Imunitetebi
Imunitetebi
Imunitetebi
nino ruxaZe
Tbilisi, 2012
qarTuli abreviaturebi da Semoklebebi
gv. gverdi
ix. ixileT
Conf. Conference
Doc. Document
ECHR European Court of Human Rights
Ed./Eds. Editor/Editors
ICJ International Court of Justice
ICTY International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia
ILC International Law Commission
ILR International Law Reports
No. Number
Par. Paragraph/ Paragraphs
PCA Permanent Court of Arbitration
PCIJ Permanent Court of International Justice
UK United Kingdom
UN United Nations
US United States
v. Versus
Vol. Volume
Sesavali ........................................................................................................................................... 4
1. Sesavali ................................................................................................................................ 12
4. daskvna ................................................................................................................................... 20
1. Sesavali ................................................................................................................................ 21
3. daskvna .................................................................................................................................... 35
1. Sesavali ................................................................................................................................ 37
2.1 Sesavali .............................................................................................................................. 40
2.4 daskvna .................................................................................................................................. 57
3.1 Sesavali ............................................................................................................................... 60
1
3.3 aSS-is antiteroristuli da sikvdiliT dasjis aqti (Anti‐Terrosim and
Effective Death Penalty Act) .......................................................................................................... 72
3.5 daskvna .................................................................................................................................. 92
4. daskvna ................................................................................................................................... 96
1. Sesavali ................................................................................................................................ 98
5.1 Sesavali ............................................................................................................................. 122
5.3.1. Sesavali ..................................................................................................................... 127
5.5 daskvna ................................................................................................................................ 144
2
6. daskvna ................................................................................................................................. 145
daskvna .......................................................................................................................................... 155
bibliografia ............................................................................................................................ 165
3
Sesavali
1
Weissbrodt D. S., De La Vega C., International Human Rights Law: An Introduction (Philadelphia: University
of Pennsylvania Press, 2007), 20.
2
Prosecutor v. Tadic (Jurisdiction), ICTY, Appeals Chamber, 1995 (105 ILR 419, 505).
3
Lauterpacht H., International Law and Human Rights (London: Stevens & Sons, 1950), 4.
4
mocemuli naSromis miznebisTvis adamianis uflebebis mZime darRvevebis ganmarteba
ix. naSromis I Tavis me-3 qveTavSi.
4
saxiT, 5 romlebisadmi mimarTvac SeuZliaT fizikur pirebs
saxelmwifos mier maTi uflebebis darRvevis SemTxvevaSi. Tumca,
dResac arsebobs regionebi, sadac msgavsi sasamarTloebi ar aris
Seqmnili da sadac adamianis uflebebis mZime darRvevebis xSiri
faqtebia gamovlenili. aseT regionebSi msxverpls ar gaaCnia sxva
sasamarTlo forumi, garda im saxelmwifosi, romelmac misi uflebebi
daarRvia. garda amisa, arsebobs adamianis uflebebis darRvevis iseTi
mZime faqtebi, romlebsac Sesabamisi regionaluri saerTaSoriso
sasamarTloebis Seqmnamde hqondaT adgili da romlebic, Sesabamisad,
ar eqvemdebarebian am sasamarTloTa iurisdiqcias. aqedan gamomdinare,
im pirebs, romlebic am darRvevis msxverplni an maTi memkvidreebi
arian (im SemTxvevaSi, Tu isini ver miiReben samarTaldamrRvevi
saxelmwifosgan adekvatur samarTlebriv dacvas), realurad ar
gaaCniaT araviTari saerTaSoriso sasamarTlo forumi sakuTari
darRveuli uflebebis aRsadgenad, ris Sedegadac isini `adamianis
uflebaTa saerTaSoriso samarTlidan ... gariyulebi~ 6 rCebian.
5
ase, magaliTad, 1950 wlis adamianis uflebaTa da ZiriTad TavisuflebaTa dacvis
evropuli konvenciiT ganmtkicebul uflebaTa uzrunvelsayofad Seqmnilia
adamianis uflebaTa evropuli sasamarTlo (ix. konvenciis 19-51-e muxlebi.
konvenciis teqstis araoficialuri qarTuli GTargmani xelmisawvdomia adamianis
uflebaTa evropuli sasamarTlos vebgverdze:
http://www.echr.coe.int/NR/rdonlyres/181D458D‐52B6‐44A1‐9C05‐EC559FDA4D9D/0/GEO_CONV.pdf);
agreTve, adamianis uflebaTa amerikuli konvenciis safuZvelze funqcionirebs
adamianis uflebaTa inter-amerikuli sasamarTlo (ix. konvenciis 52-69-e muxlebi.
konvenciis teqsti ganTavsebulia Semdeg misamarTze:
http://www.hrcr.org/docs/American_Convention/oashr.html); aqve unda aRiniSnos afrikis
marTlmsajulebisa da adamianis uflebaTa sasamarTlo, romelic Camoyalibda
afrikis adamianisa da xalxTa uflebaTa sasamarTlosa da afrikis
marTlmsajulebis sasamarTlos gaerTianebis safuZvelze (ix. afrikis kavSiris
saxelmwifosa da mTavrobis meTaurTa asambleis mier miRebuli protokoli
afrikis marTlmsajulebisa da adamianis uflebaTa sasamarTlos statutis
damtkicebis Sesaxeb. protokolis teqsti xelmisawvdomia afrikis kavSiris
vebgverdze:
http://www.africa‐
union.org/root/au/documents/treaties/text/Protocol%20on%20the%20Merged%20Court%20‐%20EN.pdf).
6
Aceves W.J., Liberalism and International Legal Scholarship: The Pinochet Case and the Move Toward a
Universal System of Transnational Law Litigation, 41 Harvard International Law Journal 129, 2000, 131
(gadmotvirTulia HeinOnline‐is monacemTa bazidan).
5
erTi saxelmwifos sasamarTloSi meore saxelmwifos winaaRmdeg
msgavsi samoqalaqo sarCelebis daSvebis ZiriTadi samarTlebrivi
dabrkoleba saxelmwifo imunitetis principia. igi saerTaSoriso
samarTlis fundamenturi normaa, romelic krZalavs erTi
saxelmwifos mier meore saxelmwifoze sakuTari iurisdiqciis, maT
Soris, marTlmsajulebis iurisdiqciis gavrcelebas. 7
6
SezRuduli saxelmwifo imunitetis principma. 9 imunitetis SezRudvis
swored am precedentze dayrdnobiT xdeba imis mtkiceba, rom
saerTaSoriso samarTlis ganviTarebis Tanamedrove etapze aRiarebul
unda iqnes imunitetis principis Semdgomi SezRudvis dasaSveboba,
amjerad ukve adamianis uflebebis mZime darRvevebTan mimarTebiT. 10
9
zogadad, unda aRiniSnos, rom arsebobs ori saxis imuniteti: absoluturi da
SezRuduli. absoluturi saxelmwifo imunitetis principis farglebSi
saxelmwifos icavs imuniteti yvela mis qmedebasTan dakavSirebiT. rac Seexeba
SezRuduli saxelmwifo imunitetis princips, is erTmaneTisgan gamijnavs
saxelmwifos saxelisuflebo qmedebebs (acta jure imperii) da arasaxelisuflebo
qmedebebs (acta jure gestionis) da imunitets saxelmwifos mxolod saxelisuflebo
qmedebebTan mimarTebiT aniWebs. detalurad aRniSnul sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT ix.
naSromis I Tavis me-2 qveTavi.
10
ix. sqolioebi 112 da 113.
11
Bankas E. K., The State Immunity Controversy in International Law, Private Suits Against Foreign States in
Domestic Courts (Berlin/Heidelberg/New York: Springer, 2005), 70‐72.
12
Gavouneli M., Prefecture of Voiotia v. Federal Republic of Germany. Case No. 11/2000. Areios Pagos
(Hellenic Supreme Court), May 4, 2000, 95 American Journal of International Law 198, 2001
(gadmotvirTulia LexisNexis‐is monacemTa bazidan).
13
mag., ix. Ferrini v. Federal Republic of Germany, Italy, Court of Cassation, 2004 (128 ILR 658); Prefecture
of Voiotia v. Federal Republic of Germany (Distomo Massacre Case), Greece, Court of Cassation (Areios
Pagos), 2000 (129 ILR 513); Arrest Warrant of 11 April 2000 (Democratic Republic of the Congo v. Belgium),
ICJ, 2002 (128 ILR 1).
14
SezRuduli saxelmwifo imunitetis doqtrinas mxars uWeren iseTi
saxelmwifoebi, rogorebicaa: avstria, avstralia, argentina, aSS, belgia,
gaerTianebuli samefo, dania, egvipte, espaneTi, estoneTi, islandia, kanada, meqsika,
niderlandi, norvegia, samxreT afrika, safrangeTi, fineTi da a.S. (ix. Bankas E. K., The
State Immunity Controversy in International Law, Private Suits Against Foreign States in Domestic Courts,
328‐329, 331, ix. sqolio 11).
7
aRsaniSnavia agreTve usamarTlobis mwvave gancda, romelic
axlda warsulSi absoluturi imunitetis principis moqmedebas
(rodesac saxelmwifo pasuxs ar agebda kerZo pirebTan dadebuli
garigebebis darRvevisas) da romelic SeiniSneba dResac (rodesac
saxelmwifos mier adamianis uflebebis mZime darRvevebi adekvaturi
reagirebis gareSe rCeba). imis gamo, rom saxelmwifoebi aqtiurad
CaerTnen kerZo pirebTan komerciul saqmianobaSi, kerZo pirebi
daucvelni aRmoCndnen saxelmwifoebis pirispir. aman gaaCina
usamarTlobis gancda, ramac didwilad Seuwyo xeli imas, rom XX
saukunis meore naxevridan saxelmwifoebma, gansakuTrebiT
demokratiulma saxelmwifoebma, masobrivad daiwyes imunitetis
sakiTxisadmi sakuTari midgomebis gadaxedva da SezRuduli
saxelmwifo imunitetis politikis damkvidreba. 15
15
Bankas E. K., The State Immunity Controversy in International Law, Private Suits Against Foreign States in
Domestic Courts,72‐74, ix. sqolio 11.
16
Lauterpacht H., The Problem of Jurisdictional Immunities of Foreign States, 28 British Yearbook of
International Law 220, 1951, 221.
17
iqve, 226.
18
iqve.
19
ix. sqolioebi 101 da 103.
8
zemoaRniSnuli sakiTxi mwvaved dgas erovnuli da saerTaSoriso
sasamarTloebis winaSe, rac gamowveulia adamianis uflebebis mZime
darRvevebis msxverplTa mier ucxo saxelmwifoebis sasamarTloebSi
wardgenili samoqalaqo sarCelebis simravliT.
9
gamoyenebis mwire praqtikis konstatacia, aramed aucilebelia am
argumentebis Tanmimdevrulobisa da dasabuTebulobis Semowmeba imis
dasadgenad, sTavazoben Tu ara isini adamianis uflebebis mZime
darRvevebis msxverpl pirebs qmediT samarTlebriv sqemas erTi
saxelmwifos sasamarTloSi meore saxelmwifos winaaRmdeg
samoqalaqo davis sawarmoeblad.
10
saerTaSoriso samarTlis Teoriasa da praqtikaSi aRniSnuli
sakiTxis irgvliv vnebaTaRelva ar cxreba. 21
21
im faqts, rom saxelmwifo imunitetisa da adamianis uflebebis
urTierTmimarTebis sakiTxi bundovanebiT aris moculi, adasturebs is faqtic, rom
aRniSnul sakiTxze miRebuli erT-erTi bolo gadawyvetileba gamotanil iqna
marTlmsajulebis saerTaSoriso sasamarTlos mier sul axlaxans, 2012 wlis
TebervalSi (ix. Jurisdictional Immunities of the State (Germany v. Italy), ICJ, 2012. gadawyvetilebis
teqsti xelmisawvdomia marTlmsajulebis saerTaSoriso sasamarTlos vebgverdze:
http://www.icj‐cij.org/docket/files/143/16883.pdf
11
Tavi I. terminTa ganmarteba
1. Sesavali
22
Arrest Warrant of 11 April 2000 (Democratic Republic of the Congo v. Belgium), 116, ix. sqolio 13.
23
Sucharitkul S., Immunities of Foreign States Before National Authorities, Academie de Droit International,
149 Recueil des Cours 87 , 1976, 95.
24
naSromis miznebisTvis adgilsamyofel saxelmwifoSi igulisxmeba saxelmwifo,
romlis sasamarTloSic aris wardgenili sarCeli.
12
mocemul naSromSi saxelmwifo imunitetis principis qveS
igulisxmeba mxolod viwro moqmedebis SezRuduli imuniteti,
vinaidan swored am saxis imunitetis konteqstSi aris wamoyenebuli
naSromis farglebSi gansaxilveli argumentebi.
13
SezRuduli saxelmwifo imunitetis principis moqmedebis farglebTan
dakavSirebiT da Sedegad viTardeba SezRuduli saxelmwifo
imunitetis principis ori saxesxvaoba, romlebsac, rogorc zemoT
aRiniSna, pirobiTad SeiZleba vuwodoT viwro da farTo moqmedebis
SezRuduli saxelmwifo imunitetis principebi.
14
buneba, aramed misi mizanic, maSin SezRuduli saxelmwifo
imunitetis principis dacvis qveS eqceva ara mxolod sufTa saxis
saxelisuflebo qmedebebi, aramed kerZosamarTlebrivi qmedebebic ki,
Tu es qmedebebi emsaxureba saxelmwifos mier sakuTari sajaro
funqciebis Sesrulebas.
15
mTavrobam uari ganacxada cementis Sesyidvaze. kompaniam nigeriis
centralur banks xelSekrulebis darRveviT miyenebuli zianis
anazRaureba mosTxova. centralurma bankma nigeriis mTavrobis
davalebiT uari ganacxada zianis anazRaurebaze. amis pasuxad,
kompaniam centraluri bankis winaaRmdeg sarCeli Seitana inglisis
sasamarTloSi. banki acxadebda, rom wardgenil sarCelTan mimarTebiT
is sargeblobda imunitetiT, vinaidan, bankis mosazrebiT,
xelSekrulebis daniSnulebidan gamomdinare Tavdacvis saministros
mier cementis mimwodebel kompaniasTan xelSekrulebis gaformeba
warmoadgenda ara komerciul, aramed sajaro saxelisuflebo
qmedebas. 36
16
sajariso formirebebisTvis Tambaqos SeZena warmoadgenda vietnamis
saxelisuflebo qmedebas da ganacxada, rom `vietnamis mier sakuTari
sajaro mmarTvelobis farglebSi ganxorcielebuli msgavsi qmedeba,
daculia imunitetiT.~ 39
17
ara misi mizniT. 42 analogiuri midgomaa gaziarebuli saxelmwifo
imunitetis sakiTxze arsebul saerTaSoriso aqtebSi. 43 winamdebare
naSromic iziarebs imunitetis principis im koncefcias, romelsac
iyenebs saxelmwifoebis umravlesoba da saerTaSoriso Tanamegobroba
mTlianobaSi, vinaidan swored mis konteqstSi aRmocenda saxelmwifo
imunitetis winaaRmdeg wamoyenebuli is argumentebi, romelTa
analizic winamdebare naSromis ZiriTad sagans Seadgens.
42
Bröhmer J., State Immunity and the Violation of Human Rights, 1, ix. sqolio 25; Wood M., Pronto A.,
The International Law Commission 1999‐2009: Volume IV: Treaties, Final Draft Articles and Other Materials
(New York: Oxford University Press, 2010), 33‐35.
43
Wood M., Pronto A., The International Law Commission 1999‐2009: Volume IV: Treaties, Final Draft
Articles and Other Materials, 28-33, ix. sqolio 42.
18
romlebzec vrceldeba universaluri sisxlissamarTlebrivi
iurisdiqcia. 44
44
saxmeleTo jarebSi daWrilTa da avadmyofTa pirobebis gaumjobesebis Sesaxeb
Jenevis 1949 wlis konvenciis 49-e da 50-e muxlebi; sazRvao jarebSi daWrilTa da
xomaldis daRupvis Sedegad dazaralebulTa pirobebis gaumjobesebis Sesaxeb
Jenevis 1949 wlis konvenciis 50-e da 51-e muxlebi; samxedro tyveebisadmi mopyrobis
Sesaxeb Jenevis 1949 wlis konvenciis 129-e da 130-e muxlebi; omis dros samoqalaqo
pirTa dacvis Sesaxeb Jenevis 1949 wlis konvenciis 146-e da 147-e muxlebi. Jenevis
konvenciebi xelmisawvdomia wiTeli jvris saerTaSoriso komitetis vebgverdze:
http://www.icrc.org/ihl.nsf/CONVPRES?OpenView
45
zogadad, unda aRiniSnos, rom universaluri iurisdiqcia Zalian mniSvnelovani
faqtoria saxelmwifo imunitetis principis winaaRmdeg wamoyenebuli argumentebis
konteqstSi. swored universaluri iurisdiqciis aRiarebis Semdeg gaxda
SesaZlebeli aRniSnuli argumentebis aRmoceneba (aRniSnul sakiTxTan
dakavSirebiT ix. naSromis II Tavi).
46
ix. Report on Universal Criminal Jurisdiction with Respect to the Crime of Genocide, Crimes against
Humanity and War Crimes, Report of the 17th Commission of Institute of International Law (Rapporteur
Tomuschat C.), Annuaire De L’Institut de Droit International, Vol. 71, Part I, 2005. aqve unda aRiniSnos,
rom adamianurobis winaaRmdeg mimarTul danaSaulebTan da genocidTan
dakavSirebiT saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebebSi ar arsebobs calsaxa miTiTeba imaze,
rom am danaSaulebze vrceldeba universaluri iurisdiqcia, Tumca, gavrcelebuli
Sexedulebis Tanaxmad, es danaSaulebrivi qmedebebi universalur iurisdiqcias
eqvemdebarebian. aRniSnul sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT ix. naSromis II Tavis me-2 qveTavi.
47
ix. wamebisa da sxva saxis sastiki, araadamianuri an Rirsebis Semlaxveli
mopyrobis da dasjis winaaRmdeg 1984 wlis konvenciis (SemdgomSi _ wamebis
akrZalvis Sesaxeb konvencia) me-4 da me-5 muxlebi. konvenciis teqsti
xelmisawvdomia gaeros xelSekrulebebis eleqtronul bazaSi: http://treaties.un.org
19
swored zemoaRniSnuli danaSaulebrivi qmedebebi ganixilebina
adamianis uflebebis mZime darRvevebad winamdebare naSromis
miznebisTvis. aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom adamianis uflebebis
danaSaulebrivi darRvevebis speqtri, romlebzec vrceldeba
universaluri sisxlissamarTlebrivi iurisdiqcia, ufro farToa,
vidre zemoT miTiTebuli darRvevebi, Tumca mocemuli naSromis
miznebisTvis isini ar moiazrebian adamianis uflebebis mZime
darRvevebad, vinaidan maT konteqstSi arc saerTaSoriso da arc
erovnul sasamarTlo praqtikaSi saxelmwifo imunitetis principis
winaaRmdeg argumentebi wamoyenebuli ar yofila.
4. daskvna
48
ix. mZevlebis ayvanis winaaRmdeg 1979 wlis konvenciis me-2 da me-5 muxlebi.
konvenciis teqsti xelmisawvdomia gaeros xelSekrulebebis eleqtronul bazaSi:
http://treaties.un.org
49
ix. yvela pirTa iZulebiT gauCinarebisgan dacvis 2006 wlis konvenciis me-4 da me-9
muxlebi. konvenciis teqsti xelmisawvdomia gaeros xelSekrulebebis eleqtronul
bazaSi: http://treaties.un.org
20
Tavi II. adamianis uflebebis mZime darRvevebi da universaluri
samoqalaqosamarTlebrivi iurisdiqcia
1. Sesavali
50
mag. ix. Ferrini v. Federal Republic of Germany, ix. sqolio 13; Prefecture of Voiotia v. Federal
Republic of Germany (Distomo Massacre Case), ix. sqolio 13.
51
mag. ix. Siderman de Blake v. Republic of Argentina, US, Court of Appeals, Ninth Circuit, 1992 (103 ILR
454); Princz v Federal Republic of Germany, US, District Court, District of Columbia, 1992 (103 ILR 594); Al‐
Adsani v. Government of Kuwait and Others, England, Court of Appeal, 1996 (107 ILR 536); Bouzari and
Others v. Islamic Republic of Iran, Canada, Ontario Superior Court of Justice, 2002 (124 ILR 427); Jones v.
Ministry of the Interior of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia and Another (Secretary of State for Constitutional
Affairs and Another Intervening) (SemdgomSi _ Jones v. Saudi Arabia) UK, House of Lords, 2006 (129 ILR
629).
52
Cryer R., Friman H., Robinson D., Wilmshurst E., An Introduction to International Criminal Law and
Procedure, Second Edition (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010), 46‐53.
53
iqve, 46-47.
54
iqve, 47-50.
21
iseT qmedebebze, romlebic arc mis teritoriaze, arc misi moqalaqis
mier da arc misi moqalaqis mimarT ar ganxorcielebula, magram
romelic mis saxelmwifoebriv interesebs ewinaaRmdegeba.
iurisdiqciis es ukanaskneli saxe warmoadgens dacvis principis
safuZvelze arsebul iurisdiqcias. 55
55
Cryer R., Friman H., Robinson D., Wilmshurst E., An Introduction to International Criminal Law and
Procedure, 50-51, ix. sqolio 52.
56
Reydams L., Universal Jurisdiction: International and Municipal Law Perspectives (New York: Oxford
University Press, 2004), 5.
57
iqve.
58
Ryngaert C., Universal Tort Jurisdiction Over Gross Human Rights Violations, Netherlands Yearbook of
International Law, Vol. XXXVIII, 2007, 4 (gadmotvirTulia Cambridge University Press-is
eleqtronul monacemTa bazidan). garda amisa, ix. Commentary on Princeton Principles on
Universal Jurisdiction, 2001, 42. dokumentis teqsti xelmisawvdomia prinstonis
universitetis vebgverdze: http://lapa.princeton.edu/hosteddocs/unive_jur.pdf (nanaxia:
10/08/2011).
59
Mann F., The Doctrine of Jurisdiction, 95; Higgins R., Problems and Process: International Law and How We
Use It (Oxford: Clarendon, 1994), 58‐59; Watts A., The Importance of International Law 5, 7 (ix. Byers M.
(Ed.), The Role of International Law in International Politics (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000) (ix.
