
have a major birth defect. However, the underlying infertility, rather than the treatment,
may be the cause of the birth defect.

Third-party ART
Third-party ART is when another individual donates eggs, sperm, or embryos to an individual
or couple. It can also include surrogate and gestational carriers. These refer to when another
person is either inseminated with sperm from the couple using ART or implanted with an
embryo from those using ART.
Evidence suggests that 50% of transfers with donated frozen embryos result in pregnancy,
and 40% result in a live birth. Other benefits of third-party ART include the following:
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• It may work when IVF has repeatedly failed.
• It may help to avoid passing on specific conditions.
• It can help a person who produces healthy eggs but has had difficulty carrying a
pregnancy to term.
• It can help those who have difficulty producing an egg or sperm.

Depending on which type people choose, third-party ART can be very costly. Sperm donation
is typically the cheapest option, costing around $1,000 per vial.
The other options can vary in cost for a single vial, and many cycles will require multiple vials.
Estimated costs are:
• $18,000–50,000 for egg donation
• $13,000–17,000 for embryo adoption
• $60,000–150,000 for surrogacy and gestational carriers

Preparation
Preparation for an ART treatment includes practicing behaviors that may help improve the
chances of ART success. This can involve dietary changes, such as taking supplements that
a healthcare professional recommends and reducing alcohol and caffeine intake. It could also
involve regular exercise and quitting smoking. Once ART is successful, prenatal care and
tests can keep the pregnant person and baby healthy during pregnancy.

Overview of IVF
In 1978, Louise Brown became the first baby
born via IVF conception. Robert Edwards and
Patrick Steptoe, who collaborated on the
procedure, are considered the pioneers of IVF.
In a natural pregnancy, an egg develops and
matures in the ovary. Ovulation is when the
ovary releases that egg.
The sperm travel through the uterus and into
the fallopian tube to find the egg and penetrate
it, which leads to fertilization. The fertilized
egg, or embryo, then attaches itself to the
uterus wall and begins developing into a baby.
However, IVF may be an option for the following reasons:
• a person is unable to get pregnant naturally
• a person or couple is diagnosed with unexplained infertility
• male factor infertility or abnormal sperm parameters
 • a person’s fallopian tubes are blocked

The IVF process

According to the Human Fertilization and Embryology Authority in the U.K., one IVF treatment
cycle can take between 3–6 weeks. However, a person may require more than one cycle
depending on their risk factors and the success rate of the treatment. Techniques may differ
depending on the clinic. However, IVF usually involves the following steps:

1. Superovulation
Superovulation is also known as controlled ovarian hyperstimulation. Fertility medications
contain either luteinizing hormone or follicle-stimulating hormone. These hormones make the
ovaries produce more eggs than usual. Transvaginal ultrasound scans can monitor the growth
and progress in the ovaries. As an alternative, a person may use donated or frozen eggs.

2. Retrieving the eggs

Doctors use a minor surgical procedure known as “follicular aspiration” or “egg retrieval” to
collect eggs. Under ultrasound guidance, a thin needle is inserted through the vagina and into
an ovary. The needle is attached to a suction device that removes the follicular fluids and the
eggs. Doctors perform this process for each ovary.

3. Insemination, fertilization, and embryo culture

The collected eggs are placed together with sperm and kept in an environmentally controlled
chamber. After a few hours, the sperm should enter the egg. Sometimes the sperm is directly
injected into the egg. This process is known as an intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI).
Frozen sperm, retrieved through testicular biopsy, may be used.
The fertilized egg divides and becomes an embryo. Once the embryos reach the blastocyst
stage, many fertility centers offer preimplantation genetic testing (PGT). This technique
screens an embryo for chromosomal abnormalities or aneuploidies. The transfer uses one or
two of the best embryos. A person then receives hormones and other medications to prepare
the uterine lining for the embryo’s implantation.

4. Embryo transfer
Sometimes, the womb receives more than one embryo. It is important to discuss the number
of transferred embryos with a doctor.
Most commonly, the doctor will only transfer a single embryo. The decision to transfer more
than one embryo must consider several risk factors, and a person should discuss them with a
doctor.
Around 3–5 days after fertilization, the transfer of the embryo begins by using a thin tube or
catheter. It enters the uterus through the vagina. When the embryo sticks to the uterus lining,
also known as implantation, a pregnancy has started, and embryo growth continues.
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IVF success rates

For 2019, the CDC estimated that the percentage of intended egg retrievals that resulted in
live birth deliveries was:
• 52.7% among people aged under 35 years
• 38% among people aged between 35–37 years
• 24.4% among people aged between 38–40 years
• 7.9% among people over the age of 40

These statistics vary depending on where the procedure takes place.

