Samartlis Jurnali: Journal of Law

ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo
universiteti
iuridiuli fakulteti
Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University
Faculty of Law
samarTlis Jurnali
Journal of Law
#1, 2009
Tbilisi, Tbilisi
1
mTavari redaqtori Editor-in-Chief
besarion zoiZe (prof., Tsu) Besarion Zoidze (Prof., TSU)
saredaqcio kolegia: Editorial Board:
levan aleqsiZe (prof., Tsu) Levan Alexidze (Prof.,TSU)

giorgi daviTaSvili(prof., Tsu) Giorgi Davitashivili (Prof., TSU)
avTandil demetraSvili (prof., Tsu) Avtandil Demetrashvili (Prof.,TSU)
mzia lekveiSvili (prof., Tsu) Mzia Lekveishvili (Prof., TSU)
guram naWyebia (prof., Tsu) Guram Nachkebia (Prof., TSU)
Tevdore niniZe (prof., Tsu) Tevdore Ninidze (Prof., TSU)
nugzar surgulaZe (prof., Tsu) Nugzar Surguladze (Prof.,TSU)
lado Wanturia (prof., Tsu) Lado Chanturia (Prof., TSU)
giorgi xubua (prof., Tsu) Giorgi Khubua (Prof., TSU)
laSa bregvaZe (T. wereTlis sax. Lasha Bregvadze (T. Tsereteli
saxelmwifosa da samarTlis Institute of State and Law,
institutis direqtori) Director)
irakli burduli (prof., Tsu) Irakli Burduli (Prof.,TSU)
paata turava (prof., Tsu) Paata Turava (Prof., TSU)
gunter tiobneri (prof., Gunther Teubner (Prof., Frankfurt
frankfurtis universiteti) University)
lourens fridmani (prof., Laurence Friedman
stenfordis universiteti) (Prof., Stanford University)
bernd Sunemani (prof., miunxenis Bernd Schuneman (Prof., Munich
universiteti) University)
peter heberle (prof., bairoiTis Peter Hдberle (Prof., Bayreuth
universiteti) University)
© Tbilisis universitetis gamomcemloba, 2009

© Tbilisi University Press, 2009
ISSN 1987-76-68
2
sarCevi
Table of Contents
redaqtorisagan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
mecniereba
SCIENCE
giorgi daviTaSvili
Tanamonawileobis sakiTxi qarTul CveulebiT samarTalSi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Giorgi Davitashvili
Complicity in Georgian Habitual Law . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
guram naWyebia
danaSauli bralis ori formiT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
Guram Nachkebia
Crime with Two Forms of Guilt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
lado Wanturia
evropis kerZo sazogadoeba — siaxle evropis sakorporacio samarTalSi . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
Lado Chanturia
European Private Company – Novelty in the European Company Law . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
giorgi TumaniSvili
policiis saqmianobis ZiriTadi principebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
Giorgi Tumanishvili
The Basic Principles of Police Activities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
mzia dundua
deliqturi pasuxismgeblobisa da saxelSekrulebo pasuxismgeblobis
Tanafardoba . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
Mzia Dundua
Correlation Between Tort and Contractual Liabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
giorgi kaxiani
abstraqtuli normaTkontrolis problemebi saqarTvelos sakonstitucio
sasamarTlos saqmianobaSi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
Giorgi Kakhiani
The Problems of Abstract Control of Norms within the Framework of the Activities
of the Constitutional Court of Georgia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
qeTevan qoCaSvili
brali, rogorc samoqalaqosamarTlebrivi pasuxismgeblobis piroba
(SedarebiTsamarTlebrivi kvleva) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .78
Ketevan Kochashvili
Fault – as a Condition of Civil Liability
(Comparative Law Analysis) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
3
gulnaz galdava
samoqalaqo uflebaTa dacvis formebi da saSualebebi saqarTvelos
samoqalaqo kodeqsis mixedviT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116
Gulnaz Galdava
The Forms and Means of Protection of Civil Rights According to the Civil Code of Georgia . . . . . . . . . . 116
naTia CitaSvili
bralis mniSvneloba saxelSekrulebo pasuxismgeblobis
gansazRvrisTvis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143
Natia Chitashvili
Importance of Fault for the Determination of Contractual Liability (Comparative Analysis
of the Principles of European Contract Law and German and Georgian Legislation) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143
devi xvedeliani
anderZiT memkvidreoba da masTan dakavSirebuli problemebi saqarTvelos
saerTaSoriso kerZo samarTlis mixedviT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218
Devi Khvedeliani
Testamentary Succession and Related Thereto Conflict of Law Problems
According to the International Private Law of Georgia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218
Targmani
TRANSLATION
klaus hopti
korporaciuli marTva evropaSi: regulirebis axali modeli da
`rbili samarTali~
Targmna irakli burdulma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 228
Klaus J. Hopt
Corporate Governance in Europe: New Model of Regulation and “Soft Law”
translated by Irakli Burduli . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 228
4
redaqtorisagan
didi siamayiTa da, amave dros, sinanuliT minda aR-

vniSno, rom TiTqmis saukunes mitanebul iuridiul fa-
kultets pirvelad eRirsa farTo profilis samecniero
Jurnali. dasanania, rom qveyanaSi, sadac iuridiuli pro-
fesia erT-erTi yvelaze prestiJulia, am dargSi sul ram-
denime Jurnali arsebobs. imedia, es wamowyeba misabaZi iq-
neba sxva universitetebisTvisac. samarTlis transforma-
ciisa da evropul samarTalTan misi harmonizaciis proce-
si gadaudeblad moiTxovs fundamenturi samecniero kvle-
vebis ganxorcielebas da maTi Sedegebis farTod prezen-
tacias. amaSi udavod didia samecniero Jurnalis mniSvne-
loba, rasac mowinave qveynebis gamocdilebac adasturebs.
mravali SemTxveva axsovs istorias, rodesac adamianebs sa-
Jurnalo statiebSi gadmouciaT is koncefciebi, romel-
Tac seriozuli gavlena mouxdeniaT samarTlis ganviTare-
baze. mniSvnelovania, rom am JurnalSi ibeWdeba evropuli
samarTlis aRiarebul mkvlevarTa werilebic. es gamocema
pirveli nomeria da, cxadia, ar iqneba dazRveuli xarveze-
bisagan. mTavaria, iuridiul fakultets aqvs Tavisi Jur-
nali da aris neba imisa, rom igi TandaTan daixvewos.
dabolos, namdvilad madlobis Rirsia yvela is ada-
miani, romlebmac Zal-Rone ar daiSures, raTa `samarTlis
Jurnali~ gamocemuliyo.
5
6
samarTlis Jurnali, #1, 2009
giorgi daviTaSvili
Tsu-is iuridiuli fakultetis sruli profesori
Tanamonawileobis sakiTxi qarTul CveulebiT samarTalSi
Sesavali
obieqturi Seracxvis principis arsebiTi gavlena qarTul CveulebiT samar-

Talze Tanamonawileobis institutTan dakavSirebiTac vlindeba. sazogadoebaSi,
sadac es principi mniSvnelovan rols asrulebs, SeuZlebelia Tanamonawileobis
institutze saubari Tanamedrove, klasikuri gagebiT. es qarTuli CveulebiTi sa-
marTlis masalebiTac dasturdeba. am TvalsazrisiT, saintereso cnobebs vxvdebiT
xevsureTTan dakavSirebiT da aRniSnul sakiTxze, ZiriTadad, swored xevsuruli
CveulebiTi samarTlis mixedviT gveqneba saubari.
1. Tanaamsruleblis pasuxismgeblobis sakiTxi qarTul samarTalSi
Tavdapirvelad ganvixilavT, Tu rogor wydeboda pasuxismgeblobis sakiTxi

Tanaamsruleblobis SemTxvevaSi.
cnobilia, rom kavkasiel mTielTa CveulebiT samarTalSi iseT gavrce-
lebul danaSaulebs, rogorebicaa: mkvleloba, daWra-dasaxiCreba, qurdoba da
sxva, kerZo deliqtis saxe hqonda. dazaralebuli dainteresebuli iyo mxolod
misTvis miyenebuli zianis kompensirebiT. amosavali aq obieqturi Seracxvis prin-
cipia, rodesac ganmsazRvrelia danaSaulebrivi Sedegi — Tu vin gamoiwvia igi, ro-
goria misi materialuri gamoxatuleba. dazaralebuls surda mieRo kompoziciis
is odenoba, rac konkretuli danaSaulisaTvis iyo gaTvaliswinebuli da misTvis
absoluturad araviTari mniSvneloba ar hqonda imas, Tu ramdeni kaci mona-
wileobda danaSaulis CadenaSi. kerZod, mkvlelobaSi erTi kaci miiRebda monawi-
leobas, Tu meti, kompoziciis odenobaze araviTar gavlenas ar axdenda. amitom
dazaralebulisTvis sulerTi iyo, sisxlis fass erTi gadauxdida, Tu yvela Ta-
naamsrulebeli solidarulad, xolo Tu sisxlis aRebaze, SurisZiebaze midgeboda
saqme, igi mxolod erT-erTi Tanaamsruleblis mimarT SeiZleboda ganxor-
cielebuliyo, sxvebi ki Tavisufldebodnen mkvlelobisaTvis pasuxismgeblobi-
sagan. kompoziciasac xSirad mxolod erTi maTgani ixdida. magaliTad, daRestanSi
ori an meti piri Tu Caidenda mkvlelobas, dazaralebuli mxare pasuxs sTxovda
mxolod nebismier erT maTgans, sakuTari SexedulebiT.1 amis mixedviT, gamodis,
1
Косвен М., Преступление и наказание в догосударственном обществе, М., 1925, 130. msgavs cnobas aWaraSi Ca-
weril masalebSic vxvdebiT. mag., erT-erTi aWareli informatoris cnobiT: `Tu uSualod mkvleli ver
moixelTes, mis Tanmxlebs moklavdnen. magram orives arcerT SemTxvevaSi ar moklavdnen.~ (kekelia m.,
masalebi aWarul CveulebiT samarTalze, eTnografiuli rveuli, 1989, 18).
7
g. daviTaSvili, Tanamonawileobis sakiTxi qarTul CveulebiT samarTalSi
rom pasuxismgebloba mkvlelobaSi TanaamsrulebelTagan mxolod erT maTgans

ekisreboda, xolo sxvebi am danaSaulisaTvis pasuxs ar agebdnen. aq, faqtobrivad,
saqme gvaqvs Tanamonawileobis institutis ignorirebasTan, rodesac pasuxismgeb-
lobis dakisrebisas araviTari mniSvneloba ar eniWeba TiToeuli Tanaamsruleblis
danaSaulebriv qmedebaSi monawileobis xarisxs. e. i., SesaZlebelia, pirma uSualo
monawileoba miiRos winaswarganzraxuli danaSaulis CadenaSi, kerZod mkvle-
lobaSi, da saerTod ar daekisros araviTari pasuxismgebloba.
zemoT aRniSnuli tendenciebi kargad Cans xevsureTSi dafiqsirebul eT-
nografiul monacemebSi. erT-erTi xevsuri informatoris cnobiT: `Tu orma erTi
mokla, erT rigs iyeneben. mokvliTac mxolod erTs moklaven... da Tavsac erTs
gadaixdian.~2 meore informatoric adasturebs imaves: `ramdenime kacma rom
moawyos vinmes mkvleloba, maSin mxolod erTs gamoarCevdnen da mis Tavs
dadebdnen.~3 aq kargad Cans, rom dazaralebuli mxare mxolod erT Tanaamsru-
lebels akisrebs pasuxismgeblobas, Surs mxolod erT maTganze iZiebs, xolo
kompoziciis odenoba Tanamonawileobis SemTxvevaSic ucvleli rCeba.
xevsuruli `rjuliT~ pirdapiraa dakonkretebuli mkvlelobis is erTi
Tanaamsrulebeli, romelsac ekisreba pasuxismgebloba. es aris moklulisaTvis
sasikvdilo Wrilobis uSualod mimyenebeli, anu vis qmedebasa da damdgar
sasikvdilo Sedegs Soris arsebobs uSualo mizezobrivi kavSiri. am garemoebas
araerTi xevsuri informatori adasturebs. sailustraciod ramdenime maTganis
cnobas movitanT: erTis TqmiT, `Tu ramdenime kaci moklavda vinmes, Tavi
daedeboda imas, vinc miayena sasikvdilo Wriloba. danarCenebs imisda mixedviT
gadaxdebodaT drama, vin ra Wriloba miayena;~4 meore informatoris ganmartebiT:
`Tu mkvleloba jgufma Caidina, visi xeliTac uSualod mokvdeba piri, imas daedeba
sisxli. Tu Wriloba yvelam miayena, visi Wrilobac sasikvdilo iyo, imas daedeba
sisxli;~5 kidev erTi informatoris cnobiT: `roca sami kaci klavs erT kacs,
aucileblad unda dadgindes, visi tyviiT an daniT mokvda kaci.~6
aleqsi oCiauris masalebSi konkretuli faqtebia moyvanili, sadac kargad
Cans, rom pasuxismgebloba mkvlelobisaTvis sasikvdilo Wrilobis mimyenebels
ekisreba. moviyvanT erT SemTxvevas: `sofel mucoSi cxovrobda erTi vaJkacobiT
saxelganTqmuli kaci Cxubre (Cxubia) suxias Ze daiauri. igi ..... erTxans yaCaRadac
ki gavida, carcvavda mgzavrebs, iparavda pirutyvs da sxva. amave dros, sofel
SatilSi, mangiaT mamaSi cxovrobda mgela bocias Ze WinWarauli. mowinave
vaJkacebSi ara sCanda, magram saSualo vaJkacad mainc iTvleboda. gazafxuli iyo
da mgelias Tiva gauTavda. Sovnac arsad iyo. mgeliam Cxubres daavala, vinmes Tiva
mopare, me momeci da xuT cals berdenkas vaznebs mogcemo. Cxubrem Seusrula
Txovna, Tavisive Tanasoflels vaJikaT giorgis mopara Tiva da mgelias misca.....
mgelias patronebi Tan ar hqonda da valad darCa. karga xnis Semdeg Cxubre mivida
mgeliasTan, valis gamosarTmevad. mgeliam nawili misca da uTxra: exla aRar maqvs,
madrove, viSovni da mogcemo. Cxubre metad amayi kaci iyo da daiwyo Cxubi, — axlave
miSovne, Tu ara Sens pirutyvs rames waviyvano. mgelia jer arafers eubneboda da
bolos amanac uTxra: me kaci var da Cems pirutyvs ar gagatan cocxalio. mouvida
2
kekelia m., masalebi xevsurul CveulebiT samarTalze, eTnografiuli rveuli #6, 1977, 27.
3
jalabaZe d., masalebi xevsurul CveulebiT samarTalze, eTnografiuli rveuli, 1988, 41-42.
4
merabiSvili j., masalebi xevsurul CveulebiT samarTalze, eTnografiuli rveuli, 1988, 47.
5
iqve, 75.
6
kekelia m., masalebi xevsurul CveulebiT samarTalze, eTnografiuli rveuli, 1988, 42.
8
SuRli da carieli xeliT gaartyes erTimeores. mangianT mamisave kaci iyo wiqa
(metsaxelad brucas eZaxdnen). mas sami Svili hyavda: niko, Calxia da baTika. mgelias
erTi Zmac yavda, vaJkacad qebuli samuka. Cxubrem jer mgelias sca da memre mTel
mangianT dauwyo gineba..... mere ki samukamac dakra Cxubres, brucaT nikom xanjari
dakra Cxubres da Calxiam joxi imave naxanjralSi. Cxubre wavida Sin da TandaTan
tkivili dauwyo naxanjralma da najoxarma Tavma. daayenes soflisa eqimi,
dauCirqda Tavi da gardaicvala... Cxubre rom gardaicvala, saWiro gaxda rigis
yeneba, gaxda saardaraod. bruca ambobda: Cemma Svilebma mgeliais gulisad
iSuRles, mere magaTma naWrevma arc mokla, samukamac dakra joxi da iman moklao.
samuka eubneboda: marTalia, Cvenis gulisad iSuRles, magram drama da
sisxlisaTvis gaZRola xels misdevs, me arc damikravs rame CxubresTviso......~7
rogorc magaliTidan Cans, Cxubres winaaRmdeg moSuRlar naTesavebs Soris sadavo
gamxdara, Tu vis unda ekisra pasuxismgebloba momxdari mkvlelobisaTvis. es
garemoeba miuTiTebs imas, rom xevsureTSi gadamwyveti mniSvneloba hqonda
mkvlelobis uSualo Camdenis gamovlenas. SuRlis erT-erTi monawilis fraza:
`drama da sisxlisaTvis gaZRola xels misdevs~ (e.i., mkvlelobisaTvis sisxlis
fasis, qonebrivi sazRauris gadaxda da amasTan dakavSirebuli xevsuruli
`rjuliT~ gaTvaliswinebuli wesebis Sesruleba mxolod imis valdebulebaa, visi
xeliTac sasikvdilo Wrilobis miyeneba xdeba), niSnavs, rom jgufuri mkvlelobis
SemTxvevaSi, xevsuruli `rjuliT~, pasuxismgebloba mkvlelobisaTvis ekisreba
mxolod da mxolod sasikvdilo Wrilobis mimyenebels.8 sxva Tanaamsruleblebs,
rogorc zemoT moyvanil erT-erT cnobaSi gamoCnda, SeiZleboda pasuxi egoT maT
mier, sasikvdilo Wrilobis garda, miyenebuli sxva WrilobebisaTvis, Tu aseTi
aRmoCndeboda (rac damoukidebel danaSaulad unda CaiTvalos), maTi Sesatyvisi
qonebrivi sazRauris gadaxdiT da ara mkvlelobisaTvis.
zemoT moyvanili cnobebi da konkretuli magaliTi, romlebic xevsurul
sinamdviles asaxavs, Cveni azriT, kargad warmoaCens mkvlelobis, rogorc kerZo
deliqtis, bunebas xevsurul CveulebiT samarTalSi. swored amiT unda aixsnas,
jgufuri mkvlelobis SemTxvevaSi, mkvlelobisaTvis mxolod zianis (am SemTxvevaSi
sasikvdilo Wrilobis) mimyeneblis pasuxismgebloba.
7
oCiauri a., piradi arqivi, 7/10, mosisxleoba xevsureTSi, xelnaweri, 112-113; a. oCiauris piradi arqivi
inaxeba saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa akademiis iv. javaxiSvilis saxelobis istoriisa da eTnologiis
institutis arqivSi.
8
roca vsaubrobT xevsureTSi jgufuri mkvlelobisas mxolod sasikvdilo Wrilobis mimyeneblis
pasuxismgeblobaze, vgulisxmobT swored am pirovnebis axlonaTesauri jgufis pasuxismgeblobas,
radganac xevsureTSi, mkvlelobis SemTxvevaSi, danaSaulis subieqtad ara calkeuli pirovneba, aramed
swored es jgufi (mkvlelobis Camdenis gvaris Semadgeneli struqturuli erTeuli — mamiSviloba)
gvevlineba. amitom dazaralebuli mxaris mier SurisZiebis aqtis ganxorcielebisas ar unda
gamovricxoT uSualo mkvlelis axlo naTesavis SesaZlo sapasuxo mkvleloba, romelic SurisZiebis
obieqtTa wreSi Sedis, gansakuTrebiT im SemTxvevaSi, Tu uSualo mkvlels ver moklavdnen. es
mkvleloba ganxiluli unda iyos uSualo mkvlelis pasuxismgeblobis konteqstSi. igi CaiTvleboda
sapasuxo mkvlelobad, rac wina mkvlelobas `gabrida~. Tu uSualo mkvlelis Tanaamsrulebeli, amave
dros, SurisZiebis obieqtTa wreSi Semavali misi axlo naTesavi iyo, aseT SemTxvevaSi romel maTganze
iZiebdnen Surs moklulis naTesavebi, amas samarTlebrivi mniSvneloba ar hqonda da sapasuxo mkvle-
lobad CaiTvleboda. (Tumca, pirvel rigSi, cxadia, mkvlelis mokvlas cdilobdnen). Tu moklulis
naTesavebi uSualo mkvlelis aranaTesav Tanaamsrulebels moklavdnen, maSin, xevsuruli `rjulis~
principebidan gamomdinare, moklulis naTesavebi ar CaTvlidnen amas sapasuxo mkvlelobad da
SeuZleblad miiCnevdnen am mkvlelobaTa ùrTierTgabras~. am SemTxvevaSi SesaZlebelia warmoq-
mniliyo axali mesisxleoba.
9
amrigad, jgufuri mkvlelobis SemTxvevaSi CveulebiTi samarTali moiTxovs

imis garkvevas, konkretulad Tu romelma pirovnebam Caidina mkvleloba (an miayena
sasikvdilo Wriloba) da pasuxs is agebs.
sainteresoa, rom xevsureTSi Caweril masalaSi gvxvdeba ramdenime monacemi,
romelTa mixedviTac garkveuli pasuxismgebloba jgufuri mkvlelobisas, sa-
sikvdilo Wrilobis uSualo mimyeneblis garda, sxva Tanaamsruleblebsac ekisre-
baT. erT-erTi xevsuri informatori, romelic adasturebs, rom jgufuri mkvle-
lobisas sisxli daedeba mxolod sasikvdilo Wrilobis uSualod mimyenebels, iqve
miuTiTebs: danarCenebi ki gadaixdian xelCasamrTaos.9 msgavs cnobas vxvdebiT
kidev erT informatorTan. misi TqmiT, Tu jgufuri mkvlelobis dros yvela mia-
yenebs Wrilobas mokluls, mkvlelobisaTvis gaTvaliswinebuli pasuxismgebloba
mxolod sasikvdilo Wrilobis mimyenebels daekisreba, danarCenebi ki pasuxs ageben
mxolod xelCasamrTaos gadaxdiT, TiToeuli 5 Zroxis odenobiT.10 am in-
formatoris mixedviT, gamodis, rom xelCasamrTaos ixdida mxolod mkvlelobis is
Tanaamsrulebeli, romelic raime Wrilobas (arasasikvdilos) miayenebda mokluls.
a. oCiauris masaliTac gamodis, rom xelCasamrTaos imave odenobiT ixdis is
Tanaamsrulebeli, romelic Zalian patara, Tundac umniSvnelo, Wrilobas
miayenebda mokluls.11
Cveni azriT, aq ar gvaqvs saqme mkvlelobaSi TanamonawileobisaTvis pasuxis-
mgeblobasTan, Tanamedrove gagebiT, rodesac jgufuri mkvlelobis TiToeuli
Tanaamsrulebeli (uSualo mkvlelic da sxvebic) mkvlelobisaTvis gaTvaliswi-
nebuli muxliT agebs pasuxs da isjeba Cadenil danaSaulSi misi monawileobis
xarisxis Tanazomierad. aRniSnuli monacemebis mixedviT,xelCasamrTaos saxiT 5
Zroxis gadaxda, Cveni azriT, ar niSnavs mkvlelobisaTvis dadgenili wesiT pa-
suxismgeblobas. xevsureTSi mkvlelobisaTvis pasuxismgebloba gulisxmobs:
saWiroebisas ojaxis gaxizvnas SurisZiebis Tavidan asacileblad, sisxlis fasis —
`Tavsisxlis~ gadaxdas, `rigis yenebas~,12 `pirSesamyreloebs~,13 e.w. `pativs~,14 `Ta-
vis gaTavebas~.15 yovelive es ki mxolod da mxolod sasikvdilo Wrilobis mim-
yenebels da mis axlo naTesavebs ekisrebaT, xolo sxva Tanaamsruleblebis
monawileoba amaSi ar Cans da, aqedan gamomdinare, ar SeiZleba mkvlelobisaTvis
gaTvaliswinebuli wesiT maT pasuxismgeblobaze saubari. zemoT CamoTvlili
9
jalabaZe d., masalebi xevsurul CveulebiT samarTalze, eTnografiuli rveuli, 1988, 41-42.
10
11
oCiauri a., piradi arqivi, 6/5, Wra-Wriloba xevsureTSi, 57.
12
`rigis yeneba~ mkvlelobis saqmeze mxareTa Serigebis sakmaod rTuli da xangrZlivi procesia,
romelic xevsurulma `rjulma~ Seqmna, rogorc sisxlis aRebis alternatiuli meqanizmi. rigis yeneba
aferxebs SurisZiebas da arcTu iSviaTad mkvlelis mxare, romelic rigs uyenebs moklulis mxares da
saTanadod Seasrulebs masTan dakavSirebul yvela moTxovnas (aseve Serigebis procesis sxva kom-
ponentebs), aRwevs sisxlis aRebis Tavidan acilebas da didi droisa da xangrZlivi Zalisxmevis Semdeg
xdeba mxareTa saboloo Serigeba. rigis yeneba gulisxmobs yovelwliurad daTqmul dRes (es unda iyos
romelime dReoba) moklulis ojaxisaTvis mkvlelis mier saklavis gagzavnas, sanam ar moxdeba mxareTa
saboloo Serigeba. aseve arsebobs sxvadasxva saxis rigi, romelTac mkvlelis naTesavebi erTjeradad
uxdian moklulis naTesavebs. esenia: sagvaro rigi, saZmo rigi, sadedo rigi, samamido rigi, sado rigi.
13
`pirSesamyrelo~ — moklulis salocavSi (`jvarSi~) mkvlelisa da moklulis biZaSvilebis, Semdeg
ojaxis wevrebis Serigebis ceremoniali. pirSesamyrelo mkvlelis Semosarigebladac tardeboda.
14
`pativi~ — mkvlelis axloblebis mier moklulis axloblebisadmi xaTris gaweva, rac gansazRvruli
wesebis Sesrulebas gulisxmobs.
15
`Tavis gaTaveba~ — mxareTa saboloo Serigeba, rac SesaZloa, mkvlelobidan mravali aTeuli wlis
Semdeg momxdariyo. Tavis gaTavebis ceremonialis Semdeg sabolood wydeboda yovelwliuri rigis
yeneba da mkvlelis naTesavebisaTvis moklulis naTesavebis mimarT pativis valdebuleba.
10
komponentebis SesrulebaSi raime saxiT rom CarTuliyvnen arasasikvdilo Wri-