Cryer R., Prosecuting International Crimes, Selectivity and the International Criminal Law Regime
(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005), 84)).
22
saxelmwifos interesebSi Sedis. 60 am Rirebulebebis safuZvelze
saerTaSoriso samarTalSi Camoyalibda garkveuli kategoria
valdebulebebisa, romlebsac, rogorc miiCneva, saxelmwifoebi
floben, zogadad, mTeli saerTaSoriso Tanamegobrobisa da, kerZod,
saerTaSoriso Tanamegobrobis yvela wevris winaSe. am
valdebulebebze uTiTebs marTlmsajulebis saerTaSoriso
sasamarTlo Tavis gadawyvetilebaSi saqmeze _ Barcelona Traction, Light and
Power Company, Limited: `mniSvnelovani gansxvaveba arsebobs im
valdebulebebs, romlebic saxelmwifos aqvs mTeli saerTaSoriso
Tanamegobrobis winaSe, da im valdebulebebs Soris, romlebic
konkretulad romelime saxelmwifos mimarT SeiZleba aRmocendes.
Tavisi arsiT, pirveli aris yvela saxelmwifos interesis sagani. am
valdebulebebiT daculi uflebebis mniSvnelobis gaTvaliswinebiT,
maTi dacvis samarTlebrivi interesi yvela saxelmwifos aqvs; esenia
erga omnes valdebulebebi.~ 61
60
Tams C., Individual States as Guardians of Community Interests, 396 (ix. statiaTa krebuli
Fastenrath U., Simma B., Geiger R., Khan D.E., Paulus A., Von Schorlemer S., Vedder C., From Bilateralism to
Community Interest: Essays in Honor of Judge Bruno Simma (New York: Oxford University Press, 2011).
61
Case Concerning the Barcelona Traction, Light and Power Company, Limited, ICJ, 1970, Par. 33;
gadawyvetilebis teqsti xelmisawvdomia marTlmsajulebis saerTaSoriso
sasamarTlos vebgverdze: http://www.icj‐cij.org/docket/files/50/5387.pdf
62
Bassiouni M.C., Universal Jurisdiction for International Crimes: Historical Perspective and Contemporary
Practice, 42 Vanderbilt Journal of International Law 81, 2001‐2002, 96‐104 (gadmotvirTulia
HeinOnline‐is monacemTa bazidan).
63
iqve.
23
saxelmwifos winaaRmdeg msgavs darRvevebTan dakavSirebiT
wardgenili samoqalaqo sarCelebi warmoebaSi miiRos.
24
2. universaluri samoqalaqosamarTlebrivi iurisdiqcia
65
Aceves W.J., 165, Liberalism and International Legal Scholarship: The Pinochet Case and the Move Toward
a Universal System of Transnational Law Litigation, ix. sqolio 6.
66
ix. naSromis I Tavis me-3 qveTavi da miTiTebuli sqolioebi. aqve unda aRiniSnos,
rom ara yvela zemoT miTiTebul darRvevebTan dakavSirebiT arsebobs miTiTeba
saerTaSoriso samarTalSi imis Sesaxeb, rom maTze vrceldeba universaluri
sisxlissamarTlebrivi iurisdiqcia. mag., msgavsi miTiTeba ar arsebobs genocidTan,
omis danaSaulebTan da adamianurobis winaaRmdeg mimarTul danaSaulebTan
dakavSirebiT, Tumca, gavrcelebuli Sexedulebis mixedviT, aRniSnuli darRvevebi
eqvemdebareba universalur iurisdiqcias (ix. saerTaSoriso samarTlis institutis
mier (Institut de Droit International) 2005 wels gamocemuli angariSi, romelic exeba
genocidis, adamianurobis winaaRmdeg da omis danaSaulebTan mimarTebiT
universaluri iurisdiqciis moqmedebis sakiTxebs: Report on Universal Criminal Jurisdiction
With Respect to the Crime of Genocide, Crimes Against Humanity and War Crimes, ix. sqolio 46. im
faqtze, rom genocidi, adamianurobis winaaRmdeg da omis danaSaulTa garkveuli
kategoria (romlebzec ar arsebobs saerTaSoriso konvenciebSi pirdapiri miTiTeba,
vrceldeba Tu ara maTze universaluri iurisdiqcia) eqvemdebareba universaluri
sisxlissamarTlebrivi iurisdiqcias, miuTiTebs erovnuli sasamarTloebis
praqtikac (ase, mag., belgiis sasamarTlo praqtikis Sesaxeb ix. Reydams L., Belgium’s
First Application of Universal Jurisdiction: the Butare Four Case, 1 Journal of International Criminal Justice
428, 2003 (gadmotvirTulia HeinOnline‐is monacemTa bazidan); agreTve Ongena T., Van Daele
I., Universal Jurisdiction for International Core Crimes: Recent Developments in Belgium, 15 Leiden Journal of
International Law 687, 2002 (gadmotvirTulia Cambridge University Press-is eleqtronul
monacemTa bazidan); Vandermeersch D., Prosecuting International Crimes in Belgium, 3 Journal of
International Criminal Justice 400, 2005; germaniis sasamarTlo praqtikis Sesaxeb ix. Hays
Butler A, The Growing Support for Universal Jurisdiction in National Legislation (ix. statiaTa krebuli:
Macedo S. (Ed), Universal Jurisdiction, National Court and the Prosecution of Serious Crimes under
International Law (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press 2004); agreTve Ambos K., Wirth S.,
Genocide and War Crimes in the Former Yugoslavia Before German Criminal Courts (ix. statiaTa
krebuli: Fischer H., Kress C., Rolf Lüder (Eds.), International and National Prosecution of Crimes Under
International Law, Current Developments, Second Edition (Berlin: BWV/Berliner Wissenschafts‐Verlag, 2004).
espaneTis sasamarTlo praqtikis Sesaxeb ix. Bakker C.A.E, Universal Jurisdiction of Spanish
Courts over Genocide in Tibet: Can It Work? 4 Journal of International Criminal Justice 595, 2006
(gadmotvirTulia HeinOnline‐is monacemTa bazidan); agreTve Ascensio H., The Spanish
Constitutional Tribunal’s Decision in Guatemalan Generals, Unconditional Universality Is Back, 4 Journal of
International Criminal Justice 586, 2006 (gadmotvirTulia HeinOnline‐is monacemTa bazidan)).
67
Van Schaack B., In Defence of Civil Redress: The Domestic Enforcement of Human Rights Norms in the
Context of the Proposed Hague Judgments Convention, 42 Harvard International Law Journal 141, 2001,
146 (gadmotvirTulia HeinOnline‐is monacemTa bazidan).
25
dRis wesrigSi mwvaved dgeba sakiTxi _ SeuZlia Tu ara saxelmwifos
adamianis uflebebis mZime darRvevebze, romlebic eqvemdebareba
universalur sisxlissamarTlebriv iurisdiqcias, gaavrcelos
universaluri samoqalaqo iurisdiqciac?
68
Roberts A., The ATS and TVPA in Comparative Perspective, 10‐11 (gamosvla daiwera mrgvali
magidis SexvedrisTvis: Public Policy Roundtable: The Alien Tort Statute and U.S. Enforcement of
Foreign Judgments, Searle Center of Law, Regulation, and Economic Growth, Northwestern Law School,
2010). gamosvlis teqsti xelmisawvdomia:
http://www.law.northwestern.edu/searlecenter/papers/Roberts_ATS_Final.pdf (nanaxia: 05/07/2011)
69
Prosecutor v. Furundzija, ICTY, Trial Chamber II, 2000 (121 ILR 213, 261).
26
universaluri samoqalaqosamarTlebrivi iurisdiqciisadmi
mxardaWeras vxvdebiT erovnuli sasamarTloebis gadawyvetilebebSic.
magaliTad, belgiis sasamarTlom saqmeze _ Ntuyahaga Case _ ruandis
samxedro maiors belgiis mSvidobismyofelebisa da ruandis
moqalaqeebis mkvlelobis faqtebTan dakavSirebiT 540 000 evros
gadaxda daakisra procesSi samoqalaqo mxareebis statusiT monawile
pirebis sasargeblod. 70
27
universaluri samoqalaqosamarTlebrivi iurisdiqcia vrceldeba
wamebiTa da mkvlelobiT gamowveuli zianis anazRaurebis moTxovniT
wardgenil sarCelebze. 75
pirveli varianti:
meore varianti:
28
konferenciis monawile saxelmwifoebma ver miaRwies konsensuss, iyo
swored me-18(3) muxli. 77 Tumca es srulebiTac ar niSnavs, rom
saxelmwifoebma uaryves universaluri samoqalaqo iurisdiqciis idea.
piriqiT, is faqti, rom konvenciis proeqtSi aisaxa universaluri
samoqalaqosamarTlebrivi iurisdiqciis Sesaxeb muxli, metyvelebs
imaze, rom saxelmwifoebi da eqspertebi, romlebic konvenciis
teqstis proeqtze muSaobdnen, rogorc minimum, ukve Semdgar faqtad
Tu ara, dasaSvebad mainc miiCneven saerTaSoriso danaSaulebriv
qmedebebTan mimarTebiT universaluri samoqalaqosamarTlebrivi
iurisdiqciis gavrcelebas _ imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom
saerTaSoriso konvenciebSi xdeba ukve arsebuli an sasurveli axali
samarTlebrivi normebis kodificireba, sxvagvari daskvnisTvis
adgili ar rCeba. 78
77
Ryngaert C., Universal Tort Jurisdiction over Gross Human Rights Violations, 21, ix. sqolio 58.
78
samoqalaqo da komerciul saqmeebze iurisdiqciisa da ucxour sasamarTlo
gadawyvetilebaTa Sesaxeb saerTaSoriso konvenciis proeqtis SemuSavebis Sesaxeb
detaluri informacia ix. Van Schaack B., In Defence of Civil Redress: The Domestic Enforcement of
Human Rights Norms in the Context of the Proposed Hague Judgments Convention, 171-193, ix. sqolio
67.
79
Brief of Amicus Curiae the European Commission at 17‐22, Sosa, 542 US 692 (No. 03‐339) (ix. Donovan
D. F. and Roberts A., The Emerging Recognition of Universal Civil Jurisdiction, 147, ix. sqolio 64).
29
samoqalaqosamarTlebrivi iurisdiqciis gavrcelebis faqtebi
saerTaSoriso Tanamegobrobis mier, mcire gamonaklisebis garda,
arsebiTad gaprotestebuli ar aris. 80 protestis ararseboba ki imis
mimaniSnebelia, rom saxelmwifoebi arsebiTad winaaRmdegi ar arian,
rom adamianis uflebebis mZime darRvevebi eqvemdebarebodes
universalur samoqalaqosamarTlebriv iurisdiqcias. rogorc
akeharsti wers, `saerTaSoriso samarTalSi iurisdiqciis arsebobis
`simJavianobis testad~ iTvleba diplomatiuri protestis arseboba an
ararseboba.~ 81
80
Ryngaert C., Universal Tort Jurisdiction over Gross Human Rights Violations, 32, ix. sqolio 58;
Kamminga M.T., Universal Civil Jurisdiction: Is It Legal? Is It Desirable? 124, ix. sqolio 64. aqve unda
aRiniSnos, rom aSS-is mier universaluri iurisdiqciis safuZvelze samoqalaqo
davaTa ganxilvisa da gadawyvetis sul 3 SemTxvevas mohyva saxelmwifoTa mxridan
protesti (ix. Mora P.D., The Legality of Civil Jurisdiction over Torture under the Universal Principle, 52
German Yearbook of International Law 367, 2009, 398‐400). ufro mravalricxovani statistikis
moyvana SeiZleba im mtkicebis sasargeblod, rom aSS-is mier universaluri
samoqalaqo iurisdiqciis ganxorcieleba saerTaSoriso Tanamegobrobis mier
gaprotestebuli ar aris (ix. higinsis, kuiJmanisa da burgentalis mier
dafiqsirebuli saerTo gansakuTrebuli azri saqmeze _ Arrest Warrant of 11 April 2000
(Democratic Republic of the Congo v. Belgium), 133, ix. sqolio 13). garda amisa, aRsaniSnavia,
rom am 3 saqmidan 2 saqmeze protesti daafiqsires saxelmwifoebma, romelTa
qveSevrdomebis sakiTxic ganixileboda Sesabamis sasamarTlo procesebze. amdenad,
am saxelmwifoebs hqondaT pirdapiri interesi, ris gamoc maTi azri ar SeiZleba
mxedvelobaSi iqnes miRebuli sakiTxis irgvliv saerTaSoriso samarTalSi
arsebuli viTarebis Sesafaseblad (ix. Universal Criminal Jurisdiction With Respect to the Crime
of Genocide, Crimes Against Humanity and War Crimes, 233, ix. sqolio 46). garda amisa,
aRsaniSnavia, rom am 3 saxelmwifodan erT-erTma, kerZod samxreT afrikam,
mTavrobis Secvlis Semdeg mxari dauWira misi qveSevrdomebis mimarT aSS-is mier
universaluri samoqalaqo iurisdiqciis gavrcelebas (ix. Roberts A., The ATS and TVPA in
Comparative Perspective, 9, ix sqolio 67).
81
Akehurst M., Jurisdiction in International Law, 46 British Yearbook of International Law 145, 1972‐1973,
176 (gadmotvirTulia HeinOnline‐is monacemTa bazidan).
30
avtomaturi gamoyeneba samoqalaqo samarTalSi. 82 amis safuZvelze
keTdeba daskvna, rom ar SeiZleba universaluri sisxlis-
samarTlebrivi iurisdiqciis wesebis meqanikurad gavrceleba
universalur samoqalaqosamarTlebriv iurisdiqciaze da rom,
Sesabamisad, sanam saerTaSoriso Tanamegobroba pirdapir da
calsaxad dasaSvebad ar aRiarebs universalur samoqalaqo-
samarTlebriv iurisdiqcias, manamde arasworia, universaluri
sisxlissamarTlebrivi iurisdiqciidan gamomdinare, adamianis
uflebebis mZime darRvevebze universaluri samoqalaqosamarTlebrivi
iurisdiqciis dasaSvebad aRiareba. 83
82
Mora P.D., The Legality of Civil Jurisdiction over Torture under the Universal Principle, 397, ix. sqolio
80.
83
iqve, 367, 403.
84
Brownlie I., Principles of Public International Law, 6th Edition (New York: Oxford University Press, 2003),
297.
85
Bowett D., Jurisdiction: Changing Patterns of Authority over Activities and Resources, 53 British Yearbook
of International Law 1, 1983, 2, 4 (ix. Parlett K., Universal Civil Jurisdiction for Torture, 12 European Human
Rights Law Review 385, 2007, 386).
31
daniSnuleba. 86 garda amisa, mxedvelobaSia misaRebi, rom
sisxlissamarTlebrivi pasuxismgebloba gacilebiT ufro mkacri
formaa pasuxismgeblobisa, vidre samoqalaqo pasuxismgebloba.
Sesabamisad, Tu saxelwmifo uflebamosilia da garkveul SemTxvevaSi
valdebulicaa 87 daakisros pirs sisxlissamarTlebrivi
pasuxismgebloba, unda CaiTvalos, rom is uflebamosilia daakisros
pirs pasuxismgeblobis ufro msubuqi formac, vinaidan, zogadi
principis Tanaxmad, `metis SemZle naklebsac SeZlebs (qui peut les plus,
peut les moins).~ 88
86
Stephens B., Translating Filartiga: A Comparative and International Law Analysis of Domestic Remedies for
International Human Rights Violations , 41‐42, ix. sqolio 71.
87
mag. ix., wamebis akrZalvis Sesaxeb 1984 konvenciis me-4, me-5 muxlebi da me-7
muxlebi; mZevlebis ayvanis winaaRmdeg 1979 wlis konvenciis me-2, me-5 da me-8
muxlebi; yvela pirTa iZulebiT gauCinarebisgan dacvis 2006 wlis konvenciis me-4,
me-9 da me-11 muxlebi. ix. agreTve marTlmsajulebis saerTaSoriso sasamarTlos
gadawyvetileba saqmeze _ Questions Relating to the Obligation to Prosecute or Extradite (Belgium v.
Senegal), ICJ, 2012, Par. 92‐93. gadawyvetilebis teqsti xelmisawvdomia marTlmsajulebis
saerTaSoriso sasamarTlos vebgverdze: http://www.icj‐cij.org/docket/files/144/17064.pdf
88
Ryngaert C., Universal Tort Jurisdiction over Gross Human Rights Violations, 26, ix. sqolio 58;
gansxvavebuli azrisTvis ix. Bradley C.A., Universal Jurisdiction and U.S. Law, The University of
Chicago Legal Forum 323, 2001, 341‐350 (gadmotvirTulia HeinOnline‐is monacemTa bazidan).
89
McGregor L., Need to Resolve the Paradoxes of the Civil Dimension of Universal Jurisdiction, 99 American
Society of International Law Proceedings 125, 2005, 126 (gadmotvirTulia HeinOnline‐is monacemTa
bazidan).
32
saxelmwifoebisa da saerTaSoriso Tanamegobrobis efeqturoba
adamianis uflebebis mZime darRvevebis winaaRmdeg brZolaSi da
samarTlianobis aRdgenaSi. 90 universaluri sisxlissamarTlebrivi
iurisdiqcia warmoadgens efeqtur meqanizms am miznis misaRwevad
imdenad, ramdenadac arTmevs adamianis uflebebis mZime darRvevebis
Camden pirebs `usafrTxo navsayudels~ 91 da uzrunvelyofs, rom isini
ar darCnen dausjelni. 92
90
Inazumi M., Universal Jurisdiction in Modern International Law: Expansion of National Jurisdiction for
Prosecuting Serious Crimes under International Law (Antwerpen/Oxford: Intersentia, 2005), 1‐3.
91
Orentlicher D.F., Universal Jurisdiction: A Pragmatic Strategy in Pursuit of a Moralist’s Vision, 145 (ix.
statiaTa krebuli Sadat L.N., Scharf M.P. (Eds.), The Theory and Practice of International Criminal
Law, Essays in Honor of M. Cherif Bassiouni (Leiden: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 2008)); Brown B.S.,
Research Handbook on International Criminal Law (Cheltenham/Northampton: Edward Elgar Publishing
Limited, 2011), 368.
92
Mendes E.P., Peace and Justice at the International Criminal Court, A Court of Last Resort
(Cheltenham/Northampton: Edward Elgar Publishing Limited, 2010), 154.
93
Foreword by Robinson M., United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, to the Princeton
Principles on Universal Jurisdiction, 16‐17, ix. sqolio 58. zogadad, universaluri samoqalaqo
iurisdiqciis mniSvnelobis Sesaxeb ix. Van Schaack B., In Defence of Civil Redress: The Domestic
Enforcement of Human Rights Norms in the Context of the Proposed Hague Judgments Convention, 156-165,
ix. sqolio 67.
94
Murphy J.F., Civil Liability for the Commission of International Crimes as an Alternative to Criminal
Prosecution, 12 Harvard Human Rights Journal 1, 1999, 47‐53 (gadmotvirTulia LexisNexis‐is
monacemTa bazidan).
95
Brownlie I., Principles of Public International Law, 298, ix. sqolio 84. gansxvavebuli mosazreba
ix. Bradley C.A., Universal Jurisdiction and U.S. Law, ix. sqolio 88.
96
Sosa v. Alvarez‐Machain, Separate Opinion of Justice Breyer, US, Supreme Court, 2004 (127 ILR 691, 816).
33
im faqtorebidan, romlebic universaluri samoqalaqo-
samarTlebrivi iurisdiqciis dasaSvebobaze miuTiTeben, gamonaklss
warmoadgens is garemoeba, rom ar arsebobs saerTaSoriso
xelSekruleba an Cveuleba, romelic calsaxad da araorazrovnad
universaluri samoqalaqosamarTlebrivi iurisdiqciis dasaSvebobas
aRiarebs. am garemoebam SeiZleba gvibiZgos iseTi daskvnisken, rom
saerTaSoriso Tanamegobroba ewinaaRmdegeba universaluri
samoqalaqosamarTlebrivi iurisdiqciis ideas da swored amitom ar
ganamtkicebs mas saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebebsa Tu CveulebebSi.
magram, sinamdvileSi, arsebul viTarebas SeiZleba sxva axsnac
moeZebnos.
34
rac, Tavis mxriv, ganapirobebs imas, rom saerTaSoriso samarTalSi
dRemde ar Camoyalibebula saerTaSoriso Cveuleba, romelic
erTmniSvnelovnad migviTiTebda universaluri samoqalaqo-
samarTlebrivi iurisdiqciis dasaSvebobaze.
3. daskvna
35
daasabuTebda, rom Tanamedrove saerTaSoriso samarTliT
saxelmwifoebs ekrZalebaT universalur iurisdiqciaze dayrdnobiT
gadawyviton adamianis uflebebis mZime darRvevebidan gamomdinare
samoqalaqo davebi.
36
Tavi III. saxelmwifos suverenuli qmedebis koncefciaze dafuZnebuli
argumenti. adamianis uflebebis dacvis sasargeblod ganviTarebuli
tendenciebi da imunitetis principi.
1. Sesavali
101
Fagan A., Human Rights: Confronting Myths and Misunderstandings (Cheltenham: Edward Elgar
Publishing Limited, 2009), 7.
102
Freeman M., Human Rights: An Interdisciplinary Approach, Second Edition (Cambridge: Polity Press,
2011), 41.
103
Vienna Declaration and the Program of Action, Adopted by the World Conference on Human Rights, UN
Doc. A/Conf.157/23/1993 (ix. Doebbler C.F., International Human Rights Law: Cases and Materials, Vol. I
(Washington: CDP Publishing, 2004), 127‐131).
104
Joyner C.C., International Law in the 21st Century: Rules for Global Governance (Lanham/Boulder/New
York/Toronto/Oxford: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc., 2005), 70.
37
saerTaSoriso Tanamegobrobas mieca adamianis uflebebis mZime
darRvevebze reagirebis uflebamosileba. 105
105
The Protection of Human Rights and the Principle of Non‐Intervention in Internal Affairs of States’,
Institut de Droit International Annuaire, 63, 1989, 338 (ix. De Schutter O., International Human Rights Law:
Cases, Materials, Commentary (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2010), 92‐93).
106
Clunan A.L., Redefining Sovereignty: Humanitarianism’s Challenge to Sovereign Immunity 21 (ix.
statiaTa krebuli Shawki N., Cox M., Negotiating Sovereignty and Human Rights: Actors and Issues in
Contemporary Human Politics (Hampshire: Ashgate, 2009)).
