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Sexual orientation

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Sexual orientation is an enduring pattern of


romantic or sexual attraction (or a combination of
these) to persons of the "opposite" sex or gender, the
same sex or gender, or to both sexes or more than
one gender. These attractions are generally
subsumed under heterosexuality, homosexuality, and
bisexuality,[1][2] while asexuality (the lack of sexual
attraction to others) is sometimes identified as the
fourth category.[3][4][5][6] These categories are aspects
of the more nuanced nature of sexual identity.[1] For
example, people may use other labels, such as
pansexual or polysexual,[7] or none at all.[1] According
to the American Psychological Association, sexual
orientation "also refers to a person's sense of identity
based on those attractions, related behaviors, and
membership in a community of others who share
those attractions".[1][8]

The term sexual preference largely overlaps with


sexual orientation, but is generally distinguished in
psychological research.[9] A person who identifies as
bisexual, for example, may sexually prefer one sex
over the other.[10] Sexual preference may also suggest
a degree of voluntary choice,[9][11][12] whereas the
scientific consensus is that sexual orientation is not a
choice.[13][14][15]

There is no consensus among scientists about why a


person develops a particular sexual orientation.[1]
Many scientists think that nature and nurture – a
combination of genetic, hormonal, and environmental
influences – factor into the cause of sexual
orientation.[1][16] They favor biologically-based
theories,[16] which point to genetic factors, the early
uterine environment, both, or the inclusion of genetic
and social factors.[14][17] There is no substantive
evidence which suggests parenting or early childhood
experiences play a role when it comes to sexual
orientation;[14] when it comes to same-sex sexual
behavior, shared or familial environment plays no role
for men and a minor role for women.[17] Research over
several decades has demonstrated that sexual
orientation ranges along a continuum, from exclusive
attraction to the "opposite" sex to exclusive attraction
to the same sex.[1]

Sexual orientation is reported primarily within biology


and psychology (including sexology), but it is also a
subject area in anthropology, history (including social
constructionism), and law,[18] and there are other
explanations that relate to sexual orientation and
culture.

==References++

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 Sexual orientation,


homosexuality and bisexuality. American
Psychological Association. Archived from the
original on August 8, 2013. Retrieved on August
10, 2013.
2. ↑ Sexual Orientation. American Psychiatric
Association. Archived from the original on July
22, 2011. Retrieved on January 1, 2013.
3. ↑ Asexuality: Classification and Characterization
(August 2004)
http://www.kinseyinstitute.org/publications/PD
F/PrauseGrahamPDF.pdf
4. ↑ Asexuality gets more attention, but is it a
sexual orientation? (November 2005)
5. ↑ Sex and Society Marshall Cavendish
http://books.google.com/books?
id=aVDZchwkIMEC&pg=PA82
6. ↑ Toward a conceptual understanding of
asexuality http://cat.inist.fr/?
aModele=a!cheN&cpsidt=18172400
7. ↑ Becoming Visible: Counseling Bisexuals
Across the Lifespan Columbia University Press
http://books.google.com/books?
id=1pCKkZmBU1EC&pg=PA9
8. ↑ Page 30 Case No. S147999 in the Supreme
Court of the State of California, In re Marriage
Cases Judicial Council Coordination Proceeding
No. 4365(...) - APA California Amicus Brief — As
Filed (PDF) 33 n. 60 (p. 55 per Adobe Acrobat
Reader);citation per id., Brief, p. 6 n. 4 (p. 28 per
Adobe Acrobat Reader).. Retrieved on March 13,
2013.
9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 "Avoiding Heterosexual Bias in
Language", American Psychological Association.
Retrieved on July 19, 2011. 
10. ↑ Sexual identity development among lesbian,
gay, and bisexual youths: Consistency and
change over time
11. ↑ The republic of choice: law, authority, and
culture Harvard University Press
http://books.google.com/books?
id=Z6iYwTFY5mIC&lpg=PA92
12. ↑ Sexual revolutions: psychoanalysis, history
and the father Taylor & Francis
http://books.google.com/books?
id=d3s_vH5YV-gC&lpg=PA49
13. ↑ Sexual orientation and adolescents (June
2004)
http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/11
3/6/1827.long
14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 14.2 Submission to the Church of
England’s Listening Exercise on Human
Sexuality. The Royal College of Psychiatrists.

Retrieved on 13 June 2013. Cite error:

Invalid <ref> tag; name "rcp2007"


defined multiple times with di!erent
content
15. ↑ Sexual Hormones and the Brain: An Essential
Alliance for Sexual Identity and Sexual
Orientation (authors are of Netherlands Institute
for Neuroscience, of Royal Netherlands
Academy of Arts and Sciences) (author contact
is 2d author) (vol. 17 is Sandro Loche, Marco
Cappa, Lucia Ghizzoni, Mohamad Maghnie, &
Martin O. Savage, eds., Pediatric
Neuroendocrinology).
16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 Sexual orientation and adolescents
(June 2004)
http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/11
3/6/1827.long
17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 Template:Cite doi
18. ↑ Controlling Desires: Sexual Orientation
Conversion and the Limits of Knowledge and
Law (1999) http://www-
bcf.usc.edu/~usclrev/pdf/072502.pdf

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