PCS Lab

Lab # 6.
Investigating Frequency Modulation (FM)/

Demodulation using MATLAB.
Objectives
By the end of this lab, you will be able to understand the basic concept of Frequency
Modulation (FM) and its demodulation and be able to visualize it in time as well as in
frequency domain.
Pre Lab
Introduction:
Angle Modulation Schemes, which include frequency modulation (FM) and phase
modulation (PM), belong to the class of nonlinear modulation schemes. This family of
modulation schemes is characterized by their high-bandwidth requirements and good
performance in the presence of noise. These schemes can be visualized as modulation
techniques that trade-off bandwidth for power and, therefore, are used in situations
where bandwidth is not the major concern. The time domain representation of
frequency modulated signal, when the carrier is c(t)=Accos(2πfct) and the message signal
is m(t), is given by
𝑡𝑡
u(t) = Accos(2πfct+2πkf ∫−∞𝑚𝑚(𝜏𝜏)𝑑𝑑𝜏𝜏)

where kf represent the deviation constant of FM. The frequency-domain representation
of anglemodulated signals is, in general, very complex due to the nonlinearity of this
modulation scheme. We treat only the case where the message signal m(t) is a
sinusoidal signal. We assume m(t)=-α sin(2πfmt) for FM. Then the modulated signal is of
the form
u(t) = Accos(2πfct+βf cos(2πfmt)) )

where,
𝑘𝑘𝑓𝑓 𝛼𝛼
βf =
𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓
and βf the modulation index of FM. In general, for a non-sinusoidal m(t), the modulation
index
is defined as
𝑘𝑘𝑓
𝑓𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚|𝑓𝑓(𝑡
𝑡)| βf =
𝑊𝑊
where, W is the bandwidth of the message signal m(t).

The graphical representation of modulated FM signal for the given carrier and message
signal can be seen in figure 2.
Figure 1: Frequency Modulation
1.2. Demodulation of FM
For demodulation the FM signal is passed through an ideal differentiator. The resultant
of differentiator is frequency as well as amplitude modulated signal. Thus, a simple
envelope detector can be used to recover the message signal as shown in Figure 3.
Figure 3: Frequency Demodulation

In-Lab
Task 01:
t
1, 0
The following message signal m(t) = −2, t 0

2t0
0, otherwise
modulates the carrier c(t) = cos(2πfct) using a conventional AM scheme. The deviation
constant is kf = 50.
It is assumed that fc = 250 Hz, t0 = 0.15sec and the modulation index is
a = 0.85. a) Plot the modulated signal: Time-Domain outlook,
Frequency Domain view.
b) Determine the Spectra of the message and modulated signal
t0 =0.15;
ts=0.000;
fs =1/ts;
t=[0:ts:;
mt=[ones(1,t0/(3*ts)),2*ones(1,t0/(3*ts)),zeros(1,t0/(3*ts)+1;
figure(1)
plot(t,mt);
xlabel('time')
ylabel('m(t)');
fc = 250;
c = 2*pi*fc*t;
a = 0.85;
kf = 50;
int_mt(1) = 0;
for i = 1:length(t)-1
int_mt(i+1) = int_mt(i)+ mt(i)*ts;
end
u=cos(2*pi*fc*t+2*pi*kf*int_mt;
figure(2)
plot(t,u);
xlabel('time')
ylabel('u(t)')
n=length(u);
y=fftshift(fft(u,n));
tf=(fs.*(-n/2:n/2-1))/n;
z=abs(y)
figure(3)
plot(tf,z) ;
title('modulated freq')
xlabel('frequency')
ylabel('amplitude')
n=length(mt);
y1=fftshift(fft(mt,n));
ts=(fs.*(-n/2:n/2-1))/n;
z1=abs(y1)
figure(4) plot(ts,z1)
title('modulated freq')
xlabel('frequency')
ylabel('amplitude')
Task 02:
𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠(100𝑡𝑡), |𝑡𝑡 0 0, 𝑜𝑜𝑡𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑒
The following message signal, m(t) =
Where t0 = 0.1. This message modulates the carrier c(t) = cos (2πfct), where fc = 250 Hz. The
deviation constant is kf = 100.
a. Plot the modulated signal in the time and frequency domains.
b. Compare the demodulator output and the original message signal.
t0 = 0.1;
ts = 0.0005;
fs = 1/ts;
t = -0.1:ts:0.1;
mt = sinc(100*t);
figure(1)
plot(t,mt);
xlabel('time')
ylabel('m(t)');
fc = 250;
c = 2*pi*fc*t;
kf = 100;
int_mt(1) = 0;
for i = 1:length(t)-1
int_mt(i+1) = int_mt(i)+ mt(i)*ts;
end
u=cos(2*pi*fc*t+2*pi*kf*int_mt;
figure(2)
plot(t,u);
xlabel('time')
ylabel('u(t)')
n=length(u);
y=fftshift(fft(u,n));
tf=(fs.*(-n/2:n/2-1))/n;
z=abs(y)
figure(3)
plot(tf,z)
title('modulatedfr)
xlabel('frequency')
ylabel('amplitude')
n=length(mt);
y1=fftshift(fft(mt,
n));
ts=(fs.*(-n/2:n/2-
1))/n;
z1=abs(y1)
figure(4)
plot(ts,z1)
title('modulatedfr)
xlabel('frequency')
ylabel('amplitude')
%Demodulation
k=fmdemod(u,fc,fs,;
figure(5)
plot(t,k)
Conclusion
In this lab we learned about frequency modulation. We also learned about the concept of
Frequency Modulation (FM) and its demodulation and also are able to visualize it in time as
well as in frequency domain. In this lab we understand Modulation and demodulations and
also perform the MATLAB code of Frequency Modulation (FM) and its demodulation .

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Lab # 6.

Investigating Frequency Modulation (FM)/

u(t) = Accos(2πfct+2πkf ∫−∞𝑚𝑚(𝜏𝜏)𝑑𝑑𝜏𝜏)

u(t) = Accos(2πfct+βf cos(2πfmt)) )

where, W is the bandwidth of the message signal m(t).

Figure 1: Frequency Modulation

Figure 3: Frequency Demodulation

The following message signal m(t) = −2, t 0

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