107
xuciSvili q., suverenuli imunitetis dacvam unda gadawonos Tu ara adamianebis
dacva uflebaTa masobrivi darRvevebisgan? saerTaSoriso samarTlis Jurnali #1,
2008, 50.
108
Belsky A.C., Merva M. and Roht‐Arriaza N., Implied Waiver Under the FSIA: a Proposed Exception to
Immunity for Violations of Peremptory Norms of International Law, 77 California Law Review 365, 1989
(gadmotvirTulia HeinOnline‐is monacemTa bazidan); De Wet E., The Prohibition of Torture as an
International Norm of Jus Cogens and Its Implications for National and Customary Law, 15 European Journal
of International Law 97, 2004; Grover S. C., The European Court of Human Rights as a Pathway to Impunity
for International Crimes (Heidelberg/Dordrecht/London/New York: Springer, 2010), 28‐30.
109
ix. naSromis III Tavis me-2.2 qveTavi.
38
moiazreba. 110 am samarTlebriv konstruqciaze dayrdnobiT, argumentis
momxreebi amtkiceben, rom Tanamedrove saerTaSoriso samarTali, ar
ganixilavs ra adamianis uflebebis mZime darRvevebs saxelmwifos
suverenul qmedebebad, ar avrcelebs saxelmwifoze am darRvevebTan
dakavSirebiT imunitetis principis moqmedebas da, Sesabamisad,
dasaSvebad cnobs, rom erTma saxelmwifom ganixilos meore
saxelmwifos winaaRmdeg am darRvevebiT gamowveuli zianis
anazRaurebis moTxovniT wardgenili samoqalaqo sarCelebi. 111
39
mtkiceba, rom saxelmwifoebs SeiZleba ar mieniWoT imuniteti ucxo
saxelmwifoTa iurisdiqciisgan? mocemuli sakiTxi warmoadgens
naSromis winamdebare nawilis farglebSi Seswavlis ZiriTad
obieqts. am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT naSromSi gakeTebuli daskvnebis
gasamyareblad amave nawilSi ganixileba adgilsamyofeli
saxelmwifos teritoriaze ucxo saxelmwifos mier adamianis
uflebebis mZime darRvevis faqtebTan dakavSirebiT imunitetis
principis moqmedebis sakiTxi; aSS-is antiteroristuli da sikvdiliT
dasjis aqtisa da saxelmwifo imunitetis urTierTmimarTebis
sakiTxi; da bolos, adamianis uflebebis mZime darRvevebisTvis
saxelmwifos pasuxismgeblobisa da oficialuri piris
individualuri pasuxismgeblobis urTierTmimarTebis sakiTxi.
2.1 Sesavali
40
zemoaRniSnul saqmeze sarCeli waradgina sidermanebis ojaxma.
mosarCeleebi amtkicebdnen, rom 1976 wels argentinaSi
gadatrialebis Sedegad xelisuflebaSi mosulma samxedro pirebma
gaitaces da awames batoni sidermani, ris Semdegac is da misi
meuRle iZulebulebi gaxdnen, daetovebinaT argentina da
gadasaxlebuliyvnen Tavis qaliSvilTan aSS-Si. 114
114
Siderman de Blake v. Republic of Argentina, 455, ix. sqolio 51.
115
iqve.
116
iqve, 456.
117
iqve.
118
iqve, 474.
119
iqve, 456, 474.
120
ufro zustad, Tavdapirvelad pirveli instanciis sasamarTlom daakmayofila
mosarCelis mier wamebasTan dakavSirebiT wardgenili samarTlebrivi moTxovnebi,
Tumca mas Semdeg, rac argentinam ganacxada, rom mocemul saqmeze is sargeblobda
imunitetiT da, aqedan gamomdinare, aSS-is ar hqonda iurisdiqcia, ganexila sarCeli
da gamoetana mis winaaRmdeg gadawyvetileba, sasamarTlom gaauqma Tavdapirveli
gadawyvetileba da mianiWa argentinas imuniteti (Siderman de Blake v. Republic of Argentina,
456, ix. sqolio 51).
41
gansxvavdeba jus dispositivum-is darRvevebisgan.~ 121 amavdroulad,
sasamarTlom e.w. ucxo saxelmwifos suverenuli imunitetebis Sesaxeb
1976 wlis aqtis (Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act 1976, SemdgomSi _ aSS-is
1976 wlis aqti) 122 safuZvelze mainc mianiWa argentinas imuniteti
mosarCelisTvis wamebis Sedegad miyenebuli zianis anazRaurebis
sasarCelo moTxovnasTan dakavSirebiT. 123
121
Siderman de Blake v. Republic of Argentina, 474-475, ix. sqolio 51.
122
28 US Code §§ 1330, 1391 (f), 1441 (d), 1602‐1611 (aRniSnuli aqtis teqsti da komentarebi
xelmisawvdomia krebulSi: Dickinson A., Lindsay R., Loonam J.P. (Eds.), State Immunity, Selected
Materials and Commentary (Oxford University Press: New York, 2004), 217‐327).
123
Siderman de Blake v. Republic of Argentina, 469-480, ix. sqolio 51.
124
Amerada Hess Shipping Corporation v. Argentine Republic United Carriers Inc v. Argentine Republic, US,
Court of Appeals, Second Circuit, 1986 (79 ILR 1).
125
Tu ra SemTxvevaSi aniWebs 1976 wlis aqti aSS-is sasamarTloebs
uflebamosilebas, ganixilon ucxo saxelmwifos wardgenili sarCelebi, ix. aqtis
me-1605 muxli. aqtis teqsti da komentarebi xelmisawvdomia krebulSi: Dickinson A.,
Lindsay R., Loonam J.P. (Eds.), Immunity, Selected Materials and Commentary, 246‐288, ix. sqolio 122.
126
Siderman de Blake v. Republic of Argentina, 475, ix. sqolio 51.
127
iqve, 474.
42
mocemul saqmeze samoqalaqo sarCeli germaniis federaciuli
respublikis winaaRmdeg wardgenil iqna germaniis faSisturi reJimis
sakoncentracio banakebis yofili patimris mier. 128 uSualod
germaniis mTavrobisTvis mimarTvisa da diplomatiuri Carevis
araerTi warumatebeli mcdelobis Semdeg mosarCelem, im droisTvis
ukve aSS-is moqalaqem, gadawyvita miemarTa aSS-is sasamarTlosTvis
da misi meSveobiT mieRo kompensacia im zianisTvis, romelic mas
meore msoflio omis dros sakoncentracio banakebSi araadamianuri
mopyrobisa da iZulebiTi Sromis Sedegad miadga. 129
43
qmedebebs ar miecema suverenuli qmedebebis kvalifikacia da rom,
Sesabamisad, am darRvevebTan mimarTebiT masze ar gavrceldeba
imuniteti sxva saxelmwifoTa sasamarTloebSi. 133 mosamarTlis azriT,
`germaniam uari ganacxada Tavis suverenul imunitetze, roca
daarRvia monobisa da genocidis amkrZalavi saerTaSoriso jus cogens
normebi. jus cogens norma, romelsac aseve uwodeben saerTaSoriso
samarTlis imperatiul normas, miRebulia da aRiarebulia
saxelmwifoTa saerTaSoriso Tanamegobrobis mier rogorc norma,
romlidanac gadaxveva dauSvebelia ...~ 134 mosamarTlis SexedulebiT,
`rodesac saxelmwifo cxvirs hyofs msgavs [jus cogens] normaSi~,
dauSvebelia, rom misi qmedebebi, romelTa ganxorcielebisas is
`winaaRmdegobaSi modis mTeli saerTaSoriso Tanamegobrobis
koleqtiur nebasTan~, CaiTvalos saxelmwifos suverenul qmedebebad
da, Sesabamisad, am qmedebebTan mimarTebiT saxelmwifos mieniWos
imuniteti ucxo saxelmwifos iurisdiqciisgan. 135
44
arRvevs jus cogens normas, mas ar SeuZlia, bona fide hqondes molodini,
rom is isargeblebs imunitetis privilegiiT,~ 138 vinaidan, rogorc
sasamarTlom CaTvala, germaniam, Caidina ra sofel distomos
mosaxleobis winaaRmdeg saerTaSoriso danaSaulebrivi qmedeba, amiT
iribad uari Tqva imunitetze, …radgan, sasamarTlos azriT,
`saxelmwifos qmedebebi, romlebic arRveven jus cogens normas, ar
atarebs suverenuli qmedebebis xasiaTs.~ 139
45
argumentis irgvliv arsebul yvelaze mniSvnelovan gadawyvetilebaTa
birTvs. am gadawyvetilebebma didi vnebaTa Relva gamoiwvia, romelic
ukve wlebia ar cxreba. es didi interesi metyvelebs imaze, rom
argumenti sakmaod sadaoa da analizs saWiroebs, rasac naSromis
momdevno nawili eTmoba.
46
iseTi xelSekrulebebis dadeba, romlebic Sinaarsobrivad
warmoadgens `gadaxvevas~ aRniSnuli normebis moTxovnebidan. 142
142
ix. venis 1969 wlis konvenciis 53-e muxli. konvenciis teqsti xelmisawvdomia
gaeros xelSekrulebebis eleqtronul bazaSi: http://treaties.un.org
143
Zemanek K., The Metamorphosis of Jus Cogens: From an Institution of Treaty Law to the Bedrock of the
International Legal Order? 391‐398 (ix. statiaTa krebuli Cannizzaro E. (Ed.), The Law of Treaties:
Beyond the Vienna Convention (New York: Oxford University Press, 2011)).
144
mag., saerTaSoriso aramarTlzomieri qmedebebisTvis saxelmwifoTa
pasuxismgeblobis Sesaxeb muxlebis proeqti iTvaliswinebs imperatiul normebis
darRvevis SesaZleblobas (ix. Crawford J., The International Law Commission’s Articles on State
Responsibility: Introduction, Text and Commentaries (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002), 245‐
253).
47
miuxedavad imisa, rom SezRuduli saxelmwifo imunitetis
doqtrinis farglebSi yvela zemoT miTiTebul formulirebas aqvs
urTierTCanacvlebadi mniSvneloba, gansaxilveli argumenti
yuradRebas amaxvilebs mxolod erT-erT maTganze _ suverenul
qmedebaze da yvela sxva formulirebas mis rakursSi ganmartavs. es
midgoma problemebs qmnis Tavad cnebis _ suverenitetis _
araerTgvarovani ganmartebis gamo. rogorc kroufordi wers, `cnebas
`suvereniteti~ aqvs grZeli da problemuri istoria da
mravalferovani mniSvnelobebi.~ 145 suverenitetis ganmartebebis
mravalferovneba maTi aRrevis risks Seicavs, ris naTel magaliTsac
gansaxilveli argumenti warmoadgens.
48
saTanado yuradReba suverenuli qmedebis koncefciaze dafuZnebuli
argumentis Sefasebisas. kerZod, unda gaTvaliswinebul iqnes, rom
suverenitetis am sxvadasxva aspeqtebs ara aqvT ekvivalenturi
mniSvneloba imunitetis principisTvis da rom am aspeqtebis
erTmaneTSi aRrevis Sedegad SeiZleba gakeTdes araswori daskvnebi
imunitetis principis moqmedebasTan dakavSirebiT.
49
mxriv, dagvexmareba gansaxilvel argumentTan dakavSirebiT
daskvnebis gakeTebaSi.
152
Snow D. M., Drew D. M., From Lexington to Baghdad and Beyond: War and Politics in the American
Experience (New York: M.E. Sharpe, 2009), 4.
153
suverenitetis Sida aspeqts arbitraJis mudmivi palatis mosamarTle huberi
saqmeze _ Island of Palmas _ ganmartavs rogorc `dedamiwis gansazRvrul monakveTSi
[sakuTar teritoriaze] saxelmwifos uflebas, sxva saxelmwifoebisgan
damoukideblad, Seasrulos saxelmwifoebrivi funqciebi~ Island of Palmas Case, PCA, 1928
(ix. Anand R.P., Sovereign Equality of States in International Law, 27, ix. sqolio 149)). rac Seexeba
gare suverenitetis pirvel aspeqts, is gulisxmobs, rom `saerTaSoriso sferoSi
yvela saxelmwifo ganixileba rogorc damoukidebeli suvereni, yvela sxva
saxelmwifosTan mimarTebiT Tanabari suverenitetis mflobeli~ (ix. International
Association of Machinists and Aerospace Workers v. Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries et al.,
US, Court of Appeals, Ninth Circuit, 1981 (66 ILR 413, 416)).
154
rogorc inglisis saapelacio sasamarTlos mosamarTle eSerma (Esher LJ) saqmeze _
Parlement Belge _ ganacxada: `suverenebis amoReba [ucxo saxelmwifos] sasamarTlo
iurisdiqciidan aixsneba imiT, rom am iurisdiqciis ganxorcieleba SeuTavsebeli
iqneboda ... mis srul damoukideblobasTan yvela sxva zemdgomi xelisuflebisgan~
(ix. (1880) LR 5 PD 197, 207 (mosamarTlis citirebas axdens indoeTis uzenaesi
sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebaSi saqmeze _ Harbhajan Singh Dhalla v. Union of India, India,
Supreme Court, 1986 (92 ILR 530, 534)).
155
Van Alebeek R., The Immunity of States and Their Officials in International Criminal Law and International
Human Rights Law (New York: Oxford University Press, 2008), 67.
50
imdenad, ramdenadac imunitetis principi warmoadgens
suverenitetis Sida aspeqtisa da gare suverenitetis pirveli
aspeqtis uSualo gamovlinebas, imunitetis principis farglebSi
dacul suverenul qmedebebSic unda moviazroT sxva araferi Tu ara
suverenuli qmedebebi suverenitetis am ori aspeqtis gagebiT.
156
Jackson R., Sovereignty: Evolution of an Idea, 104, ix. sqolio 147.
157
Oppenheim L.F.L. (Author), Roxburgh R. (Ed.), International Law: A Treatise, Vol. 1, Third Edition (Clark:
The Lawbook Exchange, LTD, 2006), 207.
158
Krasner S.D., Power, the State, and the Sovereignty: Essays on International Relations (New York:
Routledge, 2009), 179‐180.
159
Bankas E. K., The State Immunity Controversy in International Law, Private Suits Against Foreign States in
Domestic Courts , 33, ix. sqolio 11.
160
Kelsen H., Principles of International Law (Clark: The Lawbook Exchange, LTD, 2003), 106.
161
rogorc aranjo-ruisi wers: `imdenad, ramdenadac saxelmwifoebi ar warmoagenen
saerTaSoriso samarTlis qmnilebebs, maT suvereniteti ar eniWebaT saerTaSoriso
samarTlidan gamomdinare.~ (ix. Arangio‐Ruiz G., The UN Declaration on Friendly Relations and the
System of Sources of International Law (Alphen aan den Rijn: Sijthoff & Noordhoff, 1979), 271). Sida
suverenitetisa da gare suverenitetis pirveli aspeqtis konteqstSi gakeTebuli es
remarka naTelyofs, rom suverenitetis moculoba ar ganisazRvreba saerTaSoriso
samarTliT da Sesabamisad, saxelmwifos qmedebis suverenulad an arasuverenulad
kvalificireba ar aris damokidebuli saerTaSoriso samarTalze.
51
uzrunvelyofilia saxelmwifos iZulebiTi aparatiT, 162 ganurCevlad
imisa, kanonieria Tu ara aRniSnuli qmedebebi. 163
162
Badr G.M., State Immunity: An Analytical and Prognostic View Rights (Hague/Boston/Lancaster: Martinus
Nijhoff Publishers, 1984), 65.
163
amis sademonstraciod SeiZleba moyvanil iqnes aSS-is uzenaesi sasamarTlos
gadawyvetileba saqmeze _ Saudi Arabia and Others v. Nelson _ romelzec ganixileboda
sakiTxi imis Sesaxeb, warmoadgenen Tu ara saudis arabeTis sapolicio Zalebis
mier sakuTar teritoriaze ganxorcielebuli wamebisa da ukanono dakavebis
faqtebi suverenul qmedebebs da sargeblobs Tu ara am qmedebebTan mimarTebiT
saudis arabeTi imunitetiT aSS-is iurisdiqciisgan. aSS-is sasamarTlom aRniSnul
sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT ganacxada, rom ramdenad borotadac ar unda iyos
gamoyenebuli `ucxo saxelmwifos sapolicio Zalebis mier Zalaufleba,
SezRuduli saxelmwifo imunitetis doqtrinis TvalsazrisiT, es yovelTvis iqneba
suverenuli qmedeba.~(ix. Saudi Arabia and Others v. Nelson, US, Supreme Court, 1993 (100 ILR 544,
545, 553). sxva sityvebiT, saxelisuflebo uflebamosilebebis borotad gamoyeneba
`TavisTavad ar aqcevs suverenul qmedebebs~ arasuverenul qmedebebad (ix. Giegerich
T., Do Damages Claims Arising from Jus Cogens Violations Override State Immunity from the Jurisdiction of
Foreign Courts, 224 (ix. statiaTa krebuli: Tomuschat C., Thouvenin J.M. (Eds.), The Fundamental
Rules of International Legal Order, Jus Cogens and Obligations Erga Omnes, (Leiden/Boston: Martinus Nijhoff
Publishers , 2006)).
164
ix. sqolio 161.
165
ase, mag., marTlmsajulebis saerTaSoriso sasamarTlom saqmeze, romelzec
ganixileboda meore msoflio omis dros adamianis uflebebis mZime darRvevis
faqtebTan dakavSirebiT italiis mier germaniisTvis imunitetis miniWebaze uaris
Tqmis kanonierebis sakiTxi, ganacxada, rom saxelmwifos saxelisuflebo qmedebebSi
ar igulisxmeba mxolod kanonieri qmedebebi (ix. Jurisdictional Immunities of the State
(Germany v. Italy), Par.60, ix. sqolio 21). metic, sasamarTlom miuTiTa, rom imunitetis
miniWeba damokidebuli rom yofiliyo qmedebis kanonierebasa da simZimeze, maSin
Seiqmneboda `logikuri problema~ (iqve, Par. 82). rogorc sasamarTlom axsna,
`imuniteti iurisdiqciisgan es aris ara mxolod … gadawyvetilebisgan, aramed
sasamarTlo procesisgan damcavi imuniteti ... Sesabamisad, erovnul sasamarTlos
sakiTxi, sargeblobs Tu ara ucxo saxelmwifo ... imunitetiT, unda SeeZlos
gadawyvitos uSualod saqmis garemoebebis mosmenamde da faqtebis dadgenamde. Tu
imunitetis miniWebis sakiTxis gadawyveta damokidebuli iqneboda imaze, Caidina Tu
ara saxelmwifom adamianis uflebaTa saerTaSoriso samarTlis Tu samxedro
konfliqtebis samarTlis seriozuli darRvevebi, maSin erovnul sasamarTlos
mouxdeboda gamoeZiebina saqmis garemoebebi imis dasadgenad, gaaCnia Tu ara mas
iurisdiqcia. Tu ... ubralo braldeba iqneboda sakmarisi imisTvis, raTa
52
im faqtze, rom imunitetis principiT dacul suverenul
qmedebebs ar gaaCniaT araviTari samarTlebrivi sarCuli, metyvelebs
kidev erTi faqtori. saqme imaSia, rom nebismier SemTxvevaSi, rodesac
saxelmwifoebi moqmedeben rogorc saxelisuflebo uflebamosilebis
matarebeli subieqtebi, ganurCevlad imisa, moqmedeben isini
saerTaSoriso samarTlis normebis dacviT Tu ugulvebelyofiT,
isini `udavod, arian erTmaneTis Tanasworni.~ 166 saxelmwifoTa
Tanasworoba ki, Tavis mxriv, gulisxmobs maT daculobas, sxva
sityvebiT, maT imunitets erTmaneTis iurisdiqciisgan, vinaidan
samarTlis zogadi principis Tanaxmad, Tanaswori Tanasworze
iurisdiqcias ar flobs _ par in parem non habet imperium. 167 Sesabamisad,
maSinac ki, rodesac saxelmwifo, rogorc sajaro piri, uxeSad
arRvevs saerTaSoriso samarTals, misi qmedebebi mainc unda
CaiTvalos imunitetis principis TvalsazrisiT suverenul qmedebebad
da Tanasworobis principidan gamomdinare, am qmedebebTan
dakavSirebiT saxelmwifos unda mieniWos imuniteti ucxo
saxelmwifoTa iurisdiqciisgan. swored amis gaTvaliswinebiT wers
gamal badri, rom testi, romelic gamoiyeneba imunitetis
miznebisTvis saxelmwifos suverenuli da arasuverenuli qmedebebis
gasamijnad, aris `faqtobrivi da ara iuridiuli testi~, 168 rac
miuTiTebs imaze, rom imunitetis principis miznebisTvis saxelmwifos
saxelmwifos CamorTmeoda imunitetis moTxovnis ufleba, maSin imuniteti
praqtikulad iqneboda uaryofili ...~ (iqve, Par. 82).
166
Badr G.M., 89, ix. sqolio 162.
167
sxva saqmea, rodesac saxelmwifo konkretul samarTalurTierTobaSi
monawileobs ara rogorc saxelisuflebo uflebamosilebis matarebeli subieqti,
aramed rogorc kerZo piri. saxelmwifos am orgvarovan bunebasa (rogorc
saxelisuflebo uflebamosilebis matarebeli subieqtisa da kerZo piris) da
masTan dakavSirebul samarTlebriv Sedegebs kargad ganmartavs italiis sakasacio
sasamarTlo saqmeze _ Government of Bolivia v. Italian Association for Aeronautical Exports. kerZod,
sasamarTlo acxadebs: `saxelmwifos aqvs erTi samarTalsubieqtoba, magram ori
ipostasi: erTi ukavSirdeba sajaro samarTals, xolo meore _ kerZo samarTals.
sxvadasxva Sedegi dgeba, gamomdinare iqidan, Tu romeli maTganis mixedviT
moqmedebs saxelmwifo _ kerZo Tu sajaro samarTlis mixedviT. Tu saxelmwifo
moqmedebs suverenuli uflebamosilebis farglebSi da moqmedebs Tavisi amocanebis
realizebisa da socialuri funqciebis Sesrulebis mizniT, is ar eqvemdebareba
Cveulebrivi sasamarTlos iurisdiqcias, magram, Tu saxelmwifo moqmedebs
qonebrivi urTierTobebis sferoSi da Sedis ekonomikur garigebebSi sxva pirebTan,
rogorc kerZo piri, maSin is ... yovelgvari privilegiebis gareSe xelSekrulebis
meore mxaris Tanasworia ...; Tu saxelmwifo moqmedebs sajaro samarTlis sferoSi
da axorcielebs suverenul uflebamosilebas, maSin italiis sasamarTlo
iurisdiqciis gavrceleba Selaxavda mis suverenul uflebamosilebas. aqedan
gamomdinare, moqmedebs principi: par in parem non habet imperium; da piriqiT, _ Tu
saxelmwifo daamyarebs kerZosamarTlebriv urTierTobebs, man SeiZleba,
waradginos, an mis winaaRmdeg waradginon sarCeli da mis mimarT iqneba iseTive
damokidebuleba, rogoric ucxoeli moqalaqis mimarT.~ (ix. Government of Bolivia v.