Other factors
Age is the most important risk factor that affects the success rate with IVF. However, the
likelihood of success can depend on other factors, including:
• the cause of infertility
• ovarian reserve test results
• whether or not pregnancy or a live birth has occurred before
• the strategy that will be used

IVF costs
The average cost of one IVF cycle in the U.S. varies between $10,000–15,000. However,
some insurance providers cover infertility treatments such as IVF. Therefore, a person with
health insurance may obtain IVF treatment at a lower cost. Coverage will be dependent on
the health insurance provider and the state that the person lives. Currently, 17 states in the
U.S. require insurance providers to either cover or offer coverage for infertility treatment by
law.

Due date calculator for IVF

A person can calculate an estimate of their due date by using a due date calculator. Many
websites, such as Flo Health, provide a calculator to estimate a person’s due date using
information such as the embryo transfer date and the type of transfer they underwent. The
calculators include:
• Day 3 embryo transfer
• Day 5 embryo transfer
• IVF with own eggs
 • IVF with fresh donor eggs cycle
• Fresh donor embryos cycle

Screenings
Screening and testing are available to determine the sex of the embryo and to identify if there
any genetic abnormalities. Primarily, preimplantation genetic testing (PGT) was a procedure
used by doctors to detect genetic disorders in the embryo’s DNA. These could result in a birth
abnormality or developmental issue.In addition, doctors now also conduct this method to
identify the sex of the embryo before implantation during IVF. Doctors can analyze which
chromosomal make up the embryo processes to determine if the embryo will be male or
female.
A 2018 study notes that over of contacted ART clinics offer preimplantation testing.72%

IVF vs. IUI

Intrauterine insemination (IUI), also called artificial insemination, is a technique where the
uterine cavity receives sperm directly from a catheter. This technique reduces the time and
distance required for the sperm to travel to the egg and fertilize it. This process is different
from IVF, where the eggs and sperm are placed together outside of the body in a controlled
environment.
IUI is normally used to treat mild male factor infertility and couples with unexplained infertility.
A person undergoing IUI may also receive medication to stimulate ovulation. A doctor will
inject the sperm into the uterus during the ovulation period. IUI is a simple procedure that
normally takes between 5–10 minutes compared to IVF. IUI is also cheaper than IVF. IUI, on
average, costs between $300–1,000 without insurance.
However, IUI is also less successful than IVF. Once the sperm is injected by doctors into the
uterine, the body’s natural processes will take over. In IVF, doctors can monitor whether an
egg has been fertilized and select the best embryo(s). Success rates for IUI are generally
around a third of that for IVF.
Additionally, IUI may not be a suitable fertility treatment in the following circumstances where
a person:
• has blocked fallopian tubes
• has severe endometriosis
• is in their late 30s or over 40
• has low-quality eggs
• has a low number of eggs
This treatment is also not suitable if the reason for infertility treatment is severe male factor
infertility.

REFLECTION

A. Ethical issues arise around the creation, selection, and disposal of embryos, as well as
around cost, coverage, access, and resource allocation.
B. It should be allowed, because not everybody can have a baby and others want a baby but
don't want a physical contact o should i say sex.
C. Most people would be devastated and desperate to find a way to have a child, which is
why now we have this kind of technology on our hands we should use it, and use it wisely.

A. The uses of technology have the capability of making many innocent people suffer, and
this a moral concern.
B. No, because doing that has a higher chance for the child to have some illness or having a
disability.
C. Mainly affects the relationship causes the both mental and physical health to ruin, guilt and
frustration, feelings toward each other and possibly causing to divorce/breakup, because
infertile individual experienced greater satisfaction with themselves.

A. Inquitable access to ART due to its high cost, lack of regulatory body, safety of the
procedure, and fate of the embryos were the main themes identified from papers. Surrogacy,
sex selection, and gamete donation were additional relevant ethical issues.
B. Yes, human should allowed the ability to artificially reproduce because not all humans are
able to reproduce a chil in just a normal way. Artificial reproduction really help those couples
who can't reproduce, it give them hope or chance to artificially reproduce a child.
C. The impact of these technologies does not exist, infertile couples are not able to reproduce
a child, and the result having mental health problems too.

A. AI carries the issociated risk of multiple gestation pregnancies, since before the procedure
women are given drugs that induce ovulation. This also leads to the possibility of
superovulation.
B. No, because doing so increases the child's chances of contracting a disease or developing
a handicap.
C. Without technology a person not able to reproduce can't have a baby and it can cause a
person to feel depressed, stressed, and desperate to find a way to have a baby.

A. The ethical issues technological reproduction is that organism do not receive a mix traits
from both parents.An organism that is born through asexual reproduction only has the DNA
from the one parent. In fact, the offspring is genetically an exact copy of the parent. This can
cause problems for the individual.
B. No, because it can make a child suffer a serious disease that can make the child
unhealthy.
C. The impact of technology does not exist, the couples who can't give birth to a child. The
couples will make them mentally broken, and suffer the most, and it can lead to divorce or
breakup.

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REFERENCE

 https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/262798
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