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    1 ODEs

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    Akash Kumar
    This document provides an introduction and overview of ordinary differential equations. It outlines two sample problems - radioactive decay of a substance proportional to its amount, and mothball decay proportional to its surface area. The document presents the mathematical formulation of each problem, shows the analytical solution, and discusses verifying and analyzing the solutions. Students are assigned additional practice problems involving differential equations with various exponential orders.

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    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    1 ODEs

    Uploaded by

    Akash Kumar
    16 views29 pages
    This document provides an introduction and overview of ordinary differential equations. It outlines two sample problems - radioactive decay of a substance proportional to its amount, and mothball decay proportional to its surface area. The document presents the mathematical formulation of each problem, shows the analytical solution, and discusses verifying and analyzing the solutions. Students are assigned additional practice problems involving differential equations with various exponential orders.

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    1.ODEs

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    This document provides an introduction and overview of ordinary differential equations. It outlines two sample problems - radioactive decay of a substance proportional to its amount, and mothball decay proportional to its surface area. The document presents the mathematical formulation of each problem, shows the analytical solution, and discusses verifying and analyzing the solutions. Students are assigned additional practice problems involving differential equations with various exponential orders.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    16 views29 pages

    1 ODEs

    Uploaded by

    Akash Kumar
    This document provides an introduction and overview of ordinary differential equations. It outlines two sample problems - radioactive decay of a substance proportional to its amount, and mothball decay proportional to its surface area. The document presents the mathematical formulation of each problem, shows the analytical solution, and discusses verifying and analyzing the solutions. Students are assigned additional practice problems involving differential equations with various exponential orders.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    You are on page 1of 29

    Ordinary differential

    equations (ODE)
    M P Gururajan

    Guru Diffusion and Kinetics Spring, 2023 1 / 29


    Ordinary differential
    equations: A quick
    revision

    Guru Diffusion and Kinetics Spring, 2023 2 / 29


    Outline

    1 Introduction

    2 Problem 1: Radioactive decay

    3 Problem 2: Mothball decay

    4 Home work

    Guru Diffusion and Kinetics Spring, 2023 3 / 29


    Introduction

    Introduction

    Guru Diffusion and Kinetics Spring, 2023 4 / 29


    Introduction

    Introduction

    Ordinary differential equations:


    mathematical methods / engineering
    mathematics
    Revision of relevant methods: not
    comprehensive

    Guru Diffusion and Kinetics Spring, 2023 5 / 29


    Introduction

    Books

    G F Simmons: Differential Equations with


    Applications and Historical Notes
    Erwin Kreyzig: Advanced engineering
    mathematics

    Guru Diffusion and Kinetics Spring, 2023 6 / 29


    Introduction

    Steps

    The problem statement: physics /


    chemistry / materials science
    The mathematical statement
    The solution methodology: analytical
    solution (paper and pen)

    Guru Diffusion and Kinetics Spring, 2023 7 / 29


    Introduction

    Steps ...
    The solution methodology: numerical
    solution (computer / GNU Octave)
    Analysis and interpretation of the solution
    (plotting – usually, using computers / GNU
    Octave, these days! Old style graph sheet
    also works!!)
    Guru Diffusion and Kinetics Spring, 2023 8 / 29
    Problem 1: Radioactive decay

    Radioactive decay

    Guru Diffusion and Kinetics Spring, 2023 9 / 29


    Problem 1: Radioactive decay

    Problem

    A radioactive substance is known to decompose


    at a rate proportional to the amount present. If
    at time t = 0, the amount of substance is 2
    grams, what is the amount of substance at a
    later time, say, t?

    Guru Diffusion and Kinetics Spring, 2023 10 / 29


    Problem 1: Radioactive decay

    Mathematical form

    Let y be the amount of material


    dy
    Rate of decay dt

    Radioactive substance decomposes at a rate


    dy
    proportional to the amount: dt ∝y

    Guru Diffusion and Kinetics Spring, 2023 11 / 29


    Problem 1: Radioactive decay

    Mathematical form

    Since it is decay, the constant of


    proportionality (k, which is a positive
    number) gets a negative sign
    dy
    So, dt = −ky
    Note: at time t = 0, given, y = 2gms

    Guru Diffusion and Kinetics Spring, 2023 12 / 29


    Problem 1: Radioactive decay

    Solution: Analytical

    dy
    = −ky (1)
    dt
    dy
    = −kdt (2)
    y

    Guru Diffusion and Kinetics Spring, 2023 13 / 29


    Problem 1: Radioactive decay

    Solution: Analytical ...

    dy
    = −kdt (3)
    y
    Integrating,

    log y = −kt + c (4)

    where c is an undetermined constant


    Guru Diffusion and Kinetics Spring, 2023 14 / 29
    Problem 1: Radioactive decay

    Solution: Analytical ...

    log y = −kt + c (5)

    y = exp (−kt) + c = exp (−kt) exp c (6)

    y = A exp (−kt) (7)

    where A = exp c
    Guru Diffusion and Kinetics Spring, 2023 15 / 29
    Problem 1: Radioactive decay

    Analytical solution...

    y = A exp (−kt) (8)

    A family of curves – for each A: general


    solution

    Guru Diffusion and Kinetics Spring, 2023 16 / 29


    Problem 1: Radioactive decay

    Analytical solution...

    y = A exp (−kt) (9)

    Using y = 2 at t = 0, we obtain A = 2.
    y = 2 exp (−kt) (10)

    Guru Diffusion and Kinetics Spring, 2023 17 / 29


    Problem 1: Radioactive decay

    Verification

    Substitute
    y = 2 exp (−kt) (11)

    into
    dy
    = −ky (12)
    dt
    The solution satisfies the given equation!
    Guru Diffusion and Kinetics Spring, 2023 18 / 29
    Problem 1: Radioactive decay

    Analysis

    What are the units of k?


    Plot the solution and see!

    Guru Diffusion and Kinetics Spring, 2023 19 / 29


    Problem 1: Radioactive decay

    Numerical solution

    Solving the equation numerically as well as


    plotting: we will do as part of a GNU Octave
    tutorial

    Guru Diffusion and Kinetics Spring, 2023 20 / 29


    Problem 2: Mothball decay

    Mothball decay

    Guru Diffusion and Kinetics Spring, 2023 21 / 29


    Problem 2: Mothball decay

    Problem

    A mothball loses volume by evaporation at a


    rate proportional to its instantaneous area. If the
    diameter of a mothball decreases from 2 cm to 1
    cm in 2 months, how long will it take for the ball
    to completely evaporate?

    Guru Diffusion and Kinetics Spring, 2023 22 / 29


    Problem 2: Mothball decay

    Mathematical form

    Guru Diffusion and Kinetics Spring, 2023 23 / 29


    Problem 2: Mothball decay

    Solution: Analytical

    Guru Diffusion and Kinetics Spring, 2023 24 / 29


    Problem 2: Mothball decay

    Verification

    Guru Diffusion and Kinetics Spring, 2023 25 / 29


    Problem 2: Mothball decay

    Analysis

    Guru Diffusion and Kinetics Spring, 2023 26 / 29


    Home work

    Home work

    Guru Diffusion and Kinetics Spring, 2023 27 / 29


    Home work

    Problems

    dy
    dt = −ky 2
    dy
    dt = −ky n for any integer n > 1

    Guru Diffusion and Kinetics Spring, 2023 28 / 29


    Home work

    THANK YOU!

    Guru Diffusion and Kinetics Spring, 2023 29 / 29

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