Italian Association for Aeronautical Exports, Italy, Court of Cassation (United Sections), 1948 (15 ILR 133,
136)).
168
Badr G.M., 64, ix. sqolio 162.
53
qmedebis suverenulad kvalifikaciisTvis araviTari yuradReba ar
eqceva am qmedebis marTlzomierebas.
169
ix. sqolio 149.
170
iqve.
171
aRniSnul sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT samecniero literaturaSi mag., ix. Alexidze L.,
Legal Nature of Jus Cogens in Contemporary International Law, Recueil des Cours, Volume 172, 1981, 243-
258; Turpel M.E., Sands P., Peremptory International Law and Sovereignty: Some Questions, 3 Connecticut
Journal International Law 364, 1988, 365. Danilenko G., Law‐Making in the International Community
(Dordrecht: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 1993), 223; Nieto‐Navia R., International Peremptory Norms (Jus
Cogens) and International Humanitarian Law, 613 (ix. statiaTa krebuli Vohrah L.C., Pocar F.,
Featherstone Y., Fourmy O., Graham C., Hocking J. and Robson N., Man’s Inhumanity to Men, Essays on
International Law in Honor of Antonio Cassese (Hague: Kluwer Law International, 2003)).
54
gadauxvion am normebis Sinaars. 172 aRniSnul normebs Soris erT-
erTi yvelaze didi xvedriTi wili im saerTaSoriso normebze modis,
romlebic adamianis uflebebsa da Tavisuflebebs ganamtkiceben. 173
172
ix. venis 1969 wlis konvenciis 53-e muxli. ix. sqolio 142.
173
Parlett K., The Individual in the International Legal System: Continuity and Change in International Law,
326, ix. sqolio 85.
174
ix. sqolio 149.
55
saerTaSoriso samarTlis `mudmivad cvalebadi~ 175 urTierTmimarTeba
asaxvas ar poulobs saxelmwifoebis urTierTmimarTebaSi.
Sesabamisad, rogorc ar unda eqvemdebarebodes da izRudebodes
saxelmwifo saerTaSoriso samarTliT, es mainc gavlenas ver
moaxdens saxelmwifoTa damoukideblobaze erTmaneTTan
urTierTobaSi. es garemoeba kargad aris asaxuli saerTaSoriso
samarTlis definiciaSi, romelic mocemulia saerTaSoriso
marTlmsajulebis mudmivi palatis gadawyvetilebaSi saqmeze _ The
Case of the S.S. Lotus, France v. Turkey, romelSic saerTaSoriso samarTali
ganmartebulia rogorc `saxelmwifoebis mboWavi wesebi ... romlebic
aregulireben ... damoukidebel saxelmwifoebs Soris urTierTobebs
...~ 176 saerTaSoriso samarTlis es ganmarteba naTelyofs, rom
saxelmwifosa da saerTaSoriso samarTlis urTierTmimarTeba da
Tavad saxelmwifoebis urTierTmimarTeba sul sxvadasxva sakiTxebia
da rom saxelmwifoTa boWva saerTaSoriso samarTliT, ar
gulisxmobs saxelmwifoTa daqvemdebarebas erTmaneTisadmi, maT
Soris, erTmaneTis iurisdiqciisadmi.
56
aspeqtis TvalsazrisiTac; sxva sityvebiT, suverenitetis im
aspeqtebis TvalsazrisiT, romlebic gansazRvraven imunitetis
principis Sinaars.
2.4 daskvna
57
swored imis xarjze, rom saxelmwifo sakuTar teritoriaze
warmoadgens uzenaes xelisufals da saerTaSoriso asparezze yvela
saxelmwifos Tanaswor subieqts, is sakuTar saxelisuflebo
qmedebebTan dakavSirebiT sargeblobs damoukideblobiT, anu
imunitetiT ucxo saxelmwifoTa iurisdiqciisgan.
58
aspeqtis SezRudvis fonze Cndeba naSromis mocemul nawilSi
ganxiluli argumenti, romlis mixedviTac, adamianis uflebebis mZime
darRvevebi ar warmoadgenen saxelmwifos suverenul qmedebebs da
rom, Sesabamisad, am qmedebebTan mimarTebiT saxelmwifos ar SeiZleba
mieniWos imunitetis ucxo saxelmwifoTa iurisdiqciisgan.
59
3. adamianis uflebebis dacvis sasargeblod ganviTarebuli
tendenciebi da imunitetis principi
3.1 Sesavali
60
farglebSi adamianis uflebebis mZime darRvevebi ar ganixileba
saxelmwifos suverenul qmedebebad da rom, Sesabamisad, SesaZlebeli
xdeba am darRvevebTan dakavSirebiT erT saxelmwifoze meore
saxelmwifos iurisdiqciis gavrceleba, maSinac ki, Tu es darRvevebi
saxelmwifom sakuTar teritoriaze an saerTaSoriso SeiaraRebuli
konfliqtis dros adgilsamyofeli saxelmwifos teritoriaze
ganaxorciela.
61
178
Letelier v. Republic of Chile, US, District Court, District of Columbia, 1980 (63 ILR 378).
179
iqve, 379.
180
iqve.
181
iqve.
182
aRniSnuli muxlis mixedviT, ucxo saxelmwifo ar sargeblobs imunitetiT aSS-is
sasamarTlo iurisdiqciisgan im SemTxvevaSi, Tu sarCeli Seexeba zians, romelic
dadga aSS-is teritoriaze da romelic gamowveulia saxelmwifos, misi
oficialuri piris an saxelmwifos mier daqiravebuli piris moqmedebiT an
umoqmedobiT. es muxli iTvaliswinebs or gamonakliss: saxelmwifo imuniteti
vrceldeba ucxo saxelmwifos mier aSS-is teritoriaze ganxorcielebul im
qmedebebTan dakavSirebiT, romlebic: 1) Sesrulebulia am saxelmwifos
diskreciuli uflebamosilebis farglebSi, im SemTxvevaSic ki, Tu es diskreciuli
uflebamosileba borotad iqna gamoyenebuli ucxo saxelmwifos mier; an 2)
gamowveulia ukanono sisxlissamarTlebrivi devnis, procesualuri darRvevebis,
cru informaciis gavrcelebis, motyuebis an saxelSekrulebo uflebebSi Carevis
62
miniWebaze. 183 sakuTari gadawyvetilebis dasabuTebaSi sasamarTlom
miuTiTa: `naTelia, rom gadawyvetileba, romelic miznad isaxavs
garkveuli piris an pirebisTvis zianis miyenebas an maT sikvdils, ...
rogorc wesi, politikuri msjelobis an gadawyvetilebis sagania da
aqedan gamomdinare, amoRebulia [aSS-is sasamarTlo iurisdiqciidan],
Tumca aseTi gamonaklisi ar gamodgeba am sarCelis dasablokad.
aRiarebulia, rom [saxelmwifos] ar gaaCnia diskrecia, TviTon
Caidinos an daavalos oficialur pirebs, ... Caidinon arakanonieri
aqti. rogori politikuri motivebic ar unda hqondes saxelmwifos,
mas ara aqvs diskrecia ganaxorcielos iseTi qmedeba, romelic
gamoiwvevs piris an pirTa sikvdils da aSkarad ewinaaRmdegeba
kacobriobis im Rirebulebebs, romlebic aRiarebulia rogorc
Sidasaxelmwifoebriv, ise saerTaSoriso samarTalSi.~ 184
63
konfliqtis konteqstSi ucxo saxelmwifos an sakuTar teritoriaze
axorcielebs?
186
1972 wlis evropuli konvenciis teqsti xelmisawvdomia evropis sabWos
vebgverdze: http://conventions.coe.int/Treaty/Commun/QueVoulezVous.asp?CL=ENG&NT=074
187
konvenciis teqsti xelmisawvdomia gaeros xelSekrulebebis eleqtronul bazaSi:
http://treaties.un.org aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom msgavs debulebebs Seicavs sxvadasxva
saxelmwifos Sidasaxelmwifoebrivi samarTlebrivi aqtebic. mag., gaerTianebuli
samefos saxelmwifo imunitetis Sesaxeb 1978 wlis aqtis (SemdgomSi _
gaerTianebuli samefos 1978 wlis aqti) me-5 muxli iTvaliswinebs, rom saxelmwifo
ar sargeblobs imunitetiT im saqmeebze, romlebic exeba piris gardacvalebis an
dasaxiCrebis an misi qonebis dazianebis Tu dakargvis Sedegad miyenebul zians, Tu
qmedeba, romelmac gamoiwvia es ziani, ganxorcielda gaerTianebuli samefos
teritoriaze (ix. Dickinson A., Lindsay R., Loonam J.P. (Eds.), State Immunity, Selected Materials and
Commentary, 367, ix. sqolio 122). ix. agreTve: avstraliis 1985 wlis ucxo
saxelmwifos suverenuli imunitetebis Sesaxeb aqtis me-13 muxli; kanadis 1980 wlis
64
rogorc zemoT dasaxelebuli saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebebis
citirebuli debulebebidan ikveTeba, Sesabamisi aqtebi yuradRebas ar
amaxvileben im garemoebaze, Tu ra statusiT moqmedebda saxelmwifo
adgilsamyofeli saxelmwifos teritoriaze fizikuri pirisTvis an
misi qonebisTvis zianis miyenebis momentSi _ saxelisuflebo Tu
kerZo piris statusiT. am garemoebis dafiqsireba Zalian
mniSvnelovania im gansxvavebis asaxsnelad, romelic arsebobs
imunitetis principis moqmedebaSi, erTis mxriv, adamianis uflebebis
im mZime darRvevebTan dakavSirebiT, romlebic saxelmwifom sakuTar
teritoriaze ganaxorciela da, meores mxriv, im darRvevebTan
dakavSirebiT, romlebsac saxelmwifo ucxo saxelmwifos
teritoriaze axorcielebs.
65
marTlmsajulebis mudmivi palata saqmeze _ Lotus Case: `saerTaSoriso
samarTlis pirveli da yvelaze mTavari SezRudva aris is, rom
saxelmwifos aranairi formiT ar SeuZlia ganaxorcielos
saxelisuflebo uflebamosilebani sxva saxelmwifos teritoriaze,
garda im SemTxvevisa, roca arsebobs sapirispiro wesi.~ 189 Sedegad,
nebismieri qmedeba, romelic ganxorcielebulia ucxo saxelmwifos
mier adgilsamyofeli saxelmwifos teritoriaze am ukanasknelis
Tanxmobis gareSe, ar aris daculi imunitetiT da masze vrceldeba
adgilsamyofeli saxelmwifos iurisdiqcia. 190
189
The Case of the S.S. Lotus (France v. Turkey), Par. 45. ix. sqolio 176.
190
Van Alebeek R., 70‐71, ix. sqolio 155.
191
Bankas E. K., 33, 38, ix. sqolio 11.
192
ix. naSromis gv. 49-51 da miTiTebuli sqolioebi.
193
Venne v. Democratic Republic of the Congo, Canada, Quebec Court of Queen's Bench, Appeal Side, 1968
(64 ILR 1, 7).
66
romlebic per se marTlsawinaaRmdego qmedebebad aris miCneuli. 194
aseT marTlsawinaaRmdego qmedebebs miekuTvneba, magaliTad,
politikuri mkvlelobebi, romlebsac adgili hqonda miTiTebul
saqmeze. 195 amis gaTvaliswinebiT, mocemul SemTxvevaSi Cile ver
CaiTvleboda aSS-is teritoriaze saxelisuflebo uflebamosilebis
matarebel subieqtad da masze ver gavrceldeboda imuniteti aSS-is
iurisdiqciisgan. 196
194
Dickinson A., Lindsay R., Loonam J.P. (Eds.), State Immunity, Selected Materials and Commentary, 267,
ix. sqolio 122.
195
rogorc aSS-is sasamarTlom saqmeze _ Letelier v. Republic of Chile _ aRniSna,
saxelmwifos `ara aqvs diskrecia, ganaxorcielos iseTi qmedeba, romelic
gamiznulia fizikuri piris an pirebis mosaklavad da romelic aSkarad
ewinaaRmdegeba humanurobis principebs ...~ (ix. Letelier v. Republic of Chile, 388, ix. sqolio
178).
196
aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom kontinenturi evropis samarTlis qveynebSi arsebobs
aSS-gan gansxvavebuli midgoma im sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT, Tu ucxo saxelmwifos
mier maT teritoriaze ganxorcielebuli romeli qmedebebi SeiZleba CaiTvalos
saxelisuflebo statusSi ganxorcielebul qmedebebad. aq saxelmwifos suverenul
qmedebebad iTvleba saxelmwifos nebismieri qmedeba, romelsac ucxo saxelmwifo
axorcielebs maT teritoriaze da romlebic warmoadgenen sajaro funqciebis
farglebSi ganxorcielebul qmedebebs. am SemTxvevaSi araviTari mniSvneloba ar
eniWeba imas, hqonda Tu ara ucxo saxelmwifos adgilsamyofeli saxelmwifosgan
winaswari nebarTva mopovebuli Sesabamisi qmedebis ganxorcielebaze. amis
sademonstraciod SeiZleba moyvanil iqnes harlemis saolqo sasamarTlos
gadawyvetileba saqmeze _ LF and HMHK v. Federal Republic of Germany. am saqmis mixedviT,
sarCeli wardgenil iqna 1983 wels holandiis moqalaqis mier. man germaniis
federaciuli respublikis policiis saidumlo agentTan gaaforma xelSekruleba,
romlis safuZvelze niderlandis moqalaqes unda miewodebina saidumlo
agentisTvis narkotikebis partia germaniaSi. germaniaSi Casvlisas niderlandis
moqalaqe daakaves da SemdgomSi gaasamarTles narkotikebiT vaWrobis braldebiT.
man da misma meuRlem niderlandis sasamarTloSi Seitanes sarCeli, romliTac
isini germaniisgan iTxovdnen ukanonod Catarebuli gamoZiebisa da SemdgomSi
ukanono gasamarTlebis Sedegad maTTvis miyenebuli zianis anazRaurebas.
sasamarTlom mis mier gakeTebuli gancxadebis miuxedavad, rom germaniam
niderlandis teritoriaze ganxorcielebuli sagamoZiebo moqmedebebiT `Selaxa
niderlandis suvereniteti~ (LF and HMHK v. Federal Republic of Germany, The Netherlands, District
Court of Haarlem, 1986 (94 ILR 342, 348)), CaTvala, rom germaniis qmedebebi iyo
`sajarosamarTlebrivi funqciebis farglebSi ganxorcielebuli qmedebebi~ (iqve,
347), vinaidan sasamarTlos SefasebiT, msgavs qmedebebs ver ganaxorcieleben kerZo
pirebi `msgavsi saxiTa da msgavsi SedegebiT~ (iqve, 348).
67
gamomdinare, is ar eqvemdebareba ucxo saxelmwifoTa
iurisdiqcias. 197
68
aqvT ucxo saxelmwifoebis winaaRmdeg wardgenili samoqalaqo
sarCelebis ganxilvis ufleba, SeiZleboda Seqmniliyo iseTi
STabeWdileba, TiTqos saberZneTisa da italiis sakasacio
sasamarTloebs zemoaRniSnul saqmeebze hqondaT ufleba ar
gaevrcelebinaT germaniaze imuniteti adamianis uflebebis im mZime
darRvevebTan dakavSirebiT, romlebic am ukanasknelma II msoflio
omis dros saberZneTisa da italiis teritoriebze ganaxorciela.
rogorc aRiniSna, erT saxelmwifos meore saxelmwifos teritoriaze
saxelisuflebo statusiT moqmedeba SeuZlia mxolod am
ukanasknelis Tanxmobis SemTxvevaSi. aseTi Tanxmobis ararsebobis
pirobebSi ki saxelmwifo ver CaiTvleba adgilsamyofeli
saxelmwifos teritoriaze saxelisuflebo uflebamosilebis
matarebel subieqtad da Sesabamisad, mis teritoriaze
ganxorcielebul qmedebebTan dakavSirebiT mas imuniteti
adgilsamyofeli saxelmwifos iurisdiqciisgan ver mieniWeba. amis
safuZvelze SeiZleba gakeTdes daskvna, YTiTqos italiisa da
saberZneTis sakasacio sasamarTloebs hqondaT ufleba, uari eTqvaT
germaniisTvis maT teritoriaze adamianis uflebebis mZime
darRvevebTan dakavSirebiT imunitetis miniWebaze. Tumca msgavsi
daskvna mcdaria.
69
gaTvaliswinebiT, samxedro konfliqtebis dros erTi saxelmwifos
mier meore saxelmwifos teritoriaze kerZo pirebisTvis miyenebul
zianTan dakavSirebiT saxelmwifoebisTvis imunitetis miniWeba
sayovelTaod aRiarebuli praqtikaa. am praqtikas misdeven rogorc
erovnuli samarTlebrivi sistemebi, 204 ise saerTaSoriso samarTali.
ase, magaliTad, gaerTianebuli samefos 1978 wlis aqti, me-5 muxlTan
erTad (romlis mixedviTac imuniteti ar eniWeba ucxo saxelmwifos,
gaerTianebuli samefos teritoriaze fizikuri pirisTvis an misi
qonebisTvis miyenebuli zianidan gamomdinare wardgenil samoqalaqo
sarCelebTan dakavSirebiT), me-16(2) muxlSi iTvaliswinebs, rom yvela
SemTxvevaSi imuniteti icavs ucxo saxelmwifos im qmedebebTan
dakavSirebiT, romlebsac es ukanaskneli ganaxorcielebs
gaerTianebuli samefos teritoriaze saomari moqmedebebis dros. 205
analogiurad, 1972 wlis evropuli konvenciis me-31 muxlSi pirdapir
aris aRniSnuli: `imuniteti icavs ucxo saxelmwifos
adgilsamyofeli saxelmwifos teritoriaze saomari moqmedebebis
dros miyenebuli zianidan gamomdinare wardgenil sarCelebTan
mimarTebiT.~ aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom, marTalia, 2004 wlis gaeros
konvenciaSi ar arsebobs calsaxa miTiTeba, magram gavrcelebuli
Sexedulebis Tanaxmad, SeiaraRebuli konfliqtis dros
adgilsamyofeli saxelmwifos teritoriaze fizikuri pirisTvis an
misi qonebisTvis miyenebul zianTan dakavSirebiT ucxo saxelmwifos
eniWeba imuniteti. 206
70
saxelmwifo imunitetis principi icavs saxelmwifos, rogorc
saxelisuflebo uflebamosilebis matarebel subieqts, meore
saxelmwifos iurisdiqciisgan. aseTad saxelmwifo gvevlineba
adamianis uflebebis im mZime darRvevebis konteqstSi, romlebsac is
sakuTar teritoriaze an ucxo saxelmwifos teritoriaze
SeiaraRebuli konfliqtebis dros axorcielebs. Sesabamisad, am
darRvevebTan dakavSirebiT saxelmwifo saerTaSoriso samarTlis
ZaliT daculia imunitetiT ucxo saxelmwifoTa iurisdiqciisgan.
71
3.3 aSS-is antiteroristuli da sikvdiliT dasjis aqti (Anti‐Terrosim
and Effective Death Penalty Act)
208
McKay L., A New Take On Antiterrorism: Smith v. Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, 13 The
American University International Law Review 439, 1997, 442‐443 (gadmotvirTulia LexisNexis‐is
monacemTa bazidan).
209
Smith v. Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, US, Court of Appeals, Second Circuit, 1997 (113 ILR
534).
210
aSS-is antiteroristuli da sikvdiliT dasjis aqtisa da mis darRvevis Sedegad
sxvadasxva saxis kompensaciis CamonaTvalis Semcveli aqtis (Flatow Amendement)
teqstebi da maTi komentarebi (ix. Dickinson A., Lindsay R., Loonam J.P. (Eds.), State Immunity,
Selected Materials and Commentary, 270‐275, ix. sqolio 122).
211
iqve.
72
amasTan, aqti imunitets uxsnis ara yvela saxelmwifos, aramed
mxolod iseT saxelmwifoebs, romlebic aSS-is saxelmwifo
departamentis mier ganixilebian terorizmis mxardamWer
saxelmwifoebad (dReisTvis aseT saxelmwifoTa ricxvs miekuTvneba:
kuba, irani, sudani da siria 212).
212
ix. aSS-is saxelmwifo departamentis vebgverdi: http://www.state.gov/j/ct/c14151.htm
(nanaxia: 20/05/2012).
213
Jurisdictional Immunities of the State (Germany v. Italy), Par. 88, ix. sqolio 21.
214
Hoye W.P., Fighting Fire With . . . Mire? Civil Remedies and the New War On State‐Sponsored Terrorism,
12 Duke Journal of Comparative and International Law 105, 2002, 139 (gadmotvirTulia HeinOnline‐is
monacemTa bazidan).