lobis mimyenebeli Tanaamsruleblebi (Tanaamsrulebeli), miT umetes, warmoSo-
biliyo maTTvis am komponentTa mkvlelisgan damoukideblad Sesrulebis valde-
buleba, mxolod maSin SeiZleboda gvesaubra am TanaamsrulebelTa mkvlelo-
bisaTvis dadgenili wesiT pasuxismgeblobasa da Tanamonawileobaze, Tanamedrove
gagebiT. isini arc sisxlis aRebis obieqtebi xdebian.16
rodesac jgufuri mkvlelobis dros pasuxismgebloba mxolod erT
Tanaamsrulebels ekisreba da sxvebi araviTar pasuxs ar ageben, es, rogorc da-
Restnis Sesaxeb monacemTan dakavSirebiT aRvniSneT, Tanamonawileobis institu-
tis sruli ignorirebaa. xevsureTSi jgufuri mkvlelobisas arasasikvdilo Wri-
lobis mimyenebel TanaamsrulebelTa mier xelCasamrTaos gadaxda, miuxedavad
imisa, rom es mkvlelobisaTvis dadgenili wesiT pasuxismgeblobas ar gulisxmobs,
Tanamonawileobis institutis ignorirebas ukve aRar niSnavs. faqtia, rom
arasasikvdilo Wrilobis mimyenebeli Tanaamsruleblebi qonebriv sazRaurs (xel-
CasamrTaos) ixdian uSualo mkvlelTan (sasikvdilo Wrilobis mimyenebelTan)
erTad moklulis sawinaaRmdegod mimarTuli qmedebis ganxorcielebisaTvis. xel-
CasamrTao ar aris gadasaxadi mkvlelobis Tanaamsruleblis mier miyenebuli
arasasikvdilo WrilobisaTvis. am WrilobisaTvis gadasaxads igi calke gadaix-
dida. xelCasamrTao nebismier SemTxvevaSi 5 Zroxa iyo, miuxedavad miyenebuli Wri-
lobis simZimisa. umniSvnelo Wrilobis SemTxvevaSic, rodesac calke aRebuli am
WrilobisaTvis, xevsuruli `rjuliT~, raime sazRauric ki ar iyo gaTvalis-
winebuli, misi mimyenebeli mkvlelobis Tanaamsrulebeli, xelCasamrTaos, 5 Zroxis
odenobiT, mainc gadaixdida. e. i. xelCasamrTaos odenobas miyenebuli Wrilobis
simZime da adgilmdebareoba ar ganapirobebda, rogorc daWris dros xevsuruli
`rjulisTvis~ iyo damaxasiaTebeli. arasasikvdilo Wrilobis mimyeneblebi xel-
CasamrTaos mxolod maSin ixdidnen, rodesac sasikvdilo Sedegi dadgeboda. yo-
velive es gvafiqrebinebs, jgufuri mkvlelobisas arasasikvdilo Wrilobis
mimyeneblebs xelCasamrTaos axdevinebdnen imis gamo, rom maT TavianTi moq-
medebiT, garkveulwilad, xeli Seuwyves (`xeli CaurTes~) mkvlelobis Cadenas.17
16
mxedvelobaSi araa arasasikvdilo Wrilobis mimyenebeli is Tanaamsrulebeli, romelic sasikvdilo
Wrilobis mimyeneblis axlo naTesavia da isedac Sevidoda sisxlis aRebis uSualo obieqtTa wreSi,
Tanaamsrulebelic rom ar yofiliyo.
17
sainteresoa, rom xevsuruli `rjuliT~, xelCasamrTaos ara mxolod jgufuri mkvlelobisas
arasasikvdilo Wrilobis mimyenebeli mkvlelobis Tanaamsrulebeli ixdida, aramed is pirovnebac,
romelmac arasasikvdilo Wriloba mokluls sasikvdilo Wrilobis mimyeneblisagan damoukideblad
miayena, sxva drosa da viTarebaSi, ara rogorc misma Tanaamsrulebelma. xevsureTSi xSiri iyo
SemTxveva, rodesac daWrili im Wrilobis miyenebidan, romelmac misi sikvdili gamoiwvia, garkveuli
drois Semdeg gardaicvleboda. Tu am Wrilobis miyenebis Semdeg, daWrilis gardacvalebamde, vinme
sxvac miayenebda mas Wrilobas, isic ixdida xelCasamrTaos. a. oCiauris masalebSi gvxvdeba kon-
kretuli SemTxveva, romelic adasturebs zemoT Tqmuls: erTma adamianma meores miayena Wriloba.
garkveuli drois Semdeg dazaralebuli gardaicvala, Tumca Wrilobis mimyenebelma uari ganacxada,
pasuxi ego misi mkvlelobisaTvis im motiviT, rom gardacvlils mis mier Wrilobis miyenebamde imave
adgilas adre hqonia sxva Wriloba miyenebuli, romelic daCirqda da gaxda daWrilis gardacvalebis
mizezi, mis mier miyenebuli Wriloba ki umniSvnelo iyo da mas ar SeeZlo, daWrilis gardacvaleba
gamoewvia. saqmis sasamarTlo ganxilvisas man es Tavisi pozicia ficiT daamtkica, aseve daWrilis
mkurnalma adgilobrivma eqimmac daadastura es da amitom sasamarTlom (`rjulma~) igi gaamarTla,
Tumca 5 Zroxa xelCasamrTaos gadaxda daakisra (a. oCiauri, piradi arqivi, 6/7, Wra-Wriloba
xevsureTSi, xelnaweri, 82-84). es magaliTic amtkicebs, rom xelCasamrTaos gadaxda mkvlelobisaTvis
gaTvaliswinebuli wesiT pasuxismgeblobas ar niSnavs. xelCasamrTaos gadamxdeli mkvlelobisaTvis
gaTvaliswinebuli wesiT pasuxismgeblobisagan sruliad gaTavisuflda, is arc gaxiznula, arc rigi
uyenebia da sxva. rogorc Cans, xelCasamrTaos xevsureTSi maSin ixdidnen, rodesac mokluls, sa-
11
amdenad, xevsuruli `rjuli~ jgufuri mkvlelobisaTvis pasuxismgeblobas

mkvlelobis uSualod Camdens akisrebs, mxolod mas evaleba mkvlelobis Sem-
TxvevaSi `rjuliT~ gaTvaliswinebuli sisxlis gadaxda da saTanado wesebis aR-
sruleba, rac `Tavis gaTavebiT~ sruldeba (aq moqmedebs principi: `sisxli xels
mosdevs~), Tumca, amave dros, pasuxismgeblobis gareSe arc arasasikvdilo Wri-
lobis mimyenebel Tanaamsruleblebs tovebs (mxedvelobaSi araa am WrilobisaTvis
gaTvaliswinebuli pasuxismgebloba). Cveni azriT, aq saqme gvaqvs Tanamonawileobis
erTgvar adreul formasTan, Tanamedrove TvalTaxedviT, Tanamonawileobis
institutis raRac CanasaxTan, rodesac Tanaamsrulebeli isjeba, Tumca mas ar
ekisreba im danaSaulisaTvis (am SemTxvevaSi mkvlelobisaTvis) gaTvaliswinebuli
wesiT pasuxismgebloba, romlis CadenaSic zianis uSualo mimyenebelTan erTad
monawileobda, anu romlis Tanaamsrulebelic iyo. rogorc Cans, sazogadoeba
aRiqvams arasasikvdilo Wrilobis mimyenebeli Tanaamsruleblebis wvlils dana-
Saulebrivi Sedegis dadgomaSi da zianis uSualod mimyenebelTan erTad saWirod
miaCnia maTi dasja xelCasamrTaos gadaxdevinebiT, Tumca imis gamo, rom mkvleloba
da mTeli rigi sxva danaSaulebisa kerZo deliqtis Tvisebebis matarebelni arian da
samarTalze arsebiTia obieqturi Seracxvis principis gavlena (rodesac mTavaria
Sedegi da konkretuli danaSaulisaTvis pasuxs mxolod danaSaulebrivi Sedegis
uSualo gamomwvevi agebs), Camoyalibda Tanamonawileobis zemoT naxsenebi forma.
Tanamonawileobis institutis Tanamedrove gageba mainc ukavSirdeba sazogado-
ebis mier mkvlelobis da sxva danaSaulebis sajaro samarTaldarRvevebad aRqmas
da obieqturi Seracxvis principis subieqturiT Secvlas. xevsurul samarTalSi es
procesi mxolod sawyis mdgomareobaSi gvxvdeba.
sruliad SesaZlebelia, sadavo gamxdariyo sasikvdilo Wrilobis mimye-
neblis vinaoba. radganac mkvlelobisaTvis pasuxismgeblobis dakisrebis Tval-
sazrisiT amas gadamwyveti mniSvneloba hqonda, xdeboda daficeba imis gasarkvevad,
SuRlis romelma monawilem miayena mokluls sasikvdilo Wriloba. a. oCiauris
masalebSi ramdenime konkretul faqts vxvdebiT. erT-erTi cnoba aseTia: `guroel-
SatilionT SuRlSi daiWra da Wrilobisagan gardaicvala kokoT gigla (Sati-
lioni). misi naWrevi saardarao (sadavo) gaxda, Conqarai da irgvliv (gurovelebia)
ibrZodnen: ara Senma naWrevma mokla, ara Senmao. rjulma sigirgals fici uTvala.
man 16 kaci xel maikida da daifica. Tavi daedo Conqaras.~18 meore SemTxveva: `Cxubis
dros Wrilobis Sedegad mokvda lagaza arabuli..... mas sWirda xuTi Wriloba. ori
Wriloba TavSi. TavSi erTimeoris axlo sWirda da Zalian awuxebda...... amas
naWrevebi sWirda sofel WieSi mcxovreb bajigaT iaisagan da gudanSi mcxovreb
gagaT wiqaisagan. isinic lagazaisagan orive iyvnen naWrevianebi... bolos lagaza
gardaicvala da saqme gaurCeveli iyo, visze unda Sevardniliyo Tavsisxli, vis
unda eyena rigi da damdgariyo meTaved. is ki gaiges, romelma naWrevma mokla..,
magram visgan iyo es dakruli, aRar icodnen. Seiyara rjulis kacebi da wiqas fici
uTvales: daifice, rom is Seni naWrevi ar iyovo. wiqam gudanis jvarSi fici ver
gabeda da sTqva: me ar vici, romeli naWrevi iyo Cemi dakrulio. bajigad iam ki Tqva:
me davificav, rom Cemi naWrevi meore iyo, romelmac mokla, is ar iyovo. adga da iam
sikvdilo Wrilobis garda, sxva arasasikvdilo Wrilobac eqneboda miyenebuli, rogorc imave SuRlSi,
rodesac mas sasikvdilo Wriloba miayenes, aseve Semdgomac (cxadia, es im SemTxvevaSi moxdeboda, Tu
sasikvdilo Sedegi sasikvdilo Wrilobis miyenebidan garkveuli drois Semdeg dadgeboda).
18
oCiauri a., piradi arqivi, 7/11, mosisxleoba xevsureTSi, xelnaweri, 128-129.
12
marTla daifica. .... iam kacis Tavsisxli gadaigdo.~19 am orive magaliTidan

calsaxad Cans, rom mkvlelobisaTvis pasuxs mxolod sasikvdilo Wrilobis
mimyenebeli agebda. meore cnobaSi pirdapir aris miTiTebuli, rom sasikvdilo
Wrilobis mimyeneblis dadgena aucilebelia imis gasarkvevad, `Tu visze unda
Sevardniliyo Tavsisxli, vis unda eyena rigi da damdgariyo meTaved,~ anu vis unda
ego pasuxi mkvlelobisaTvis gaTvaliswinebuli wesiT, radganac am amonaridSi
motanili komponentebis Sesruleba gulisxmobs xevsureTSi mkvlelobisaTvis
dadgenil pasuxismgeblobas. rogorc Cans, aRniSnuli davis gadasawyvetad xdeboda
samediatoro sasamarTlos anu `rjulis~ mowveva, romelic imis gamo, rom sxva
raime mtkicebuleba ar iyo saxeze, davis gadasawyvetad fics akisrebda mxareebs da,
rogorc pirvel cnobaSi gamoCnda, 16 TanamoficarTan erTad (TanamoficarTa
aseTi didi raodenoba ganpirobebuli iyo imiT, rom dava mkvlelobis saqmeze iyo
da mkvlelobaSi eWvmitanilebs xevsureTSi, Tavis marTlebis mizniT, ZiriTadad, 16
TanamoficarTan erTad aficebdnen). eWvmitanils ficiT unda daemtkicebina, rom
mis mier miyenebuli Wriloba sasikvdilo ar iyo. Tu igi saTanadod Seasrulebda
ficis rituals, mkvlelobisaTvis gaTvaliswinebuli wesiT pasuxismgeblobas Tavs
aaridebda, Tu ara da `Tavsisxli~ mas gadaxdeboda. orive moyvanil SemTxvevaSi
swored ficis meSveobiT dadginda, Tu vis unda dakisreboda mkvlelobisaTvis
gaTvaliswinebuli pasuxismgebloba.
ar iyo gamoricxuli, jgufuri mkvlelobisas saerTod ver dadgeniliyo sa-
sikvdilo Wrilobis mimyeneblis vinaoba. magaliTad, rodesac Tanaamsruleblebi
erTmaneTs ki ar abralebdnen sasikvdilo Wrilobis miyenebas, aramed TiToeuli
maTgani erToblivad iRebda sakuTar Tavze pasuxismgeblobas mkvlelobaze da
aravin uaryofda mis mier sasikvdilo Wrilobis miyenebas. am dros TiToeuli
CaiTvleboda mkvlelad.
rodesac SeuZlebeli iyo jgufuri mkvlelobis TanaamsrulebelTagan sa-
sikvdilo Wrilobis mimyeneblis dadgena, dazaralebul mxares SeeZlo, Suri eZia
nebismier maTganze, Tumca maT Soris mxolod erTze. am SemTxvevaSi sxva Ta-
naamsruleblebi mkvlelobisaTvis pasuxismgeblobisagan Tavisufldebodnen. Tu
dazaralebuli mxare Surs erTze met Tanaamsrulebelze iZiebda, mas `sisxli dae-
deboda~. erTi moklulis sapasuxod, SeiZleboda mxolod erTis mokvla, rac dana-
Saulis gabras gamoiwvevda da sapasuxo mkvlelobis Camdens am mkvlelobisaTvis
pasuxismgebloba ar daekisreboda. kidev sxva Tanaamsruleblis mkvleloba ki
damatebiT zians niSnavda da amitom pasuxismgeblobis gamomwvevi iyo. kompozicias
ki aseT SemTxvevaSi mkvlelobis yvela Tanaamsrulebeli Tanazomierad gadaixdida,
e.i. pirovnebaTa jgufi koleqtiurad agebda pasuxs erToblivad Cadenili dana-
SaulisaTvis. Tqmulis sailustraciod xevsuri informatoris cnobas movitanT:
`Tu mkvlelebi amboben, Cven movkaliT erTado, maSin yvela erTnairad agebs pasuxs
da yvelaze SeiZleba isisxlos dazaralebulma, magram isisxlebs erT Tavs, Tavis
gaTavebis dros ki yvela gamodis, rogorc erTi.~20 bolo fraza: `Tavis gaTavebis
dros ki yvela gamodis, rogorc erTi~ niSnavs swored imas, rom sisxlis fasis
gadaxda yvela Tanaamsruleblis mier erToblivad xdeba; meore informatori
ufro azustebs am garemoebas. misi TqmiT, rodesac or pirovnebas ekisreba
pasuxismgebloba mkvlelobisaTvis, `Tavi Tanabrad gaiyofa, naxevars me gadavixdi,
19
iqve, 6/5, Wra-Wriloba xevsureTSi, xelnaweri, 56.
20
kekelia m., masalebi xevsurul CveulebiT samarTalze, eTnografiuli rveuli, 1988, 42.
13
naxevars meore. rigis yenebac welgamoSvebiTaa.~21 aq kargad Cans, rom yovelgvari

qonebrivi sazRauri Tanaamsruleblebs Soris Tanabrad iyofa, `rigis yenebas~ ki
isini rigrigobiT asruleben — erT wels erTi, meore wels meore.
amrigad, rodesac ver dgindeboda, jgufuri mkvlelobis monawileTagan ro-
meli iyo sasikvdilo Wrilobis mimyenebeli, TiToeuli iTvleboda mkvlelo-
bisaTvis pasuxismgeblad, Tumca yvela cal-calke ar agebda pasuxs dazaralebulis
winaSe. rogorc davinaxeT, dazaralebul mxares SeeZlo, Suri eZia mxolod erT
Tanaamsrulebelze,22 xolo kompozicia maT cal-calke ki ar unda gadaexadaT,
aramed erToblivad. faqtobrivad, Tanaamsruleblebi pasuxs agebdnen rogorc er-
Ti subieqti, — rasac erTi mkvleli gadaixdida, imaves ixdidnen Tanaamsruleblebi,
mxolod im gansxvavebiT, rom es gadasaxadi maT Soris Tanabrad nawildeboda.
amdenad, mkvlelobis, rogorc kerZo deliqtis, Cadenisas mTavaria am deliqtiT
miyenebuli zianis anazRaureba, razec am mkvlelobis CadenaSi monawile pirTa
raodenoba aranair gavlenas ar axdens.
TanaamsruleblobiT Cadenili mkvlelobisaTvis pasuxismgeblobis dakis-
rebis wesebi sxva danaSaulebzec vrceldeba. magaliTad, daWra-dasaxiCrebis dros
Tu ramdenime pirovneba monawileobda jgufur CxubSi da vinme daiWreboda,
Wrilobis sazRaurs ixdida mxolod uSualod Wrilobis mimyenebeli. Tu jgufuri
Cxubisas sxvadasxva piri daWrida erT kacs, TiToeuli agebda pasuxs mxolod mis
mier miyenebuli WrilobisaTvis. sailustraciod erT konkretul SemTxvevas
movitanT a. oCiauris masalebidan: `piraqeT xevsureTSi, sofel CxubaSi cxovrobda
erTi Tavgadadebuli kaci — mexate (mexate misi saxeli iyo). mexate jvarSi moiy-
vanes.., xalxi roca daiTro, erT lebaiskarels, saxelad alekas, da mexates SuRlad
mouxda (Cxubi mouvida). SuRlSi sxvebic Caerivnen da mexate viRacam dasWra
xanjriT. ver gaiges, vin dahkra, radgan SuRli erTbaSad moxda da bevri xanjrebi
trialebda. mexatem aqimi daiyena da Wriloba moirCina. am SuRlSi monawileebi
sxvebic daiWrnen erTi meorisagan da yvelam icoda, vin visgan iyo daWrili da
xevsureTis rjulis mixedviT yvelam Tav-Tavis naWrevians daayena aqimi, moarCina,
isjula da rac rjulma daado, dramac misces. xolo mexates naWrevi gaxda
saardarao. aravin ar ibralebda, yvela uars ambobda — Cemgan ar aris mexate
daWrilio. am SuRlSi monawileebi iyvnen: berdia, gigola, xologa, sumbata da
sxvebi, sul erTi-meoris saxlikacebi (biZaSvilebi). raki es naWrevi saardaraod
gaxda, gadawyda daficva.., raki yvelam daifica, saerTod misces xuTi Zroxa
`samarTali~ anu `drama.~23 rogorc vxedavT, yvelam mxolod Tavis mier miyenebuli
WrilobisaTvis ago pasuxi. mxolod erT SemTxvevaSi gaxda Wrilobis uSualod
mimyeneblis vinaoba sadavo da raki es dava ficmac ver gadawyvita, daWrilTan SuR-
lSi monawile yvela pirma erToblivad gadaixada am WrilobisaTvis gaTva-
liswinebuli sazRauri. am magaliTma calsaxad warmoaCina, rom daWras xevsurul
CveulebiT samarTalSi kerZo deliqtis Sinaarsi aqvs. mkvlelobis msgavsad, aqac
mTavari aRmoCnda daWris Sedegad miyenebuli zianis kompensacia. raki Wrilobis
uSualod mimyenebeli ver dadginda, Sesabamisi sazRauris gadaxda moxda
solidarulad, ramdenime piris mier. misi dadgenis SemTxvevaSi, zustad imave
sazRaurs mxolod erTi gadaixdida. ase rom, rogorc mkvlelobis, ise daWris dros
21
iqve, #6, 1977, 42.
22
an mis uaxloes naTesavze, romelic SurisZiebis obieqtTa wreSi Sedis.
23
oCiauri a., piradi arqivi, samamo miwismflobelobis Sesaxeb xevsureTSi, xelnaweri, 1953, rveuli #3,
31-32.
14
pasuxismgeblobis zoma (gadasaxdeli qonebrivi sazRauris odenoba) ar iyo

damokidebuli danaSaulis CadenaSi monawile pirTa raodenobaze.
qurdobis drosac damnaSaveni valdebulni iyvnen, daebrunebinaT naqur-
dali (an misi ekvivalentis qoneba), araviTari mniSvneloba ar hqonda, ramdeni kaci
Caidenda am danaSauls — erTi Tu ramdenime. am ukanasknel SemTxvevaSi dazara-
lebuls SeeZlo, TiToeulisagan cal-calke moeTxova naqurdalis anazRaureba
(Tu erT-erTi Tanamonawile srulad aanazRaurebda naqurdals, maSin, bunebrivia,
sxva damnaSaveTagan moTxovnis ufleba dazaralebuls aRar hqonda). SesaZloa,
Tanamonawileebs erToblivad aenazRaurebinaT naqurdali. mTavaria, dazarale-
buls mieRo Sesabamisi odenobis kompozicia — qonebrivi sazRauri danaSaulis Se-
degad miyenebuli zianisaTvis. misTvis arsebiTi mniSvneloba ar hqonda, erT-erTi
Tanamonawile gadauxdida mas kompozicias sruli odenobiT, Tu yvela Tana-
monawile solidarulad, imave odenobiT.
garkveuli monacemebi Tanamonawileobis Sesaxeb svanuri CveulebiTi samar-
Tlis masalebSic gvxvdeba. kerZod, mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs m. kekelias mier XX sau-
kunis 70-iani wlebis bolos bals zemo svaneTSi Cawerili masala. cnobili iuristi
mecnieri, masalebis sxva SemkrebTagan gansxvavebiT, wminda iuridiuli kuTxiT
cdilobda informaciis miRebas svani informatorebisagan. mas specialurad wi-
naswar hqonda momzadebuli kiTxvebi Tanamonawileobis institutTan dakavSi-
rebiTac da Cven Tu dRes SegviZlia raRac mainc visaubroT Tanamonawileobis in-
stitutze svanur CveulebiT samarTalSi, swored m. kekelias am masalebis dam-
saxurebaa. maT mixedviT, Tanamonawileobis instituti svaneTSi ufro Camoyali-
bebuli saxiT Cans, vidre xevsureTSi, rac, pirvel rigSi, mkvlelobis Tu daWris
Tanaamsruleblis pasuxismgeblobas exeba.
xevsureTis msgavsad, svaneTSic jgufuri danaSaulisas adgendnen zianis
uSualo mimyenebels da pasuxismgebloba swored mas ekisreboda: pirvel rigSi mas
isisxlebdnen, xolo Serigebis SemTxvevaSi woris24 gadaxda mas ekisreboda (Tavis
naTesavebTan erTad). magaliTad, erT-erTi svani informatoris ganmartebiT, `Tu
pirma kacis mosaklavad an dasaWrelad axlobeli waiyvana da Caidines danaSauli,
morvebi (dapirispirebuli mxareebis mier konkretuli saqmis gasarCevad arCeuli
mediatorebi, samediatoro sasamarTlos mosamarTleebi — g. d.) pirvel rigSi imis
dadgenas cdilobdnen, visi xeliT moxda danaSauli ...~25 cxadia, es imisaTvis
xdeboda, rom daedginaT piri, visac mkvlelobisaTvis Tu daWrisaTvis svanuri Cve-
ulebiTi samarTliT gaTvaliswinebuli Zalze mZime pasuxismgebloba daekisre-
boda. informatorTa ganmartebiT, Tu danaSaulis uSualo Camdeni saxeze ar
iqneboda (gaiqca, xelSi ver Caigdes), SesaZloa, dazaralebul mxares misi
TanaamsruleblisaTvis moeTxova pasuxismgebloba. am garemoebas ramdenime infor-
matori miuTiTebs.26 erT-erTi maTganis TqmiT, `Tu uSualo mkvleli an damWreli
gaiqca, gadaikarga, xolo masTan am dros myofi kaci cnobilia (mxedvelobaSia da-
naSaulis Cadenisas misi Tanamzraxveli — g. d.), wori mas gadaxdeba, an masve isis-
xleben.~27 am TvalsazrisiT sakmaod saintereso SemTxvevas mogviTxrobs lataleli
informatori: `mkvlelobaSi Tanamonawile amxanagis pasuxismgeblobasTan dakav-
SirebiT maxsendeba aseTi saqme: daaxloebiT 1934 wels ecerelma (balsqvemo sva-
24
svaneTSi wors uwodeben mkvlelobisaTvis gansazRvrul gadasaxads, sisxlis fass.
25
kekelia m., masalebi svanur CveulebiT samarTalze, eTnografiuli rveuli #2, 1968, 43-44.
26
iqve, #6, 1969, 25; 5, 1968-1969, 42.
27
iqve, #2, 1968, 43.
15
neTis sofelia) gerlianebma mokles lataleli girgvliani. mkvlelobidan cota

drois gavlis Semdeg mkvleli gerliani gardaicvala, amitom isisxles mkvlelis
amxanagi.~28 Tu jgufuri danaSaulisas misi uSualo Camdeni ver gamovlindeboda,
savaraudod, pasuxismgebloba xevsureTSi moqmedi principebis safuZvelze
dadgeboda.
Tu jgufuri mkvlelobisas misi uSualo Camdeni saxeze iyo da Serigebis
sakiTxi idga dRis wesrigSi, woris gadaxda, rogorc aRvniSneT, swored mas ekis-
reboda, Tumca, rogorc ramdenime informatori erTxmad amtkicebs, garkveuli ga-
dasaxadi mis Tanaamsrulebelsac (Tanaamsruleblebsac) daekisreboda. sailus-
traciod ramdenime maTganis ganmartebas movitanT. erTi lataleli informatoris
mixedviT, `Tu ramdenime kacma ganizraxa vinmes mokvla da ganzraxva sisruleSi
moiyvana, uSualo mkvlels (vinc esrola) mTel wors gadavaxdevinebT, xolo mis
amxanags woris mesameds mainc (naxevars arasodes).~29 uSualo mkvleli rom ufro
mets ixdida, vidre Tanaamsrulebeli, xolo am ukanasknelis gadasaxadi daaxloe-
biT woris mesamedi an ufro naklebi iyo, sxva informatorebTanac dasturdeba.30
rogorc vxedavT, Tanaamsruleblis pasuxismgeblobasTan dakavSirebiT svaneTSi
xevsureTisagan garkveulwilad gansxvavebuli viTarebaa. aq ar gvxvdeba Tanaam-
sruleblisaTvis winaswar gansazRvruli gadasaxadi, xelCasamrTaos raRac ana-
logi. Tanaamsrulebeli garkveul gadasaxads nebismier SemTxvevaSi ixdis da ara
mxolod maSin, Tu arasasikvdilo Wrilobas (Tundac umniSvnelos) miayenebs
mokluls, rogorc es xevsureTSia (mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs is, rom xelCasamrTao xev-
sureTSi im Tanaamsrulebels daekisreba, romelic arasasikvdilo Wrilobas miaye-
nebs mokluls). masalebi gviCvenebs, rom jgufuri mkvlelobisas Tanaamsruleblis
mier gadasaxdeli sazRauris odenobas morvebi yovel konkretul SemTxvevaSi
wyveten. rogorc wesi, misi odenoba woris mesameds ar aRemateba, Tumca SesaZloa,
naklebic iyos. Tu razea es damokidebuli, erT-erTi svani informatori ase ganmar-
tavs: `Tanamonawileobis dros Tu dadginda, vin iyo uSualod Semsrulebeli, imas
gadaxdeba is, rac aseT moqmedebebzea dawesebuli, xolo danarCen Tanamonawileebs
cota gadaxdebodaT. gaaCnia, rogori saqmea da raSi gamoixateba Tanamonawi-
leoba.~31 rogorc Cans, svani morvebi Tanaamsruleblis pasuxismgeblobis gansaz-
Rvrisas iTvaliswinebdnen danaSaulebriv qmedebaSi misi monawileobis xarisxs. es
faqtori (sxva faqtorebTan erTad), Cveni azriT, miuTiTebs imas, rom svanur
CveulebiT samarTalSi Tanamonawileobis instituti ufro srulfasovnadaa
gamovlenili, vidre xevsureTSi.
2. danaSaulis maprovocireblis pasuxismgebloba qarTul