215
imunitetis ganmarteba rogorc ucxo saxelmwifosadmi gamovlenili
keTilmegobruli Jestisa aSS-is uzenaesi sasamarTlos mier saqmeze _ The Schooner
Exchange v M'Faddon _ gamotanili gadawyvetilebis safuZvelze moxda. am
73
of Iran and Others _ ganacxada: `suverenuli imuniteti aris ... ufro
keTilganwyobisa da Tavazianobis sakiTxi, vidre uflebis sakiTxi.~ 216
saxelmwifo imunitetis am koncefciidan gamomdinare, aSS Tavs
uflebamosilad Tvlis sakuTari Sexedulebisamebr daareguliros
ucxo saxelmwifosTvis imunitetis miniWeba/arminiWebis sakiTxi.
rogorc ganacxada aSS-is sasamarTlom saqmeze _ Smith v. Socialist People's
Libyan Arab Jamahiriya _ aSS-is kongresi uflebamosilia saerTaSoriso
samarTlis nemismier darRvevasTan dakavSirebiT, ra simZimisac ar
unda iyos igi, `SeunarCunos suverenuli imuniteti ucxo saxelmwifos
... an, Tu CaTvlis saWirod, mouxsnas is.~ 217
gadawyvetilebis aseTi saxis interpretacia araerTxel daudasturebiaT aSS-is
sasamarTloebs (Verlinden BV v Central Bank of Nigeria, US, Supreme Court, 1983 (79 ILR 548, 552‐
554)). imunitetis sakiTxisadmi aSS-is midgomas kargad asaxavs aSS-is sasamarTlos
gadawyvetileba saqmeze _ Republic of Austria v. Altmann: `ucxo saxelmwifosTvis
imunitetis miniWebis mizani arasdros ar yofila saxelmwifosTvis ... imis
SesaZleblobis micema, rom mas `SeefuTa~ Tavisi qmedeba aSS-is iurisdiqciisgan
imunitetis miRebis imediT. imuniteti asaxavs arsebul politikur realobasa da
urTierTobebs da, rogorc keTili nebis Jesti, miznad isaxavs, daicvas saxelmwifo
... sasamarTlo procesis sirTuleebisagan~ (ix. Republic of Austria v. Altmann, US, Supreme
Court, 2004, HN 6; gadawyvetilebis teqsti xelmisawvdomia LexisNexis monacemTa bazaSi).
216
Flatow v. Islamic Republic of Iran and Others, US, District Court, District of Columbia, 1998 (121 ILR 618,
642).
217
Smith v. Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, 537, ix. sqolio 209.
74
vrceldeba mxolod iseT darRvevebze, romlebic teritoristuli
aqtis konteqstSi aris Cadenili. 218
218
saomar moqmedebebsa da teroristul aqtebs Soris gansxvavebaze ix. Cooper‐Hill J.,
The Law of Sovereign Immunity and Terrorism (New York: Oxford University Press, 2006), 155‐166.
219
Republic of Austria v. Altmann, HN 16, ix. sqolio 215.
220
ix. aSS-is antiteroristuli aqtis 1605(7)(B)(i) muxli (ix. Dickinson A., Lindsay R., Loonam
J.P. (Eds.), 271, State Immunity, Selected Materials and Commentary, ix. sqolio 122).
221
ix. Hoye W.P., Fighting Fire With . . . Mire? Civil Remedies and the New War On State‐Sponsored
Terrorism, 121‐136, ix. sqolio 214.
222
ix. gv. 65 da miTiTebuli sqolioebi.
223
iqve.
75
sayuradReboa, rom saxelmwifoTa praqtikidan gamomdinare, Zalian
rTulia erTmniSvnelovani daskvnis gakeTeba im sakiTxze, ganixilaven
Tu ara saxelmwifoebi saxelisuflebo qmedebebad maT teritoriaze
ucxo saxelmwifoTa mier ganxorcielebul iseT qmedebebs, romlebsac
Sedegad adamianis uflebebis mZime darRvevebi mohyveba. amis gamo
Zneldeba imis dadgena, sargebloben Tu ara terorizmis mxardamWeri
saxelmwifoebi msgavs SemTxvevebSi imunitetiT rogorc
adgilsamyofeli, ise ucxo saxelmwifoTa iurisdiqciisgan.
76
terorizmis mxardamWer saxelmwifoTa imunitetis principis
SezRudvac saTuoa.
224
Preliminary Report of ILC on Immunity of State Officials from Foreign Criminal Jurisdiction (Special
Rapporteur Kolodkin R.), UN Doc. A/CN.4/601, 2008, Par. 80; angariSis teqsti xelmisawvdomia
Semdeg misamarTze: http://untreaty.un.org/ilc/documentation/english/a_cn4_601.pdf (nanaxia:
03/09/2011).
225
Jaffe v. Miller and Others, Canada, Ontario Court of Appeal, 1993 (95 ILR 446, 459).
77
moqmedebs. 226 amis Tavidan asacileblad, oficialur pirs icavs
funqciuri imuniteti ucxo saxelmwifoTa iurisdiqciisgan.
78
SexedviT, Zalian logikuri daskvna, rom adamianis uflebebis mZime
darRvevebTan mimarTebiT funqciuri imunitetis principis moqmedeba
ver Seicvleboda, identur cvlilebas rom ar hqonoda adgili
saxelmwifo imunitetis konteqstSic. Sesabamisad, adamianis
uflebebis mZime darRvevebTan mimarTebiT funqciuri imunitetis
moqmedebis farglebis SezRudvis faqti SeiZleba aRqmul iqnes
rogorc niSani imisa, rom Tanamedrove saeTaSoriso samarTalSi
dasaSvebi xdeba saxelmwifo imunitetis principis SezRudvac
adamianis uflebebis im mZime darRvevebTan dakavSirebiT, romlebic
saxelmwifom sakuTar teritoriaze an SeiaraRebuli konfliqtis
dros ucxo saxelmwifos teritoriaze ganaxorciela.
Tanamdebobis pirisTvis funqciuri imunitetis miniWebis moTxovna, `praqtikulad,
jibutis saxelmwifosTvis imunitetis miniWebis moTxovnas warmoadgens ...~ (Certain
Questions of Mutual Assistance in Criminal Matters (Djibouti v. France), ICJ, 2008, Par. 188.
gadawyvetilebis eleqtronuli versia xelmisawvdomia marTlmsajulebis
saerTaSoriso sasamarTlos vebgverdze: http://www.icj‐cij.org/docket/files/136/14550.pdf
(nanaxia: 20/08/2011).
79
is orive mimarTulebiT [metobiT an naklebobiT] SeiZleba
gansxvavdebodes.~ 230
230
Brief for the US as Amicus Curiae Supporting Affirmance, 2010, 13. daskvnis teqsti
xelmisawvdomia aSS-is iusticiis departamentis vebgverdze:
http://www.justice.gov/osg/briefs/2009/3mer/1ami/2008‐1555.mer.ami.pdf (nanaxia: 09/08/2011).
231
Cryer R., Friman H., Robinson D., Wilmshurst E., 533, ix. sqolio 52.
232
Van Alebeek R., 144‐147, ix. sqolio 155.
233
Trendtex Trading Corporation v. Central Bank of Nigeria, England, High Court, Queen's Bench Division,
1976 (64 ILR 111, 133‐134). im faqtze, rom saxelmwifos oficialuri piri oficialuri
statusiT moqmedebisas ar sargeblobs damoukidebeli samarTalsubieqtobiT,
metyvelebs isic, rom sxvadasxva saxelmwifos imunitetis Sesaxeb samarTlebriv
aqtebSi saxelmwifos oficialuri pirebi moixseniebian rogorc saxelmwifo
organoebi (ix. Bradley C.A. & Goldsmith J. L., Foreign Sovereign Immunity, Individual Officials, and
Human Rights Litigation, 13 The Green Bag An Entertaining Journal of Law 9, 2009 (gadmotvirTulia
LexisNexis‐is monacemTa bazidan)).
234
Prosecutor v. Blaskic, ICTY, Trial Chamber II, 1997 (110 ILR 607, 707).
235
Van Alebeek R., 106‐139, ix. sqolio 155.
80
upirveles yovlisa, im faqtidan gamomdinare, rom funqciuri
imuniteti saxelmwifos oficialur pirs eniWeba mxolod iseT
qmedebebTan dakavSirebiT, romlebzec is ar iTvleba personalurad
pasuxismgebel pirad, SeiZleba gakeTdes daskvna, rom `funqciuri
imuniteti mTavrdeba iq, sadac iwyeba individualuri
pasuxismgebloba.~ 236 sxva sityvebiT, oficialur pirze ar vrceldeba
funqciuri imunitetis moqmedeba, Tu Sesabamisi qmedebisTvis mas
personaluri pasuxismgebloba ekisreba.
81
sisxlissamarTlebrivi pasuxismgebloba am danaSaulebrivi qmedebebis
CadenisTvis.
Military Tribunal, 1946). gadawyvetilebis teqsti xelmisawvdomia ielis samarTlis
skolis vebgverdze: http://avalon.law.yale.edu/imt/judlawch.asp (nanaxia: 02/09/2011)).
242
aqve aRsaniSnavia, rom saerTaSoriso samarTlis Sesaxeb samecniero
literaturaSi arsebobs iseTi Sexedulebac, romlis mixedviT, individualuri
sisxlissamarTlebrivi pasuxismgeblobis arsebobaze SeiZleba saubari jer kidev
uZveles civilizaciebSi (mag. ix. Damgaard C., Individual Criminal Responsibility for Core
International Crimes, Selected Pertinent Issues (Berlin/Heidelberg: Springer, 2008), 87‐92).
243
1919 wlis versalis saerTaSoriso sazavo xelSekrulebis teqsti xelmisawvdomia
pirveli msoflio omis dokumentebis internetarqivSi misamarTze:
http://net.lib.byu.edu/~rdh7/wwi/versa/versa6.html (nanaxia: 10/08/2011).
244
iqve.
82
ganurCevlad imisa, Tu ra rangis Tanamdebobis piri iyo is, TviT
umaRlesi rangis pirebic ki. 245
83
mxolod omis danaSaulebisaTvis, niurnbergisa da tokios
saerTaSoriso samxedro tribunalebis wesdebebma moicves
danaSaulebi Cadenili mSvidobisa da adamianurobis winaaRmdegac. 249
amave dros, isini sagangebod iTvaliswineben imas, rom nebismieri
saxelmwifo rangi da Tanamdeboba, TviT _ saxelmwifos meTaurisac
ki, ar aTavisuflebda damnaSave pirebs pasuxismgeblobisagan. 250
amrigad, am tribunalTa wesdebebi gamoricxaven Sesabamis
saerTaSoriso danaSaulebze pasuxismgebel pirebze funqciuri
imunitetis gavrcelebas.
249
ix. niurnbergis saerTaSoriso samxedro tribunalis wesdebis me‐6 muxli. wesdebis
xelmisawvdomia teqsti xelmisawvdomia ielis samarTlis skolis vebgverdze:
http://avalon.law.yale.edu/imt/imtconst.asp (nanaxia: 14/08/2011). ix. tokios saerTaSoriso
samxedro tribulis wesdebis me-5 muxli. teqsti xelmisawvdomia oslos
universitetis iuridiuli fakultetis vebgverdze:
http://www.jus.uio.no/english/services/library/treaties/04/4‐06/military‐tribunal‐far‐east.xml (nanaxia:
14/08/2011).
250
ix. niurnbergis saerTaSoriso samxedro tribunalis wesdebis me‐7 muxli, agreTve
tokios saerTaSoriso samxedro tribulis wesdebis me-6 muxli, ix. sqolio 249.
251
ix. yofili iugoslaviis tribunalisa da ruandis tribunalis wesdebebis me-2, me-
3 da me-4 muxlebi, agreTve yofili iugoslaviis tribunalis wesdebis me-5 da me-7(1)
muxlebi da ruandis tribunalis wesdebis me-6(1) muxli. yofili iugoslaviis
tribunalis wesdebis teqsti xelmisawvdomia tribunalis vebgverdze:
http://www.icty.org/x/file/Legal%20Library/Statute/statute_sept09_en.pdf (nanaxia: 14/08/2011).
ruandis tribunalis wesdebis teqsti xelmisawvdomia tribunalis vebgverdze:
http://www.unictr.org/Portals/0/English%5CLegal%5CStatute%5C2010.pdf (nanaxia: 14/08/2011).
252
ix. ruandis tribunalis wesdebis me-6(2) muxli, ix. sqolio 251.
84
saerTaSoriso sasamarTlos wesdebac (SemdgomSi _ romis statuti). 253
romis statutma uaryo funqciuri imunitetis principis moqmedeba
iseT saerTaSoriso danaSaulebriv qmedebebze, rogorebicaa: genocidi,
adamianurobis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli danaSaulebi, omis danaSaulebi
da agresia. 254 statutis 27(2)-e muxlis mixedviT `saerTaSoriso an
Sidasaxelmwifoebrivi samarTliT ganmtkicebuli imunitetebi an
specialuri proceduruli wesebi, romlebic ukavSirdeba piris
oficialur statuss, sasamarTlos mier aseT pirze iurisdiqciis
gavrcelebisTvis dabrkolebas ar qmnis.~
85
uflebebis mZime darRvevebze oficialur pirTa individualuri
pasuxismgebloba farTodaa aRiarebuli da, Sesabamisad, davas ar
iwvevs is garemoebac, rom am darRvevebTan dakavSirebiT oficialur
pirs sisxlissamarTlebrivi pasuxismgeblobisagan ar icavs
funqciuri imuniteti.
86
Sexedulebis gasamyareblad is axdens ontarios saapelacio
sasamarTlos mosamarTle finleisonis (Finlayson) mier saqmeze _ Jaffe v.
Miller and Others _ miRebuli gadawyvetilebis citirebas: `me aseve
veTanxmebi aRniSnuli sakiTxis dasabuTebas, romelic wamoayena
mopasuxis advokatma. advokatma ganacxada, rom imunitetis miniWeba
ucxo saxelmwifos samTavrobo departamentisTvis, magram
[amavdroulad] funqcionerebisTvis imunitetis miniWebaze uaris Tqma
im qmedebebisTvis, romlebic maT ganaxorcieles samsaxurebrivi
movaleobis Sesrulebisas, saxelmwifo imunitetis Sesaxeb aqts
[igulisxmeba kanadis 1985 wlis saxelmwifo imunitetis Sesaxeb aqti]
araefeqturs gaxdida. saxelmwifo imunitetis sababiT sarCelis
ganxilvis gareSe datovebis saSiSroebisTvis Tavis asarideblad,
mosarCeles mxolod sarCelis SetanaRa dasWirdeboda im
funqcionerebis winaaRmdeg, romlebmac Sesabamisi qmedeba
ganaxorcieles. im SemTxvevaSi, Tu mosarCele sasamarTlo
gadawyvetilebiT miaRwevda kompensaciis miRebas, ucxo saxelmwifo
iZulebuli gaxdeboda, sakuTari funqcionerebis nacvlad, sakuTar
Tavze aeRo zianis anazRaureba. Sesabamisad, am iribi gziT
saxelmwifo dakargavda im imunitets, romelsac is aqtidan
261
gamomdinare flobs.~ am gadawyvetilebis moSveliebiT, lordi
patoni asabuTebs, rom Tumca pinoCeti ar sargeblobda imunitetiT
sisxlissamarTlebrivi pasuxismgeblobisgan, is inarCunebda imunitets
samoqalaqo pasuxismgeblobisgan da amaSi is veraviTar `Seusabamobas~
ver xedavs. 262 oficialur pirTa sisxlis- da samoqalaqo-
samarTlebrivi pasuxismgeblobebs Soris gansxvavebaze miuTiTeben
agreTve lordi mile da lordi filipsi. 263 Tumca, arc erTi maTgani
ar xsnis, Tu ra ganasxvavebs pasuxismgeblobis am or saxes
erTmaneTisgan da ratom SeiZleba, rom erTi da igive saxis
darRvevebTan mimarTebiT saxelmwifos oficialur pirs ar icavdes
imuniteti sisxlissamarTlebrivi pasuxismgeblobisgan, magram icavdes
samoqalaqo pasuxismgeblobisgan.
87
TviTon saxelmwifos winaaRmdeg iribad saqmiswarmoebasac, vinaidan es
qmedebebi Seeracxeba TviTon saxelmwifos.~ 264
264
Jones v. Saudi Arabia, Opinion of Lord Bingham, 729, ix. sqolio 51.
265
saxelmwifos oficialuri piris qmedebebis saxelmwifosTvis SeracxvasTan
dakavSirebiT ix. saerTaSoriso aramarTlzomieri qmedebebisTvis saxelmwifoTa
pasuxismgeblobis Sesaxeb muxlebis proeqtis me-4-11 muxlebi da am muxlebis
komentarebi (ix. Crawford J., The International Law Commission’s Articles on State Responsibility:
Introduction, Text and Commentaries, 77‐123, ix. sqolio 144).
88
Tanamegobrobam aRiara ra, rom adamianis uflebebis danaSaulebrivi
darRvevebisTvis oficialur pirs ekisreba individualuri
pasuxismgebloba, gamijna erTmaneTisgan saxelmwifosa da
oficialuri piris pasuxismgebloba. oficialuri piris personaluri
pasuxismgebloba gulisxmobs imas, rom oficialuri piri Tavisi
piradi bralisTvis agebs pasuxs da ra formiT, _ samoqalaqo- Tu
sisxlissamarTlebrivi wesiT, es ukve formaluri sakiTxia da igi
araviTar gavlenas saxelmwifos pasuxismgeblobaze ar axdens. 266
89
arsebobs, magram imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom saerTaSoriso
Tanamegobrobis mxridan es praqtika arsebiTad gaprotestebuli ar
aris, 268 SeiZleba gakeTdes daskvna, rom is misaRebia
saxelmwifoebisTvis. saxelmwifoTa am viwro wreSi gansakuTrebul
aRniSvnas imsaxurebs aSS. 269 miuxedavad imisa, rom aSS ar gamoirCeva
didi enTuziazmiT, rom samoqalaqo pasuxismgebloba daakisros ucxo
saxelmwifoTa oficialur pirebs saerTaSoriso danaSaulebrivi
qmedebebisTvis, misi sakanonmdeblo baza da sasamarTlo praqtika am
mxriv yvelaze mdidaria. 270
268
ix. naSromis gv. 30 da miTiTebuli sqolioebi.
269
aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom aSS-Si ar aris farTod gavrcelebuli individualuri
pasuxismgeblobis principis safuZvelze ucxo saxelmwifos oficialuri
pirebisTvis sisxlissamarTlebrivi pasuxismgeblobis dakisrebis praqtika (ix. White
J.G., Nowhere To Run, Nowhere to Hide: Augusto Pinochet, Universal Jurisdiction, The ICC, and a Wake‐Up
Call for Former Heads of State, 50 Case Western Reserve Law Review 127, 1999, 140‐141
(gadmotvirTulia LexisNeixs‐is monacemTa bazidan).
270
Murphy J.F., Civil Liability for the Commission of International Crimes as an Alternative to Criminal
Prosecution, 28, ix. sqolio 94. sakanonmdeblo bazis TvalsazrisiT, aRsaniSnavia
ucxoelTa deliqturi sasarCelo moTxovnebis Sesaxeb aqti (The Alien Tort Claims Act) da
wamebis msxverplis dacvis Sesaxeb aqti (Torture Victim Protection Act). pirveli maTgani
ganamtkicebs, rom aSS-is sasamarTloebs aqvT iurisdiqcia iseT samoqalaqo
sarCelebTan mimarTebiT, romlebiTac ucxoelebi maTTvis saerTaSoriso samarTlis
an aSS-is mier gaformebuli saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebebis darRvevis Sedegad
miyenebuli zianis anazRaurebas iTxoven (ix. The Alien Tort Claims Act, 1789). aRniSnuli
aqtis teqsti xelmisawvdomia kornelis universitetis samarTlis skolis (Cornell
University Law School) vebgverdze:
http://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/html/uscode28/usc_sec_28_00001350‐‐‐‐000‐.html (nanaxia:
10/07/2011). am aqtis safuZvelze aSS-is saapelacio sasamarTlom miiRo gaxmaurebuli
gadawyvetileba saqmeze _ Filartiga v. Pena‐Irala, romelzec sarCeli wardgenili iyo
paragvais policiis yofili oficris winaaRmdeg paragvais teritoriaze
mosarCelis vaJiSvilis wamebiT mkvlelobis faqtTan dakavSirebiT. sasamarTlom
ganacxada, rom `wamebis sayovelTao dagmobisa da msoflios praqtikulad yvela
eris mier wamebis, rogorc oficialuri politikis instrumentis, uaryofis fonze~
saxelmwifos policiis yofili oficris qmedebebi ver CaiTvleboda funqciuri
imunitetis principis dacvis obieqtad (ix. Filartiga v. Pena‐Irala, US, Court of Appeals, Second
Circuit, 1980 (77 ILR 169, 174). am msjelobis Sedegad da ucxoelTa deliqturi sasarCelo
moTxovnebis Sesaxeb aqtis safuZvelze sasamarTlom daakmayofila sarCeli
paragvais policiis yofili oficris winaaRmdeg. rac Seexeba wamebis msxverplis
dacvis Sesaxeb aqts, misi me-2(a)(1) muxlis mixedviT: `pirs, romelic namdvili an
moCvenebiTi saxelisuflebo uflebamosilebiT axorcielebs sxva piris wamebas,
misTvis miyenebuli zianisTvis samoqalaqo wesiT ekisreba pasuxismgebloba.~ amave
aqtis me-2(a)(2) muxli ganamtkicebs, rom `pirs, romelic namdvili an moCvenebiTi
saxelisuflebo uflebamosilebiT sasamarTlo ganaCenis gareSe Cadis mkvlelobas,
msxverplis warmomadgenlebisTvis miyenebuli zianisTvis samoqalaqo wesiT
ekisreba pasuxismgebloba~ (ix. Torture Victim Protection Act, 1992; am aqtis teqsti
xelmisawvdomia kornelis universitetis samarTlis skolis vebgverdze:
http://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/uscode28/usc_sec_28_00001350‐‐‐‐000‐notes.html (nanaxia:
10/07/2011). am aqtis safuZvelze aSS-is sasamarTlom miiRo gadawyvetileba saqmeebze
_ Xuncax and Others v. Gramajo; Ortiz v. Gramajo, romelSic sasamarTlom daakmayofila
wamebis Sedegad miyenebuli zianis anazRaurebis moTxovniT wardgenili sarCeli
90
imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom individualuri pasuxismgeblobis
principis safuZvelze funqciuri imuniteti ar vrceldeba oficialur
pirze adamianis uflebebis im mZime darRvevebTan dakavSirebiT,
romlebic am pirma Tavisi samsaxurebrivi saqmianobis farglebSi
ganaxorciela, SeiZleba gakeTdes daskvna, rom imunitetis es saxe
warmoadgens imunitets ratione materiae.
gvatemalis yofili Tavdacvis ministris winaaRmdeg (ix. Xuncax and Others v. Gramajo;
Ortiz and Others v. Gramajo, US, District Court, District of Massachusetts, 1995 (104 ILR 165)).
271
Trapp K. N., State Responsibility for International Terrorism (New York: Oxford University Press, 2011), 94‐
96.
272
Fang and Others v. Jiang Zemin and Others, New Zealand, High Court, 2006 (141 ILR 702, 706).
273
gavrcelebuli Sexedulebis Tanaxmad absoluturi imunitetiT daculebi arian
saxelmwifosa da mTavrobis meTaurebi, sagareo saqmeTa ministrebi da
diplomatiuri agentebi (ix. Arrest Warrant of 11 April 2000 (Democratic Republic of the Congo
v. Belgium, 76‐78, ix. sqolio 13).
91
saxelmwifo, saxelisuflebo statusiT moqmedebebisas, sxva
saxelmwifoebis Tanasworia da, Sesabamisad, masze, rogorc
Tanasworze, sxva saxelmwifoebi iurisdiqcias ar floben _ par in
parem non habet imperium.
saxelmwifos oficialuri piri adamianis uflebebis mZime
darRvevebisas ar sargeblobs araviTari samarTlebrivi statusiT,
romlis safuZvelze ucxo saxelmwifos aekrZaleboda am pirze
sakuTari iurisdiqciis gavrceleba maSin, rodesac imave
darRvevebisTvis saxelmwifo, sakuTari samarTlebrivi statusidan
gamomdinare, daculia ucxo saxelmwifoTa iurisdiqciisgan. swored
amiT aixsneba is garemoeba, rom adamianis uflebebis erTsa da imave
saxis mZime darRvevebTan dakavSirebiT, saxelmwifosa da mis
oficialur pirebze vrceldeba imunitetis gansxvavebuli wesebi da
rom saxelmwifoebi am darRvevebTan dakavSirebiT, sargebloben
imunitetiT, xolo oficialuri pirebi _ ara.
3.5 daskvna
93
zemoTqmulidan gamomdinare, arsebobs didi sxvaoba im
SemTxvevebs Soris, rodesac saxelmwifo adamianis uflebebis mZime
darRvevebs sCadis sakuTar teritoriaze an ucxo saxelmwifos
teritoriaze samxedro konfliqtebis dros da rodesac saxelmwifo
adamianis uflebebs arRvevs ucxo saxelmwifos teritoriaze
arasaomar viTarebaSi.
94
saxelisuflebo qmedebebs. Tu adgilobrivi saxelmwifo terorizmis
mxardamWeri saxelmwifos mier ganxorcielebul qmedebebs ar
mianiWebs saxelisuflebo qmedebebis kvalifikacias, saxelmwifoze
saerTaSoriso samarTlis ZaliT ar gavrceldeba imunitetis
principis moqmedeba.
95
saxelisuflebo uflebamosilebis matarebeli subieqtis statusidan
gamomdinare, ar eqvemdebareba ucxo saxelmwifoTa iurisdiqcias.
4. daskvna
97
IV. normatiuli ierarqiis doqtrinaze dafuZnebuli adamianis
uflebebis dacvis sasargeblod gamoTqmuli argumenti
1. Sesavali
98
argumentis pirveli prezumpciis mixedviT, saxelmwifo
imunitetis principi da adamianis zemoT miTiTebuli uflebebi
warmoadgenen urTierTdapirispirebul, koliziur samarTlebriv
normebs.
99
moiazrebs saerTaSoriso samarTlis `konstituciuri~ 279
mniSvnelobis ZiriTad principebs, romelTagan yvela, misi
SefasebiT, ar warmoadgens jus cogens normebs. 280
100
masTan koliziaSi. Tu qvemdgomi norma ar ewinaaRmdegeba zemdgoms an
Tu zemdgomi norma saerTod ar arsebobs, maSin, cxadia es
ukanaskneli veraviTar koreqtivebs ver Seitans qvemdgomi normis
moqmedebaSi. Sesabamisad, Tu saxelmwifo imunitetis principi
winaaRmdegobaSi ar modis adamianis uflebebTan, romlebsac jus cogens
normebis saxe aqvT, da arc iseT uflebebTan, rogorebicaa
samarTlebrivi dacvis qmediTi saSualebis, kompensaciis miRebis
moTxovnisa da sasamarTlosTvis mimarTvis uflebebi, arasworia imis
mtkiceba, rom imunitetis principis, rogorc ierarqiulad qvemdgomi
normis, moqmedeba gamoiricxeba adamianis dasaxelebuli uflebebis,
rogorc ierarqiulad ufro maRal safexurze mdgomi normebis,
moqmedebis Sedegad.
101
Soris normatiul konfliqtis arsebobas. dabolos, 3.5 TavSi
naCvenebia, rom adamianis uflebebis mZime darRvevebTan mimarTebaSi
saxelmwifosTvis saerTaSoriso samarTlis ZaliT miniWebuli
imunitetis konteqstSi sasamarTlosTvis mimarTvis ufleba saerTod
ar arsebobs, ris gamoc normatiuli konfliqti saxelmwifo
imunitetis principsa da sasamarTlosTvis mimarTvis uflebas Soris
ar dasturdeba.
102
saxelmwifoTa saerTaSoriso Tanamegobrobis mier mTlianobaSi,
rogorc norma, romlisganac gadaxveva dauSvebelia da romelic
SeiZleba Seicvalos mxolod zogadi saerTaSoriso samarTlis amave
xasiaTis momdevno normiT. 282 imis safuZvelze, rom jus cogens normis
koncefcia warmoadgens saerTaSoriso saxelSekrulebo samarTlis
pirmSos, yalibdeba mosazreba, rom konceptualurad arasworia jus
cogens normebis calmxriv darRvevebze msjeloba da am
darRvevebisTvis garkveuli samarTlebrivi Sedegebis dakavSireba,
vinaidan, rogorc saerTaSoriso saxelSekrulebo samarTlis
kategoria, jus cogens normebi gamiznulia mxolod saimisod, rom ar
dauSvas saerTaSoriso samarTlis subieqtebs Soris aRniSnuli
normebis gadaxveviT xelSekrulebebis dadeba. 283 msgavsi Sexeduleba
SeiZleba iyos davis sagani. 284 magram, rogorc zemoT aRiniSna,
naSromi yvela sadavo sakiTxs adamianis uflebebis dasacavad
gamoTqmuli argumentebis sasargeblod wyvets da cdilobs
gaanalizos, aqvT Tu ara argumentebs raime samarTlebrivi xarvezi,
romelic pirwmindad gamoricxavs maT marTebulobas.
103
Sedegad, argumentis mixedviT, saxelmwifo, romelic arRvevs
adamianis uflebebis dacvis sferoSi moqmed jus cogens normebs, ar
eqceva saxelmwifo principis dacvis qveS. metic, am argumentis
mixedviT, ara mxolod im saxelmwifos ar SeuZlia imunitetis
moTxovna, romelmac jus cogens norma daarRvia, aramed im
saxelmwifosac, romlis sasamarTloSic samoqalaqo sarCelia
wardgenili, ar SeuZlia jus cogens normebis darRvevi saxelmwifosTvis
imunitetis miniWeba.
104
imunitetis sakiTxis ganxilvisas, unda ganmartebuliyo
saerTaSoriso samarTlis moTxovnebis gaTvaliswinebiT da
gaerTianebuli samefos sasamarTlo iurisdiqciisgan quveiTs ar
unda miniWeboda damcavi imuniteti. 287
saqmeze _ Jones v. Saudi Arabia _ gaerTianebuli samefos moqalaqem
Seitana saudis arabeTisa da misi oficialuri piris winaaRmdeg
samoqalaqo sarCeli gaerTianebuli samefos sasamarTloSi. 288
mosarCele amtkicebda, rom is saudis arabeTis oficialurma pirma
saudis arabeTis teritoriaze awama. gaerTianebuli samefos
sasamarTloSi sarCelis wardgeniT mosarCele iTxovda misTvis
wamebis Sedegad miyenebuli zianis anazRaurebas. 289 mosarCele
sakuTari sarCelis dasaSvebobis dasasabuTeblad acxadebda, rom
mocemul saqmeze saudis arabeTs da mis oficialur pirs wamebis
akrZalvis principis darRvevasTan dakavSirebiT ar icavda imuniteti
gaerTianebuli samefos iurisdiqciisgan, vinaidan wamebis akrZalva,
rogorc saerTaSoriso jus cogens norma, sargeblobs upiratesi
iuridiuli ZaliT yvela normasTan, maT Soris saxelmwifo
imunitetis principTan, SedarebiT. 290
287
Al‐Adsani v. Government of Kuwait and Others, 541‐542, ix. sqolio 51.
288
Jones v. Saudi Arabia, 631, ix. sqolio 51.
289
iqve.
290
iqve, 714-715.
291
Al‐Adsani v. United Kingdom, Dissenting Opinion of Judges Rozakis and Caflisch, joined by Judges
Wildhaber, Costa, Cabral Barreto and Vajic, 49‐51; mosamarTleebi ferari bravo da lukaidesi
aseve ar SeuerTdnen umravlesobis mier miRebul gadawyvetilebas, Tumca sakuTari
gasxvavebuli azris dasabuTebaSi maT gamoiyenes samarTlebrivi dacvis qmediTi
saSualebis uflebisa da saxelmwifo imunitetis principis urTierTmimarTebis
konteqstSi wamoyenebuli normatiuli ierarqiis doqtrinaze dafuZnebuli
argumenti, romlis Sesaxebac saubaria naSromis winamdebare Tavis me-3 qveTavSi.
105
sasamarTloebma saxelmwifo imunitetis principis safuZvelze uari
uTxres mosarCeles quveitis winaaRmdeg wardgenili samoqalaqo
sarCelis ganxilvaze. gaerTianebuli samefos sasamarTloebma,
CaTvales ra, rom mocemul saqmeze quveiTi sargeblobda imunitetiT
gaerTianebuli samefos iurisdiqciisgan, ar ganixiles wardgenili
sarCeli, ris Semdegac mosarCelem mimarTa adamianis uflebaTa
evropul sasamarTlos da moiTxova imis dadgena, daarRvia Tu ara
gaerTianebulma samefom quveiTisTvis imunitetis miniWebiT evropuli
konvenciis me-3 (wamebis akrZalva), me-13 (samarTlebrivi dacvis
qmediTi saSualebis ufleba) muxlebiT dakisrebuli valdebulebebi
da agreTve me-6(1) muxliT garantirebuli sasamarTlosTvis mimarTvis
ufleba. 292
106
cogens normis ZiriTadi maxasiaTebeli aris is, rom, rogorc
samarTlis wyaro, amJamad ukve saerTaSoriso samarTlis vertikalur
sistemaSi is gadawonis nebismier sxva normas, romelsac ar gaaCnia
igive statusi. jus cogens normisa da saerTaSoriso samarTlis
nebismieri sxva normis konfliqtis SemTxvevaSi, am pirvels aqvs
upiratesi iuridiuli Zala. am upiratesobis Sedegia is, rom
nebismieri norma [romelic winaaRmdegobaSi modis jus cogens
normasTan] aris baTili, an sul cota, ar warmoSobs iseT
samarTlebriv Sedegs, romelic winaaRmdegobaSi mova imperatiuli
normis SinaarsTan.~ 295
295
Al‐Adsani v. United Kingdom, Dissenting Opinion of Judges Rozakis and Caflisch, joined by Judges
Wildhaber, Costa, Cabral Barreto and Vajic, 49‐50, ix. sqolio 292.
296
iqve, 50.
107
ierarqiis doqtrinaze dafuZnebuli argumentis gamoyenebis
saWiroebas gamoricxavs.
297
Fox H., The Law of State Immunity, First Edition (New York: Oxford University Press, 2002), 524‐525 (ix.
Fox H., The Law of State Immunity, 151‐152, ix. sqolio 33).
298
Zimmermann A., Sovereign Immunity and Violations of International Jus Cogens Norms – Some Critical
Remarks, 16 Michigan Journal of International Law 433, 1995, 438 (gadmotvirTulia LexisNeixs‐is
monacemTa bazidan).
108
metyvelebs is faqti, rom sasamarTloebi sakuTar gadawyvetilebebSi
saubroben saxelmwifo imunitetis principsa da adamianis uflebebis
dacvis sferoSi moqmed jus cogens normebs Soris konfliqtis
ararsebobaze, rogorc TavisTavad nagulisxmeb garemoebaze. Aamis
safuZvelze sasamarTloebi midian daskvnamde, rom adamianis
uflebebi, romlebic jus cogens normebis saxes atareben, ver
gadawonian saxelmwifo imunitetis principis moqmedebas. ase,
magaliTad, gaerTianebuli samefos saapelacio sasamarTlom saqmeze
_ Al‐Adsani v. Government of Kuwait and Others _ ganacxada, rom 1978 wlis
aqtiT dadgenili saxelmwifo imunitetis regulireba ar
299
eqvemdebareba raime saxis `gadawonis~ princips.
299
Al‐Adsani v. Government of Kuwait and Others, 542, ix. sqolio 51.
300
Jones v. Saudi Arabia, Opinion of Lord Bingham of Cornhill, 726‐727, ix. sqolio 51.
301
iqve, 727. mosamarTle am monakveTSi axdens heizel foqsis naSromis citirebas Fox.
H., The Law of State Immunity (2004), p. 525
302
iqve, Opinion of Lord Hoffmann, 732.
303
Jones v. Saudi Arabia, Opinion of Lord Hoffmann, 732, ix. sqolio 51.
109
lord binghemisa da hofmanis gadawyvetilebebs SeuerTdnen sxva
mosamarTleebic, 304 ris safuZvelzec SeiZleba iTqvas, rom
saxelmwifo imunitetis principsa da adamianis uflebebis dacvis
sferoSi moqmed jus cogens normebs Soris normatiuli konfliqtis
ararsebobis Sesaxeb mosazreba warmoadgens saqmeze _ Jones v. Saudi
Arabia _ lordTa palatis erTsulovan pozicias.
304
Jones v. Saudi Arabia, Opinions of Lord Rodger of Eearlsferry, Lord Walker of Gestingthrope, Lord
Carswell, 749, ix. sqolio 51.
110
uflebis (SemdgomSi – qmediTi dacvis ufleba) konteqstSia
wamoyenebuli.
305
korkelia k., mWedliZe n., nalbandovi a., saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobis
Sesabamisoba adamianis uflebaTa evropuli konvenciisa da misi oqmebis
standartebTan, Tbilisi, 2005, 21.
306
iqve.
307
iqve.
308
iqve, 21-22.
309
qmediTi dacvis uflebis Sinaars gansazRvravs gaeros generaluri asambleis
2006 wlis rezoluciiT ganmtkicebuli principebi, romelic adamianis uflebebisa
da saerTaSoriso humanitaruli samarTlis mZime darRvevebis msxverpli pirebis
samarTlebrivi dacvisa da zianis anazRaurebis zianis anazRaurebis moTxovnis
uflebebs exeba, (SemdgomSi _ samarTlebrivi dacvis saSualebis uflebisa da
zianis anazRaurebis moTxovnis uflebis principebi). samarTlebrivi dacvis
saSualebis uflebisa da zianis anazRaurebis moTxovnis uflebis principebis me-3
muxlis Tanaxmad, samarTlebrivi dacvis saSualebis uflebidan da zianis
anazRaurebis moTxovnis uflebidan gamomdinare, saxelmwifoebs ekisrebaT
valdebuleba: a) miiRon saTanado sakanonmdeblo, administraciuli da sxva saxis
zomebi, raTa ar dauSvan adamianis uflebebisa da saerTaSoriso humanitaruli
samarTlis mZime darRvevebi; b) gamoiZion darRvevebi da pasuxismgebloba daakisron
darRvevebSi damnaSave pirebs; g) uzrunvelyon darRvevis msxverplTaTvis
marTlmsajulebis xelmisawvdomoba, ganurCevlad imisa, Tu vis SeiZleba daekisros,
saboloo jamSi, pasuxismgebloba Sesabamisi darRvevebis gamo; d) uzrunvelyon
msxverplTa mier kompensaciis miReba (ix. Basic Principles and Guidelines on the Right to a
Remedy and Reparation for Victims of Gross Violations of International Human Rights Law and Serious
Violations of International Humanitarian Law (UN Resolution A/Res/60/147, 2006). dokumentis teqsti
111
swored qmediTi dacvis uflebaze dayrdnobiT, naSromis
winamdebare nawilSi gansaxilveli argumenti acxadebs, rom
saxelmwifos ar unda mieniWos imuniteti adamianis uflebebis mZime
darRvevebTan mimarTebaSi. kerZod, argumentis mixedviT, rodesac
msgavs darRvevebTan dakavSirebiT erTi saxelmwifo avrcelebs
imunitets meore saxelmwifoze, is winaaRmdegobaSi modis adamianis
qmediTi dacvis uflebasTan, romelic, argumentis mixedviT,
sargeblobs upiratesi iuridiuli ZaliT saxelmwifo imunitetis
principTan SedarebiT. saxelmwifo imunitetisa da qmediTi dacvis
uflebis koliziis safuZvelze, agreTve qmediTi dacvis uflebis
upiratesi iuridiuli Zalis safuZvelze argumenti asabuTebs, rom
saxelmwifos ar eniWeba imuniteti adamianis uflebebis mZime
darRvevebisTvis.
112
mosarCele acxadebda, rom quveiTs ver daicavda imuniteti, vinaidan
wamebis akrZalvis principi, romlis darRvevac am ukanasknels
edeboda bralad, sargeblobda upiratesi iuridiuli ZaliT
saxelmwifo imunitetis principTan mimarTebiT da, Sesabamisad, am
principis darRvevaze ver gavrceldeboda imunitetis principis
moqmedeba. 313
313
ix. sqolio 286.
314
Al‐Adsani v. United Kingdom, 35, ix. sqolio 292.
315
iqve, 52, ix. sqolio 292. iqve ix. agreTve mosamarTle ferari bravos gansxvavebuli
azri.
113
adamianis uflebaTa sayovelTao deklaraciaSi, 316 samoqalaqo da
politikur uflebaTa saerTaSoriso paqtSi, 317 adamianisa uflebaTa
amerikul konvenciaSi. 318
316
ix. deklaraciis me-8 muxli. deklaraciis teqsti xelmisawvdomia gaeros
vebgverdze: http://www.un.org/en/documents/udhr/index.shtml#a6 (nanaxia: 07/07/2011).
317
ix. paqtis me-2(3)(a) muxli. paqtis teqsti xelmisawvdomia gaeros
xelSekrulebebis eleqtronul bazaSi: http://treaties.un.org
318
ix. konvenciis 25-e muxli. konvenciis teqsti xelmisawvdomia Semdeg vebgverdze:
http://www.hrcr.org/docs/American_Convention/oashr.html (nanaxia: 07/07/2011).
319
ix. sqolio 309.
114
darRvevebTan dakavSirebiT wardgenili samoqalaqo sarCelebi.
amasTan dakavSirebiT ismis kiTxva _ SeiZleba Tu ara saxelmwifos
daekisros uflebis qmediTi dacvis uzrunvelyofis valdebuleba
iseT saqmeebze da iseT pirebTan mimarTebaSi, romlebzec is
iurisdiqcias ar flobs?
115
mier da romeli saxelmwifos moqalaqis mimarT iyo es darRveva
Cadenili. 323 sxva SemTxvevaSi, specialuri samarTlebrivi
regulirebis ararsebobis pirobebSi, saxelmwifoebs ekisrebaT
adamianis Sesabamisi uflebebis qmediTi dacvis valdebuleba mxolod
sakuTari iurisdiqciis farglebSi. imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom
adamianis uflebebis mZime darRvevebi, romlebic erTma saxelmwifom
sakuTar teritoriaze an SeiaraRebuli konfliqtis dros ucxo
saxelmwifos teritoriaze ganaxorciela, scildeba meore
saxelmwifos iurisdiqcias, SeiZleba gakeTdes daskvna, rom am
darRvevebTan dakavSirebiT saxelmwifos ar ekisreba fizikuri piris
uflebis qmediTi dacvis uzrunvelyofis valdebuleba.
323
ix. wamebis akrZalvis Sesaxeb konvenciis me-5 muxli, ix. sqolio 47.
324
Al‐Adsani v. United Kingdom, 35‐36, ix. sqolio 292.
116
SemTxvevaSi saxelmwifos imunitetis principi da qmediTi dacvis
uflebebi erTmaneTTan konfliqtSi ar modian, normatiuli ierarqiis
doqtrinaze dafuZnebuli argumenti ver iqneba gamoyenebuli imis
dasasabuTeblad, rom miTiTebul sarCelebTan dakavSirebiT erT
saxelmwifos SeiZleba uari eTqvas imunitetis miniWebaze meore
saxelmwifos sasamarTloSi mosarCelis qmediTi dacvis uflebidan
gamomdinare. mosarCeles am SemTxvevaSi ar gaaCnia adgilsamyofeli
saxelmwifos mimarT qmediTi dacvis moTxovnis ufleba, Sesabamisad,
dRis wesrigSi ar dgeba saxelmwifo imunitetisa da uflebis qmediTi
dacvis moTxovnis ierarqiuli urTierTdaqvemdebarebis sakiTxi, rac
saxelmwifo imunitetis principsa da uflebis qmediTi dacvis
urTierTmimarTebis problemis gadaWras normatiuli ierarqiis
doqtrinaze (romelic konfliqtSi myofi normebis
urTierTmimarTebas awesrigebs) dayrdnobiT gamoricxavs.
117
wamebis msxverpli waradgens samoqalaqo sarCels zianis
anazRaurebis moTxovniT.
saqmeze _ Bouzari and Others v. Islamic Republic of Iran _ sarCeli
wardgenil iqna iranis islamuri respublikis winaaRmdeg iranis
moqalaqis mier ontarios pirveli instanciis sasamarTloSi. am
sarCeliT mosarCele iTxovda iranisgan iranis teritoriaze misi
ukanono dapatimrebisa da wamebis Sedegad miyenebuli zianis
anazRaurebas. imis dasasabuTeblad, rom irani am saqmeze ar
sargeblobda imunitetiT, mosarCele da misi warmomadgeneli, sxva
safuZvlebTan erTad, uTiTebdnen: Tumca mosarCelis wamebis faqti
ar momxdara iranis teritoriaze, kanada wamebis akrZalvis Sesaxeb
konvenciis me-14(1) muxlis ZaliT valdebuli iyo, uzrunveleyo
mosarCelis, rogorc wamebis msxverplis, mier kompensaciis miReba
iranisgan. 325 mosarCelis am pozicias mxari dauWira saqmeze eqspertad
mowveulma ed morganma (Ed Morgan), romlis gancxadebiTac, wamebis
akrZalvis Sesaxeb konvenciis me-14 muxlSi gaTvaliswinebuli
valdebuleba ar aris SezRuduli geografiuli niSniT, rac
eqspertis mtkicebiT, gulisxmobs imas, rom me-11_me-13 muxlebisgan
325
Bouzari and Others v. Islamic Republic of Iran, 428‐429, ix. sqolio 51.