CveulebiT samarTalSi
xevsurul CveulebiT samarTalSi, garkveuli formiT, Tanamonawilis iseT

saxesac vxvdebiT, rogoricaa wamqezebeli. kerZod, Tu mkvleloba moxdeboda enis
mitanis safuZvelze, pasuxs ara marto mkvlelobis Camdeni agebda, aramed enis
28
iqve, #1, 1967, 7. masalebis mixedviT, mkvlelobis Casadenad Tu vinme wavidoda, damxmared, ZiriTadad,
Tavisi axlo naTesavi mihyavda.
29
iqve, 63.
30
iqve, #2, 1968, 44; 5, 1968-1969, 42; 6, 52.
31
iqve, #6, 1969, 52.
16
mimtanic. aseve, sxvisi iaraRiT mkvlelobis SemTxvevaSi, garkveuli pasuxismgeb-

loba iaraRis patronsac ekisreboda.
m. kovalevski osur CveulebiT samarTalze saubrisas miuTiTebs, rom bolo
dromde (e.i. XIX saukunis bolosTvis) osebi pasuxismgeblobas akisrebdnen mxolod
danaSaulis fizikurad Camdens da ara wamqezebels, radganac danaSaulis mxolod
obieqtur mxares aqcevdnen yuradRebas — im kerZo zians, romelic damnaSaves
miadga.32
xevsurul CveulebiT samarTalSi, piriqiT, calsaxad Cans enis mitanis sa-
fuZvelze momxdari danaSaulisas (magaliTad, mkvlelobisas) enis mimtanis
pasuxismgebloba. zogierTi xevsuri informatori enis mimtanis pasuxismgeblobas
danaSaulis Camdenisas uTanabrebs. erT-erTi maTganis ganmartebiT: `Tu vinmes
viRacam ena miutana — Senze ase da ase Tqvao da amis gamo mkvleloba moxda, meeneze
ambobdnen: Tu amis xmalma mokla, amis enam moklao. ra bedenaa, orive mkvlelia.... da
romelsac moaswreben, meenesa Tu uSualo mkvlels, imas mohklaven. orive Tu
mokles,Tavi daedebaT;~33 meore informatoris TqmiT: `wamqezeblis (meenis) meS-
veobiT Tu moklavdnen kacs, xelsac (mexele) da meenesac Tanabrad edeboda
sisxli.~34 rogorc vxedavT, am monacemebis mixedviT, enis mimtanisa (meene) da mkvle-
lis pasuxismgebloba daaxloebiT iseTia, rogoric Tanaamsruleblebisa, sasikv-
dilo Wrilobis uSualod mimyeneblis daudgenlobis SemTxvevaSi. orive Tanabrad
iTvleba mkvlelad. dazaralebuli Tu meenes moklavda, mkvlelis mokvlis an
misTvis kompoziciis moTxovnis ufleba mas aRar hqonda, anu SesaZloa, uSualo
mkvlels mkvlelobisaTvis pasuxismgebloba saerTod ar dakisreboda. kompoziciis
gadaxdaSi ki orive solidarulad monawileobda.
aRsaniSnavia, rom xevsur informatorTa umravlesoba meenis pasuxismgeb-
lobas specialur gadasaxads — àrbiTs~ ukavSirebs, rac misi da mkvlelis pasuxis-
mgeblobas mainc sxvadasxva sibrtyeze ayenebs. arbiTis gadaxda maSin xdeba,
rodesac mkvleloba rkinis iaraRiTaa Cadenili — TofiT, xanjliT, daniT. àrbiTi
rkinas daedebis,~ — ganmartavs erT-erTi informatori.35 arbiTi, rogorc qoneb-
rivi sazRauri, ar Sedis Tavsisxlis SemadgenlobaSi da rkinis iaraRiT mkvle-
lobisas Tavsisxlis zemoT gadaxdeba arbiTis gadamxdels anu `mearbiTes~.36
arbiTis odenoba 5 ...Zroxaa.37 zogierTi monacemiT, igi SeiZleba metic iyos: 5-idan
16 Zroxamde.38 enis mimtanis pasuxismgeblobas 5 Zroxis odenobiT fSavis sinam-
dvileSi adasturebs vaJa-fSavela. misi TqmiT: Tu vinmes enataniobiT, anu „ena-
kaWlaobiT~ erTi meores gadaemtereboda da amas sisxlis daqceva mohyveboda, maSin
am laqlaqas dazaralebulis naTesavebisaTvis unda gadaexada „saenao“ — xuTi Zro-
xa.39 rogorc vxedavT, vaJa enis mitanis Sedegad momxdari danaSaulisas enis mim-
32
Ковалевский М., Современный обычай и древний закон, М., 1886, 93.
33
zoiZe o., masalebi xevsurul CveulebiT samarTalze, eTnografiuli rveuli, 1988, 75.
34
35
jalabaZe d., masalebi xevsurul CveulebiT samarTalze, eTnografiuli rveuli, 1988, 36.
36
kekelia m., masalebi xevsurul CveulebiT samarTalze, eTnografiuli rveuli #5, 1977, 12.
37
jalabaZe d., masalebi xevsurul CveulebiT samarTalze, eTnografiuli rveuli, 1988, 18, 36;
merabiSvili j., masalebi xevsurul CveulebiT samarTalze, eTnografiuli rveuli, 1988, 20, 81;
kekelia m., masalebi xevsurul CveulebiT samarTalze, eTnografiuli rveuli #5, 1977, 12; makalaTia
s., xevsureTi, Tb., 1984, 95. Zroxa xevsureTSi qonebrivi sazRauris gadaxdis ZiriTadi ekvivalenti iyo.
38
xaraZe r., xevsuruli rjuli, ànalebi~, t. I, 1947, 188; kekelia m., masalebi xevsurul CveulebiT
samarTalze, eTnografiuli rveuli #6, 1977, 9.
39
vaJa-fSavela, Txz. sruli krebuli aT tomad, t. IX, 1964, 76.
17
tanis gadasaxads `saenaos~ uwodebs. masTan ar vxvdebiT àrbiTis~ moxseniebas. `sae-

nao~ mxolod enis mitanisaTvis dawesebul gadasaxads gulisxmobda, xolo àrbiTs~
bevrad farTo daniSnuleba hqonda da ara marto enis mimtanis pasuxismgeblo-
bisaTvis gamoiyeneboda.
xevsureTSi arbiTs ixdida, aseve, damnaSavisaTvis iaraRis mimcemi. mas
xevsurebi danaSaulis maprovocireblad aRiqvamdnen. vinc pirovnebas iaraRs
aTxovebda da am iaraRiT moxdeboda mkvleloba (an daWra), igi arbiTs gadaixdida.
sxvisi iaraRiT mkvlelobisas, iaraRis mTxoveblis pasuxismgebloba gavrce-
lebuli movlenaa samarTalganviTarebis adreul etapze myofi xalxebisaTvis.
magaliTad, m. kovalevskis mixedviT, oseTSi mkvlelobis iaraRis patroni, Cveuleb-
riv, mkvlelis Tanabrad agebda pasuxs: naxevars Tofis patroni ixdida, naxevars ki
mkvleli.40 m. kovalevski am Zveli wesis SenarCunebas imas ukavSirebs, rom iaraRis
mTxoveblisaTvis pasuxismgeblobis dakisreba erTaderTi saSualebaa, romliTac
sasjeli SeiZleba daekisros zneobriv damnaSaves. igi iaraRis sxvisTvis mTxo-
vebels wamqezeblad ganixilavs. misi azriT, Znelia imis daSveba, rom umravles
SemTxvevaSi Tofis Txoveba dakavSirebuli ar iyo borotmoqmedebis Cadenis
pirdapir waqezebasTan.41 iaraRis patronis pasuxismgebloba ganpirobebulia imiT,
rom, zogadi wesis mixedviT, piri pasuxs agebda misi pirutyvis mier misi nivTis
meSveobiT Cadenili danaSaulisaTvis.
xevsuruli `rjuliT~, Cvens xelT arsebuli yvela monacemis Tanaxmad,
mkvlelisaTvis iaraRis mimcemi arbiTis saxiT 5 Zroxas ixdida. arcerTi infor-
matori ar adasturebs iaraRis mimcemis CarTvas Tavsisxlis gadaxdaSi. erT-erTi
xevsuri informatori ganmartavs: `me rom kacs mivce iaraRi da am kacma am iaraRiT
moklas kaci, me unda gadavixado arbiTi 5 Zroxa, imitom, rom Cemi iaraRiT moikla
kaci.~42 imaves adasturebs XX saukunis dasawyisSi xevsuruli samarTlis SesaniSnavi
mcodne b. gaburi: `Tu kacma kaci sxvisi iaraRiT mokla, maSin iaraRis patroni
gadaixdis 5 Zroxas.~43 araerTi monacemia xevsureTTan dakavSirebiT, sadac
dasturdeba arbiTis gadaxda rogorc enis mitaniT, ise sxvisi iaraRiT danaSaulis
Cadenisas.44
arbiTs, cxadia, maSin ixdidnen, rodesac dapirispirebuli mxareebi davas
SerigebiT moagvarebdnen da SurisZieba Tavidan iqneboda acilebuli. erT-erT
zemoT moyvanil cnobaSi gamoCnda enis mimtanis CarTva Tavsisxlis sanaxevrod
gadaxdaSi, monacemTa didi umravlesoba ki miuTiTebs enis mimtanis mier 5 Zroxis
gadaxdas arbiTis Tu sameneos saxiT. aqedan gamomdinare, SeiZleba davaskvnaT, rom,
saerTo wesidan gamomdinare, mkvlelobisaTvis kompoziciis gadaxda uSualod
mkvlels ekisreboda, xolo enis mimtani, ZiriTadad, àrbiTs~ gadaixdida. Tumca,
rogorc Cans, misi Tavsisxlis gadaxdaSi CarTvac ar iyo gamoricxuli. Tu rodis
SeiZleboda momxdariyo es, mxolod erTi informatoris miniSneba gvaqvs amasTan
dakavSirebiT: `rogorc wesi, rodesac visime iaraRiT, an visime eniT moklaven kacs,
40
kovalevski m., dasax. naSromi, 106-107.
41
iqve, 107.
42
43
gaburi b., xevsuruli masalebi, qarTuli saenaTmecniero sazogadoebis weliwdeuli, I-II, 1923-1924,
142.
44
xaraZe r., xevsuruli rjuli, ànalebi~, t. I, 1947, 188; a. oCiauri, xevsuruli rjuli, xelnaweri, 1945,
rveuli #3, 35-36; jalabaZe d., masalebi xevsurul CveulebiT samarTalze, eTnografiuli rveuli,
1988, 18, 36; kekelia m., masalebi xevsurul CveulebiT samarTalze, eTnografiuli rveuli #5, 1977, 12;
eTnografiuli rveuli #6, 42-43.
18
iaraRis mimcems an enis mimtans edeba arbiTi, magram, rogorc Cans, Tu aRmoCndeba,
rom enis mimtani tyuoda da ar gamarTlda, da rasac igi abralebda mokluls,
sinamdvileSi ar yofila, mkvlels SeuZlia, igi sisxlSi CarTos, e.i. mkvlelma
TviTon daados naxevari Tavi, e.i., Tu mkvlelma imarjva, Tavisas miaRwevs da
CarTavs sisxlSi. arbiTi am SemTxvevaSi aRar gadaxdeba, radgan igi sisxlSi iqneba
CarTuli.~45 am cnobiT dasturdeba, rom, `rogorc wesi~, enis mimtani arbiTs ga-
daixdida, Tumca, Tu aRmoCndeboda, rom enis mimtanma Segnebulad cru informacia
miutana mkvlels, SesaZloa, mkvlelis zemoqmedebiT, enis mimtani misi Tanamoziare
gamxdariyo Tavsisxlis gadaxdaSi. ramdenad xSiri iyo aseTi faqti, Zneli saT-
qmelia, saTanado cnobebis arqonis gamo. SeiZleba vivaraudoT, rom es calkeul,
gamonaklis SemTxvevebSi Tu moxdeboda, mkvlelis SesaZleblobebidan gamomdinare.
masalebiT dasturdeba arbiTis gadaxda SuRlis wamomwyebis mierac, ro-
desac erTi daiwyebda Cxubs, mere gamoecleboda moCxubrebs, am Cxubs ki Sedegad
mkvleloba, an daWra mohyveboda.46
zemoT motanili masalebi aSkarad miuTiTebs, rom xevsureTSi danaSauleb-
rivi Sedegis dadgomis SemTxvevaSi, danaSaulis maprovocirebeli, kerZod,
damnaSavisaTvis enis mimtani, iaraRis mimcemi, Cxubis damwyebi, ZiriTadad, arbiTis
gadaxdiT agebda pasuxs. xevsuruli `rjuli~ maT danaSaulis Tanamonawileebad
moiazrebs, radganac arbiTis gadaxda swored mkvlelobis Tu daWris CadenaSi maT
garkveul monawileobas ukavSirdeba. Tumca sakiTxavia, ramdenad SeiZleba, aq saqme
gvqondes TanamonawileobasTan, Tanamedrove gagebiT; SesaZlebelia Tu ara, enis
mimtani, Tofis mimcemi an, Tundac, Cxubis damwyebi CaiTvalos wamqezeblad?
Tanamedrove gagebiT, wamqezebeli aris piri, romelic sxvas daiyoliebs swored
ganzraxi danaSaulis Casadenad. enis mimtanis, iaraRis mimcemis wamqezeblad
ganxilva SeiZleba maSin, rodesac enis mitanis, iaraRis gadacemis mizani iqneba,
danaSaulis Cadenisaken ubiZgos adamians, anu enis mimtans, iaraRis mimcems aseTi
ganzraxva eqneba da amisaTvis agebs pasuxs. masalebis mixedviT, es garemoeba
gamokveTilad ar Cans. enis mitanis, iaraRis micemis Sedegad Tu danaSauli
iqneboda Cadenili, enis mimtani, iaraRis mimcemi ixdida arbiTs, savaraudod,
maSinac, roca ena miitana, iaraRi gadasca raime boroti ganzraxvis gareSe da,
SesaZloa, arc fiqrobda, rom mis mier enis mitanas, iaraRis gadacemas danaSauli
mohyveboda da maSinac, rodesac igi amas akeTebda swored im mizniT, rom visTanac
ena mihqonda, visac iaraRs aZlevda, mas danaSauli Caedina. aqedan gamomdinare,
Cveni azriT, enis mimtani, iaraRis mimcemi ar SeiZleba klasikuri saxiT CaiTvalos
wamqezeblad, radganac xevsuruli `rjuli~ mniSvnelobas ar aniWebs enis mimtanis
Tu iaraRis mimcemis ganzraxvas danaSaulis CadenasTan mimarTebiT da nebismier
SemTxvevaSi akisrebs mas arbiTis gadaxdas danaSaulebrivi Sedegis dadgomisas.
ganzraxvis gareSe, mis gauTvaliswineblad ki, Tanamedrove gagebiT, Tanamonawi-
leoba, aseve wamqezebloba ar xdeba.
rogorc davinaxeT, m. kovalevski sxvisi iaraRiT mkvlelobisas iaraRis
mkvlelisaTvis gadamcems avtomaturad ganixilavs wamqezeblad, radganac Tvlis,
rom iaraRis Txovebis mizani, ZiriTadad, danaSaulis Cadenis waqezeba iyo. aseTi
midgoma sakiTxisadmi arasworad migvaCnia. ratom ar SeiZleba danaSauli Cadenili
yofiliyo sxvisi iaraRiT, magram iaraRis patrons azradac ar hqonoda, rom misi
45
kekelia m., masalebi xevsurul CveulebiT samarTalze, eTnografiuli rveuli #6, 42-43.
46
xaraZe r., xevsuruli rjuli, ànalebi~, t. I, 1947, 188; kekelia m., masalebi xevsurul CveulebiT
samarTalze, eTnografiuli rveuli #5, 1977, 12.
19
iaraRi danaSaulis Casadenad iqneboda gamoyenebuli. xevsureTSi mkvleloba

sakmaod xSirad xdeboda SemTxveviT. sruliad SesaZlebelia, SemTxveviTi
mkvleloba naTxovari iaraRiT momxdariyo (magaliTad, erTma adamianma meores
iaraRi sanadirod aTxova da nadirobisas moxda SemTxveviTi mkvleloba). cnobilia,
rom xevsuruli `rjuliT~, SemTxveviTi mkvlelobisaTvis mkvleli iseve agebda
pasuxs, rogorc ganzrax mkvlelobis Camdeni. Cveulebriv xdeboda arbiTis
gadaxdac. ase rom, naTxovari TofiT mkvleloba Tu SemTxveviT (ganzraxvis gareSe)
moxdeboda, iaraRis mimcemi mainc ixdida arbiTs. am SemTxvevaSi, rodesac
mkvlelsac ki ar hqonia mkvlelobis ganzraxva, laparakic zedmetia iaraRis
mimcemis ganzraxvaze mkvlelobasTan mimarTebiT. aq veravin ityvis, rom iaraRis
Txoveba moxda danaSaulis Cadenis wasaqezeblad. naTxovari iaraRiT mkvlelobisas
iaraRis mimcemis pasuxismgebloba, arbiTis gadaxdis saxiT, naTeli magaliTia
imisa, rom iaraRis mimcemisaTvis pasuxismgeblobis dakisreba xevsureTSi ar
yofila damokidebuli imaze, iaraRi man danaSaulis Cadenis ganzraxviT aTxova
momaval mkvlels, Tu amis ganzraxvis gareSe. es ki amyarebs Cvens mosazrebas, rom
iaraRis mimcemi ar SeiZleba CaiTvalos Tanamonawiled, kerZod, wamqezeblad,
Tanamedrove gagebiT. aseve SeuZlebelia aprioruli daSveba imisa, rom enis mimtans
nebismier SemTxvevaSi imitom miaqvs ena, rom amiT maincdamainc danaSaulebrivi
Sedegi (magaliTad, mkvleloba) gamoiwvios. danaSauli SeiZleboda, enis mitanidan
sakmaod didi xnis Semdeg momxdariyo da, enis mitanis garda, sxva faqtorebs
moexdina mkvlelze gavlena. davuSvaT, meenes saerTod ar hqonia ganzraxva, rom
enis mitaniT vinmes mkvleloba gamoewvia, Tumca misma, erTi SexedviT uwyinarma,
Woraobam daZaba urTierToba or adamians Soris. sakmaod didi xnis Semdeg maT
mouvidaT Selaparakeba, rac erT-erTis mkvlelobiT damTavrda. am SemTxvevaSic,
enis mimtani, romelsac SesaZloa, verc warmoedgina, rom misi ubralo Woraoba
mkvlelobas gamoiwvevda da ena mkvlelobis ganzraxviT ar miutania, pasuxs agebs
arbiTis gadaxdiT. aseT dros aucileblad moxdeboda garkveva imisa, Tu rodis da
saidan daiwyo am adamianebs Soris dava da Tu aRmoCndeboda, rom enis mitanam
moaxdina gavlena, Tundac didi xnis win da raime boroti ganzraxvis gareSe, enis
mimtans arbiTi aucileblad gadaxdeboda. am dros arc imas hqonda mniSvneloba,
enis mimtanma simarTle Tqva Tu ara. yovelive amis gaTvaliswinebiT vambobT, rom
enis mimtanis saxiTac fSav-xevsureTSi ar gvaqvs saqme Tanamedrove gagebiT
wamqezebelTan; aseve, Cxubis damwyebze, romelic Semdeg gaecala moCxubrebs da am
Cxubs danaSaulebrivi Sedegi mohyva, danamdvilebiT ver vityviT, rom man Cxubis
provocireba im ganzraxviT moaxdina, es Cxubi mkvlelobiT an daWra-dasaxiCrebiT
dasrulebuliyo, magram mas arbiTi unda gadaexada.
arbiTis dakisrebisas bralis faqtors rom ar iTvaliswinebdnen, vlindeba
misi iseTi pirebisaTvis SesaZlo gadaxdevinebiT, romlebsac momxdar danaSaulTan
aranairi kavSiri ar hqondaT. kerZod, Tu mkvleloba an daWra momxdari iyo enis
mitanis an sxvisi iaraRis gareSe, arbiTs gadaixdida is piri, romelic Cxubs
daeswro da moSuRlarni ar gaaSvela, Tu aseTic ar iyo, maSin arbiTis gadaxda
daekisreboda imas, `Cxubis dros vinc saxlSi iyo sofelSi, da karebi Ria idga da
gasaSveleblad ar gamovida.~47 aSkaraa, rom am orive SemTxvevaSi swored aseT
garemoebasTan gvaqvs saqme.
47
oCiauri a., piradi arqivi, xevsuruli rjuli, xelnaweri, 1945, rveuli #3, 36.
20
amrigad, SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom xevsuruli samarTali mkvlelisaTvis enis

mimtans, iaraRis mimcems, im Cxubis damwyebs, romelsac mkvleloba mohyva,
ganixilavs danaSaulis Tanamonawiled, mis maprovocireblad, miuxedavad imisa, man
es gaakeTa aseTi danaSaulebrivi Sedegis dadgomis ganzraxviT, Tu mis gareSe. es ar
aris gasakviri, imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom xevsureTSi mkvlelobisaTvis sasjelis
zomac ki ar iyo damokidebuli imaze, mkvlelma danaSauli ganzrax Caidina, Tu
ganzraxvis gareSe. yovelive es obieqturi Seracxvis principis gamovlenaa, ro-
desac mTavaria mZime Sedegi da Tu is saxezea, yvela isjeba — am Sedegis uSualo
gamomwvevic da isic, vinc raRac gavlena iqonia am Sedegis dadgomaze (damnaSa-
visaTvis enis mimtani Tu iaraRis mimcemi), am Sedegisadmi maTi subieqturi da-
mokidebulebis miuxedavad.
arbiTTan dakavSirebiT bolos gvinda aRvniSnoT, rom es ar iyo Tanamona-
wileobisaTvis gaTvaliswinebuli gadasaxadi. amaze is garemoebac metyvelebs, rom
garkveul SemTxvevaSi igi SesaZloa dakisreboda pirebs, romelTac Cadenil
danaSaulTan ar hqoniaT aranairi damokidebuleba — isini mxolod Seeswrnen Cxubs,
romelsac danaSaulebrivi Sedegi mohyva da ar aRkveTes igi. aseTi pirebis
Tanamonawileobaze saubari ki SeuZlebelia. aseve isic, rom, Tu arbiTis
gadamxdeli zemoT CamoTvlili kategoriebidan arcerTi iqneboda saxeze, arbiTi
ar ikargeboda da mas gadaixdida TviTon danaSaulis Camdeni.48 arbiTi ar Sedioda
Tavsisxlis SemadgenlobaSi, igi damatebiT gadaixdeboda da misi gadamxdeli uSua-
lod mkvlelobisaTvis gaTvaliswinebuli kompoziciis gadaxdaSi monawileobas ar
iRebda (Tu, ra Tqma unda, arbiTis gadaxda TviT mkvlels ar mouwevda). arbiTi,
rogorc qonebrivi sazRauri, aq Cven ganvixileT Tanamonawileobis institutTan
mimarTebiT, Tumca, rogorc aRvniSneT, igi ar yofila TanamonawileebisaTvis
gaTvaliswinebuli gadasaxadi. misi ufro srulyofili kvleva unda moxdes
qarTul CveulebiT samarTalSi sasjelebis, kerZod qonebrivi sazRaurebis,
Seswavlisas.
svanur CveulebiT samarTalSi ar gvxvdeba iseTi qonebrivi sazRauri, ro-
goric arbiTia, Tumca sxvisi iaraRiT mkvlelobisas an daWrisas iaraRis patronis,
mkvlelobis an daWris gamomwvevi Cxubis wamomwyebis pasuxismgebloba fiqsirdeba
m. kekelias mier Caweril masalebSi.
svaneTSi damkvidrebuli wesis mixedviT, Serigebisas, saTanado sazRauris
gadaxdis garda, mkvlels moklulis WirisufalTaTvis unda mieca is Tofi,
romliTac mkvleloba moxda.49 es wesi, cxadia, vrceldeba im SemTxvevazec, rodesac
mkvleloba sxvisi iaraRiT xdeba. am SemTxvevaSi iaraRis patrons garkveuli
pasuxismgebloba ekisreba. moklulis axlo naTesavebs SesaZloa, mkvlelis garda,
isic moeklaT. erT-erTi informatori ixsenebs aseT SemTxvevas: `latalelma gule-
danebma filfanis TofiT mokles udesiani. maT isisxles. guledanebs undodaT
moeklaT filfanic, magram bolos maT Soris qorwineba moxda da saqmes eSvela~.50
safiqrebelia, rom mkvlelze SurisZiebis Semdeg Tofis patronis mokvla axal
mesisxleobas gamoiwvevda, Tumca es magaliTi kargad gviCvenebs svanebis mtrul
damokidebulebas im Tofis patronisadmi, romliTac sxva adamianma Caidina
danaSauli. igi aRiqmeba mkvlelobis Tanamonawiled, romelmac pasuxi unda agos
amisaTvis. masalebis mixedviT, mas garkveuli qonebrivi pasuxismgebloba ekisreba.
48
iqve.
49
kekelia m., masalebi svanur CveulebiT samarTalze, eTnografiuli rveuli #1, 1967, 24, 61; #5, 10.
50
iqve, #5, 1968-1969, 31.
21
informatoris ganmartebiT, Tu moklulis mxare ar apatiebda iaraRis patrons,

maSin saqmes morvebi (mediatori mosamarTleebi) gaarCevdnen da iaraRis patrons
garkveul gadasaxads daakisrebdnen.51 gadasaxadis odenoba xevsureTis msgavsad
winaswar gansazRvruli ar yofila da morvebi yovel konkretul SemTxvevaSi
adgendnen mas. am TvalsazrisiT, Zalze saintereso faqts (momxdars 1931 wels)
vxvdebiT m. kekelias masalebSi. lataleli informatori ixsenebs, rom afxazeTis
svaneTSi cxovrobdnen misi soflelebi, besarion da vasili kvanWianebi. maTTan
stumrad misula ecereli kaci, romelsac Tavisi Tofi saxlSi Camoukidia, xolo
TviTon maspinZlebTan erTad yanis saToxnad gasula. am ojaxisa da mezoblis
bavSvebs CamouRiaT es Tofi da misiT TamaSi dauwyiaT. swored am TamaSisas
besaroin kvanWianis bavSvma mokla vasili kvanWianis bavSvi. morvebma mkvlelis mamas
naxevari woris gadaxda daakisres, radganac mkvleloba SemTxveviT moxda, Tofis
patrons ki meoTxedi worisa. informatori TviTon yofila am saqmeze erT-erTi
morvi. misi ganmartebiT, Tofis patrons morvebma brali imaSi dasdes, rom man
umeTvalyureod datova datenili Tofi.52 es magaliTi gviCvenebs, rom sxvisi
TofiT mkvlelobisas Tofis patronis pasuxismgeblobac dgeba, xolo gadasaxadis
odenoba, romelic mas morvebis mier ekisreba, yoveli konkretuli saqmis
detalebis gaTvaliswinebiT dgindeba. am magaliTSi sainteresoa isic, rom Tofis
patroni morvebma mkvlelobaSi braleulad miiCnies, misi daudevrobis (datenili
Tofis umeTvalyureod mitovebis) gamo da, aqedan gamomdinare, am saqmeSi
Tanamonawiled CaTvales.53
moklulis mxares SesaZloa epatiebina Tofis patronisaTvis, Tu es ukanas-
kneli dazaralebulis mier dasaxelebul TanamoficrebTan erTad tolobis fics
dadebda mis winaSe, e. i. daficebisas Tavs mis tolad CaTvlida, mis mdgomareobaSi
Caiyenebda da daificebda, dazaralebulis adgilze rom yofiliyo, isic apatiebda
mas.54
aseve winaswar ar yofila gansazRvruli svaneTSi im qonebrivi sazRauris
odenoba, romelic mkvlelobis an daWris gamomwvevi Cxubis wamomwyebs ekisreboda.
mis odenobasac yovel konkretul SemTxvevaSi morvebi adgendnen. sailustraciod
magaliTebs movitanT. erT-erTi informatori ixsenebs vinme nariman pirvelis
mZimed daWris faqts. morvebma mis damWrels garkveuli sazRauris gadaxda
daakisres. amis Semdeg nariman pirvelma mociqulebi gaugzavna misi daWris
gamomwvevi Cxubis or wamomwyebs da SeuTvala, rom maTac miuZRviT brali mis
daWraSi, radganac maT pirvelebma daiwyes Cxubi, rasac misi daWra mohyva (am CxubSi
dazaralebuli Turme gamSvelebeli yofila). morvebma orives garkveuli Tanxis
gadaxda daakisres. kidev erTi informatori ixsenebs daWris gamomwvevi Cxubis
damwyebis pasuxismgeblobis faqts. misi TqmiT, ojaxSi qeifisas erTma pirovnebam
meores TvalebSi Seasxa Wiqa arayi, rasac mohyva sufraze myofTa orad gayofa da
erTmaneTSi Cxubi. erT-erT gamSvelebels SemTxveviT TvalSi moxvda xeli da
mniSvnelovnad dauziana igi. morvebma (maT Soris am ambis momyolic yofila)
dazianebuli Tvalis safasurad dazaralebulis sasargeblod gansazRvres 16 000
51
iqve, #1, 1967, 64.
52
iqve, 12-13.
53
am magaliTSi saqme gvaqvs Tofis patronis daudevrobasTan da danaSaulis (mkvlelobis) araganzrax,
SemTxveviT CadenasTan. rogorc Cans, svanur CveulebiT samarTalSi araganzraxi danaSaulis
SemTxvevaSic SesaZlebeli iyo piris danaSaulSi Tanamonawiled ganxilva, misi daudevari moqmedebis
gamo, rasac mohyva danaSaulebrivi Sedegi da misTvis pasuxismgeblobis dakisreba.
54
kekelia m., masalebi svanur CveulebiT samarTalze, eTnografiuli rveuli #1, 1967, 64.
22
maneTis55 gadaxda. aqedan 12 000 maneTis gadaxda daekisra Wrilobis mimyenebels,