118
gansxvavebiT, me-14 muxlidan gamomdinare saxelmwifos ekisreba
valdebuleba, uzrunvelyos wamebis msxverplis mier kompensaciis
miReba maSinac ki, Tu wameba misi iurisdiqciis farglebs gareT
moxda. 326
326
Bouzari and Others v. Islamic Republic of Iran, 439, ix. sqolio 51.
327
iqve, 440.
119
saxelmwifosgan moiTxovs samoqalaqo dacvis saSualebebis
uzrunvelyofas wamebis mxolod im faqtebTan dakavSirebiT,
romlebic misi iurisdiqciis qveS myof teritoriaze moxda.~ 328 amis
Semdeg sasamarTlo dasZens: `garda amisa, batonma grinvudma
mimoixila saxelmwifoTa angariSebi konvenciis implementaciis
Sesaxeb, romlebic miewoda wamebis winaaRmdeg Seqmnil komitets...
arcerTi angariSi ar uTiTebs, rom saxelmwifo aniWebs samoqalaqo
dacvis uflebas saxelmwifos teritoriis farglebs gareT momxdar
wamebis faqtebTan dakavSirebiT.~ 329
120
sajaro statusSi) wamebis akrZalva daarRvia (miuxedavad imisa, Tu
sad iyo es qmedeba Cadenili _ sakuTar saxelmwifoSi Tu mis
farglebs gareT). saxelmwifo A aris pasuxismgebeli saxelmwifo da
man unda izrunos adekvatur samoqalaqo kompensaciaze. me-14(1) muxli
ar moiTxovs nebismieri sxva saxelmwifosgan (saxelmwifo B),
uzrunvelyos sakuTari samarTlebrivi sistemis farglebSi
kompensaciis gadaxda wamebis akrZalvis im darRvevebTan
dakavSirebiT, romlebic moxda saxelmwifo A‐Si . . .~ 332
332
Jones v. Saudi Arabia, 659, ix. sqolio 260.
333
iqve, 727, ix. sqolio 51.
334
iqve, Opinion of Lord Hofmann, 733.
335
Byrnes A., Civil Remedies for Torture Committed Abroad 543 (ix. statiaTa krebuli Scott G. (Ed),
Torture as Tort, Comparative Perspective of the Development of Transnational Human Rights Litigation
(Oxford‐Portland Oregon: HART Publishing, 2001).
121
rogorc saxelmwifoTa praqtika naTelyofs, wamebis akrZalvis
Sesaxeb konvenciis me-14(1) muxlidan gamomdinare valdebulebebi
saxelmwifos ekisreba mxolod sakuTari iurisdiqciis farglebSi
Cadenili wamebis faqtebTan dakavSirebiT. sxva sityvebiT, wamebis
akrZalvis Sesaxeb konvenciis me-14(1) muxlidan gamomdinare, wamebis
Sedegad miyenebuli zianisTvis kompensaciis moTxovnis ufleba mas
aqvs mxolod im saxelmwifosgan, romlis teritoriazec adgili
hqonda wamebis faqts. es ki niSnavs imas, rom fizikuri piri ver
mosTxovs adgilsamyofel saxelmwifos kompensaciis miRebis
uzrunvelyofas im zianTan dakavSirebiT, romelic mas miadga ucxo
saxelmwifos teritoriaze wamebis Sedegad. mas eseTi moTxovnis
ufleba adgilsamyofeli saxelmwifos teritoriaze ubralod ar
gaaCnia. uflebis ararseboba ki, TavisTavad, gamoricxavs saxelmwifo
imunitetis principTan misi konfliqtis SesaZleblobasac. Tu
fizikur pirs ara aqvs adgilsamyofeli saxelmwifos mimarT
moTxovnis ufleba, bunebrivia, saxelmwifo imunitetis principi
winaaRmdegobaSi ver mova am uflebasTan. normatiuli konfliqtis
ararseboba ki pirdapir kavSirSia me-14(1) muxlis konteqstSi
wamoyenebuli normatiuli ierarqiis doqtrinaze dafuZnebuli
argumentis qmediTobasTan. konfliqtis ararsebobis pirobebSi
argumentis samarTlebrivi sqema, romelic zemdgomi normis mier
qvemdgomi normis moqmedebis daZlevas gulisxmobs, ver sTavazobs
wamebis msxverpls saerTaSorisosamarTlebrivi TvalsazrisiT
realur samarTlebriv safuZvels imisaTvis, rom man waradginos
sarCeli erTi saxelmwifos sasamarTloSi meore saxelmwifos
winaaRmdeg da moiTxovos am ukanasknelis teritoriaze wamebis
Sedegad misTvis miyenebuli zianis anazRaureba. 336
5.1 Sesavali
122
wamoyenebulia saxelmwifo imunitetisa da sasamarTlosaTvis
mimarTvis uflebis urTierTmimarTebis konteqstSi. gansaxilveli
argumenti, normatiuli ierarqiis doqtrinaze dafuZnebuli sxva
argumentebis msgavsad, Tanamedrove saerTaSoriso samarTlis CarCos
farglebSi cdilobs ipovos raime meqanizmi, romelic adamianis
uflebebis mZime darRvevaTa msxverpl pirebs SesaZleblobas
miscemda waredginaT samoqalaqo sarCelebi erTi saxelmwifos
sasamarTloSi meore saxelmwifos winaaRmdeg da moeTxovaT maTTvis
am darRvevebis Sedegad miyenebuli zianis anazRaureba.
337
mag. ix. Bouzari and Others v. Islamic Republic of Iran, 444‐445, ix. sqolio 51.
338
mag. ix. politikuri da samoqalaqo uflebebis Sesaxeb saerTaSoriso paqtis 14(1)-
e muxli, ix. sqolio 317; adamianis uflebaTa amerikuli konvenciis 8(1)-e muxli, ix.
sqolio 5. adamianis da xalxTa uflebebis afrikuli qartiis 7(1)-e muxli. qartiis
123
evropuli konvenciac. marTalia, konvenciis teqstSi sasamarT-
losTvis mimarTvis ufleba pirdapir ar aris naxsenebi, magram,
evropuli sasamarTlos ganmartebiT, aRniSnuli ufleba
gamomdinareobs konvenciis me-6(1) muxlidan, romelic ganamtkicebs
sasamarTloSi saqmis samarTliani ganxilvis uflebas. 339
124
gadadis ganxilvis meore etapze da afasebs, iyo Tu ara es SezRudva
legitimuri da proporciuli. Tu evropuli sasamarTlos SefasebiT,
sasamarTlosTvis mimarTvis uflebis SezRudva ar emsaxureboda
legitimur miznebs da ar iyo proporciuli, maSin is Seafasebs am
SezRudvas rogorc me-6(1) muxlis darRvevas.
125
daskvnebi saxelmwifo imunitetis principisa da sasamarTlosTvis
mimarTvis uflebis urTierTmimarTebis sakiTxis irgliv.
342
Al‐Adsani v. United Kingdom, 25, ix. sqolio 292.
126
saqmeze _ Al‐Adsani v. United Kingdom _ gaerTianebuli samefos mier
mosarCelis sasamarTlosTvis mimarTvis uflebis SezRudvis
sakiTxze evropuli sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebis ganxilva naSromis
farglebSi moxdeba ori sxvadasxva sakiTxis konteqstSi. pirvel
rigSi, dadgindeba, arsebobda Tu ara saqmeze _ Al‐Adsani v. United
Kingdom _ evropuli konvenciis me-6(1) muxlis gamoyenebis winapiroba.
kerZod, Sefasdeba, hqonda Tu ara mosarCeles samoqalaqo ufleba,
romlis sasamarTlo gziT dacvis uzrunvelyofac mas SeeZlo
moeTxova gaerTianebuli samefosgan. aRniSnuli sakiTxis ganxilvas
aqvs gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba mocemuli naSromis miznebisTvis,
vinaidan swored am sakiTxis farglebSi ikveTeba, Tu ramdenad
marTebulia saxelmwifo imunitetis konteqstSi sasamarTlosTvis
mimarTvis uflebis arsebobazeAda Sesabamisad, imunitetis principsa
da sasamarTlosTvis mimarTvis uflebas Soris normatiul
konfliqtze msjeloba.
5.3.1. Sesavali
127
naSromis winamdebare nawilSi warmodgenilia saqmeebze _ Al‐
Adsani v. United Kingdom _ mxareTa argumentebi, evropuli sasamarTlos
Sefasebebi da, bolos, sasamarTlos Sefasebebis samarTlebrivi
analizi, risTvisac xdeba saxelmwifo imunitetisa da me-6(1) muxlis
gamoyenebis winapirobis sakiTxis irgvliv evropuli sasamarTlos
arsebuli praqtikis mimoxilva.
343
Al‐Adsani v. United Kingdom, 37, ix. sqolio 292.
128
iurisdiqciisgan da amiT SesaZlebloba ar misca mosarCeles,
uzrunveleyo Tavisi samoqalaqo uflebis dacva sasamarTloSi. 344
129
ganmtkicebuli sasamarTlosTvis mimarTvis ufleba, vinaidan, rogorc
sasamarTlom ganmarta, sasamarTlosTvis mimarTvis ufleba SeiZleba
SeizRudos sasamarTlos iurisdiqciidan mTeli rigi samoqalaqo
uflebebis amoRebiT an pirTa garkveuli kategoriebisTvis
imunitetebis miniWebiT. 347
347
sasamarTlo axdens sakuTari gadawyvetilebis citirebas saqmeze _ Fayed v. the
United Kingdom, ECHR, 1994, Par. 65 (ix. Al‐Adsani v. United Kingdom, 38, ix. sqolio 292).
130
5.3.3 saxelmwifo imunitetisa da evropuli konvenciis me-6(1) muxlis
gamoyenebis winapirobis urTierTmimarTebis sakiTxi evropuli
sasamarTlos praqtikis mixedviT da saqmeze _ Al‐Adsani v. United Kingdom
_ miRebuli gadawyvetilebis analizi
131
ganmtkicebuli proceduruli garantiebis dacva evropuli konvenciis
wevr saxelmwifoebs evalebaT mxolod sakuTari erovnuli
iurisdiqciis farglebSi. Sesabamisad, _ miuTiTebs avtori, _
saxelmwifos araviTari valdebuleba ar ekisreba sasamarT-losTvis
mimarTvis uflebis uzrunvelyofis TvalsazrisiT im SemTxvevaSi, Tu
saxelmwifos ara aqvs iurisdiqcia ganixilos Sesabamisi
samarTlebrivi dava. 351
351
Damian H., Staatenimmunität und Gerichtszwang(Berlin/Heidelberg/New York/Tokyo: Springer,1985), 16‐
17) (ix. Kloth M., Immunities and the Right of Access to Court under Article 6 of the European Convention
on Human Rights (Leiden/Boston: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 2010), 27).
352
Spaans v. Netherlands, European Commission of Human Rights, 1988 (107 ILR 1).
353
iqve.
354
iqve.
355
iqve.
356
iqve, 4.
132
administraciuli aqtebi ar aris iseTi aqtebi, romlebic Sedis
niderlandis iurisdiqciaSi [evropuli] konvenciis 1-li muxlis
gagebiT da, Sesabamisad, [am aqtebTan mimarTebiT] niderlands
araviTari pasuxismgebloba konvenciidan gamomdinare ar ekisreba.~ 357
133
Sesabamisi materialursamarTlebrivi uflebebis arsebobas.~ 360
evropuli komisiis ganmartebiT, saerTaSoriso organizaciis
imuniteti `uqmnis dabrkolebas garkveuli privilegirebuli pirebis
winaaRmdeg germaniis sasamarTloebSi im moTxovnebis wamoyenebasa da
uzrunvelyofas, romlebic ukavSirdeba germanul samarTalSi
arsebul materialursamarTlebriv uflebebs, garda im SemTxvevisa,
roca es pirebi uars amboben imunitetze. am SemTxvevaSi, is
[imuniteti] mxolod da mxolod proceduruli barieria, romelic
qmnis dabrkolebas potenciuri moTxovnebis sasamarTloSi
warsadgenad.~ 361 rogorc Cans, swored msgavs precedentebze
dayrdnobiT daadgina evropulma sasamarTlom saqmeze _ Al‐Adsani v.
United Kingdom _ me-6(1) muxlis gamoyenebis winapirobis arseboba.
360
Van der Peet v. Germany, European Commission of Human Rights, 1996 (ix. Van Alebeek R., 374, ix.
sqolio 155).
361
iqve.
362
aqve aucileblad unda aRiniSnos, rom evropuli komisiis mier saqmeze _ Spaans v.
Netherlands da Van der Peet v. Germany _ gamoyenebuli midgoma gaziarebulia agreTve
erovnuli sasamarTloebis gadawyvetilebebSic. magaliTisTvis SeiZleba moyvanil
iqnes lordTa palatis gadawyvetileba saqmeze _ Holland v. Lampen‐Wolfe, sadac
mosarCeleebi acxadebdnen, rom saxelmwifo imunitetis principi winaaRmdegobaSi
modis evropuli konvenciis me-6(1) muxliT ganmtkicebul sasamarTlosTvis
mimarTvis uflebasTan. lordTa palatam ar gaiziara es mosazreba, rac
damajereblad daasabuTa lordma milem (Millett): `konvenciis me-6 muxliT yvelas
eniWeba samoqalaqo uflebebisa da valdebulebebis gansazRvrisTvis samarTliani
sasamarTlo ganxilvis ufleba... erTi SexedviT, es ufleba SeiZleba Seusabamo
Candes sruli da yovlismomcveli imunitetis (rodesac is savaldebulo
gamoyenebas eqvemdebareba) doqtrinasTan, magram Seusabamoba ar arsebobs. ar
arsebobs ara imitom, rom me-6 muxliT ganmtkicebuli ufleba ar aris absoluturi
da eqvemdebareba SezRudvebs, arc imis gamo, rom saxelmwifo imunitetis doqtrina
legitimur miznebs emsaxureba _ Seusabamoba imis gamo ar arsebobs, rom me-6 muxli
ukrZalavs wevr saxelmwifoebs fizikuri pirebisTvis uaris Tqmas Tavisi
kompetenciis farglebSi sasamarTlo uflebamosilebebis ganxorcielebaze; es
muxli uflebamosilebebis moculobis zrdas ar iTvaliswinebs. me-6(1) muxli
moiTxovs konvenciis wevri saxelmwifoebisgan samarTliani da sajaro procesebis
warmoebas da ukrZalavs maT uari uTxran fizikur pirebs aseT procesebze,
134
evropuli komisia saqmeebze _ Spaans v. Netherlands da Van der Peet v.
Germany _ marTebulad uTiTebs, rom saxelmwifo imunitetis
konteqstSi, romelic saerTaSoriso samarTlis ZaliT eniWeba, ar
xdeba sasamarTlosTvis mimarTvis uflebis darRveva. imuniteti or
saxelmwifos Soris urTierTobaSi sademarkacio xazia maTi
eqskluziur iurisdiqciaTa sferoebis gasamijnavad _ iq, sadac
iwyeba erTis iurisdiqcia, mTavrdeba meoresi. im SemTxvevaSi,
rodesac saxelmwifos ekisreba ucxo saxelmwifoze imunitetis
gavrcelebis saerTaSoriso valdebuleba, mas ar gaaCnia iurisdiqcia
ganixilos am ucxo saxelmwifos winaaRmdeg wardgenili sarCelebi, 363
romlebzec xdeba maTi samoqalaqo uflebebis gansazRvra. es muxli gulisxmobs,
rom wevr saxelmwifos aqvs sakmarisi sasamarTlo uflebamosilebebi, raTa
gadawyvitos sadavo sakiTxebi. amasTan, es muxli ar aniWebs wevr saxelmwifos iseT
sasamarTlo uflebamosilebebs, romlebic mas ar gaaCniaT. saxelmwifo imuniteti ...
saerTaSoriso CveulebiTi samarTlis pirmSoa da gamomdinareobs suverenul
saxelmwifoTa Tanasworobis principidan; is ar aris gaerTianebuli samefos mier
sakuTari sasamarTloebis iurisdiqciaze dawesebuli SezRudva _ igi Tavad
gaerTianebuli samefos suverenitetis SezRudvaa, romelic garedan momdinareobs.~
(ix. Holland v. Lampen‐Wolfe, Opinion of Lord Millett, UK House of Lords, 2001 (119 ILR 367, 383‐384)).
363
aRsaniSnavia, rom arsebobs Sexeduleba, romlis mixedviTac konceptualurad
arasworia imunitetze saubari im SemTxvevaSi, Tu saxelmwifos ar gaaCnia
iurisdiqcia ganixilos da gadawyvitos dava. am Sexedulebis momxreTa azriT,
sasamarTlos SeuZlia, imsjelos imunitetis miniWeba-arminiWebis sakiTxze mxolod
mas Semdeg, rac sasamarTlo gadawyvets, rom gansaxilvel saqmeze igi flobs
iurisdiqcias. saxelmwifo imunitetze, rogorc sasamarTlos arsebuli
iurisdiqciisgan dacvis barierze, tipiuri Sexeduleba asaxulia marTlmsajulebis
saerTaSoriso sasamarTlos mosamarTleebis: higinsis kuiJmanisa da burgentalis
saerTo gansakuTrebul azrSi saqmeze _ Arrest Warrant of 11 April 2000 (Democratic Republic of
the Congo v. Belgium). mocemul saqmeze marTlmsajulebis saerTaSoriso sasamarTlo
msjelobda, hqonda Tu ara belgias ufleba, ar mieniWebina kongos moqmedi sagareo
saqmeTa ministrisTvis imuniteti adamianis uflbebis im mZime darRvevis fatqebTan
dakavSirebiT, romlebic man sakuTari samsaxurebrivi saqmianobis farglebSi
ganaxorciela. aRniSnul sakiTxze sasamarTlom imsjela winaswar im sakiTxis
ganxilvis gareSe, vrceldeboda Tu ara belgiis iurisdiqcia kongos sagareo
saqmeTa ministris danaSaulebriv qmedebebze (ix. Arrest Warrant of 11 April 2000 (Democratic
Republic of the Congo v. Belgium), 75, ix. sqolio 13). mosamarTleebma: higinsma, kuiJmanma da
burgentalma ar gaiziares sasamarTlos pozicia da Camoayalibes saerTo
gansakuTrebuli azri imis Sesaxeb, rom sasamarTlos winaswar aucileblad unda
emsjela, hqonda Tu ara belgias iurisdiqcia kongos sagareo saqmeTa ministris im
danaSaulebriv qmedebebze, romlebSic mas belgiis samarTaldamcavi organoebi
sdebdnen brals da mxolod iurisdiqciis arsebobis dadasturebis SemTxvevaSi
sasamarTlo unda gadasuliyo imunitetis sakiTxis ganxilvaze. kerZod,
mosamarTleebma ganacxades: `sasamarTlo ar saubrobs sakiTxze ... hqonda Tu ara
belgiis sasamarTlos, saerTaSoriso samarTlidan gamomdinare, ufleba, gaeca
dapatimrebis orderi pirze, romelic im momentSi ar imyofeboda mis teritoriaze.~
Semdeg sasamarTlo dasZens: `Cveni azriT, araTu sasurveli, aramed savaldebuloc
ki iyo, rom sasamarTlos daefiqsirebina Tavisi pozicia iurisdiqciis sakiTxTan
dakavSirebiT. amis mravali mizezi arsebobs: `imuniteti~ aris Semokleba
gamoTqmisa _ `iurisdiqciisgan imuniteti.~ Tu iurisdiqcia, rogorc aseTi, ar
arsebobs, maSin iurisdiqciisgan imunitetis sakiTxi ... arc ki wamoiWreboda.
sasamarTlom iurisdiqciis sakiTxis yuradRebis miRma datovebiT Seqmna iseTi
135
vinaidan muxli, romelic evropuli konvenciis wevr saxelmwifoebs
miuTiTebs, Tu rogor unda gamoiyenon MmaT sakuTari sasamarTlo
iurisdiqcia maSin, rodesac isini gansaxilvel saqmeze iurisdiqcias
floben, ar SeiZleba akisrebdes valdebulebebs wevr saxelmwifoebs
iseT saqmeebze, romlebic maT iurisdiqciaSi ar Sedis. 364 konvenciis
teqstis sxvagvari wakiTxva gamoiwvevda absurdul Sedegebs _
warmoudgenelia, rom konvenciam wevr saxelmwifoebs iseTi
valdebulebebi daakisros, romelTa Sesrulebac maTi kompetenciis
farglebs scildeba. es valdebulebebi winaswarve Seusruleb-
lobisTvis iqneboda ganwiruli.
STabeWdileba, rom `imuniteti~ saerTaSoriso samarTalSi calke mdgomi sakiTxia.
es ase ar aris. `imuniteti~ da `iurisdiqcia~ erTmaneTTan ganuyoflad arian
dakavSirebulni.~ (ix. Arrest Warrant of 11 April 2000 (Democratic Republic of the Congo v. Belgium),
Opinion of Judge Higgins, Judge Kooijmans, Judge Buergenthal, 119, ix. sqolio 13. magram,
realurad, gavrcelebuli midgomis Tanaxmad, Tu saqme exeba saxelmwifos
saxelisuflebo qmedebebs, iurisdiqciis arseboba imunitetis principis gamoyenebis
winapiroba ki ar aris, aramed imunitetis ararseboba ganixileba iurisdiqciis
arsebobis winapirobad. rogorc lordma binghemma ganacxada saqmeze _ Jones v. Saudi
Arabia, _ `iq, sadac moqmedebs saxelmwifo imunitetis principi, erovnul
sasamarTloebs ar gaaCniaT [saqmis ganxilvis] iurisdiqcia.~ (ix. Jones v. Saudi Arabia,
Opinion of Lord Bingham, 727, ix. sqolio 51). ix. agreTve Dralle v. Republic of Czechoslovakia,
Austria, Supreme Court, 1950 (17 ILR 155); Ryuichi Shimoda et Al. v. The State, Japan, District Court of
Tokyo, 1963 (32 ILR 626); Senerman Rapaport v. Republic of Cuba, Chile, Supreme Court, 1975 (65 ILR 29);
Colonel H. H. Raja Sir Harinder Singh Barar Bans Bahadur v. Commissioner of Income Tax, Punjab, India,
Supreme Court, 1971 (64 ILR 523); Kramer Italo Limited v. Government of the Kingdom of Belgium, Embassy
of Belgium, Nigeria, Nigeria, Court of Appeal, 1988 (103 ILR 299); Johnson v. Major‐General Howard M.