4 000 maneTisa — Cxubis wamomwyebs.56 rogorc am ori magaliTidan Cans, Cxubis
wamomwyebi svaneTSi danaSaulis Tanamonawiled aRiqmeba, romelic zianis uSualo
mimyenebelTan erTad agebs pasuxs Cadenili danaSaulisaTvis, radganac iTvleba,
rom masac miuZRvis brali am danaSaulis CadenaSi da amitom danaSaulisaTvis
morvebis mier gansazRvruli qonebrivi sazRauris nawili manac unda gadaixados.
cxadia, misi gadasaxdeli wili arsebiTad mcirea, zianis uSualod mimyeneblis
gadasaxdel wilTan SedarebiT, radganac danaSaulebriv qmedebaSi misi
monawileobis xarisxi ufro naklebia.
rac Seexeba danaSaulis wamqezeblis (enis mimtanis) pasuxismgeblobas,
svanur CveulebiT samarTalSi igi ar gvxvdeba. ramdenime informatori
adasturebs, rom wamqezebeli ar isjeba da mas arafers axdevineben.57 erT-erTi
maTganis ganmartebiT, es imitomaa ase, rom kacma yuri ar unda aTxovos
wamqezebels, ar unda daijeros misi.58
daskvna
Tanamonawileobis institutTan dakavSirebiT qarTul CveulebiT samar-

TalSi SeiZleba davaskvnaT:
— xevsuruli CveulebiTi samarTlis Sesaxeb Cvens xelT arsebuli masalebis
mixedviT, pasuxismgebloba ekisreboda ara mxolod danaSaulis Camdens, aramed
danaSaulis CadenasTan dakavSirebul sxva pirebsac: danaSaulis Tanaamsruleb-
lebs, damnaSavisaTvis im iaraRis mTxovebels, romliTac danaSauli ganxorcielda,
enis mitanis safuZvelze danaSaulis Cadenisas, enis mimtans da sxva, rac miuTiTebs
xevsureTSi, garkveuli formiT, Tanamonawileobis institutis arsebobas. es
garkveulwilad gadaxvevaa obieqturi Seracxvis principidan, romlis mixedviTac
pasuxismgebloba danaSaulis Cadenisas ekisreba mxolod zianis uSualo
mimyenebels, danaSaulebrivi Sedegis gamomwvevs. Tumca obieqturi Seracxvis
principis gavlena Tanamonawileobis institutze xevsureTSi mainc arsebiTia.
— xevsureTSi Cadenili danaSaulisaTvis gaTvaliswinebuli pasuxismgeblo-
ba ekisreboda mxolod danaSaulis uSualo Camdens (magaliTad, mkvlelobisas
sasikvdilo Wrilobis mimyenebels). mkvlelobis Tanaamsrulebeli ixdida xel-
CasamrTaos, romelic ar Sedioda mkvlelobisaTvis gaTvaliswinebuli kompozi-
ciis SemadgenlobaSi, xolo Tanaamsrulebels ar exeboda im wesebis Sesruleba, rac
xevsureTSi mkvlelobisaTvis pasuxismgebels ekisreboda, e. i. ar agebda pasuxs im
danaSaulisaTvis gaTvaliswinebuli sasjelis farglebSi, romlis Tanaamsru-
lebeli iyo. igive SeiZleba iTqvas enis mimtansa da iaraRis mimcemze, romlebic
ixdidnen arbiTs, Cadenili danaSaulisadmi maTi subieqturi damokidebulebis
miuxedavad. aRniSnuli faqtorebi miuTiTebs swored obieqturi Seracxvis
principis gavlenas Tanamonawileobis institutze.
— xevsurul CveulebiT samarTalSi Tanamonawileobis institutis Tavise-
burebas ganapirobebs agreTve is, rom mkvleloba, daWra-dasaxiCreba da sxva
55
mxedvelobaSia sabWoTa maneTi e. w. Zveli kursiT —1961 wlis fulis reformamde.
56
kekelia m., masalebi svanur CveulebiT samarTalze, eTnografiuli rveuli #7, 1970, 53.
57
iqve, #1, 1967, 35, 70.
58
iqve, 35.
23
danaSaulebi kerZo deliqtis bunebis matarebelni arian. dazaralebulisaTvis

mTavari iyo danaSauliT misTvis miyenebuli zianis qonebrivi kompensireba. am
danaSaulTa CadenisaTvis gaTvaliswinebuli kompoziciis odenobaze aranair gav-
lenas ar axdenda danaSaulSi monawileTa raodenoba. Tu danaSaulis uSualo
Camdenis dadgena ver xerxdeboda, Tanaamsrulebelni solidarulad iRebdnen
monawileobas Tavsisxlis gadaxdaSi, rogorc erTi subieqti. sisxlis aRebisas ki
TanamonawileTagan mxolod erT-erTis mimarT SeiZleboda ganxorcielebuliyo
SurisZiebis aqti.
— zemoT Tqmuli gviCvenebs, rom xevsurul CveulebiT samarTalSi Tanamo-
nawileobis instituti Tanamedrove gagebiT ar gvxvdeba. Cveni azriT, aq saqme
gvaqvs Tanamonawileobis institutis adreul, Canasaxovan formasTan, romlis
Tavisebureba ganpirobebulia obieqturi Seracxvis principis primatiT subieq-
turTan SedarebiT da aseve danaSaulTa kerZodeliqturi bunebiT.
— svanuri CveulebiTi samarTlis masalebiTac Cans danaSaulis Tanaamsru-
leblis, damnaSavisaTvis danaSaulis Cadenis iaraRis mTxoveblis, danaSaulis
gamomwvevi Cxubis damwyebis pasuxismgebloba (Cvens xelT arsebuli masalebiT ar
dasturdeba wamqezeblis pasuxismgebloba).
— xevsureTisagan gansxvavebiT, svaneTSi aRniSnul pirTa gadasaxdeli
sazRauris odenoba winaswar ar yofila gansazRvruli da morvebi yovel kon-
kretul SemTxvevaSi adgendnen mas, maTi danaSaulebriv qmedebaSi monawileobis xa-
risxis Sesabamisad, rac svanur CveulebiT samarTalSi subieqturi faqtoris gan-
viTarebis maCvenebelia. es sazRauri mniSvnelovnad naklebia im sazRaurze,
romelic mxareTa Serigebisas danaSaulis uSualo Camdens unda gadaexada. misi
saxeze yofnisas konkretuli danaSaulisaTvis pasuxismgebloba, Sesabamisi qo-
nebrivi sazRauris (woris) gadaxdiT, mas ekisreboda.
— miuxedavad imisa, rom Tanamonawileobis instituti svaneTSi ufro srul-
fasovnad aris gamovlenili, vidre xevsureTSi da garkveuli gansxvavebebi Tana-
monawileobasTan dakavSirebiT SeimCneva, am institutis ZiriTadi Taviseburebani
saqarTvelos am orive kuTxis CveulebiT samarTalSi erTmaneTis msgavsia.
24
GIORGI DAVITASHVILI
Full Professor, TSU, the Faculty of Law
COMPLICITY IN GEORGIAN HABITUAL LAW
(Short Summary)
The institution of complicity in Georgian habitual law is analyzed on the basis of ethnographic
findings collected in Khvesureti and Svaneti in the twentieth century.
According to the data on hand, Khevsuretian justice would hold liable not only a perpetrator, but
also the other persons, who were related to the commission of a crime: a co-perpetrator, a person
who lent the weapon the crime was committed with, a perpetrator, a slanderer – when the crime
was committed due to slandering, etc. The foregoing evidences the existence of the elements of the
institution of complicity in Khevsureti. This is a certain derogation from the principle of objective
imputation, under which principle only the direct inflictor of a damage, the one who caused the
consequences of a crime, is to be held liable. However, the principle of objective imputation has an
essential impact on the institution of complicity.
In Khevsureti, only the person who personally committed a crime (e.g. the one, who did the
wounding to death in the case of homicide) was held liable. A co-perpetrator in murder was
required to pay khelchasamrtao (payment for giving a hand in a crime), which was not included
into the composition provided for homicide, whilst an accomplice was not supposed to observe the
rules imposed on a person held liable for a homicide, i.e. he was not subject to sanctions which
were envisaged for the crime he was an accomplice in. The same can be said about a slanderer and
a lender of a weapon who pay arbit, irrespective of their subjective relation to the committed
crime. The aforementioned factors prove the influence being exerted by the principle of objective
imputation on the institution of complicity.
There is no institution of complicity in the habitual law of Khevsureti in the modern meaning of
this term. In our opinion, this is the early, germ-type form of the institution of complicity, the
peculiar characteristics of which are conditioned by the primacy of the principle of objective
computation as compared with the subjective one and the private tort nature of crimes.
The liability of an accomplice in a crime, lender of a weapon the crime was committed with, to a
perpetrator, initiator of fighting which resulted in a crime is also proved by the available data of the
habitual law of Khevsureti (the data on hand do not certify the existence of the liability of an
instigator).
Unlike Khevsureti, the amount of penalty payable by the aforementioned persons in Svaneti was
not predetermined – the morves (judges, mediators) would set the necessary amount on a case-by-
case basis – according to the level of their involvement in a crime, which evidences the
development of subjective factor in the habitual law of Svaneti. This amount was sizably lesser
than the amount payable by a direct perpetrator of a crime in the case of reconciliation of the
parties. If there was such a person, he would be held liable for the crime concerned through the
payment of the respective amount of compensation in rem (tsori).
25
g. naWyebia, danaSauli bralis ori formiT
guram naWyebia
danaSauli bralis ori formiT
saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis me-11 muxlis Tanaxmad, `Tu

sisxlis samarTlis kanoni iTvaliswinebs sasjelis gadidebas im Tanamdevi Sedegis
dadgomis gamo, romelsac ar moicavda damnaSavis ganzraxva, maSin aseTi gadideba
SesaZlebelia mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac pirma es Sedegi gaufrTxileblobiT
ganaxorciela. aseTi danaSauli ganzrax danaSaulad CaiTvleba.~
rogorc am debulebidan Cans, saqme Seexeba pasuxismgeblobas mZime SedegiT
kvalificirebuli ganzraxi danaSaulisaTvis. raki mZime Sedegs subieqtis gan-
zraxva ar moicavs, am SedegisaTvis sasjelis gadideba daiSveba mxolod maSin, ro-
desac igi subieqtis gaufrTxileblobiTaa gamowveuli. aseTi viTareba qmedebis
erT SemadgenlobaSi bralis ori formiT unda aRiniSnos, radgan ganzraxva da
gaufrTxilebloba bralis formebia. magram saqmis viTareba ase martivi ar aris.
jer erTi, principulad sadavoa TviT bralis cneba, misi Sinaarsis problema.
bunebrivia, sadavo xdeba bralis formis problemac; meorec, ganzraxva da gauf-
rTxilebloba bralis formebad bralis fsiqologiur TeoriaSia miCneuli. magram
saqme is gaxlavT, rom mZime SedegiT kvalificirebuli ganzraxi danaSaulisaTvis
pasuxismgeblobis dasabuTebisas xSiradaa laparaki ormag anu Sereul bralze. am
poziciidan igulisxmeba, rom ganzraxva da gaufrTxilebloba bralis saxeebia, ese
igi arsebobs ganzraxi brali da gaufrTxilebeli brali. amitom mZime SedegiT
kvalificirebul deliqtebSi saqme Seexeba ara bralis ori formis, aramed bralis
ori saxis Serwymas. magaliTad, prof. m. ugrexeliZis friad saintereso statia,
romelic zemoT aRweril viTarebas eZRvneba, ase iwodeba: `Sereuli anu ormagi
brali sisxlis samarTalSi.~ am saTauris azri isaa, rom ganzraxva da gauf-
rTxilebloba bralis saxeebia da amitom zemoT aRwerili viTareba gulisxmobs
ganzraxi da gaufrTxilebeli bralis Serwymas. ufro zustad, irkveva, rom
arsebobs qmedebis erT SemadgenlobaSi ormagi anu Sereuli brali. `Tu kanoniT
akrZaluli qmedeba usaTuod ganzraxvas gulisxmobs, — wers m. ugrexeliZe, — maSin
aseTi moqmedebiT gamowveuli marTlsawinaaRmdego Sedegebis gaufrTxileblobiT
ganxorcieleba yvela SemTxvevaSi Sereul brals mogvcems.“1 am viTarebis yvelaze
gavrcelebul magaliTad ixseniebdnen saqarTvelos 1960 wlis sisxlis samarTlis
kodeqsis 110-e muxlis meore nawils, rodesac janmrTelobis mZime dazianeba
Cadenili iyo ganzrax, xolo Tu am qmedebas dazaralebulis sikvdili mohyveboda,
maSin aseTi mZime SedegisaTvis sasjelis gadideba SeiZleboda mxolod im
SemTxvevaSi, Tu igi gamowveuli iyo gaufrTxileblobiT. analogiuri norma
gaTvaliswinebulia saqarTvelos amJamad moqmed sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsSic.
kerZod, 117-e muxlis pirvel nawilSi aRwerilia janmrTelobis ganzrax mZime
dazianebis yvela SesaZlo varianti, xolo amave muxlis meore nawilSi gaTva-
1
ugrexeliZe m., Sereuli anu ormagi brali sisxlis samarTalSi, J. `saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa akdemiis
macne~, filosofiis, fsiqologiis, ekonomikisa da samarTlis seria, 1, 1971, 160.
26
liswinebulia qmedeba, rodesac janmrTelobis ganzrax mZime dazianebas gauf-

rTxileblobiT mohyva dazaralebulis sicocxlis mospoba; aseTive Semadgenlobaa
gaTvaliswinebuli saqarTvelos ssk-is 118-e muxlis meore nawilSi (janmrTelobis
ganzrax naklebad mZime dazianeba, romelsac mohyva dazaralebulis sicocxlis
mospoba); 137-e muxlis meoTxe nawilis `b“ punqtiT (gaupatiureba, rogorc
ganzraxi qmedeba, romelsac gaufrTxileblobiT mohyva dazaralebulis sikvdili)
da sxva.
amrigad, mZime SedegiT kvalificirebuli deliqtisaTvis sisxlissamar-
Tlebrivi pasuxismgeblobis dasabuTebis problema amJamadac aqtualuria, magram
am mimarTebiT dgas ramdenime rTuli problema: jer erTi, ganzraxva da gaufr-
Txilebloba bralis formebad bralis fsiqologiur TeoriaSia miCneuli, Tumca am
TeoriaSi bralis forma da saxe mkveTrad gamijnuli araa da amitom maTi aRreva
xSiria; meorec, bralis fsiqologiuri Teoriis Tanaxmad, brali aris qmedebisa da
misi Sedegebisadmi subieqtis fsiqikuri damokidebuleba, romelic ganzraxvis an
gaufrTxileblobis formiT gamoixateba. magram saqme is gaxlavT, rom bralis
fsiqologiur TeoriaSi qcevis wminda fsiqologiuri buneba da braleuli qmedeba
erTmaneTisagan mkveTrad gamijnuli araa. qmedebisa da misi Sedegebisadmi subieq-
tis fsiqikuri damokidebulebisagan mowyvetiT brali ar arsebobs, Tumca amgvar
fsiqikur damokidebulebamde ar daiyvaneba. es Cans, Tundac, bralis formebad wo-
debul ganzraxvisa da gaufrTxileblobis sakanonmdeblo gansazRvrebebSic. ma-
galiTad, saqarTvelos ssk-is me-9 muxlis mesame nawilSi eventualuri ganzraxva
daxasiaTebulia rogorc marTlsawinaaRmdego Sedegis Segnebuli daSveba an am Se-
degisadmi subieqtis gulgrili damokidebuleba. gasagebia, rom `gulgrili~ aris
SefasebiTi cneba, ramdenadac arsebobs misi sapirispiro SefasebiTi cneba `gul-
mxurvale~. amdenad, eventualuri ganzraxva wminda fsiqikuri fenomeni ar aris.
garda amisa, cnobilia, rom TviTimedovnebis subieqti, usafuZvlod Tu qaraf-
Sutulad, imedovnebs, rom marTlsawinaaRmdego Sedegi mocemul viTarebaSi ar
dadgeba, maSin, rodesac es Sedegi garduvalia. usafuZvlo Tu qarafSutuli imedi,
rom marTlsawinaaRmdego Sedegi mocemul konkretul viTarebaSi ar dadgeba, sxva
araferia, Tu ara subieqtis uaryofiTad Sefaseba. miT ufro SefasebiTia termini
`daudevroba~, radgan saqme exeba windaxedulebis normisadmi subieqtis uyurad-
Rebo, upasuxismgeblo damokidebulebas, romelic marTlsawinaaRmdego Sedegis
dadgomis subieqturi pirobaa.
rogorc Cans, eventualuri ganzraxva, TviTimedovneba da daudevroba qme-
debisa da misi Sedegebisadmi subieqtis uaryofiT Sefasebas (gulgrili, qaraf-
Suta, daudevari) gamoxatavs. magram Secdoma iqneboda imis fiqri, rom pirdapiri
ganzraxva subieqtis uaryofiT Sefasebas TiTqos ar gamoxatavs. piriqiT, pir-
dapiri ganzraxva subieqtis ukiduresad uaryofiT Sefasebaze metyvelebs. kerZod,
swored pirdapiri ganzraxvis SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba subieqti moqmedebdes gansa-
kuTrebuli sisastikiT, gansakuTrebuli TavxedobiT, xulignuri qvenagrZnobiT,
angarebiT an SekveTiT, afeqtis viTarebaSi da a. S.
erTi sityviT, aSkaraa, rom bralis formebis sakanonmdeblo gansazRvre-
bebSi mocemulia ara mxolod qmedebisa da misi Sedegebisadmi subieqtis fsiqikuri
damokidebuleba, aramed am subieqtis uaryofiTi Sefasebac. cxadia, aq gamo-
ricxuli unda iyos fsiqikurisa da normatiulis ekleqtizmi, rogorc es arcTu
iSviaTad gvxdeba bralis im cnebaSi, romlis Tanaxmad, brali aris qmedebisa da misi
Sedegebisadmi subieqtis gasakicxi fsiqikuri damokidebuleba. sinamdvileSi fsi-
27
qikurisadmi gakicxvis meqanikuri misadageba bralis cnebas ver mogvcems. fsi-

qikuri sinamdvile imdenad wminda faqtobrivia, ese igi araSefasebiTia, rom am faq-
tobrividan Sefasebaze pirdapiri logikuri gadasvla SeuZlebelia. es bunebrivia,
radgan bralis fsiqologiuri Teoria bralis cnebas wminda fsiqologiurad
asabuTebs. kerZod, miaCniaT, rom bralis Sinaarss qmnis adamianis inteleqtis,
nebelobisa da emociis gansazRvruli kavSiri. sinamdvileSi amgvari kavSiri
arsebobs ara marto braleuli qmedebisas, aramed marTlzomier qmedebaSic. wminda
fsiqologiurad SeuZlebelia erTmaneTisagan gaimijnos braleuli qmedeba da
nebelobiTi qceva bralis gareSe. amitomaa, rom bralis fsiqologiur TeoriaSi
aRreulia bralis formebisa da saxeebis sakiTxi. Tu brali sxva araferia, Tu ara
qmedebisa da misi Sedegebisadmi subieqtis fsiqikuri damokidebuleba, maSin ufro
upriania vilaparakoT am fsiqikuri damokidebulebis saxeebze, vidre formebze.
kerZod, am poziciidan ganzraxvac fsiqikuri damokidebulebaa da gaufrTxi-
leblobac, anu isini bralis saxeebia. Tu vityviT, rom ganzraxva da gaufrTxi-
lebloba bralis formebia, maSin brali arc ganzraxvaze daiyvaneba da arc gaufr-
Txileblobaze, iseve rogorc Sinaarsi misi gamovlenis formebze ar SeiZleba iyos
dayvanili. magram bralis fsiqologiurma Teoriam ganzraxvasa da gaufrTxi-
leblobaze dauyvanadi da maTze aRmatebuli bralis sxva raime Sinaarsi ar icis.
amaze pirdapir miuTiTeben kidec. magaliTad, rusuli sisxlis samarTlis zogadi
nawilis erT-erT kursSi naTqvamia, rom: `bralis Sinaarsis, rogorc ganzraxvis
Sinaarsisa da gaufrTxileblobis Sinaarsis gvarobiTi cnebis, gamoyofa Teoriu-
lad da praqtikulad naklebad dasabuTebadia.., samarTalSefardebiT praqtikaSi
moiTxoveba ganzraxvisa da gaufrTxileblobis Sinaarsis konkretuli niSnebis
dadgena da, rogorc wesi, laparakia bralis konkretuli formis Sinaarssa da ara
bralis Sinaarsze saerTod.~2
amrigad, bralis Sinaarsi, rogorc ganzraxvisa da gaufrTxileblobis
Sinaarsebis gvarobiTi cneba, ar arsebobs. magram maSin arc bralis forma arsebobs,
radgan forma Sinaarsis gareSe SeuZlebelia. Tumca forma-Sinaarsis problema
mxolod bralis fsiqologiur TeoriaSi rodi dgas. aranakleb problemuria am
mxriv bralis normativistuli Teoria. kerZod, cnobilia, magaliTad, rom sisxlis
samarTalSi `finalisturma mimarTulebam“ ganzraxva da gaufrTxilebloba bralis
formebad ki ar cno, aramed qmedebis bunebriv, fsiqikur elementebad, anu wminda
fsiqologiur fenomenebad. Tu am mxriv ganzraxva TiTqos marTlac SeiZleba
fsiqologiur cnebad CaiTvalos, gaufrTxileblobis wminda fsiqologiuri da-
sabuTeba SeuZlebelia. o. gamyreliZe im daskvnamde mivida, rom ganzraxva wminda
fsiqologiuri kategoriaa da rom amitom is SeiZleba iyos dadebiTic da uar-
yofiTic, keTilic da borotic. misi daskvniT, `ganzraxvas, rogorc wminda fsi-
qologiur kategorias, romelic qmedebis elementia, Sefaseba sWirdeba da es
Sefaseba unda moxdes bralis dadgenis dros.~3 samagierod, gaufrTxilebloba,
avtoris azriT, `yovelTvis gulisxmobs qmedebis uaryofiT Sefasebas. es Sefaseba
ki bralis doneze unda moxdes.“4
amrigad, irkveva, rom `finalizmi~ marTalia, rodesac igi ganzraxvas fsi-
qologiur cnebad miiCnevs da mas qmedebis elementad warmosaxavs da ara rogorc
bralis formad. `finalistebi~ cdebian, rodesac gaufrTxileblobasac qmedebis
2
Курс уголовного права, Общая часть, т. 1, М., 1999, 303.
3
gamyreliZe o., saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis ganmarteba, Tb., 2005, 86-67.
4
gamyreliZe o., dasax. naSromi, 87.
28
elementad miiCneven, maSin rodesac gaufrTxilebloba ukve uaryofiTi Sefasebaa

da qmedebis bunebrivi, fsiqologiuri, elementi ver iqneba.
Cven veTanxmebiT o. gamyreliZes, rom gaufrTxileblobis wminda fsiqolo-
giuri analogi ar arsebobs, magram sadavoa misi daskvna, rom ganzraxva wminda
fsiqologiuri kategoriaa. es debuleba metad sainteresoa, radgan arsebobs raime
winaswarganzraxuli qmedebis Cadenis fsiqologiuri mzaoba, magram, meore mxriv,
termini `ganzraxva~ termin `Segnebis“ igiveobrivi ar unda iyos. Tu raime
ganzraxulia, is, amave dros, Segnebulsac niSnavs, magram ara piriqiT. Segnebuli
ganzraxuls jer kidev ar niSnavs. erTia qmedebis fsiqologiuri buneba, rodesac
qmedeba da misi elementebi Segnebulia, da meorea ganzraxva, romlis RirebulebiTi
Sinaarsi qmedebis marTlwinaaRmdegobis ara marto SegnebiT, aramed marTlsa-
winaaRmdego Sedegebisadmi subieqtis damokidebulebiTac gamoixateba. magaliTad,
TviTimedovnebisas subieqts Segnebuli aqvs Tavisi qmedebis marTlsawinaaRmdego
xasiaTi, magram is ganzrax rodi moqmedebs. Tu qmedebis marTlwinaaRmdegoba aris
RirebulebiTi (SefasebiTi) kategoria, maSin gasagebia, rom marTlwinaaRmdegobis
Segneba wminda fsiqologiuri cneba ukve ver iqneba da cnobierebis RirebulebiT
formebSi inacvlebs. amis sabuTad Cven ukve movitaneT eventualuri ganzraxvis
cneba, rodesac subieqti fasdeba viTarca gulgrili imis gamo, rom marTl-
sawinaaRmdego Sedegebis dadgomas is sasxvaTaSorisod ekideba. amdenad, ufro up-
riania imis mtkiceba, rom eventualuri ganzraxvis wminda fsiqologiuri analogi
ar arsebobs. ufro metic, wminda fsiqologiurad arc pirdapiri ganzraxvis ana-
logi arsebobs, radgan, rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, pirdapiri ganzraxviT subieqti,
rogorc wesi, moqmedebs gansakuTrebuli sisastikiT, xulignuri qvenagrZnobiT,
angarebiT an SekveTiT da a.S. SemTxveviTi araa is garemoeba, rom arsebobs
RirebulebiTi cnobierebis cneba, radgan am mimarTebiT igulisxmeba Rirebule-
biTi urTierTobani, romelTac RirebulebiTi cnobiereba gamoxatavs. rogorc
marTebulad aRniSnavs g. SuSanaSvili, ramdenadme seriozuli Sefaseba Semecnebis
gareSe SeuZlebelia, magram mainc erTia WeSmariteba da meorea Rirebuleba,
rogorc Sefasebis idealuri safuZveli. avtoris azriT, `samyaros Sefaseba xdeba
specifikur aqtebSi, rogorebicaa: upiratesobis micema, arCevani, siyvaruli,
siZulvili da sxv. cnobiereba, romelic samyaros ganixilavs misi vargisianobis,
subieqtis interesebTan, miznebTan mimarTebis mixedviT, aris SefasebiTi anu
RirebulebiTi cnobiereba.~5 arc isaa SemTxveviTi, rom marTlSegneba Rirebu-
lebiTi cnobierebis erT-erTi formaa, radgan adamianTa saqcielis samarTlebrivi
Sefaseba da samarTlebrivi urTierToba RirebulebiTi urTierTobis nair-
saxeobaa, kerZod, marTlzomieri qmedeba niSnavs marTlzomieri qmedebis valdebu-
lebis Sesrulebas, rodesac samarTlis norma marTlwesrigad gardaiqmneba;
marTlsawinaaRmdego qmedeba, piriqiT, niSnavs marTlzomieri qmedebis valde-
bulebis darRvevas, rodesac samarTlis norma am qmedebis mimarT Cerdeba da
marTlwesrigSi ar gadadis. gasagebia, rom brali ar arsebobs qmedebis marTl-
winaaRmdegobisagan mowyvetiT.
amrigad, aSkaraa, rom bralis fsiqologiuri Teoria bralis formebis
sakanonmdeblo gansazRvrebebSi subieqtis pirdapir Tu arapirdapir gamoxatul
Sefasebebs saTanado yuradRebas ar aqcevs da aqcents qmedebisa da misi Se-
degebisadmi subieqtis fsiqikur damokidebulebaze akeTebs. amitom igi bralis
5
SuSanaSvili g., Rirebuleba da sazogadoebrivi cnobierebis formebi, Tb., 1990, 100.
29
formebs forma-Sinaarsis filosofiuri kategoriebis mixedviT ver asabuTebs. am