Turner et Al., Philippines, Supreme Court, 1954 (21 ILR 103).
364
Voyiakis E., Access to Court v. State Immunity, 52 International and Comparative Law Quaterly 297, 2003,
308 (gadmotvirTulia Cambridge University Press-is eleqtronul monacemTa bazidan).
136
samoqalaqo ufleba, rac, Tavis mxriv, gamoricxavs sasamarTlosTvis
mimarTvis uflebis arsebobasac.
365
ix. naSromis gv. 124 da miTiTebuli sqolioebi.
366
Tomuschat C., Individual Reparation Claims in Instances of Grave Human Rights Violations: The Position
under General International Law, 11 (ix. statiaTa krebuli Randelszofher A. and Tomuschat C. (Eds),
State Responsibility and the Individual, (The Hague/London/Boston: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 1999)).
367
Black H.C., Black’s Law Dictionary, 2nd (New Jersey: The Lawbook Exchange LTD., 1995).
368
O’Keefe R., Universal Jurisdiction, Clarifying the Basic Concept, 2 Journal of International Criminal Justice
735, 2004, 736‐737 (gadmotvirTulia Cambridge University Press-is eleqtronul monacemTa
bazidan).
137
imuniteti ukrZalavs saxelmwifos gaavrcelos ucxo
saxelmwifoze, rogorc saxelisuflebo uflebamosilebis matarebel
subieqtze, yvela saxis iurisdiqcia, maT Soris sakanonmdebloc.
Sesabamisad, erT saxelmwifos ar SeuZlia ucxo saxelmwifos
sakuTar saxelisuflebo qmedebebTan dakavSirebiT daudginos qcevis
iuridiulad savaldebulo wesebi, maT Soris, saxelmwifos ar
SeuZlia ucxo saxelmwifosTvis im zianis anazRaurebis
valdebulebis dakisreba, romelic gamowveulia am ukanasknelis
saxelisuflebo qmedebebiT.
138
TavisTavad am uflebis proceduruli dacvis me-6(1) muxliT
ganmtkicebul garantiebze saubari.
139
samarTlebrivi davis adgilsamyofeli saxelmwifos sasamarT-
losTvis gadacemiT. am SemTxvevaSi, avtoris gancxadebiT,
adgilsamyofeli saxelmwifo, gamonaklisis saxiT, iurisdiqcias
iZens ucxo saxelmwifos winaaRmdeg am ukanasknelis TanxmobiT. ucxo
saxelmwifos mier Tanxmobis gancxadebiT ixsneba is SezRudvebi,
romlebic adgilsamyofeli saxelmwifos iurisdiqcias uwesdeba,
saxelmwifoTa suverenuli Tanasworobis principidan gamomdinare. 370
esenia saxelmwifos iurisdiqciis e.w. gare SezRudvebi. amave dros,
saxelmwifoTa iurisdiqcias, gare SezRudvebis garda, uwesdebaT
Sida SezRudvebic sakuTari kanonmdeblobis ZaliT da am Sida
SezRudvebis safuZvelze saxelmwifo ar ganixilavs ucxo
saxelmwifos winaaRmdeg wardgenil sarCels im SemTxvevaSic ki,
roca ucxo saxelmwifo uars ambobs sakuTar imunitetze. 371
370
Van Alebeek R., 88, ix sqolio 155.
371
iqve.
140
saxelmwifo imunitetis principi me-6(2) muxliT dadgenili SezRudvis
farglebSi. am sakiTxTan dakavaSirebiT sasamarTlos
gadawyvetilebis ganxilva mniSvnelovania imdenad, ramdenadac
gadawyvetilebis es fragmenti kidev erTxel amtkicebs, rom
saxelmwifosTvis saxelisuflebo qmedebebTan dakavSirebiT
miniWebuli imunitetis konteqstSi fizikur pirs ara aqvs
sasamarTlosTvis mimarTvis ufleba da, Sesabamisad, arc saxelmwifo
imunitetisa da sasamarTlosTvis mimarTvis uflebis
urTierTmimarTebis sakiTxi dgeba dRis wesrigSi.
141
sasamarTlos miaCnia, rom erTi saxelmwifos mier meore
saxelmwifosTvis imunitetis miniWeba yvela SemTxvevaSi emsaxureba
saxelmwifoebs Soris keTilmegobruli urTierTobebis ganviTarebas,
rac, TavisTavad, aris legitimuri mizani. 377 Sesabamisad,
sasamarTlosTvis araviTari mniSvneloba ara aqvs imas, Tu ras
Seexeba sarCeli, romelTan dakavSirebiTac, ucxo saxelmwifos
mopasuxe saxelmwifos sasamarTlo iurisdiqciisgan mieniWa
imuniteti. evropuli sasamarTlos midgomiT, ucxo saxelmwifosTvis
imunitetis miniWeba legitimurad iTvleba nebismier SemTxvevaSi,
maSinac ki, roca saxelmwifos imuniteti eniWeba wamebis
saerTaSoriso akrZalvis darRvevis braldebebTan dakavSirebiT 378
(risTvisac saqmeze _ Al‐Adsani v. United Kingdom _ mosarCelis
gancxadebiT, imunitetis miniWeba moklebulia yovelgvar
racionalur da legitimur safuZvels 379 ). saqmis konkretul
garemoebebs mniSvneloba eniWeba im etapze, roca xdeba
sasamarTlosTvis mimarTvis uflebis SezRudvis proporciulobis
Sefaseba. 380 sakiTxisadmi msgavsi midgomis gaTvaliswinebiT,
evropuli sasamarTlos Sefaseba, rom gaerTianebuli samefos mier
quveiTisTvis imunitetis miniWeba emsaxureboda legitimur miznebs,
gasagebia da evropuli sasamarTlos mier dadgenil standartebSia
moqceuli.
377
Kloth M., 13.
378
iqve, 14.
379
Al‐Adsani v. United Kingdom, 39, ix. sqolio 292.
380
Kloth M., 14, ix. sqolio 351.
381
Voyiakis E., 312, ix. sqolio 364.
382
iqve.
142
ramdenad samarTlianad iyo daculi balansi kerZo piris interesebsa
da sazogadoebriv, sajaro interesebs Soris. 383
143
SezRudva `ara Sesabamisi uflebis ganxorcielebis SezRudvaa,
aramed am uflebis Sinaarsis SezRudva.~ 388 sxva sityvebiT, Tu raRac
garemoeba kvalificirdeba, rogorc uflebis TavisTavad
nagulisxmevi SezRudva, maSin am garemoebis arsebobisas saerTod
gamoiricxeba Sesabamisi uflebis arseboba. aqedan gamomdinare, Tu
imuniteti sasamarTlosTvis mimarTvis uflebis organuli SezRudvaa,
maSin gamodis, rom imunitetis moqmedebis SemTxvevaSi gamoiricxeba
am uflebis arseboba. es Sexeduleba exmianeba da adasturebs am
naSromis IV Tavis me-5.3.3 qveTavSi gamoTqmul mosazrebas, rom
saqmeze _ Al‐Adsani v. United Kingdom _ saerTod gamoiricxeba
sasamarTlosTvis mimarTvis uflebis arseboba. Sesabamisad,
sasamarTlos mier imunitetis am daxasiaTebidan gamomdinare, dRis
wesrigidan mTlianad ixsneba me-6(1) muxlis gamoyenebis sakiTxi da,
miT umetes, me-6(1) muxliT ganmtkicebuli uflebis SezRudvis
legitimurobisa da proporciulobis Sefasebis aucilebloba.
5.5 daskvna
388
Delmas‐Marty M., The European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights: International Protection
Versus National Restrictions (Dordrecht/Boston/London: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 1992), 216.
144
ar arsebobs ra konfliqti saxelmwifo imunitetis principsa da
sasamarTlosTvis mimarTvis uflebas Soris, normatiuli ierarqia
ver iqneba gamoyenebuli sasamarTlosTvis mimarTvis uflebis
safuZvelze imunitetis principis moqmedebis gamosaricxad. Aamis
gaTvalsiwinebiT SeiZleba gakeTdes daskvna, rom argumenti, romlis
mixedviTac sasamarTlosTvis mimarTvis uflebasTan konfliqtis
gamo imunitetis principi ar unda vrceldebodes adamianis
uflebebis mZime darRvevebTan dakavSirebiT wardgenil samoqalaqo
sarCelebze, ar aris marTebuli da am darRvevebis msxverpl pirebs
ar aZlevs imis samarTlebriv SesaZleblobas, rom am darRvevebTan
mimarTebaSi mosTxovon erTi saxelmwifos sasamarTlos, ar
gaavrcelos meore saxelmwifoze imuniteti da daakisros meore
saxelmwifos zianis anazRaurebis valdebuleba.
6. daskvna
145
rac Seexeba saxelmwifo imunitetisa da adamianis iseTi
uflebebis urTierTmimarTebas, rogorebicaa samarTlebrivi dacvis
qmediTi saSualebis ufleba, zianis anazRaurebis moTxovnisa da
sasamrTlosaTvis mimarTvis uflebebi, am SemTxvevaSi saxelmwifo
imunitetis principi da Sesabamisi uflebebi erTmaneTTan
konfliqtSi ar modian, vinaidan am uflebebidan gamomdinare,
valdebulebebi saxelmwifos ekisreba mxolod sakuTari iurisdiqciis
farglebSi da, Sesabamisad, ar vrceldeba adamianis uflebebis iseTi
mZime darRvevis faqtebze, romlebic samarTaldamrRvevma
saxelmwifom sakuTar teritoriaze an SeiaraRebuli konfliqtis
dros ucxo saxemwifos teritoriaze ganaxorciela.
146
V. saxelmwifo imuniteti da saerTaSoriso aramarTlzomieri
qmedebebisTvis saxelmwifoTa pasuxismgeblobis Sesaxeb muxlebis
proeqtis 41(2) –e muxli
147
situaciis kanonierebis aRiarebasa da am situaciis SenarCunebisTvis
xelis Sewyobas.
391
Crawford J., The International Law Commission’s Articles on State Responsibility: Introduction, Text and
Commentaries, 250‐251, ix sqolio 144.
392
iqve.
148
iqmneba saerTaSoriso samarTlis sxva imperatiuli normebis
darRvevis Sedegad.
149
darRvevebTan mimarTebiT ucxo saxelmwifoze imunitetis gavrceleba
imperatiuli normis darRvevis Sedegad Seqmnili situaciis
kanonierad aRiarebas warmoadgens da aqedan gamomdinare,
akrZalulad unda CaiTvalos 41(2)-e muxlze dayrdnobiT. 397
150
saerTaSoriso samarTlis imperatiuli normis darRvevis Sedegad
Seqmnili situaciis mxolod kanonierad aRiarebis akrZalvas. 400
araRiarebis valdebulebis aseTi saxiT formulireba, Tavis mxriv,
logikurad gulisxmobs, rom ar unda moxdes saerTaSoriso
samarTlis imperatiuli normis darRvevis Sedegad mxolod iseTi
moTxovnebisa da privilegiebis aRiareba, romlebic saxelmwifos
marto kanonier safuZvlebze SeiZleba warmoeSvas, vinaidan aseTi
saxis moTxovnebisa da privilegiebis aRiareba TavisTavad
gulisxmobs im qmedebebis kanonierebis aRiarebasac, ris safuZvelzec
saxelmwifos uCndeba Sesabamisi samarTlebrivi moTxovnebi.
151
saxelmwifos dausjelobas, rac, Tavis mxriv, xels uwyobs
samarTaldarRvevis Sedegad Camoyalibebuli situaciis SenarCunebas.
magaliTad, oraxelaSvili miuTiTebs, rom adamianis uflebebis
sferoSi moqmedi jus cogens normebis darRvevisas `imunitetis
SenarCuneba, TavisTavad, gulisxmobs darRveviT gamowveuli Sedegis
cnobasa da samarTaldamrRvevi saxelmwifos daxmarebas damdgari
Sedegis gamyarebaSi.~ 404 analogiur Sexedulebas vxvdebiT
sasamarTlo praqtikaSic. magaliTad, saberZneTis pirveli instanciis
sasamarTlom saqmeze _ Prefecture of Voiotia v. Federal Republic of Germany _
ganacxada, rom `saerTaSoriso samarTlis imperatiuli normebis
damrRvev qmedebebTan mimarTebiT imunitetis aRiareba iqneboda
erovnuli sasamarTloebis ... daxmareba im qmedebebisaTvis, romlebic
saerTaSoriso samarTlis sajaro wesrigiTaa dagmobili.~ 405
404
Orakhelashvili A., 18 State Immunity and Hierarchy of Norms: Why the House of Lords Got It Wrong,
European Journal of International Law 955, 2008, 967.
405
Knuchel S., State Immunity and the Promise of Jus Cogens, 9 Northwestern University Journal of
International Human Rights 149, 2011, 163. statiis eleqtronuli versia xelmisawvdomia:
http://www.law.northwestern.edu/journals/jihr/v9/n2/2/#86 (nanaxia: 29/06/2011). ix. agreTve Ferrini
v. Federal Republic of Germany, 669, ix. sqolio 13.
406
mag., ix. gaeros uSiSrobis sabWos 1965 wlis rezolucia 218, romelic exeboda
afrikul koloniebSi portugaliis qmedebebis dagmobas. am rezoluciis me-6 punqti
saxelmwifoebs akisrebs valdebulebas, miiRon yvela aucilebeli zoma, raTa ar
dauSvan sxva saxelmwifoebis mier an sxva pirebis mier portugaliis
mTavrobisTvis iaraRis an sxva samxedro mowyobilobebisa da aRWurvilobis
miyidva da miwodeba. rezoluciis eleqtronuli versia xelmisawvdomia uSiSroebis
sabWos rezoluciebis eleqtronul bazaSi:
http://www.un.org/Docs/sc/unsc_resolutions.html (nanaxia: 01/06/2011).
407
mag., ix. gaeros uSiSrobis sabWos 1977 wlis rezolucia 418, romelic exeboda
samxreT afrikaSi aparTeidis reJims. rezoluciis me-2 punqti moiTxovda
saxelmwifoebisgan, ar miewodebinaT samxreT afrikisTvis SeiaraReba an sxva
samxedro masalebi, mowyobilobebi, aRWurvilobebi da a.S.; me-4 punqti moiTxovda
saxelmwifoebisgan, ar eTanamSromlaT samxreT afrikasTan birTvuli iaraRis
warmoebaSi. rezoluciis eleqtronuli versia xelmisawvdomia uSiSroebis sabWos
rezoluciebis eleqtronul bazaSi:
http://www.un.org/Docs/sc/unsc_resolutions.html (nanaxia: 01/06/2011).
152
ucxo saxelmwifosTvis adamianis uflebebis mZime darRvevebTan
mimarTebiT imunitetis miniWeba araTu ar warmoadgens saerTaSoriso
samarTlebrivi TvalsazrisiT ukanono qmedebas, aramed, piriqiT,
ucxo saxelmwifosTvis, rogorc saxelisuflebo uflebamosilebis
matarebeli subieqtisTvis, imunitetis miniWeba aris saxelmwifos
valdebuleba, romelic mas saerTaSoriso samarTlis ZaliT ekisreba.
savaldebulo saxelmwifo imunitetis SemTxvevaSi saxelmwifos
saerTaSoriso samarTlidan gamomdinare, ubralod, ar aqvs ufleba,
uari uTxras ucxo saxelmwifos mis saxelisuflebo qmedebebTan
mimarTebiT imunitetis miniWebaze. aqedan gamomdinare, imunitetis
miniWebaze uaris Tqma ar SeiZleba ganimartos, rogorc ardaxmarebis
valdebulebis nawili. Sesabamisad, saerTaSoriso konvenciebis
teqstSi pirdapiri da araorazrovni aRiarebis gareSe, Tanamedrove
saerTaSoriso samarTlis sistemis farglebSi ardaxmarebis
valdebulebis zogadi formulirebidan gamomdinare,
warmoudgenelia, msjeloba imaze, rom saxelmwifos moeTxoveba, uari
uTxras ucxo saxelmwifos imunitetis miniWebaze, am ukanasknelis
mier sakuTar teritoriaze da saomari moqmedebebis dros ucxo
saxelmwifos teritoriaze adamianis uflebebis mZime darRvevis
SemTxvevaSi.
153
imunitetze. msgavsi valdebulebis arsebobis Sesaxeb msjeloba
SesaZlebeli iqneboda mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu saerTaSoriso
samarTali ukanonod aRiarebda adamianis uflebebis mZime darRvevis
faqtebTan dakavSirebiT ucxo saxelmwifoze imunitetis gavrcelebas.
saerTaSoriso samarTalSi saxelmwifos aseTi valdebulebis
ararsebobis fonze ardaxmarebis valdebuleba ver iqneba erTi
saxelmwifos mier meore saxelmwifos winaaRmdeg adamianis
uflebebis mZime darRvevebidan gamomdinare samoqalaqo sarCelebis
ganxilvis kanonieri safuZveli. 408
408
sxva mizezebis Sesaxeb, Tu ratom ar SeiZleba saxelmwifoTa pasuxismgeblobis
Sesaxeb muxlebis proeqtis 41(2)-e muxlis gamoyeneba adamianis uflebebis mZime
darRvevebTan dakavSirebiT saxelmwifosTvis imunitetis miniWebaze uaris
dasasabuTeblad ix. Gattini A., The Dispute on Jurisdictional Immunities of the State before the ICJ: Is
the Time Ripe for a Change of the Law, 24 Leiden Journal of International Law 173, 2011, 182‐184
(gadmotvirTulia Cambridge University Press-is eleqtronul monacemTa bazidan).
154
daskvna
155
pasuxismgeblobis Sesaxeb muxlebis proeqtis 41(2)-e muxlze
dafuZnebuli argumentebi.
410
ix. sqolio 149.
156
maTTvis savaldebulo Zala. 411 saerTaSoriso samarTalSi adamianis
uflebebis mniSvnelobis zrdis fonze moxda suverenitetis swored
am aspeqtis SezRudva 412 da suverenitetis swored am aspeqtis
TvalsazrisiT, adamianis uflebebis mZime darRvevebs SeiZleba ar
mieceT saxelmwifos suverenuli qmedebebis kvalifikacia. Tumca aqve
unda aRiniSnos, rom suverenitetis es aspeqti ar gansazRvravs
saxelmwifo imunitetis principis Sinaars da Sesabamisad, arasworia
suverenitetis am aspeqtidan gamomdinare, imunitetis principis
miznebisTvis saxelmwifos qmedebebis suverenulad an
arasuverenulad kvalifikacia.
411
ix. sqolio 149.
412
ix. sqolioebi 171, 172, 173.
413
ix. sqolioebi 152 da 153 muxlebi.
157
saxelmwifos suverenuli qmedebis koncefcias cvlileba ar
ganucdia im tendenciebis fonzec ki, romlebic ukanaskneli
aTwleulebis manZilze erovnuli sasamarTloebis praqtikaSi
viTardeba. es tendenciebi gamoixateba gansazRvrul SemTxvevebSi
adamianis uflebebis mZime darRvevebTan mimarTebiT imunitetis
principis moqmedebis farglebis SezRudvaSi. kerZod, imunitetis
principis moqmedebis farglebi SeizRuda adamianis uflebebis im
mZime darRvevebTan dakavSirebiT, romlebic saxelmwifom
adgilsamyofeli saxelmwifos teritoriaze an teroristuli aqtis
farglebSi ucxo saxelmwifos teritoriaze ganaxorciela. amave
darRvevebTan mimarTebiT SeizRuda agreTve funqciuri imunitetis
principis moqmedebac.
158
yovelive zemoTqmulis safuZvelze SeiZleba gakeTdes daskvna,
rom suverenuli qmedebis koncefciaze dafuZnebuli argumenti
mcdarad asabuTebs, rom adamianis uflebebis mZime darRvevebi,
romlebsac saxelmwifo axorcielebs sakuTar teritoriaze an
SeiaraRebuli konfliqtis dros ucxo saxelmwifos teritoriaze, ar
warmoadgenen saxelmwifos suverenul qmedebebs. aRniSnuli
darRvevebi saxelmwifo imunitetis principis miznebisTvis
kvalificirdeba suverenul qmedebebad da Sesabamisad, am
darRvevebTan dakavSirebiT saxelmwifoebze vrceldeba imuniteti
ucxo saxelmwifoTa iurisdiqciisgan.
159
axorcielebs saxelmwifo sakuTar teritoriaze an SeiaraRebuli
konfliqtis dros ucxo saxelmwifos teritoriaze.
160
konfliqtSi movidnen saxelmwifo imunitetis principTan. Tumca es
konfliqti ar arsebobs im samoqalaqo sarCelis konteqstSi,
romelic wadgenilia erTi saxelmwifos sasamarTloSi meores
winaaRmdeg da romelic exeba am ukanasknelis mier sakuTar
teritoriaze an SeiaraRebuli konfliqtis dros ucxo saxelmwifos
teritoriaze adamianis uflebebis mZime darRvevebis Sedegad
fizikuri pirisTvis miyenebuli zianis anazRaurebas.
161
dabolos, rac Seexeba saxelmwifoTa pasuxismgeblobis Sesaxeb
muxlebis proeqtis 41(2)-e muxlze dafuZnebul arguments, _ arc es
argumenti iZleva imis samarTlebriv safuZvels, rom erTma
saxelmwifom uari uTxras meore saxelmwifos imunitetis miniWebaze
adamianis uflebebis im mZime darRvevebTan dakavSirebiT, romlebic
am ukanasknelma sakuTar teritoriaze an SeiaraRebuli konfliqtis
dros ucxo saxelmwifos teritoriaze ganaxorciela.
415
ix. sqolio 142.
162
zogadad, saxelmwifoTa pasuxismgeblobis Sesaxeb muxlebis proeqtis
41(2)-e muxlisa da am muxlze dafuZnebuli argumentis marTebulobas.
Tumca, aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom 41(2)-e muxliT ganmkicebuli jus cogens
normebis koncefcia sadavod romc ar iyos, am muxlis safuZvelze
saxelmwifo imunitetis principis winaaRmdeg wamoyenebuli argumenti
mainc usargeblod unda CaiTvalos.
163
Sesabamisad, saerTaSoriso samarTlis imperatiuli normis darRvevis
Sedegad Seqmnili situaciis SenarCunebisTvis xelis Sewyobis
akrZalvis valdebuleba ar SeiZleba gulisxmobdes saxelmwifosTvis
adamianis uflebebis mZime darRvevebTan dakavSirebiT imunitetis
miniWebis akrZalvas.
164
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