mxriv uproblemo arc bralis normativistuli Teoriaa. ukve iTqva, rom `fi-
nalistur TeoriaSi~ ganzraxva da gaufrTxilebloba qmedebis bunebrivi, fsi-
qologiuri elementebia da ara bralis formebi. sakiTxavia: rogoraa SesaZlebeli
brali, viTarca subieqtis gakicxva marTlsawinaaRmdego qmedebisaTvis, Tu brali
raime formiT ar vlindeba? gana abstraqtul gakicxvas SeuZlia gamoxatos bralis
WeSmariti arsi? ufro metic, rogoraa SesaZlebeli brali, rogorc uformo
Sinaarsi? l.-g. kutalia safuZvlianad arCevs bralis finalistur moZRvrebas da
sabolood askvnis, rom bralis es Teoria miuRebelia. misi azriT, `normatiul
SefasebasTan gaigivebuli sisxlissamarTlebrivi brali ar moicavs Tavis
Semadgenel komponentad arc ganzraxvas da arc gaufrTxileblobas, ar gulis-
xmobs subieqtis fsiqikis madefinicirebel rols da, amgvarad, sxva naklo-
vanebebTan erTad, iqceva dogmaturad amorful (uformo) sisxlissamarTlebriv
cnebad.~6
Tu bralis finalistur moZRvrebas ufro meTodologiurad mivudgebiT,
maSin aSkaraa, rom gakicxva, viTarca brali, aris wminda Sefaseba, ese igi, norma,
jerarsi, romelic Tavis fsiqologiur safuZvels arsebiTad mowyvetilia. esaa
ukiduresi normativizmi, romelic bralis cnebas yovelgvari fsiqikuri mina-
revisagan aTavisuflebs, rogorc amas akeTebda h. kelzeni samarTlis e. w. wminda
moZRvrebis TeoriaSi. magram saintereso isaa, rom kelzeni ueWvelad grZnobda
adamianis fsiqikasTan samarTlis dakavSirebis saWiroebas. am mizniT is mimarTavda
im fiqcias, rom nebisyofis fsiqologiuri cnebis gverdiT TiTqos arsebobs
nebisyofis normatiuli cneba, romelsac nebisyofis fsiqologiur cnebasTan
saerTo araferi aqvs. am mxriv friad sainteresoa m. turavas cda, Taviseburad
ganaviTaros bralis finalisturi Teoria da daamtkicos, rom ganzraxvasa da
gaufrTxileblobas ormagi funqcia unda mivakuTvnoT. kerZod, erTi mxriv, saqme
Seexeba qmedebis subieqtur Semadgenlobas, xolo, meore mxriv, bralis etapze maT
dadgenas. amjerad avtoris mosazrebas ganzraxvis cnebasTan mimarTebiT ganvixi-
lavT. misi mtkicebiT, ganzraxva umarTlobis subieqtur elements Seicavs, magram,
misi azriT, `finalisturi sistemisagan gansxvavebiT, umarTlobis subieqturi Se-
madgenlobisadmi ganzraxvis mikuTvneba ar niSnavs, rom ganzraxva bralis etapze
yovelgvar mniSvnelobas kargavs, aramed mas danaSaulis sistemaSi ormagi funqcia
SeiZleba mivakuTvnoT.“7 Cveni azriT, ganzraxvis magaliTze kargad Cans, rom m.
turava h. kelzenis gzas daadga. kerZod, ganzraxva, erTi mxriv, wminda fsiqolo-
giuri cnebaa da ara bralis forma; meore mxriv, ganzraxva bralis etapze Cndeba,
rogorc mniSvnelovani ram subieqtis gakicxvisaTvis da maSin ganzraxva wminda
fsiqologiuri cneba araa. sainteresoa, ra axali Tviseba emateba ganzraxvas,
rogorc Tavdapirvelad wminda fsiqologiur cnebas, bralis dadgenis etapze? am
kiTxvaze avtors pirdapiri pasuxi ara aqvs, magram arapirdapir igi mainc
marTebulad aqcevs yuradRebas im garemoebas, rom bralis xarisxis gansazRvri-
saTvis mniSvnelovania gansxvaveba, Cadenilia Tu ara esa Tu is qmedeba ganzrax an
gaufrTxileblobiT.8 marTlac, ganzraxva bralis ufro maRal xarisxs gamoxatavs,
vidre gaufrTxilebloba, magram amjerad is ufro gvainteresebs, xom ar amtkicebs
bralis xarisxis cneba, rom ganzraxva da gaufrTxilebloba bralis formebia?
6
kutalia l.-g., brali sisxlis samarTalSi, Tb., 2000, 529.
7
turava m., sisxlis samarTali, zogadi nawilis mimoxilva, Tb., 2008, 77.
8
iqve, 77.
30
vidre am kiTxvaze pasuxis gacemas SevecdebodeT, mokled SevajamebT zemoT

warmoebul analizs. kerZod, naTeli xdeba, rom bralis fsiqologiur TeoriaSi
brali qmedebisa da misi Sedegebisadmi subieqtis fsiqikur damokidebulebazea
dayvanili da ugulebelyofilia qmedebis marTlwinaaRmdegobisa da bralis auci-
lebeli logikuri kavSiri. bralis normativistuli Teoria, piriqiT, SefasebebSi
ixlarTeba da adamianis faqtobriv fsiqikur qcevasTan aucilebel kavSirs ver
amyarebs. amitomaa, rom bralis formebs mxolod finalisturi Teoria rodi
uaryofs. kerZod, cnobilia, rom bralis normativistul modelSi ganzraxvasa da
gaufrTxileblobas, rogorc wesi, bralis formebad ki ar miiCneven, aramed bralis
elementebad. aseT SemTxvevaSi logikuria daskvna, rom saqme exeba sistemas,
romlis elementebi erTdroulad da erTad unda arsebobdes. rogorc marTebulad
SeniSnavs l.-g. kutalia, Tu ganzraxva da gaufrTxilebloba bralis elementebia,
`brali mogvepoveba mxolod maSin, Tu saxezea yvela misi elementi, Tu erT-
droulad mocemulia ganzraxvac da gaufrTxileblobac, ese igi qmedebis braleu-
lad Cadena daiSveba mxolod ganzraxvisa da gaufrTxileblobis erTdroulobiT
da ara mxolod ganzraxviT an gaufrTxileblobiT.~9
Zneli araa imisi danaxva, rom am logikiT ganzraxva da gaufrTxilebloba,
rogorc bralis sistemuri elementebi, arsebobs erTdroulad. aqedan ki gamom-
dinareobs daskvna, rom mZime SedegiT kvalificirebuli deliqti, rogorc dana-
Sauli bralis ori formiT, gamonaklisi ki araa, aramed zogadi wesia, roca gan-
zraxvac da gaufrTxileblobac arsebobs erTad da erTdroulad. gasagebia, rom
bralisa da misi formebis Tu elementebis amgvari gageba realur viTarebas sru-
liad ver gamoxatavs.
Cveni azriT, statiaSi dasmuli problema SeiZleba gadaiWras bralis im
gagebiT, romelic jer kidev 2001 wels gamoqveynebul naSromSi gamovxateT, ker-
Zod, im debulebidan amosvliT, rom brali aris pasuxismgeblobis aspeqtebis
kavSiris forma anu damoukidebeli kategoria. pasuxismgebloba aris socialuri
filosofiis kategoria da rom is ori aspeqtiT vlindeba: pozitiuri anu
prospeqtuliT da negatiuri anu retrospeqtuliT. pasuxismgeblobis pozitiuri
anu prospeqtuli aspeqti niSnavs pasuxismgeblobas momavlisaTvis, ese igi, raime
normatiuli valdebulebisadmi subieqtis pasuxismgeblur damokidebulebas,
rodesac, magaliTad, marTlzomieri qmedebis valdebuleba usaTuod sruldeba.
cxadia, pasuxismgebloba yovelTvis niSnavs pasuxisgebas gansazRvruli instanciis
winaSe. Cven amjerad mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs saxelmwifosa da pirovnebis (agreTve
iuridiuli piris firmaSi mosaqmis) urTierToba, romelic danaSaulTa Tavidan
acilebis mizans axorcielebs da amdenad saxelmwifos winaSe subieqtis pozitiuri
pasuxismgeblobis gamoxatvis iuridiul formas warmoadgens. kerZod, sisxlis
samarTlis subieqti valdebulia moqmedebdes marTlzomierad da mowodebulia, am
valdebulebas saxelmwifos winaSe pozitiuri pasuxismgeblobis grZnobiT
moekidos.
amrigad, marTlzomieri qmedebis valdebuleba, romelsac sisxlis samar-
Tlis kanoni gamoxatavs (ese igi, danaSaulTa Tavidan acilebis gamo sisxlis-
samarTlebrivi urTierToba), saxelmwifosTan sisxlis samarTlis subieqtis
obieqturi kavSiris niSania, xolo marTlzomieri qmedebis valdebulebisadmi
subieqtis pasuxismgebluri damokidebuleba, rogorc marTlzomieri qmedebis
9
kutalia l.-g., bralis normativistuli modeli, Tb., 1999, 31.
31
sakmarisi piroba, saxelmwifosTan sisxlis samarTlis subieqtis subieqtur kav-

Sirze mianiSnebs. aqedan gamomdinare, Tu subieqtma danaSauli Caidina, maSin is
arRvevs marTlzomieri qmedebis valdebulebas anu moqmedebs marTlsawinaaR-
mdegod; meore mxriv, subieqti, nacvlad imisa, rom moqceuliyo saxelmwifos winaSe
pasuxismgeblurad, is, piriqiT, upasuxismgeblod anu braleulad moiqca.
SeiZleba iTqvas, rom brali aris marTlzomieri qmedebis valdebulebisadmi
subieqtis upasuxismgeblo damokidebuleba, romelic sisxlis samarTlis kanoniT
gaTvaliswinebuli marTlsawinaaRmdego qmedebis CadeniT gamoixateba.10 saqme isaa,
rom brali aris pasuxismgeblobis aspeqtebis kavSiris forma, anu socialuri
filosofiis kategoria. kerZod, pozitiuri pasuxismgebloba aris bralis, rogorc
upasuxismgeblobis, sinonimis logikuri wanamZRvari, anu safuZveli, xolo brali,
Tavis mxriv, aris negatiuri pasuxismgeblobis safuZveli. brali, rogorc
upasuxismgeblobis sinonimi, Taviseburad vlindeba sisxlis samarTalSic. kerZod,
ganzraxva sruliadac araa mowyvetili qmedebisa da misi Sedegebisadmi subieqtis
fsiqikur damokidebulebas, magram igi am fsiqikur damokidebulebaze ar
daiyvaneba. jer erTi, ganzraxvis SemTxvevaSi qmedebis marTlwinaaRmdegobis
Segneba davas ar iwvevs. meorec, ganzraxva wminda fsiqologiuri kategoria aRaraa
imitom, rom subieqti am viTarebaSi Segnebulad uaryofs saxelmwifos winaSe
pozitiur pasuxismgeblobas. kerZod, pirdapiri ganzraxva subieqtis upasuxis-
mgeblobis ukiduresad maRali xarisxia, maSin, rodesac eventualuri ganzraxvisas
subieqti gulgrilad anu upasuxismgeblod ekideba marTlsawinaaRmdego Sedegebis
dadgomis SesaZleblobas. amdenad, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom ganzraxva bralis, viTarca
upasuxismgeblobis sinonimis, gamovlenis erT-erTi formaa.
gaufrTxileblobis SemTxvevaSi subieqti Segnebulad ki ar uaryofs saxel-
mwifos winaSe pozitiur pasuxismgeblobas, aramed ugulebelyofs mas. kerZod,
TviTimedovnebisas subieqti usafuZvlod anu upasuxismgeblod imedovnebs, rom
mocemul viTarebaSi marTlsawinaaRmdego Sedegi ar dadgeba, maSin, rodesac
windaxedulebis normisadmi pasuxismgebluri damokidebulebis viTarebaSi su-
bieqti ueWvelad gaacnobierebda imas, rom aRniSnuli Sedegi garduvalia da amitom
am qmedebas ar Caidenda.
daudevrobis SemTxvevaSi ki subieqti ar acnobierebs windaxedulebis nor-
miT akrZalul qmedebas, ar iTvaliswinebs am qmedebis marTlsawinaaRmdego Sedegis
dadgomis SesaZleblobas, maSin rodesac windaxedulebis normisadmi pasuxis-
mgebluri damokidebulebis viTarebaSi igi gaacnobierebda Tavisi qmedebis
marTlsawinaaRmdego xasiaTs, gaiTvaliswinebda am qmedebis marTlsawinaamdego
Sedegs da amitom am qmedebas ar Caidenda.
SeiZleba iTqvas, rom TviTimedovnebisas marTlsawinaaRmdego Sedegis gar-
duvalobas, xolo daudevrobisas amave Sedegis SesaZleblobas subieqti windaxe-
dulebis normis moTxovnisadmi upasuxismgeblo damokidebulebis gamo ar iTva-
liswinebs.
amrigad, ganzraxva gamoixateba ara marto qmedebis marTlwinaaRmdegobis
SegnebiT, aramed saTanado instanciis (Cvens SemTxvevaSi saxelmwifos) winaSe
pozitiuri pasuxismgeblobis Segnebuli uaryofiT. ganzraxva amitom arc obieq-
turad da arc subieqturad wminda fsiqologiuri cneba ukve aRaraa. kerZod, qme-
debis marTlwinaaRmdegobasTan mimarTebiT ganzraxva aris RirebulebiTi cnobie-
10
naWyebia g., brali, rogorc soicialuri filosofiis kategoria, Tb., 2001, 180-182.
32
rebis nairsaxeoba, xolo pozitiur pasuxismgeblobasTan mimarTebiT — saxel-

mwifos winaSe upasuxismgeblobis gamoxatvis erT-erTi forma (anu bralis forma).
Tu marTlwinaaRmdegoba aris qmedebis uaryofiTi samarTlebrivi Sefaseba, brali,
viTarca saxelmwifos winaSe upasuxismgeblobis gamovlena, subieqtis uaryofiT
Sefasebas gamoxatavs, radgan am poziciidan subieqti fasdeba viTarca
ùpasuxismgeblo~. subieqti upasuxismgebloa gaufrTxileblobis SemTxvevaSic,
oRond am mimarTebiT subieqti Segnebulad ki ar uaryofs saxelmwifos winaSe
pozitiur pasuxismgeblobas, aramed, rogorc ukve iTqva, ugulebelyofs mas.
amrigad, Tu ganzraxva aris saxelmwifos winaSe pozitiuri pasuxismgeb-
lobis Segnebuli uaryofa, gaufrTxilebloba am pasuxismgeblobis ugulebel-
yofiT vlindeba. aqedan gamomdinare, SeiZleba davaskvnaT, rom mZime SedegiT kva-
lificirebul deliqtebSi erTdroulad arsebobs ganzraxva, rogorc saxelmwifos
winaSe subieqtis pozitiuri pasuxismgeblobis Segnebuli uaryofa, da gaufrTxi-
lebloba, rogorc am pasuxismgeblobis ugulebelyofa. magram, cxadia, amgvari
zogadi gancxadeba sakmarisi araa: jer erTi, aq saqme exeba ori Sedegisadmi su-
bieqtis damokidebulebas. magaliTad, janmrTelobis ganzrax mZime dazianeba imas
niSnavs, rom es Sedegi moculia subieqtis ganzraxviT. Tu am qmedebas daza-
ralebulis sikvdili mohyva, es mZime Sedegi subieqtis ganzraxviT moculi ar aris,
amitom dgas am mZime Sedegisadmi subieqtis gaufrTxilebeli damokidebulebis
sakiTxi. magram araa gamoricxuli e. w. arakonkretizebuli ganzraxva, rodesac
subieqti, dazaralebulisaTvis janmrTelobis mZime dazianebis ganzrax miyenebiT,
ar gamoricxavs dazaralebulis sicocxlis mospobis SesaZleblobas. aseT
SemTxvevaSi qmedeba unda dakvalificirdes am mZime Sedegisadmi subieqtis
damokidebulebis mixedviT, anu bralis ganzraxi formiT. mTavaria, mZime Sedegi
subieqtis ganzraxviT moculi ar iyos. kerZod, pirdapiri ganzraxvisas subieqti
zogjer iTvaliswinebs marTlsawinaaRmdego Sedegis garduvalobasac ki, magram es
mainc ar gamoricxavs mZime Sedegisadmi subieqtis gaufrTxilebel damokide-
bulebas. miT ufro araa gamoricxuli mZime Sedegisadmi subieqtis gaufrTxi-
lebeli damokidebuleba, rodesac subieqti iTvaliswinebs pirveladi Sedegis anu
Cvens magaliTze janmrTelobis ganzrax mZime dazianebis SesaZleblobas. Tu,
magaliTad, janmrTelobis mZime dazianebis miyenebisas subieqtma Segnebulad
dauSva dazaralebulis sicocxlis mospobis SesaZlebloba, xolo dazaralebuli
am dazianebis gamo gardaicvala, maSin Cadenilia mkvleloba eventualuri
ganzraxviT da amitom am mimarTebiT gaufrTxileblobisaTvis adgili aRar rCeba.
aqedan gamomdinare, ufro upriania vilaparakoT pirveladi Sedegisadmi (maga-
liTad, gaupatiurebisadmi) damokidebulebaze pirdapiri ganzraxviT, xolo daza-
ralebulis sicocxlis mospoba am viTarebaSi windaxedulebis normisadmi
subieqtis upasuxismgeblo damokidebulebiT aixsneba. am mimarTebiT ufro tipu-
ria daudevroba, Tumca araa gamoricxuli TviTimedovnebac, rodesac subieqti
upasuxismgeblodaa darwmunebuli, rom mZime Sedegi (dazaralebulis sikvdili)
mocemul viTarebaSi ar dadgeba, maSin rodesac am viTarebis ufro fxizeli,
pasuxismgebluri analizi aCvenebda, rom subieqtis qmedeba saxifaToa da misi
Semdgomi gagrZeleba dauSvebelia.
isic gasagebi unda iyos, rom ganzraxva da gaufrTxilebloba bralis, ro-
gorc subieqtis upasuxismgeblobis, gamovlenis formebia da ara qmedebisa da misi
Sedegebisadmi subieqtis fsiqikuri damokidebulebis formebi, radgan brali
sruladac ar aris fsiqologiuri kategoria. saqme is gaxlavT, rom ganzraxvis an
33
gaufrTxileblobis faqtidan bralze, viTarca subieqtis upasuxismgeblobaze,

pirdapiri logikuri gadasvla (daskvna) SeuZlebelia, rogorc SeuZlebelia
formidan Sinaarsze pirdapiri logikuri gadasvla. amdenad, am mimarTebiT muSaobs
induqciuri meTodi, viTarca arabraleulobis prezumfciis dasabuTebis xerxi.
bralis, rogorc upasuxismgeblobis sinonimis, poziciidan bralis gamovlenis
formebze (ganzraxvasa da gaufrTxileblobaze) pirdapiri logikuri daskvna ki
niSnavs Sinaarsidan formaze gadasvlas, rac deduqciis meTodiTaa gamarTlebuli.
daskvna
mZime SedegiT kvalificirebul deliqtebSi qmedebisa da misi Sedegebisadmi

subieqtis araerTgvarovani fsiqikuri damokidebuleba faqtia, ris gamoc brali am
fsiqikuri damokidebulebisagan mowyvetiT SeuZlebelia, magram brali arc am
fsiqikur damokidebulebaze ar daiyvaneba da, amdenad, fsiqologiuri kategoria
sruliadac ar aris. piriqiT, brali aris socialuri filosofiis kategoria, vi-
Tarca pasuxismgeblobis pozitiuri da negatiuri aspeqtebis kavSiris forma, ro-
melic specifikurad vlindeba sisxlis samarTalSic. Tu ganzraxva aris pozitiuri
pasuxismgeblobis Segnebuli (zogjer Tavxeduri) uaryofa, gaufrTxilebloba
pozitiuri pasuxismgeblobis ugulebelyofiT (windaxedulebis normebisadmi su-
bieqtis upasuxismgeblo damokidebulebiT) vlindeba. amitomaa SesaZlebeli mZime
SedegiT kvalificirebul deliqtebSi subieqtis erTdrouli ganzraxi da gauf-
rTxilebeli qmedeba, rodesac erT SemadgenlobaSi bralis ori formaa gamo-
xatuli.
34
GURAM NACHKEBIA
CRIME WITH TWO FORMS OF GUILT
(Short Summary)
Based on the new concept of fault commensurate with Article 11 of the Criminal Code of Georgia,
the author puts forward and offers his own solution to the problem of possibility not of the
existence of two or double guilt within a single composition of an act, but rather of two forms of
guilt (intention and negligence). In particular, the guilt is neither the psychic attitude of a person
toward an action and the consequences thereof or abstract condemn for an unlawful action (the
normative theory of fault), but rather the irresponsibility of a person before the state, that is –
irresponsible attitude of a person towards his obligation to act lawfully, which is manifested in the
commitment of an unlawful action, punishable under the criminal law. The intension is the willful
denial of positive responsibility of an individual before the state, whilst negligence is revealed in
disregarding this responsibility. Based on the foregoing, it is possible, for example, to willfully
inflict heavy injury on somebody’s health (Criminal Code of Georgia, Article 117, Paragraph 1)
which can be followed by the death of the victim through negligence (Paragraph 4 of the same
Article).
35
l. Wanturia, evropis kerZo sazogadoeba _ siaxle evropis sakorporacio samarTalSi
lado Wanturia
evropis kerZo sazogadoeba —

siaxle evropis sakorporacio samarTalSi
I. Sesavali
2008 wlis 25 ivniss evropis komisiam warmoadgina dadgenilebis proeqti

evropis kerZo sazogadoebis (Societas Privata Europeae, SPE) Sesaxeb.1 evropis saaqcio
sazogadoebis SemoRebis Semdeg2 es morigi didi siaxlea, romelic miznad isaxavs
evropis kavSirSi mcire da saSualo biznesisaTvis3 xelSewyobas.4
Tuki evropis saaqcio sazogadoeba (Societas Europaea) aris msxvili
sawarmoebis samarTlebrivi forma, evropis kerZo sazogadoeba (an evropis kerZo
kompania) mcire da saSualo sawarmoebisaTvis (Small and Medium-sized Enterprises (SME)
gankuTvnili samarTlebrivi formaa. am sawarmoebs Tanamedrove ekonomikaSi
gansakuTrebuli adgili uWiravT: isini Seadgenen evropis kavSirSi dafuZnebuli
sawarmoebis 99%-s, Tumca maTi mxolod 8% eweva transnacionalur saqmianobas da
5%-s aqvs Svilobili sazogadoebebi an erToblivi sawarmoebi sazRvargareT.5
mcire da saSualo zomisad miiCnevian sawarmoebi, romelTac hyavT 250-mde
TanamSromeli da aqvT wliuri brunva maqsimum 50 milioni evros odenobiT.6 imis
gamo, rom nacionaluri sakorporacio samarTali evropis kavSiris wevr qveynebSi
samewarmeo sazogadoebebs ar ganasxvavebs sididis mixedviT, daaxloebiT 23 milion
sawarmos, romlebic mcire da saSualo sawarmoTa kategorias ganekuTvnebian, imave
administraciuli procedurebis gavla da xarjebis gaweva uxdebaT, rac 41 aTas
msxvil sawarmos ekisreba.7 aman daayena dRis wesrigSi kapitaluri sazogadoebis
axali iseTi formis SemuSavebis aucilebloba, romelic saqmianobis dasawyebad da
gansaxorcieleblad ufro xelsayrel pirobebs Seuqmnida mcire da saSualo zomis
sawarmoebs.
evropis kerZo sazogadoebis statutis koncefcia Tavdapirvelad gasuli
saukunis 90-ian wlebSi biznesisa da samecniero wreebis warmomadgenelTa mier iqna
SemuSavebuli. droTa ganmavlobaSi am iniciativas mravali mxardamWeri gamouCnda
1
Council Regulation on the Statute for a European private company, Brussels, 25.6.2008 Com (2008) 396 final (SEC(2008)
2098); Verordnung des Rates über das Statut der Europäischen Privatgesellschaft.
2
ixileT amis Taobaze: Wanturia l., korporaciuli marTva da xelmZRvanelTa pasuxismgebloba
sakorporacio samarTalSi, Tb., 2006, 87-90; misive, evropis saaqcio sazogadoeba (Societas Europaea) _
universaluri modeli Tu sakanonmdeblo kompilacia, J. àdamiani da konstitucia~, 4, 2004, 90-100.
3
Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee
of the Regions: „A single market for 21st century Europe“ – COM(2007) 724, 20.11.2007.
4
Hopt K. J., Die Europäische Privatgesellschaft, EuZW 17/2008, 513 ff.
5
Explanatory Memorandum to Council Regulation on the Statute for a European private company, paragraph 1.
6
Der „Small Business Act“, EuZW 14/2008, 419.
7
http://ec.europa.eu/enterprise/entepreneurship/sba_de.htm.
36
rogorc mewarmeTa Soris, ise politikosebSic.8 2006 wlidan iwyeba am proeqtis

intensiuri ganxilvebi evropis parlamentSi, ris Sedegadac evropis parlamentma
mouwoda evropis komisias, 2007 wlis bolomde warmoedgina winadadeba evropis
kerZo sazogadoebis SemoRebis Taobaze.9 2007 wlis 25 oqtombers evropis par-
lamentma kidev erTxel dauWira mxari am iniciativas. evropis komisiam 2008 wlis 10
marts Caatara konferencia evropis kerZo sazogadoebasTan dakavSirebiT. mas win
uZRoda proeqtis ganxilva da aprobireba saqmiani wreebis warmomadgenlebis
mxridan, aseve eqspertTa daskvna proeqtis Taobaze.10 am procesma ukve daskvniT
fazas miaRwia da uaxloes momavalSi evropis sakorporacio samarTals Seemateba
samewarmeo sazogadoebis axali organizaciul-samarTlebrivi forma.
gansxvavebiT evropis saaqcio sazogadoebisagan, romelic evropis kavSiris
yvela wevri saxelmwifos saaqcio sazogadoebaTa Taviseburebebis gaTvaliswinebis
SesaZleblobas iZleva da amitomac mas nacionaluri saaqcio sazogadoebebis
erTgvar najvars uwodeben,11 evropis kerZo sazogadoeba sruliad axali evropuli
samarTlebrivi formaa (new European legal form).12 imavdroulad igi Tavisi samar-
Tlebrivi bunebiTa da statusiT ufro SezRuduli pasuxsimgeblobis sazo-
gadoebebisaken ixreba, aris iuridiuli piri da aqvs sawesdebo kapitali.13 Tumca
dadgenileba evropis kerZo sazogadoebis Sesaxeb axlebur midgomebs Seicavs
mraval im sakiTxze, romlebzec didi xania, evropis sakorporacio samarTalSi
diskusiebi mimdinareobs.14 amitom zog maTganze sasurvelia aq mokled SeCereba.
II. sazogadoebis dafuZneba
sakorporacio samarTalTa konkurenciis Taobaze evropaSi mimdinare dis-

kusiebSi mudmivad figurirebs samewarmeo sazogadoebaTa dafuZnebis proceduris
gamartivebis sakiTxi. gansakuTrebuli yuradReba eqceva damfuZnebeli dokumen-
tebis momzadebis, maTi sanotaro wesiT damowmebisa da saxelmwifos prevenciuli
kontrolis sxva formebis arsebobas, rac zrdis sazogadoebaTa dafuZnebis
xarjebs.15 aqedan gamomdinare, ar aris SemTxveviTi, rom am sakiTxSi dadgenileba
dafuZnebis sagrZnobi gamartivebis gziT midis.
evropis kerZo sazogadoebis dafuZnebisaTvis dadgenileba raime saxis Sez-
Rudvebs ar iTvaliswinebs. igi SeiZleba daafuZnos rogorc erTma, ise ramdenime
8
Opinion of the Economic and Social Committee on a „European Company Statute for SMEs“ (OJ C 125, 27.5.2002, 19.
9
European Parliament Report with recommendations to the Commission on the European private company Statute
(2006/2013(INI)), A6-0434/2006 final.
10
http://ec.europa.eu/internal_market/company/advisory/index_en.htm
11
Hopt K. J., Die Europäische Privatgesellschaft, 513.
12
13
14
Hommelhoff P.r, Der Wettbewerb der Rechtsordnungen im Europäischen Unternehmensrecht: www.uni-
heidelberg.de/presse/news/2110rektor.html 21.08.2008, Eidenmüller Horst, Die GmbH im Wettbewerb der Rechtsformen, ZGR
2/2007, S. 168-211, Schuhmann Ralph, Das deutsche Wirtschaftsrecht im Wettbewerb der Sprachen, ZRP, 5/2007, 160-162.
15
Kieninger E.-M., Wettbewerb der Privatrechtsordnungen im Europäischen Binnenmarkt – Studien zur Privatrechts-
koordinierung in der Europäischen Union auf den Gebieten des Gesellschafts- und Vertragsrechts, Verlag Mohr Siebeck,
Tübingen, 2002 = Beiträge zum ausländischen und internationalen Privatrecht, Band 74 (Habilitationsschrift, 2001), Heine
Klaus, Regulierungswettbewerb im Gesellschaftsrecht: zur Funktionsfähigkeit eines Wettbewerbs der Rechtsordnungen im
europäischen Gesellschaftsrecht, Berlin: Duncker & Humlot, 2003; Ogus Anthony, Competition Between National Legal
Systems: A Contribution of Economic Analysis to Comparative Law, International and Comparative Law Quarterly, Vol. 48,
April 1999, 405-418.
37
fizikurma da/an iuridiulma pirma.16 gansxvavebiT evropis saaqcio sazogadoe-

bisagan, romlis damfuZneblebi aucileblad sxvadaxva evropuli qveynis warmo-
madgenlebi unda iyvnen, evropis kerZo sazogadoeba SeiZleba daafuZnon erTi da
imave saxelmwifos warmomadgenlebmac.17 igi SeiZleba ganxorcieldes rogorc
Tavdapirveli dafuZnebis gziT, ise reorganizaciis, Serwymis an gayofis nia-
dagze.18 amasTan, evropis kerZo sazogadoeba SeiZleba dafuZndes nacionalur
samarTalSi gaTvaliswinebuli nebismieri samewarmeo sazogadoebis reorgani-
zaciis Sedegad.19
evropis kerZo sazogadoebis saxelwodeba Seicavs savaldebulo damatebas
„SPE“ — Societas Privata Europeae.20 sazogadoebis adgilsamyofeli — registraciis
adgili an centraluri ofisis adgilsamyofeli aucileblad unda imyofebodes
evropis kavSiris wevr erT-erT saxelmwifoSi. amasTan, sazogadoebas ar unda
daekisros imis valdebuleba, rom centraluri ofisi an ZiriTadi adgilsamyofeli
hqondes imave saxelmwifoSi, sadac aris sazogadoeba registrirebuli.21 am
sakiTxSi igrZnoba evropis Tanamegobrobis sasamarTlos samosamarTlo samarTlis
gavlena.22
dadgenileba ar Seicavs evropis kerZo sazogadoebis registraciasTan da-
kavSirebiT raime specialur wesebs da ZiriTadad eyrdnoba evropis Tanamegob-
robis pirveli sakorporaciosamarTlebrivi direqtiviT gaTvaliswinebul
debulebebs.23 am midgomis mizania sazogadoebis dafuZnebis gamartiveba da gaia-
feba. magaliTad, dadgenilebis mixedviT, SesaZlebelia registraciis Sesaxeb
eleqtronuli ganacxadis Setana;24 meore mxriv, dadgenileba Seicavs registra-
ciisaTvis aucilebeli dokumentebis amomwurav CamonaTvals.25
miuxedavad registraciis gamartivebis mcdelobisa, dadgenileba mas mainc
konstitutiur mniSvnelobas aniWebs da ganamtkicebs, rom evropis kerZo sa-
zogadoeba, rogorc iuridiuli piri, warmoiSoba mxolod registraciis Sedegad.26
amitomac uSvebs dadgenileba saregistracio dokumentebis damowmebisa da
registraciamde maTi saxelmwifo Semowmebis SesaZleblobas.27
16
Article 3 (1) (e) of the Regulation.
17
18
Article 5 (1) of the Regulation.
19
20
Article 6 of the Regulation.
21
An SPE shall not be under any obligation to have its central administration or principal place of business in the Member State
in which it has its registered office: Article 7 of the Regulation.
22
aRsaniSnavia e.w. Centros-is saqmeze gamotanili gadawyvetileba: C-212/97.
23
First Council Directive 68/151/EEC of 9 March 1968 on co-ordination of safeguards which, for the protection of the interests
of members and others, are required by Member States of companies within the meaning of the second paragraph of Article 58
of the Treaty, with a view to making such safeguards equivalent throughout the Community, Official Journal L 065 ,
14/03/1968, 0008 – 0012.
24
25
maT ganekuTvneba: evropis kerZo sazogadoebis saxelwodeba da misi adgilsamyofeli, saxeli da
misamarTi im pirebisa, romlebic uflebamosilni arian, sazogadoeba warmoadginon mesame pirebTan
urTierTobaSi, an monawileoben sazogadoebis marTvaSi; sazogadoebis kapitali, wilebis kategoriebi
da wilTa raodenoba calkeuli klasebis mixedviT, wilTa saerTo raodenoba, wilebis nominaluri
Rirebuleba an wilTa ariTmetikuli jami, sazogadoebis wesdeba; Tu sazogadoeba reorganizaciis
Sedegad dafuZnda, maSin gadawyvetileba amis Sesaxeb: Article 10 (2) of the Regulation.
26
27
Article 10 (4) (a), (b).
38
III. sazogadoebis wilebi
gansxvavebiT evropis saaqcio sazogadoebisagan, romlis aqciebic sajaro

vaWrobisTvis aris gamiznuli, evropis kerZo sazogadoebis wilebi aseT
SesaZleblobas moklebulia: maTi arc sajarod SeTavazeba xdeba da arc sajarod
vaWroba.28 amis sakompensaciod dadgenileba sazogadoebis mewileebs farTo uf-
lebebs aZlevs, roca saubaria am wilebis gansazRvrasa da maTTan dakavSirebul uf-
lebebsa da movaleobebze. evropis kerZo sazogadoeba uflebamosilia, gamouSvas
Cveulebrivi da privilegirebuli wilebi.29
sazogadoebis xelmZRvanel organoebs ekisrebaT sazogadoebis mewileTa
nusxis (List of shareholders) warmoeba, romelSic Seitaneba yoveli wili da wilis
mflobeli.30 es nusxa aris mewileobis damadasturebeli ZiriTadi dokumenti.31
garda amisa, mesame pirebs ufleba aqvT, gaecnon am sias da amiT miiRon sarwmuno
informacia sazogadoebis partniorTa Taobaze. sazogadoebis xelmZRvaneloba
aseve valdebulia, mewileTa an mesame pirTa moTxovniT gadaamowmos siis sizuste.32
Cveulebriv, evropis kerZo sazogadoebis wilebis gasxviseba Tavisufalia.
Tumca dadgenileba iTvaliswinebs wilebis gasxvisebis SezRudvis SesaZleb-
lobasac. aseT SemTxvevaSi wilebis gasxvisebis pirobebi sazogadoebis wesdebaSi
zustad unda iyos gansazRvruli. wilis gasxvisebasTan dakavSirebuli SezRudvis
an gasxvisebis akrZalvis SemoReba daiSveba mxolod im mewilis TanxmobiT,
romelsac es SezRudva an akrZalva exeba.33
wilebis gasxvisebisTvis sakmarisia martivi werilobiTi forma. gasxvisebis
Taobaze informacia miewodeba sazogadoebis xelmZRvanels, romelic Sesabamis
cvlilebas Seitans mewileTa nusxaSi mas Semdeg, rac SemZeni daamtkicebs, rom is
aris marTlzomieri mesakuTre.34
praqtikuli mniSvnelobisaa sakiTxi imis Taobaze, Tu romeli momentidan
iTvleba wilis SemZeni mis mesakuTred. am sakiTxSi dadgenileba garkveul di-
ferencirebas akeTebs: sazogadoebis mimarT wilis SemZeni mewiled, anu marTl-
zomier mesakuTred, miiCneva wilis SeZenis Sesaxeb sazogadoebisaTvis Setyo-
binebis dRidan. xolo mesame pirebTan mimarTebiT SemZeni mesakuTred iTvleba
mewileTa nusxaSi Setanis dRidan.35
dadgenileba ar aniWebs mewileebs umciresobaSi myofi, minoritari mewi-
leebis sazogadoebidan iZulebiT gayvanis, e.w. squeeze-out—is uflebas. arc umrav-
lesobaSi myof mewileebs akisriaT minoritari mewileebis wilebis gamosyidvis
valdebuleba, e.w. sell-out right. Tumca aseTi SemTxvevebi wesdebiT SeiZleba iyos
gaTvaliswinebuli.36
28
„As the SPE is a private company, the shares of the SPE may not be offered to the public or be publicly traded”: Explanatory
Memorandum to Council Regulation on the Statute for a European private company, paragraph 7 I.
29
Explanatory Memorandum to Council Regulation on the Statute for a European private company, paragraph 7 I.
30
31
32
33
34
Article 16 (2) (3) of the Regulation.
35
Article 16 (4) (a) (b) of the Regulation.
36
Explanatory Memorandum to Council Regulation on the Statute for a European private company, paragraph 7 III.
39
dadgenilebis sayuradRebo siaxlea mewileebisaTvis sazogadoebidan gas-

vlis uflebis miniWeba. gasvlis SemTxvevaSi mewile iRebs Tavisi wilis kompen-
sacias, romlis odenobas gansazRvravs damoukidebeli eqsperti, xolo davis Sem-
TxvevaSi gadawyvetilebas iRebs sasamarTlo.37
IV. sazogadoebis kapitali
sakorporacio samarTalSi mimdinare diskusiebis erT-erTi mudmivi Tema

aris minimaluri sawesdebo kapitali. erTmaneTisagan gansxvavdebian qveynebi,
romelTa sakorporacio samarTali savaldebulo minimalur sawesdebo kapitals
iTvaliswinebs korporaciebisaTvis,38 da qveynebi, romlebSic sawesdebo kapitalis
odenobas TviTon korporaciis damfuZneblebi gansazRvraven da kanonmdeblobiT
es savaldebulod dadgenili ar aris.39 kanoniT dadgenili minimaluri sawesdebo
kapitali germanuli samarTlis institutia, xolo korporacia aseTi savaldebulo
sawesdebo kapitalis gareSe axasiaTebs inglisur-amerikul samarTals. amrigad,
diskusiis ZiriTadi mizani aris imis garkveva, Tu romelia am or koncefcias Soris
ukeTesi — saWiroa kanonismieri minimaluri sawesdebo kapitali Tu ara?40
evropis kerZo sazogadoebam uari Tqva maRali minimaluri sawesdebo kapi-
talis, rogorc sazogadoebis kreditorTa dacvis saSualebad aRiarebis, koncef-
ciaze. am midgomas safuZvlad daedo is gamokvlevebi, romlebic adastureben, rom
sazogadoebis kreditorebi sazogadoebasTan urTierTobebis damyarebisas
sawesdebo kapitals ki ar aqceven yuradRebas, aramed mis likvidurobas, safinanso
brunvas, e.w. Cashflow da a.S.41 amitom dadgenileba, marTalia, uars ar ambobs mini-
malur sawesdebo kapitalze, magram mas simbolur xasiaTs aniWebs da sazogadoebis
dafuZnebisaTvis minimalur sawesdebo kapitalad 1 evros adgens.42 Tumca es ar
niSnavs, rom damfuZneblebs ufro maRali minimaluri sawesdebo kapitalis
gansazRvra ar SeuZliaT.
sazogadoebis damfuZneblebs aqvT sruli Tavisufleba, TviTon gansazR-
vron sawesdebo kapitalSi Sesatanis saxeoba — fuladi Tu arafuladi Sesatani. maT
ufleba aqvT, TviTon gadawyviton arafuladi Sesatanis Sefasebis sakiTxi: miandon
igi damoukidebel eqsperts, Tu Seafason TviTon. Tumca yvela es sakiTxi unda iyos
sazogadoebis wesdebaSi gaTvaliswinebuli.43
dadgenileba Seicavs aseve erTian wesebs sazogadoebis qonebidan mewilee-
bisaTvis gadaxdis Taobaze (dividendebis gadaxda, sazogadoebis sakuTari wilebis
SeZena, valebis aReba). amgvari gadaxda SesaZlebelia mxolod maSin, roca sazo-
37
38
am modelis yvelaze TvalsaCino warmomadgeneli aris germania. am qveynis samarTliT saaqcio
sazogadoebebisaTvis dadgenilia minimaluri sawesdebo kapitali 50 000 evros odenobiT, xolo
SezRuduli pasuxismgeblobis sazogadoebebisaTvis — 25 000 evros odenobiT. evropis saaqcio
sazogadoebis minimaluri sawesdebo kapitali ki Seadgens 120 000 evros.
39
amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi da inglisi amis yvelaze TvalsaCino magaliTebia.
40
sawesdebo kapitalis mxardasaWeri Tu sawinaaRmdego argumentebis mimoxilva ix.: Drygala Tim,
Stammkapital heute – Zum veränderten Verständnis vom System des festen Kapitals und seinen Konsequenzen, ZGR 2006, 589
ff.
41
Explanatory Memorandum to Council Regulation on the Statute for a European private company, paragraph 7 IV.
42
43
Explanatory Memorandum to Council Regulation on the Statute for a European private company, paragraph 7 IV.
40
gadoeba akmayofilebs sabalanso tests, e.i., roca amgvari gadaxdis Semdeg

sazogadoebis qoneba srulad faravs sazogadoebis valebs.44
V. sazogadoebis organoebis struqtura
dadgenilebis Tanaxmad, evropis kerZo sazogadoebas unda hqondes erTi

xelmZRvaneli organo (a management body), romelic iRebs gadawyvetilebebs yvela
sakiTxze, Tuki es sakiTxebi, dadgenilebis an wesdebis Tanaxmad, ar aris mewileebis
gadasawyveti.45 am organos wevri SeiZleba iyos mxolod fizikuri piri.46
sxva sakiTxebs xelmZRvaneli organoebis saxelwodebebis an korporaciuli
marTvis modelebis Taobaze dadgenileba ar Seicavs da igi aqac srul sawesdebo
avtonomias uWers mxars, rac mas evropis saaqcio sazogadoebisgan ganasxvavebs.
dadgenileba gansazRvravs sazogadoebis xelmZRvanelTa movaleobebs,
romelTagan umTavresia sazogadoebis interesebisaTvis saqmianobisa da sazo-
gadoebis sasargeblod gulmodgine da gonivruli saqmianobis valdebulebebi. es
movaleobebi maT akisriaT sazogadoebis winaSe. xelmZRvanelTa pasuxismgeblobis
sxva sakiTxebTan dakavSirebiT gamoiyeneba nacionaluri samarTlis normebi.47
IV. daskvna
evropis kerZo sazogadoebas, gansxvavebiT evropis saaqcio sazogadoe-

bisagan, ufro karg momavals uwinaswarmetyveleben, rac, uwinares yovlisa, imiT
gamoixateba, rom mas mravali mxardamWeri da momxmarebeli gamouCndeba evropis
kavSirSi.48
miuxedavad imisa, Tu rogori warmatebuli iqneba samewarmeo sazogadoebis
am axali samarTlebrivi formis damkvidreba evropaSi, erTi ramis Tqma Tamamad
SeiZleba: evropis kavSiri intensiurad cdilobs ganaxorcielos mcire da saSualo
biznesis xelSewyobis politika, romlis erT-erTi umTavresi mizania, sxvadasxva
qveynis warmomadgenel sawarmoebs misces evropis Sida bazarze gamosvlisa da
saqmianobis SesaZlebloba.
saqarTvelosTvis ki udavod sainteresoa im procesebis Seswavla, romlebic
evropis sakorporacio samarTalSi mimdinareobs, radgan qarTuli sakorporacio
samarTali gadaudebel reformas saWiroebs. mewarmeTa kanonSi wlebis ganmavlo-
baSi imdeni usistemo da Znelad asaxsneli cvlileba Sevida, rom didi xania, dRis
wesrigSi dgas axali kanonis SemuSavebis aucilebloba. evropuli gamocdileba ki
aq ueWvelad gasaTvaliswinebelia.
44
dadgenileba ar Seicavs „qonebisa“ da „valebis“ definiciebs da maT mimarT gamoiyeneba evropis
meoTxe sakorporaciosamarTlebrivi direqtivis normebi an 2002 wlis 1606-e dadgenileba: Fourth Council
Directive 78/660/EEC of 25 July 1978 based on Article 54 (3) (g) of the Treaty on the annual accounts of certain types of
companies, Official Journal L 222 ,
14/08/1978 P. 0011 – 0031.
45
46
47
48
41
LADO CHANTURIA
EUROPEAN PRIVATE COMPANY – NOVELTY IN EUROPEAN COMPANY LAW
(Short Summary)
On 25 June 2008 the European Commission produced the Proposal for a Council Regulation on the
Statute for a European Private Company (Societas Privata Europeae, SPE). After the introduction
of the European Co-Operative Society this is another great novelty, which aims at the promotion of
small and medium-sized businesses within the European Union. In this article the author discusses
the preconditions of origin of the European Private Company and highlights the opportunities
offered by this new form of corporations to the representatives of small and medium-sized
businesses.
An SPE company is a new European legal form. At the same time, according to its legal nature and
status, it is more like a limited liability company; it has a legal personality and has the authorised
capital. The Regulation does not provide for any restriction with respect to the manner in which an
SPE may be created. It can be set up by one or more natural persons and/or legal entities; however,
the registration is of constitutional importance for the origin of a legal entity. This approach aims at
the simplification and reduction of the price of creation of a company, for example, it is possible to
apply for the registration of an SPE by electronic means.
Unlike European Co-operative Societies, the shares of which are designed for public offers, the
shares in an SPE are devoid of this opportunity: they cannot be offered to the public and cannot be
publicly traded. The SPE departs from the recognition of a high minimum of legal capital as a
means of creditor protection. Although it does not refuse the minimum capital requirement, it
makes this requirement of a more symbolic nature and sets this minimum capital requirement for
the creation of a company at one Euro.
Through the introduction of the legal form of a European Private Company the European Union
does its best to pursue the policy of promotion of small and medium-sized businesses, the main
purpose of which is to give the opportunity to the enterprises of various countries to enter and
operate on the European Internal Market.
The study of the processes ongoing within the European company law is undoubtedly of major
importance for Georgia, as Georgian company law requires urgent reformation. The Law of
Georgia on Entrepreneurs was subjected to so many unmethodical and hardly explainable
amendments for the past years that the necessity of elaboration of a new law has been the topic of
agenda for a long period now. In this respect, it is beyond doubt that due consideration is to be
given to the European experience.
42
giorgi TumaniSvili
samarTlis doqtori
policiis saqmianobis ZiriTadi principebi
1. Sesavali
`policiis Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos kanonis me-2 muxlis Tanaxmad, policiis

umTavresi amocana marTlsawinaaRmdego xelyofisagan fizikuri da iuridiuli
pirebis uflebebis dacvaa. garda amisa, policias evaleba, daicvas sazogadoebrivi
wesrigi da usafrTxoeba. aqedan gamomdinare, policia valdebulia, imoqmedos
xsenebuli samarTlebrivi sikeTeebis xelyofis Tavidan asacileblad, anu sa-
marTlebrivi sikeTeebis arsebul mdgomareobaSi SesanarCuneblad (policiis `pre-
venciuli~ funqcia)1. Tuki mosalodneli safrTxe ukve ganxorcielda, anu gar-
kveuli ziani dadga, sapolicio samarTalSi aRniSnul faqts `xelyofas~ uwodeben.2
rodesac samarTlebrivi sikeTis dazianeba jer kidev grZeldeba da xelyofisTvis
xelis arSeSliT kidev ufro meti ziani miadgeba, policia movalea, Tavisi
prevenciuli funqciidan gamomdinare, miiRos zomebi xelyofaTa aRsakveTad. Tu
xelyofa amavdroulad sisxlissamarTlebrivad dasjadi qmedeba an adminis-
traciuli samarTaldarRvevacaa, policia aseT SemTxvevaSi `represiuladac~
moqmedebs, anu kanoniT dadgenil farglebSi axorcielebs Cadenili danaSaulisa
da administraciuli samarTaldarRvevis devnas.
policia Tavisi funqciebis ganxorcielebisas xelmZRvanelobs kanonie-
rebis, pirovnebis pativisa da Rirsebis dacvis, humanizmisa da sajaroobis
principebis Sesabamisad. garda amisa, kanoni avaldebulebs policias, pativi sces
da daicvas pirovnebis uflebebi da Tavisuflebebi, ganurCevlad misi moqala-
qeobrivi, socialuri, qonebrivi da wodebrivi mdgomareobisa, rasobrivi, erov-
nuli da eTnikuri kuTvnilebisa, kanis ferisa, enisa, sqesisa, religiisa, asakisa,
ganaTlebisa, politikuri da sxva Sexedulebebisa, sacxovrebeli adgilisa (`po-
liciis Sesaxeb~ kanonis me-4 muxli; ix. agreTve: `finansuri policiis Sesaxeb~
kanonis me-4 muxli, `samxedro policiis Sesaxeb~ kanonis me-4 muxli da `sasazRvro
policiis Sesaxeb~ kanonis me-5 muxli). pirovnebis ZiriTadi uflebebisa da Ta-
visuflebebis pativiscema, adamianis uflebaTa evropis konvenciis Tanaxmad, sa-
marTlebriv, demokratiul saxelmwifoSi policiis saqmianobis erT-erTi
mniSvnelovani principia. am principidan gamomdinareobs rogorc policiis cal-
keuli valdebulebebi, ise policiis uflebamosilebis farglebi.
1
prevenciuli funqciisgan gansxvavebiT, policiis amocanebs ar miekuTvneba samarTlebriv sikeTeTa
movla da maTi arsebuli mdgomareobis gaumjobeseba; magaliTad, avtoavariis SemTxvevaSi policia
valdebulia, izrunos saavtomobilo gzis dazianebuli avtomobilebisgan gaTavisuflebaze da
daSavebuli pirebis winaswari samedicino daxmarebis dawesebulebaSi gadayvanaze, magram mas ar
evaleba avtoavariis Sedegad dazianebul satransporto saSualebaTa SekeTeba da daSavebul pirTa
mkurnaloba.
2
Schoch F., In: Besonderes Verwaltungsrecht, Schmidt-Aßmann, E., (Hrsg.), Berlin, 2003, 157.
43
g. TumaniSvili, policiis saqmianobis ZiriTadi principebi
kanonierebis principis mixedviT, policiam zustad da ganuxrelad unda

daicvas da Seasrulos saqarTvelos konstitucia, kanonebi da kanonqvemdebare
normatiuli aqtebi.
humanizmis principi, romelic mWidrod aris dakavSirebuli pirovnebis pa-
tivisa da Rirsebis dacvis principTan, akisrebs policias pirovnebisadmi humanur
mopyrobas. policieli valdebulia, nebismier dakavebul Tu dapatimrebul pirs
moepyros humanurad. dauSvebelia pirovnebis wameba an misadmi sastiki mopyroba.
wamebis, arahumanuri an damamcirebeli mopyrobis akrZalva gamomdinareobs
adamianis uflebaTa evropis konvenciis me-3 muxlidan. aRniSnuli qmedebebi
pirovnebis uflebaTa uxeSi xelyofa da, amdenad, adamianis winaaRmdeg mimarTul
danaSaulebia. udavoa, rom policia, romelic mimarTavs wamebas, arahumanur an
damamcirebel mopyrobas, ver daimsaxurebs pativiscemas da ndobas sazogadoebis
mxridan.
sajaroobis principis Tanaxmad, yvelas aqvs ufleba, gaecnos policiis
organoebSi arsebul informacias, agreTve miiRos maTi aslebi, Tu isini ar
Seicaven saxelmwifo, profesiul, komerciul an pirad saidumloebas. policiis
saqmianobiT miRebuli masalebis gamJRavneba dauSvebelia, Tu igi gamoiwvevs pi-
rovnebis pativisa da Rirsebis Selaxvas, danaSaulis gaxsnis an aRmofxvris Se-
ferxebas.
garda zemoxsenebulisa, Tanamedrove sapolicio samarTalSi gansakuT-
rebuli mniSvneloba eniWeba oportunobis, legalurobisa da Tanazomierebis prin-
cipebs. vinaidan isini policiis saqmianobis umTavresi saxelmZRvanelo prin-
cipebia, maTze qvemoT ufro detalurad visaubrebT.
2. oportunobis principi
xelyofis safrTxis arsebobis SemTxvevaSi policia uflebamosilia, gana-

xorcielos sapolicio RonisZiebebi. yovel konkretul situaciaSi policia
Tavisi Sexedulebisamebr wyvets, imoqmedos Tu ara, an kidev, romeli sapolicio
RonisZieba gaataros3. amrigad, policias, iseve rogorc administraciul organos,
aqvs `diskreciuli uflebamosileba~.4 aRniSnuli arCevanis SesaZlebloba gamom-
dinareobs e.w. òportunobis principidan~.5 policiis moqmedeba diskreciuli
uflebamosilebis farglebSi niSnavs imas, rom sapolicio samarTlebrivad
mniSvnelovani safrTxis an xelyofis arsebobis dros SeuZlia, arCevani gaakeTos
sxvadasxva saxis moqmedebis alternativebs Soris, anu policia, upirvelesad,
wyvets, moaxdinos Tu ara saerTod reagireba; Tu igi Carevis gadawyvetilebas
miiRebs, maSin kanoniT gaTvaliswinebuli sapolicio RonisZiebebidan romelime
maTgans ganaxorcielebs 6. movitanoT aseTi magaliTi:
3
Knemeyer F. L., Polizei- und Ordnungsrecht, Lehrbuch, 9. Auflage, München, 2002, Rn. 92.
4
5
oportunoba laTinuri sityvaa (opportunus) da niSnavs `mocemul situaciaSi mizanSewonils~; Waechter K.,
VerwArch, 88 (1997), 313; Rühle D. G., Polizeiß und Ordnungsrecht für Rheinland-Pfalz, 3. Auflage, Baden-Baden, 2004, 89.
6
BVerwG, NJW, 1989, 2034.
44
a-m gaaCera avtomobili iseT adgilze, rom abrkolebda sxva avtomobilebis

normalur gadaadgilebas. aRniSnulis gamo policias yovelTvis ar ekisreba
reagirebis valdebuleba. Tuki policia Carevas gadawyvets, mas aqvs arCevanis
gakeTebis ufleba — gadaiyvanos a-s avtomobili evakuatoris daxmarebiT fasian
avtosadgomze an mimdebare quCaze, raTa ar Seferxdes transportis Tavisufali
gadaadgileba.
xelmyofTa7 simravlis dros policias SeuZlia aseve Tavisi Sexedulebisa-
mebr gansazRvros, Tu vis daakisrebs sapoliciosamarTlebriv pasuxismgeblobas. 8
Cven ise ar unda gavigoT, rom policiis diskreciuli uflebamosileba
absoluturad SeuzRudavia da zemoaRniSnul sakiTxTa gadawyveta mis Tavisufal
nebazea damokidebuli. savaldebuloa, rom policia moqmedebdes masze da-
kisrebuli amocanebis gansaxorcieleblad. policiis `Sexeduleba~ konkretul si-
tuaciaSi reagirebisa da gansaxorcielebeli sapolicio RonisZiebis SerCevis Se-
saxeb emyareba misi movaleobebis, uflebebis da amocanebis keTilgonivrul, ke-
Tilsindisier Sefasebas, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, daSvebuli iqneba Secdoma
policiis `diskreciul uflebamosilebaSi~, romelmac policiis qmedebis marTl-
winaaRmdegobamdec ki SeiZleba migviyvanos.9 diskreciuli uflebamosilebis
SecdomasTan gvaqvs saqme, rodesac policiis intervencia kanonier safuZvelsaa
moklebuli, anu ar arsebobs policiis CarevisaTvis sapoliciosamarTlebrivad
relevanturi Semadgenloba an zianis dadgomis safrTxe da aseve, rodesac po-
liciis mier SerCeuli sapolicio RonisZiebis ganxorcieleba mocemul situaciaSi
Seusabamo da mizanSeuwonelia.10
xSirad policiis moqmedebis alternativebi imdenad mcirdeba, rom mis mier
mxolod erTi konkretuli gadawyvetilebis miReba iqneboda marTlzomieri. aseT
SemTxvevaSi saubaria diskreciuli uflebamosilebis nulze dayvanaze, anu
reducirebaze.11 diskreciuli uflebamosileba, rogorc wesi, maSin aris nulze
dayvanili, rodesac policias moqmedebis valdebuleba ekisreba da misi umoq-
medoba marTlsawinaaRmdego iqneboda.
imasTan dakavSirebiT, Tu ra pirobebis arsebobis SemTxvevaSi moeTxoveba
policias reagirebis valdebuleba, unda iTqvas, rom aRniSnuli pirobebi yovel-
Tvis mocemulia, rodesac kanoniT daculi maRali faseulobis mqone samar-
Tlebriv sikeTeebs zianis safrTxe eqmnebaT.12 amrigad, Tu adamianis sicocxlis,
janmrTelobis an sakuTrebis xelyofis safrTxe arsebobs, policiam gadaudeblad
unda moaxdinos reagireba da imoqmedos safrTxis Tavidan asacileblad.13 sa-
kiTxavia: valdebulia Tu ara policia, imoqmedos maSinac, rodesac zianis safrTxe
zemoT aRniSnul samarTlebriv sikeTeebTan SedarebiT dabali faseulobis mqone
7
sapolicio samarTalSi xelmyofs uwodeben pirs, romelmac sakuTari an sxvisi qmedebiT, risTvisac
Tavad aris pasuxismgebeli, gamoiwvia sapolicio dacvis sikeTis xelyofis safrTxe. xelmyofia ag-
reTve is piri, romlis sakuTrebaSi an faqtobriv mflobelobaSi arsebuli nivTebi sapolicio
samarTliT daculi sikeTisTvis zianis miyenebis an xelyofis safrTxes qmnian. ix. Rühle D. G., Polizeiß und
Ordnungsrecht für Rheinland-Pfalz, 3. Auflage, Baden-Baden, 2004, 69-80.
8
Garbe A.A., DÖV 1998, 632.
9
Ossenbühl F., in Erichsen/Ehlers, Allgemeine Verwaltungsrecht, 13. Auflage, München 2006, § 10, Rn. 10.
10
Pieroth B., Schlink B., Kniesel M., Polizei- und Ordnungsrecht, 2. Auflage, München, 2004, 191.
11
Laub K., Die Ermessensreduzierung in der verwaltungsrechtlichen Rechsprechung, München, 2000, 50.
12
Drews B., Wacke G.,Vogel K., Martens W., Gefahrenabwehr. Allgemeines Polizeirecht des Bundes und der Länder, 9
Auflage, Köln, 1986, 369.
13
Rachor F., in Lisken/Denninger, Handbuch des Polizeirechts, 3. Auflage, München, 2001, F Rn. 131.
45
samarTlebriv sikeTeebs eqmnebaT? aRiarebulia, rom policiis moqmedebis val-

debuleba nebismier SemTxvevaSi arsebobs, rodesac xelyofis safrTxe kanoniT da-
cul romelime samarTlebriv sikeTes emuqreba.14 magram aqve unda gaviTvaliswinoT
is garemoebac, rom SedarebiT dabali faseulobis mqone samarTlebrivi sikeTeebis
zianis safrTxisagan dacva ar unda ganxorcieldes maRali faseulobis mqone
kanoniT daculi samarTlebrivi sikeTeebis xarjze, anu rodesac erTdroulad
zianis safrTxe eqmneba maRal da saSualo (an dabali) faseulobis mqone sa-
marTlebriv sikeTeebs, pirvel rigSi policia reagirebas axdens kanoniT daculi
maRali faseulobis mqone samarTlebrivi sikeTis safrTxisgan dasacavad.
vinaidan policiis TanamSromels dakisrebul amocanaTa Sesasruleblad ar
SeuZlia erTdroulad sxvadasxva adgilze aRmoCndes, amocanaTa koliziis
SemTxvevaSi, iseve rogorc sisxlissamarTlebriv movaleobaTa koliziis dros, po-
liciis TanamSromlis umoqmedobas ar eqneba marTlsawinaaRmdego xasiaTi. ma-
galiTad, Tu policiis TanamSromels a. da l. sxvadasxva adgilidan mouxmoben sa-
Svelad, policiels ki mxolod erT-erTisTvis SeuZlia daxmarebis aRmoCena da
amitom igi saSvelad l-s mimarTulebiT gaemarTeba, misi umoqmedoba a-s mimarT ar
CaiTvleba marTlsawinaaRmdegod. e.i., policiis amocanaTa kolizia gamoricxavs
policiis umoqmedobis marTlwinaaRmdegobas.
maSasadame, policias moqmedebis valdebuleba yovelTvis ekisreba, roca
kanoniT dacul samarTlebriv sikeTeebs zianis safrTxe eqmnebaT, samarTlebrivi
sikeTeebis Rirebulebis miuxedavad. policia ar unda darCes umoqmedod, rodesac
safrTxis Tavidan acilebis aucilebloba arsebobs, Tundac safrTxeSi naklebi
faseulobis mqone samarTlebrivi sikeTeebi iyos. magaliTad, sagzao moZraobis
wesebis sawinaaRmdegod gaCerebuli avtomobilis SemTxvevaSi, policias ufleba
ara aqvs, gulgrili darCes da reagireba ar moaxdinos, magram, Tu imavdroulad
policiis moqmedebis aucilebloba sxvaganac arsebobs, policias, Tavisi dis-
kreciuli uflebamosilebidan gamomdinare, SeuZlia ar moaxdinos reagireba
arasworad gaCerebuli avtomobilis gamo da gaemarTos sxva mxares, sadac man aseve
safrTxis Tavidan asacileblad saWiro sapolicio RonisZiebani unda ganaxor-
cielos. e. i., amocanaTa koliziis SemTxvevaSi policia Tavisi diskreciuli ufle-
bamosilebis farglebSi wyvets, Tu romel SemTxvevaSi darCeba igi umoqmedod.
policiis moqmedebis valdebuleba SeiZleba gamomdinareobdes moqalaqis
uflebidan, mosTxovos policias reagireba. imisaTvis, rom mas aRniSnulis
moTxovnis ufleba warmoeSvas, Semdegi winapirobebis arsebobaa aucilebeli:
(1) piris pirad subieqtur uflebebs unda emuqrebodes zianis safrTxe. amasTan
mimarTebiT, gansakuTrebiT xazi unda gaesvas konstituciiT garantirebul
adamianis uflebas sicocxleze, sxeulebriv xelSeuxeblobasa da
sakuTrebaze. amrigad, piris subieqturi uflebebi sapolicio samarTliT
daculi sikeTis nawils unda miekuTvnebodes;15
(2) policias unda hqondes moqmedebis valdebuleba. Tu mocemul situaciaSi
policias, Tavisi diskreciuli uflebamosilebidan gamomdinare, SeuZlia (ma-
galiTad, amocanaTa koliziis gamo) ar imoqmedos, maSin safrTxisgan dacviTi
14
Pietzcker J., Jus 1982, 108; Götz V., Allgemeines Polizei- und Ordnungsrecht, 13. Auflage, München, 2001, Rn. 354;
Schenke W.R., Polizei- und Ordnungsrecht, Heidelberg, 2002, Rn. 100.
15
46
sapolicio RonisZiebaTa ganxorcielebaze aranairi movaleoba ar arsebobs

da, amdenad, pirsac ar warmoeSoba zemoT aRniSnuli moTxovnis ufleba.16
3. legalurobis principi
prokuratura, rogorc sisxlissamarTlebrivi devnis organo, valdebulia,

Tavisi kompetenciis farglebSi sakuTari iniciativiT daiwyos da awarmoos
sisxlissamarTlebrivi devna, Tu arsebobs sisxlis samarTlis wesiT dasjadi
qmedebis Cadenis sakmarisi eWvi17. vinaidan, policias ormagi funqcia aqvs da igi,
sazogadoebrivi usafrTxoebisa da wesrigis dacvasTan erTad, Cadenili da-
naSaulis devnasac axorcielebs, masac, iseve rogorc prokuraturas, akisria
samarTlebrivi valdebuleba, Tavisi kompetenciis farglebSi moaxdinos reagireba
da awarmoos gamoZieba, Tu maTTvis cnobili gaxda danaSaulis Cadenis Sesaxeb.18
prokuraturisa da policiis aRniSnuli samarTlebrivi valdebuleba e.w.
legalurobis principidan gamomdinareobs. mocemuli principi oportunobis
principis sawinaaRmdego Sinaarss atarebs. oportunobis principis mixedviT,
prokuraturas aqvs ufleba, dauSvas gamonaklisi legalurobis principidan da
garkveuli winapirobebis arsebobis SemTxvevaSi Sewyvitos sisxlis samarTlis
procesis warmoeba.19 amisgan gansxvavebiT, represiuli amocanebis ganxorcielebis
dros policias ar eniWeba oportunobis principis mixedviT diskreciuli ufle-
bamosileba, anu igi veranair gamonakliss ver dauSvebs legalurobis principidan.
danaSaulis niSnebis arsebobis SemTxvevaSi policia yovelTvis valdebulia,
mkacrad daicvas legalurobis principis moTxovnebi da daiwyos winaswari
gamoZieba, romlis Sesaxebac man prokuraturas unda acnobos20. diskreciul ufle-
bamosilebas oportunobis principi policias mxolod prevenciuli saqmianobis
dros, anu sazogadoebrivi usafrTxoebisa da wesrigis safrTxisgan dacvisas
aniWebs, romlis mixedviTac, igi yovelTvis valdebuli ar aris, safrTxisgan
dasacavad reagireba moaxdinos.
4. Tanazomierebis principi
Tanazomierebis principis dogmatur-samarTlebrivi safuZvlebi gamomdina-

reobs rogorc samarTlebrivi saxelmwifos principidan, ise adamianis sa-
yovelTaod aRiarebuli uflebebidan da Tavisuflebebidan.21 amitom mas konsti-
tuciuri principis rangi eniWeba. savaldebuloa, rom policiis mier gansaxor-
cielebeli moqmedeba Tanazomierebis principis moTxovnebs Seesabamebodes, anu
16
Pieroth B., Schlink B., Kniesel M., Polizei- und Ordnungsrecht, 2. Auflage, München, 2004, 193.
17
sssk-is 22-e muxli; Schroeder R., JZ 85, 1033; Hamburg B., GA 84, 290; Hund H., ZRP 91, 464.
18
aRniSnuli valdebulebebis Taobaze ix.: `policiis Sesaxeb~ kanonis me-8 muxlis `d~ da `m~ qvepun-
qtebi; Beulke W., Strafprozessrecht, 9. Auflage, München, 2006 64; Roxin C., Strafverfahrensrecht, 25. Auflage, München,
1998, 85; Schlüchter E., Das Strafverfahren, Köln, 1981, 66.
19
Schulenburg J., JuS 2004, S. 765; Weigend T., ZStW 109, 103.
20
`policiis Sesaxeb~ kanonis me-8 muxlis `m~ qvepunqti; Roxin C., Strafverfahrensrecht, 25. Auflage, München
1998, 56.
21
Krebs W., Jura, 2001, 228; Arnauld A., JZ 2000, 276; Henne T., DVBl, 2002, 1094.
47
aRniSnuli moqmedeba unda iyos vargisi kanoniT gaTvaliswinebuli miznis

misaRwevad. garda amisa, igi unda iyos aucilebeli da misi Tmena adresats unda
moeTxovebodes.22 aramarTlzomieria policiis moqmedeba, Tu igi Tanazomierebis
principis darRveviT ganxorcielda.
Tanazomierebis principze dayrdnobiT, policiam Tavisi amocanebis
Sesrulebis uzrunvelsayofad mis mier gansaxorcielebeli sxvadasxva SesaZlo da
misaRebi moqmedebidan upiratesoba unda mianiWos imas, romelic pirovnebas an
sazogadoebas nakleb zians miayenebs, an romelic iseT zians ar gamoiwvevs, rac
miznad dasaxul SedegTan araproporciul damokidebulebaSi iqneba (`sasazRvro
policiis Sesaxeb~ kanonis me-5 muxlis me-2 nawili). Tanazomierebis principis arsi
isaa, rom man uzrunvelyos saWiro Tanafardoba dasaxul mizansa da am miznis
misaRwevad policielis mier ganxorcielebul moqmedebas Soris, iseve rogorc am
moqmedebiT gamowveul Sedegebs Soris. amitom, Tanazomierebis principidan
gamomdinare, savaldebuloa, zustad ganisazRvros policiis mier gansaxor-
cielebeli moqmedebis mizani (`sasazRvro policiis Sesaxeb~ kanonis me-5 muxlis
me-3 nawili).
policiis moqmedebis miznis zustad gansazRvra naklebad problemuria
maSin, rodesac konkretuli zianis safrTxe arsebobs, anu rodesac policiis
moqmedeba arsebuli safrTxis Tavidan asacileblad unda ganxorcieldes. Tavad
cneba `safrTxis Tavidan acileba~ migviTiTebs imaze, rom zianis dadgomis
albaToba arsebobs. rac ufro mcirea zianis dadgomis drois monakveTi, miT ufro
TvalsaCinoa mosalodneli zianis moculoba. amasTan erTad, rac ufro naTelia
mosalodneli zianis saxe da moculoba, miT ufro SesaZlebelia konkretul
SemTxvevaSi policiis Carevis miznis zustad gansazRvra. policiis Carevis miznis
zustad gansazRvra ki aRniSnul SemTxvevaSi SesaZlebels xdis, policiam xel-
sayreli da vargisi moqmedeba SearCios arsebuli safrTxis Tavidan asacileblad.
garda amisa, mas SeuZlia, ufro iolad daadginos, Tu romeli samarTlebrivi
sikeTea metad faseuli: is samarTlebrivi sikeTe, romlis sazianodac sapolicio
RonisZieba xorcieldeba, Tu is, romlis dasacavadac policiam unda imoqmedos.
policiis moqmedebis Tanazomierebis principTan SesabamisobaSi moyvana da
misi miznis zustad gansazRvra SedarebiT rTulia, rodesac policiam mosa-
lodneli danaSaulis Tavidan asacileblad unda imoqmedos. aRniSnul SemTxvevaSi
policia moqmedebs arsebuli faqtobrivi garemoebebis keTilgonivruli Sefasebis
safuZvelze. erTmaneTisgan ganasxvaveben Sinagan da garegan faqtobriv
garemoebebs. magaliTad, piris danaSaulebrivi Sexedulebebi da misi gadaxra
danaSaulis Cadenisaken miuTiTeben imaze, rom am pirovnebam `SeiZleba Caidinos
danaSauli~, magram, vinaidan, aRniSnuli faqtobrivi garemoebani Sinagan gare-
moebebs miekuTvnebian, sapolicio RonisZiebebis gasatareblad savaldebuloa,
Sinagani faqtobrivi garemoebani garegan faqtobriv garemoebebSi vlindebodes.
garegan faqtobriv garemoebebs ki miekuTvneba, magaliTad, mesame piris gancxadeba
da sxvagvari informacia mosalodneli danaSaulis Sesaxeb. aRsaniSnavia, rom
amgvari gancxadeba da informacia, saTanado gadamowmebis gareSe, araviTar
SemTxvevaSi ar unda gaxdes mosalodneli danaSaulis Tavidan asacileblad
policiis moqmedebebis ganxorcielebis safuZveli, gansakuTrebiT im SemTxvevaSi,
rodesac anonimuri pirovneba mosalodneli danaSaulis Sesaxeb zogad da arazust
22
Ossenbühl F., Jura, 1997, 618; Kuhl W., JA 1999, 609; Michae L., JuS, 2001, 764.
48
informaciebs iZleva. sapolicio samarTalSi gabatonebuli Sexedulebis mixedviT,

policias SeuZlia, kanoniT gansazRvruli sapolicio RonisZiebebi ganaxorcielos
maSinac (magaliTad, moaxdinos garkveul adgilebze sistematiuri meTvalyu-
reoba), rodesac arsebobs varaudi momavalSi danaSaulebrivi qmedebebis ganxor-
cielebis Sesaxeb. varaudi aucileblad realur movlenebs unda eyrdnobodes da
ar unda gamomdinareobdes mxolod policielis intuiciidan. Tu policiels
garemoebebis keTilgonivruli Sefasebisa da sakuTari gamocdilebis safuZvelze
garkveuli danaSaulis Semadgenlobis momavalSi ganxorcieleba SesaZleblad
miaCnia, mas aqvs ufleba, amasTan dakavSirebiT gaataros saWiro prevenciuli
RonisZiebebi.
rogorc ukve zemoT aRiniSna, policiam dasaxuli miznis misaRwevad mxolod
vargisi moqmedebebi unda ganaxorcielos. policiis moqmedebis vargisianoba ar
gulisxmobs miznis srulfasovan miRwevas, anu calkeul SemTxvevaSi arsebuli
zianis safrTxis sruli moculobiT Tavidan acilebas.23 mTavari is aris, rom
ganxorcielebuli moqmedeba `swori mimarTulebiT gadadgmuli nabiji~ iyos da
minimum arsebuli safrTxis moculoba an misi ganxorcielebis SesaZlebloba
Seamciros. Tu mogvianebiT policiis mier konkretul SemTxvevaSi ganxorcie-
lebuli moqmedebis aravargisianoba gamovlindeba, moqmedeba mainc ar CaiTvleba
aramarTlzomierad, Tu mas moqmedebis ganxorcielebis momentSi arsebuli
situaciis keTilgonivruli Sefasebis safuZvelze aRniSnuli moqmedebis gan-
xorcieleba vargisad miaCnda.24 policiis moqmedeba maSin aris uvargisi, rodesac
igi mimarTulia raime faqtobrivad da samarTlebrivad `SeuZleblisken~.25
aucileblobis kriteriumiT mniSvnelovnad izRudeba sapolicio Ronis-
Ziebebi. vidre policieli konkretul SemTxvevaSi raime moqmedebas ganaxor-
cielebs, unda gadaamowmos aseve iseTi sapolicio RonisZiebis gamoyenebis SesaZ-
leblobac, romelic adresats SedarebiT nakleb zians miayenebda, anu, rogorc
ukve zemoT aRvniSneT, policiam Tavisi amocanebis Sesrulebis uzrunvelsayofad
mis mier gansaxorcielebeli sxvadasxva SesaZlo da misaRebi RonisZiebidan
upiratesoba unda mieniWos imas, romelic pirovnebas an sazogadoebas nakleb zians
miayenebs.26 magaliTad, Tu satvirTo avtomobilis mier sagzao moZraobis wesebis
darRveviT savali nawilis gadaketvisas sxva avtomobilTa normaluri gadaad-
gilebis aRdgena wesebis damrRvevi satvirTo avtomobilis sagzao monakveTidan
gzis napirze gadayvanis meSveobiTacaa SesaZlebeli, maSin aRniSnuli avtomanqanis
fasian avtosadgomze gadayvana ar iqneboda marTebuli sapolicio RonisZieba.
amrigad, sapolicio RonisZieba aris aucilebeli, rodesac mas ar gaaCnia sxva
moqmedebis alternativa, romelic dasaxuli miznis miRwevisas rogorc sazo-
gadoebas, ise TiToeul individs ufro nakleb zians miayenebda.27
pirovnebas, romlis mimarTac sapolicio RonisZieba unda ganxorcieldes,
SeuZlia aseve Tavad SesTavazos policias sakuTari SexedulebiT misTvis naklebad
saziano policiis moqmedebis alternativa.28 magaliTad, Cxrekis dros pirovneba
sTavazobs policias piradi Cxrekis nacvlad, romelic garkveul pirovnul usia-
23
Kluht R., JA 1999, 609.
24
Ossenbühl F., Jura, 1997, 619.
25
OVG RP, DVBl, 1991, 1378.
26
Ossenbühl F., Jura, 1997, 618.
27
Schwabe J., NJW 2002, 652.
28
Schoch F., In: Besonderes Verwaltungsrecht, Schmidt-Aßmann E. (Hrsg.), Berlin, 2003, 167.
49
movno SegrZnebebTanaa dakavSirebuli, qurTukisa da pijakis gaxdas da maT Cxrekas.

Tuki pirisagan SemoTavazebuli moqmedebis alternativa dasaxuli miznis
misaRwevad vargisia, maSin policia axorcielebs aRniSnul SemoTavazebul Ro-
nisZiebas.
policiis RonisZiebas rac ufro intensiuri xasiaTi aqvs da rac ufro
metad xelyofs igi kanoniT aRiarebul da dacul pirovnebis mniSvnelovan uf-
lebebs, miT ufro metad izRudeba policiis aseTi moqmedebebis ganxorcielebis
SesaZlebloba. swored amitom avaldebulebs kanoni policias, fizikuri Zala da
sxva kanoniT gaTvaliswinebuli (piris uflebebis xelmyofi) sapolicio Ronis-
Ziebebi (piris dakaveba, Cxreka da a. S.) mxolod gansakuTrebul da ukiduresad
aucilebel SemTxvevebSi gamoiyenos (`policiis Sesaxeb~ kanonis me-11 muxli).
rodesac vsaubrobT Tanazomierebis principze, mokled unda SevexoT `viw-
ro gagebiT Tanazomierebis~ sakiTxsac. es ukanaskneli moiTxovs awonil-dawonil
qmedebas policiis amocanebis ganxorcielebis sajaro interessa da policiis in-
tervenciis simZimes Soris.29 policiam ar unda ganaxorcielos kanoniT gaT-
valiswinebuli sapolicio RonisZieba, rodesac misi intensiuroba am RonisZiebis
ganxorcielebiT miznad dasaxul SedegTan araproporciul damokidebulebaSi
iqneba, an, rodesac misi Tmena adresats ar moeTxoveba.30 viwro gagebiT, Ta-
nazomierebis mniSvneloba vlindeba, magaliTad, policiis mier pirovnebis
dadgenis dros. policiam ar unda Caataros pirovnebis saidentifikacio Ro-
nisZieba, Tu igi saqmis mniSvnelobasTan araproporciul damokidebulebaSia. am-
rigad, ar unda moxdes yovelTvis piris dakaveba da misTvis saidentifikacio
RonisZiebaTa Catareba, Tu, arsebuli saqmis viTarebidan gamomdinare, amisTvis
gansakuTrebuli aucilebloba ar arsebobs. imis gansazRvrisTvis, Seesabameba Tu
ara policiis moqmedeba Tanazomierebis moTxovnebs, gaTvaliswinebuli unda iqnes
policiis mier gadawyvetilebis miRebis momentSi arsebuli situacia.31
5. daskvna
rogorc davinaxeT, `policiis Sesaxeb~ kanonis me-4 muxli amomwuravad ar

gansazRvravs policiis saqmianobis ZiriTad principebs. winamdebare publikaciiT
SevecadeT, Segvevso aRniSnuli informaciuli simcire qarTul iuridiul
literaturaSi da gavcnobodiT sxva im saxelmZRvanelo principebsac, romlebic
gansakuTrebul rols asruleben sapolicio praqtikaSi. savaldebuloa, rom
policiis mier prevenciuli funqciis ganxorcielebisas, `policiis Sesaxeb~ ka-
nonis me-4 muxlSi Camoyalibebul principebTan erTad, dacul iqnes oportunobisa
da Tanazomierebis principebis moTxovnebi. amrigad, opotunobisa da Tana-
zomierebis principebi safuZvlad udevs policiis prevenciul saqmianobas. rac
Seexeba legalurobis princips, mas mxolod policiis represiuli funqciis
ganxorcielebisas eniWeba gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba.
29
Rühle D. G., Polizeiß und Ordnungsrecht für Rheinland-Pfalz, 3. Auflage, Baden-Baden, 2004, 97.
30
Gusy C., Polizeirecht, 5. Auflage, Köln, 2003, Rn. 399.
31
Pieroth B., Schlink B., Grundrechte. Staatsrecht II, 19. Auflage, Berlin, 2003, Rn. 293.
50
GIORGI TUMANISHVILI
Doctor of Laws
BASIC PRINCIPLES OF POLICE ACTIVITIES
(Short Summary)
The recent police reforms have defined anew the duties and tasks of the police. Since the Soviet
period the police has rather been the repressive machine of the state than the body, which was
supposed to serve the society and safeguard it against any violation or abuse. The reformed police
was deprived of its mandate to punish. The main task of the police is prevention of crime and
protection of the society. The article reviews the main principles modern police activities are to be
based on. The author is of the opinion that the Law on Police does not contain the exhaustive list of
guidelines for police activities. Based on the foregoing, the author discusses both - the principles
enshrined in the Law on Police and also the principles of reasonability, adequacy and legality,
which play a particular role in police practice.
51
m. dundua, deliqturi pasuxismgeblobisa da saxelSekrulebo pasuxismgeblobis Tanafardoba
mzia dundua
Tsu-is iuridiuli fakultetis asistent-profesori
deliqturi pasuxismgeblobisa da saxelSekrulebo

pasuxismgeblobis Tanafardoba
Sesavali
samoqalaqo brunvis swrafi da xarisxiani ganxorcielebisaTvis udide-

si mniSvneloba aqvs saxelSekrulebo urTierTobaTa monawileebis valdebu-
lebaTa normalur realizacias. Tumca ar aris gamoricxuli mxareTa mier
nakisri valdebulebis Seusrulebloba, rasac saxelmwifos mxridan Sesabamisi
reagireba mohyveba da es, ZiriTadad, gamoixateba samoqalaqosamarTlebrivi
pasuxismgeblobis dakisrebiT. aqve unda aRiniSnos isic, rom samoqalaqosa-
marTlebrivi pasuxismgebloba samarTaldamrRvev pirs SeiZleba daekisros
ara marto `saxelSekrulebo~ zianisaTvis, aramed àrasaxelSekrulebo~ zia-
nisTvisac.
winamdebare statiis mizania samoqalaqosamarTlebrivi pasuxismgeblo-
bis erTi sakmaod saintereso sakiTxis, kerZod, deliqturi pasuxismgeblobisa
da saxelSekrulebo pasuxismgeblobis Tanafardoba.
1. samoqalaqosamarTlebrivi pasuxismgeblobis cneba
1.1. iuridiuli pasuxismgebloba dgeba samarTaldarRvevis SemTxvevaSi.

samoqalaqosamarTlebrivi pasuxismgebloba iuridiuli pasuxismgeblobis erT-
erTi saxea, amitom mas axasiaTebs rogorc specifikuri, aseve saerTod iuridiuli
pasuxismgeblobisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli niSnebi.
mecnierebaSi gavrcelebuli TvalsazrisiT, samarTlebriv normaze da-
fuZnebuli yvela iZulebiTi RonisZieba ar aris samoqalaqosamarTlebrivi pa-
suxismgeblobis gamoxatuleba, e.i. sanqciis gamoyeneba yovelTvis ar niSnavs samo-
qalaqosamarTlebrivi pasuxismgeblobis dakisrebas. samoqalaqosamarTlebrivi
pasuxismgebloba — es aris iseTi xasiaTis sanqcia, romelic iwvevs gansazRvruli
saxis qonebriv Tu piradi xasiaTis SezRudvebs1. magaliTad, Tu movales aiZuleben,
kreditoris winaSe Seasrulos vadamosuli valdebuleba, es iqneba sanqcia, magram
ar iqneba samoqalaqosamarTlebrivi pasuxismgebloba. samoqalaqosamarTlebriv
pasuxismgeblobasTan im SemTxvevaSi gveqneba saqme, rodesac pirs daekisreba zianis
anazRaureba, pirgasamtexlos gadaxda da a.S.
z. axvlediani aRniSnavs, rom „yovelgvari sanqcia, romelsac kanoni adgens
valdebulebis darRvevisTvis, ar warmoadgens samoqalaqosamarTlebriv pa-
1
Иоффе О.С., Обязательственное право, М., 1975, 95.
52
suxismgeblobas. samoqalaqosamarTlebriv pasuxismgeblobas mxolod iseTi san-

qciebi warmoadgenen, romlebic iTvaliswineben valdebulebis damrRvevi pirisaT-
vis imis zemoT damatebiT moqmedebaTa Sesrulebis dakisrebas, rac mas valdebu-
lebiT ekisreboda.“2
rogorc zemoT aRiniSna, samoqalaqosamarTlebriv pasuxismgeblobas axasia-
Tebs iuridiuli pasuxismgeblobis yvela niSani:
1) iuridiuli pasuxismgebloba saxelmwifos mier iZulebiT zemoqmedebis
erT-erTi formaa samarTlis normis damrRvevze;
2) igi gamoiyeneba samarTaldamrRvevebis mimarT;
3) igi gamoiyeneba uflebamosili saxelmwifo organoebis mier;
4) pasuxismgebloba gulisxmobs samarTaldamrRvevebis mimarT kanoniT gaT-
valiswinebuli sanqciebis gamoyenebas.
samoqalaqosamarTlebrivi pasuxismgeblobis specifikuri niSania is, rom igi
atarebs qonebriv xasiaTs.
1.2. samoqalaqo samarTali awesrigebs Tanasworobis sawyisebze damou-
kidebel subieqtTa urTierTobebs. mxare, romelic debs xelSekrulebas, dar-
wmunebulia, rom Seasrulebs mas, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi dadgeba misi pasu-
xismgeblobis sakiTxi. „pasuxismgelobis grZnoba da valdebulebis gancda udevs
safuZvlad adamianis arCevans — dados xelSekruleba an ar dados igi.“3
samarTaldamrRvevisaTvis qonebrivi sanqciebis dakisreba dazaralebuli
mxaris dacvis umniSvnelovanesi saSualebaa. qonebrivi sanqciis gamoyenebiT xdeba
uflebadarRveuli piris qonebrivi mdgomareobis aRdgena. rogorc wesi, samo-
qalaqosamarTlebrivi pasuxismgeblobis moculoba Seesabameba miyenebuli zianis
odenobas, Tumca aqac SeiZleba arsebobdes gamonaklisebi.
swored dazaralebulis qonebrivi mdgomareobis aRdgenaSi Cans samo-
qalaqosamarTlebrivi pasuxismgeblobis sakompensacio xasiaTi.
„samoqalaqo brunvaSi samoqalaqo urTierTobis monawileTa mier valde-
bulebis darRvevas aucileblad mohyveba urTierTobis sxva monawileTa uf-
lebebis darRveva. amitomac, qonebrivi sanqcia, romelic gamoiyeneba valdebule-
bis darRvevisaTvis, yovelTvis miznad isaxavs dazaralebulis darRveuli
uflebis aRdgenas an kompensacias.“4
o.s. iofe miiCnevs, rom „samoqalaqosamarTlebrivi pasuxismgebloba — es
aris sanqciaTa daweseba samarTaldarRvevisaTvis, romelic damrRvevis mimarT
iwvevs uaryofiT Sedegebs subieqturi samoqalaqo uflebebis SezRudvis saxiT an
axali Tu damatebiTi samoqalaqosamarTlebrivi movaleobebis dakisrebis gziT.“5
amrigad, samoqalaqosamarTlebrivi pasuxismgebloba, romelic aris samoqa-
laqo samarTaldarRvevis Sedegi, ekisreba samarTaldamrRvevs uflebadarRveuli
piris mdgomareobis aRsadgenad da gamoixateba samoqalaqo kanonmdeblobiT
gansazRvruli formebiT.
2
axvlediani z., valdebulebiTi samarTali, Tb., 1999, 64.
3
Wanturia l., Sesavali saqarTvelos samoqalaqo samarTlis zogad nawilSi, Tb., 1997, 60.
4
Todua m., valdebulebiTi samarTali, Tb., 2006, 37.
5
53
2. samoqalaqosamarTlebrivi pasuxismgeblobis saxeebi
2.1. erTmaneTisagan ganasxvaveben saxelSekrulebo da arasaxelSekrulebo

pasuxismgeblobas. saxelSekrulebo pasuxismgebloba dgeba im SemTxvevaSi, ro-
desac xelSekrulebis mxare ar asrulebs xelSekrulebidan gamomdinare val-
debulebas; arasaxelSekrulebo pasuxismgebloba ki maSin, rodesac samarTal-
damrRvevma Tavisi qmedebiT ziani miayena im pirs, romelic ar imyofeboda masTan
saxelSekrulebo urTierTobaSi.
pasuxismgeblobis aseT dayofas arsebiTi mniSvneloba aqvs, ramdenadac
maszea damokidebuli aseT urTierTobaTa mimarT ama Tu im normis gamoyeneba. Tu
saqme exeba im zianis anazRaurebas, romelic deliqturi valdebulebidan war-
moiSoba, gamoyenebuli unda iqnes am valdebulebis maregulirebeli normebi, xolo
Tu ziani pirs miadga saxelSekrulebo valdebulebebis Seusruleblobis Sedegad,
maSin zianisaTvis pasuxismgebloba unda ganisazRvros mxareTa Soris dadebuli
xelSekrulebis pirobebiT da im normaTa wesebiT, romlebic aseT urTierTobas
aregulirebs.6
arasaxelSekrulebo pasuxismgeblobisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli safuZvelia
zianis mimyeneblis marTlsawinaaRmdego braleuli qmedeba; Tu zianis mimyenebelsa
da dazaralebuls Soris ar arsebobda samoqalaqosamarTlebrivi valdebuleba,
romlis darRvevas SeiZleboda mohyoloda zianis miyeneba, aRniSnuli saxis
pasuxismgebloba rom dadges, dazaralebulma unda ganicados realuri qonebrivi
danaklisi.
2.2. samoqalaqosamarTlebrivi pasuxismgeblobis dros movalis mxareze
SeiZleba iyos ramdenime piri (zianis mimyenebeli). amis mixedviT ganasxvaveben wi-
lad, solidarul da subsidiur pasuxismgeblobas.
wiladi pasuxismgebloba niSnavs, rodesac TiToeul movales ekisreba pa-
suxismgebloba kanoniT an xelSekrulebiT gansazRvruli wilis Sesabamisad. ma-
galiTad, memkvidreebi pasuxs ageben samkvidros damtoveblis valebze TavianTi
wilis farglebSi. wiladi pasuxismgeblobis wesi im SemTxvevaSi gamoiyeneba,
rodesac kanoniT an xelSekrulebiT gaTvaliswinebuli ar aris pasuxismgeblobis
sxva saxe.
solidaruli pasuxismgeblobis arsi isaa, rom kreditors ufleba aqvs,
TiToeul movales warudginos moTxovna miyenebuli zianis rogorc sruli
moculobiT, aseve nawilis anazRaurebaze, es saxe mosaxerxebelia kreditorisaT-
vis, radgan mas SeuZlia, zianis sruli moculobiT anazRaureba daakisros im
movales, romelsac amisaTvis sakmarisi qoneba an fuladi saxsrebi aqvs.
solidaruli pasuxismgebloba dgeba kanoniT an xelSekrulebiT pirdapir
gaTvaliswinebul SemTxvevebSi.
2.3. samoqalaqo kanonmdebloba icnobs pasuxismgeblobis iseT saxes, ro-
goricaa subsidiuri pasuxismgebloba. igi gamoiyeneba kanoniT gansazRvrul Sem-
TxvevebSi. aT welze meti asakis, magram arasrulwlovani, piri pasuxs agebs im
zianisaTvis, romelic man sxvas miayena. im SemTxvevaSi, roca am pirs ara aqvs
sakmarisi qoneba an Semosavali miyenebuli zianis asanazRaureblad, saqarTvelos
samoqalaqo kodeqsis (SemdgomSi — ssk) 994-e muxlis me-3 nawiliT damatebiTi
pasuxismgebloba ekisrebaT mis warmomadgenlebsac.
6
ix. axvlediani z., valdebulebiTi samarTali, Tb., 1999, 65.
54
arasrulwlovanTa warmomadgenlebis subsidiuri pasuxismgebloba ispoba im

SemTxvevaSi, rodesac mozardebi miaRweven srulwlovanebis asaks an gauCndebaT
maT mier miyenebuli zianis asanazRaureblad sakmarisi saxsrebi.
2.4. samoqalaqo samarTalSi Zalian sainteresod gamoiyureba regresuli
anazRaurebis sakiTxi. rodesac saubaria samoqalaqosamarTlebrivi pasuxismgeb-
lobis moculobis gansazRvraze, Cemi azriT, gverds ver avuvliT regresis
sakiTxs. igi pasuxismgeblobis gansakuTrebuli saxea, romelic warmoiSoba im
SemTxvevaSi, rodesac kanoniT daiSveba erTi piris pasuxismgebloba meore piris
moqmedebisaTvis, e.i. zianis anazRaureba xdeba sxvisi bralisaTvis.
mesakuTre an piri, romelmac gasca miTiTeba, sargeblobs regresis uflebiT
`msaxuris~ an im piris mimarT, romelmac davalebis Sesrulebisas miayena ziani
sxvas, magram aq unda iqnes gaTvaliswinebuli mxolod is piroba, rom TviTon
davalebis mimcems ar Caudenia braleuli zianis momtani moqmedeba.7
2.5. cxovrebaSi xSirad gvxvdeba SemTxvevebi, rodesac movale Tavisi
valdebulebis Sesrulebas akisrebs mesame pirs. Tu am ukanasknelma ar Seasrula an
arajerovnad Seasrula dakisrebuli movaleoba, maSin dgeba movalis pasuxis-
mgeblobis sakiTxi. swored amaze migvaniSnebs ssk-is 306-e muxli, romlis mixed-
viTac movalem Tavisi kanonieri warmomadgenlisa da im pirTa moqmedebebisaTvis,
romelTac igi iyenebs sakuTar valdebulebaTa Sesasruleblad, iseTive mo-
culobiT unda agos pasuxi, rogorc sakuTari braleuli moqmedebis dros. amis
Semdeg movales ufleba aqvs, regresuli moTxovna wauyenos im pirs, visi braliTac
ziani dadga. regresis ufleba gamoiyeneba ara marto saxelSekrulebo ur-
TierTobebSi, aramed deliqturi pasuxismgeblobis drosac.
regresis ufleba gamoiyeneba im SemTxvevaSic, roca saqme gvaqvs solidarul
pasuxismgeblobasTan, e.i. gvyavs solidaruli movaleebi. movales, romelmac Seas-
rula solidaruli valdebuleba, ukumoTxovnis ufleba aqvs danarCen movaleTa
mimarT wilTa Tanabrobis kvalobaze, oRond Tavisi wilis gamoklebiT, Tuki
xelSekrulebiT an kanoniT sxva ram ar aris gaTvaliswinebuli (ssk-is 473-e muxli).
3. deliqturi pasuxismgeblobisa da saxelSekrulebo

pasuxismgeblobis Tanafardoba
3.1. deliqturi valdebulebani regulirdeba ssk-is 992-e-1008-e muxlebiT,

xolo valdebulebis darRveviT gamowveuli zianis anazRaurebis movaleoba
wesrigdeba ssk-is 408-e-415-e muxlebiT.
sainteresod svams sakiTxs samoqalaqosamarTlebrivi pasuxismgeblobis am
ori saxis urTierTobis Sesaxeb frangi civilisti J. morandieri. igi amasTan
dakavSirebiT iZleva sam SekiTxvas:
1) arsebobs Tu ara gansxvaveba am ori saxis pasuxismgeblobas Soris?
2) rogoria Tanafardoba deliqturi pasuxismgeblobisa da saxelSekrulebo
pasuxismgeblobis moqmedebis sferoebs Soris?
7
ix. Морандьер Л.Ж., Гражданское право Франции, М., 1960, 464.
55
3) daiSveba Tu ara gansazRvruli qmedebisaTvis saxelSekrulebo pasuxismgeb-

lobis kumulacia8 deliqtur pasuxismgeblobasTan?
gansxvavebiT sxva frangi civilistebisagan (magaliTad planioli*), J. mo-
randieri im azrs iziarebs, rom ar SeiZleba es ori saxis pasuxismgebloba
gavaigiveoT da mas argumentad mohyavs safrangeTis sasamarTlo praqtika, ro-
melic mkveTrad ganasxvavebs saxelSekrulebo valdebulebis braleul darRvevas
braleuli deliqtisagan.
3.2. ra mniSvnelovani gansxvavebebia saxelSekrulebo pasuxismgeblobasa da
deliqtur pasuxismgeblobas Soris?
— saxelSekrulebo pasuxismgeblobis warmoSobisaTvis sakmarisi ar aris
asanazRaurebeli ziani aramarTlzomieri qmedebis uSualo Sedegi iyos, misi
gaTvaliswineba SesaZlebeli unda iyos xelSekrulebis dadebis momenti. msgavsi
ram ar xdeba deliqturi pasuxismgeblobis dros, radgan dainteresebul pirebs
Soris ar arsebobs aranairi winaswari SeTanxmeba;
— saxelSekrulebo pasuxismgebloba SeiZleba Tavidan iqnes acilebuli
SeTanxmebiT, deliqturi pasuxismgeblobis dros ki aseTi SeTanxmeba dauSvebelia.
ssk-is 395-e muxlis me-2 punqtis Tanaxmad, dauSvebelia mxareTa winaswari
SeTanxmeba movalis mier ganzraxi moqmedebiT valdebulebis darRvevisas zianis
anazRaurebisagan misi ganTavisuflebis Sesaxeb. `ganzraxvisas mxareTa winaswari
SeTanxmeba pasuxismgeblobisagan gaTavisuflebaze Zirs uTxris valdebulebis
safuZvels, amsxvrevs im faseulobebs, razedac valdebulebiTi urTierToba
Sendeba.~9
— imisaTvis, rom pirs daekisros saxelSekrulebo pasuxismgebloba,
aucilebelia, winaswar dadgindes movalis mier vadis gadacileba; deliqturi
pasuxismgeblobis dros ki aseTi ram aucilebeli ar aris.
Cemi azriT, ar aris saWiro, ase gamokveTilad aRiniSnos movalis mier vadis
gadacileba, rogorc saxelSekrulebo pasuxismgebloba, romelic SeiZleba pirs
daekisros ara marto vadis gadacilebisas, aramed xelSekrulebis Seusrule-
blobisas, an sxva saxiT gamoxatuli arajerovani Sesrulebisas.
— Tu zianis mimyeneblis qmedeba Seicavs sisxlissamarTlebrivi danaSaulis
niSnebs, maSin Ziebis procesSi samoqalaqo sarCelTan dakavSirebiT xandazmulobis
vadis dena wydeba; sxvagvaradaa mdgomareoba, rodesac saqme exeba saxelSekrulebo
pasuxismgeblobas.
— saxelSekrulebo zianis gadaxdevinebisas kreditorma unda daamtkicos
mxolod xelSekrulebis arseboba. movalis saqmea daamtkicos, rom xelSekrulebis
Seusrulebloba gamowveulia gareSe garemoebebiT, romelTa Secvla movales ar
SeeZlo. rogorc amboben, movale iTvleba braleulad. deliqturi valdebulebebis
dros, piriqiT, dazaralebuli (kreditori) valdebulia daasabuTos mopasuxis
brali. es gansxvaveba sustdeba imiT, rom saxelSekrulebo pasuxismgeblobis
sferoSic, rodesac saqme exeba gansazRvruli gvarovnuli saxis saSualebebs,
kreditors zogjer uxdeba mtkiceba, rom movale ar moqmedebda rogorc kargi
meurne, xolo meore mxriv, deliqturi pasuxismgeblobisaTvis kanoniT dadgenilia
mravalgvari prezumfcia.
8
am terminTan dakavSirebiT e.a. fleiSici SeniSnavs, rom arsebobs ufro zusti gamoTqma da es aris
„saxelSekrulebo“ da deliqturi pasuxismgeblobis konkurencia. am SemTxvevaSi saqme exeba ara
ubralod SeerTebas am ori saxis pasuxismgeblobisas, aramed mosarCelis arCevans — waradginos
sarCeli saxelSekrulebo valdebulebis darRvevasTan dakavSirebiT. (iqve, 464).
*didi frangi civilisti, romelic moRvaweobda XIX saukunis bolosa da XX saukunis dasawyisSi.
9
zoiZe b., saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis komentari, wigni me-3, Tb., 2001, 391.
56
— yvela xarisxis brali ar ganapirobebs garkveul SemTxvevebSi saxel-

Sekrulebo pasuxismgeblobas, xolo deliqturi pasuxismgeblobis dakisrebi-
saTvis sakmarisia msubuqi bralis arsebobac.
— aseve aRniSnaven, rom dazaralebuls Tu ramdenime pirma miayena ziani,
saqme gveqneba solidarul pasuxismgeblobasTan, es maSin, rodesac saxelSek-
rulebo pasuxismgeblobis sferoSi solidaruli pasuxismgebloba mxolod kano-
niT gaTvaliswinebul SemTxvevebSi xdeba.9
3.3. morandieri, rodesac exeba zemoaRniSnul ori saxis pasuxismgeblobas
Soris sxvaobas, arafers ambobs zianis mimyenebel subieqtebsa da, Sesabamisad,
zianis amnazRaurebel pirebze.
pasuxismgeblobis subieqtebze amaxvilebs yuradRebas Tavis naSromSi b. zo-
iZe, romelic aRniSnavs, rom pasuxismgeblobis subieqti yovelTvis samarTlis
subieqtia, samarTlis yoveli subieqti ki araa pasuxismgeblobis subieqti — es
Tavisebureba gansakuTrebiT kargad vlindeba saxelSekrulebo da arasaxelSek-
rulebo pasuxismgeblobaSi.10 igi ambobs, rom pirs, romelsac aqvs ufleba-
unarianoba, miviCnevT samarTlis subieqtad, xolo mas Semdeg, rac es piri xdeba
qmedunariani, igi ukve warmogvidgeba pasuxismgeblobis subieqtadac. qmedunarian
pirs Tavad Seswevs unari, pasuxi agos sakuTar qmedebaze. es damaxasiaTebelia
fizikuri pirisaTvis, rac Seexeba iuridiul pirs, — igi erTdroulad xdeba
samarTlis subieqtic da pasuxismgeblobis subieqtic.
saxelSekrulebo pasuxismgebloba ekisreba pirs, romelsac aqvs rogorc
uflebaunarianoba, aseve qmedunarianoba. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi saxelSekrulebo
urTierToba ar warmoiSoboda, radgan garigebis namdvilobis erT-erTi pirobaa
xelSemkvreli mxaris qmedunarianoba. e.i. saxelSekrulebo pasuxismgebloba Zi-
riTadad ekisreba zianis mimyenebel mxares.
gansxvavebuli suraTi warmogvidgeba deliqturi pasuxismgeblobis dros.
deliqturi pasuxismgebloba SeiZleba daekisros im pirs, romelsac uSualod
monawileoba ar miuRia zianis miyenebaSi, magram sxva safuZvlebis (meTvalyureobis
gawevis valdebuleba) gamo kanoni maT akisrebs zianis anazRaurebas. aseT
SemTxvevebs iTvaliswinebs ssk-is 994-e, 995-e, 996-e muxlebi.
rac Seexeba SezRuduli qmedunarianobis mqone pirebs, isini samarTlis
subieqtebic arian da pasuxismgeblobis subieqtebic. marTalia, maT mier mi-
yenebuli zianis anazRaurebisas SeiZleba warmoiSvas subsidiuri pasuxismgebloba,
magram es ar cvlis Tavad zianis mimyeneblis samarTlebriv mdgomareobas.
3.4. morandieri Tavis naSromSi ganixilavs deliqturi pasuxismgeblobisa da
saxelSekrulebo pasuxismgeblobis urTierTdamokidebulebis sam SemTxvevas.
saerTo wesis mixedviT, saxelSekrulebo pasuxismgeblobis warmoSobis
safuZvelia movalis mier xelSekrulebiT nakisri valdebulebis Seusrulebloba
an arajerovani Sesruleba. yvela sxva saxis braleuli qmedeba, Tundac Cadenili
iyos xelSekrulebasTan kavSirSi, ganixileba deliqtad. aseTi SemTxvevebia:
a) mesame piris mier Cadenili qmedeba, romelic xelSekrulebis mxare ar aris.
umravles SemTxvevaSi aRniSnuli mesame piri gvevlineba xelSekrulebis damrRvevi
mxaris Tanamonawiled. magaliTad, myidvelma da gamyidvelma dades nasyidobis
xelSekruleba, magram gamyidvelma nivTi mihyida mesame pirs, e.i. man ar Seasrula
Tavisi valdebuleba imis winaSe, visac dahpirda nivTis miyidvas. Tu mesame pirma
icoda mis Sesaxeb, rom es nivTi gamyidvels unda gadaeca sxva pirisaTvis, maSin man
10
Sead. Мораньдер Л.Ж., dasax. naSromi, 465-466.
11
zoiZe b., qonebrivi pasuxismgebloba valdebulebaTa darRvevisaTvis, Tb., 1989, 21.
57
Caidina braleuli moqmedeba, romelic aris deliqti. misi valdebuleba Tav-

dapirveli myidvelisaTvis nivTis gadacemis Sesaxeb gamomdinareobs ara
xelSekrulebidan, aramed zianis miyenebidan;
b) xelSekrulebis monawilis mier Cadenili braleuli deliqturi qmedeba
mesame pirTan mimarTebiT. es imas niSnavs, rom xelSekrulebis monawilem
kontrahentis winaSe Tavisi valdebulebis darRveviT, amave dros, Caidina
deliqturi qmedeba mesame piris mimarT, romelic ar monawileobda xel-
SekrulebaSi. magaliTad, satransporto kompaniis mier mgzavris gadayvanisas es
mgzavri daiRupa. daRupuli mgzavris memkvidreebs ufleba aqvT waradginon
sarCeli gadamyvanis mimarT, romelmac ver Seasrula Tavisi valdebuleba da ver
uzrunvelyo mgzavris usafrTxoeba. amave dros, gardacvlilis axloblebs,
romlebic memkvidreebi ar arian, magram am piris gardacvalebiT miadgaT ziani,
SeuZliaT moiTxovon miyenebuli zianis anazRaureba.
g) deliqti, romelic Caidina xelSekrulebis erTma monawilem meoris mimarT.
yvela braleuli qmedeba, romelic Cadenilia xelSekrulebis erTi monawilis mier
meore monawilis winaSe da ar aris dakavSirebuli xelSekrulebis Seusru-
leblobasTan an arajerovan SesrulebasTan — ganixileba rogorc deliqti. aseTi
moqmedeba SeiZleba moxdes xelSekrulebis dadebis procesSi, xelSekrulebiT
miniWebuli uflebis borotad gamoyenebisas da a.S.
praqtikulad Zalze mniSvnelovania deliqturi da saxelSekrulebo pa-
suxismgeblobis gamijvnis sakiTxi, radgan erTi da igive qmedeba SeiZleba
miviCnioT rogorc deliqtad, aseve saxelSekrulebo valdebulebis darRvevad.
Teoriulad aseTi gamijvna problemas ar aris. iuridiul literaturaSi
aqsiomadaa miCneuli is, rom Tu ziani dadga valdebulebis Seusruleblobis an
arajerovani Sesrulebis Sedegad, maSin saxezea saxelSekrulebo pasuxismgebloba;
Tu ziani warmoiSva iseTi qmedebis Sedegad, romelic ar aris dakavSirebuli
xelSekrulebasTan, maSin dgeba deliqturi pasuxismgebloba. magram praqtikaSi
umeteswilad rTuli gasarkvevia, esa Tu is marTlsawinaaRmdego qmedeba da-
kavSirebulia Tu ara xelSekrulebis SesrulebasTan. magaliTad, gadazidvis
xelSekrulebis dros mgzavrisaTvis zianis miyenebis SemTxveva.
saxelSekrulebo da deliqturi pasuxismgeblobebis urTierTTanafardobis
garkvevisas mniSvnelovani problemaa maTi kumulaciis sakiTxis garkveva. zemoT
ukve aRvniSne, rom zogierTi avtori ufro sworad miiCnevs „kumulaciis“ nacvlad
gamoiyenos termini „konkurencia“. me veTanxmebi am ukanasknelTa mosazrebas imis
gamo, rom kumulacia gulisxmobs orive saxis pasuxismgeblobis gaerTianebas,
Tavmoyras, rac ar Seesabameba konkretul situacias, rameTu aq xdeba ara maTi
gaerTianeba, aramed erT-erTi saxis pasuxismgeblobis SerCeva; amitom upriani
iqneba gamoviyenoT termini „konkurencia“. axla ganvixiloT problemis arsi:
qmedebam, romelic ar aris movalis mxridan Tavisi saxelSekrulebo valdebulebis
darRveva, SeiZleba gamoiwvios mxolod deliqturi pasuxismgebloba. magram aqve
unda aRiniSnos sawinaaRmdegoc, rac imiT gamoixateba, rom kreditors, romelsac
aqvs pretenziebi kontrahentis mimarT valdebulebis Seusruleblobis an
arajerovani Sesrulebis gamo, SeuZlia moiTxovos am kontrahentisaTvis
saxelSekrulebo an deliqturi pasuxismgeblobis dakisreba. kreditori sakiTxs
gadawyvets imis mixedviT, Tu romeli saxis pasuxismgeblobaa misTvis ufro
misaRebi. magaliTad, eqimTan dadebuli xelSekrulebis safuZvelze pacients
arasworad gaukeTda operacia, romelmac gamoiwvia am ukanasknelis mdgomareobis
gauareseba. dazaralebuls SeuZlia, sasamarTlos mimarTos sarCeliT saxel-
Sekrulebo pasuxismgeblobis an deliqturi pasuxismgeblobis Sesaxeb;
58
qarTul iuridiul literaturaSi miTiTebulia, rom sicocxlisa da

janmrTelobis ufleba adamianis absoluturi uflebebia, romelTac upiratesoba
aqvT relatiur uflebebTan mimarTebiT. amitom maTi dacva da zianis anazRaureba
xorcieldeba deliqturi pasuxismgeblobis normebiT, Tundac urTierTobis
xelSekruleba edos safuZvlad. vnaxoT sasamarTlo praqtika rogor wyvets
aRniSnul sakiTxs: stacionarsa da pacients Soris daido samedicino momsaxurebis
xelSekruleba. pacients gaukeTda ramdenime operacia, romelTa Sedegad mas
janmrTeloba mniSvnelovnad Seerya, dakarga Sromis unari da gaxda invalidi.
yovelive es gaxda safuZveli imisa, rom pacients sarCeliT miemarTa sasa-
marTlosaTvis. igi iTxovda materialuri da moraluri zianis anazRaurebas.
saolqo sasamarTlos kolegia saqmis ganxilvisas daeyrdno ssk-is 1007-e muxls,
romlis Sesabamisad, `samedicino dawesebulebaSi mkurnalobisas piris janmrTe-
lobisaTvis miyenebuli ziani anazRaurdeba saerTo safuZvlebiT. zianis mimyene-
beli Tavisufldeba pasuxismgeblobisagan, Tu daamtkicebs, rom zianis dadgomaSi
mas brali ar miuZRvis.“
sasamarTlo kolegiam miiCnia, rom ziani miyenebulia mopasuxis marTlsa-
winaaRmdego moqmedebiT, marTlsawinaaRmdego moqmedebasa da zians Soris
arsebobs mizezobrivi kavSiri da mopasuxem daarRvia mkurnalobis aRiarebuli
samedicino standartebi, rasac mohyva pacientis janmrTelobis mniSvnelovani
gauareseba. garda aRniSnulisa, sasamarTlo kolegiam miiCnia, rom mopasuxes
mosarCelis sasargeblod unda daekisros araqonebrivi xasiaTis zianis anazRau-
rebac, ris safuZvelsac iZleva ssk-is 413-e muxlis meore nawili, romlis
Tanaxmadac sxeulis dazianebis am konkretul SemTxvevaSi, mosarCeles SeuZlia
moiTxovos anazRaureba araqonebrivi zianisaTvisac. Semdgom sasamarTlos
kolegiis mier gamotanili gadawyvetileba sakasacio wesiT gaasaCivra mopasuxem
(stacionarma). sakasacio instanciis ganCinebis samotivacio nawilSi naTqvamia:
„marTalia, saolqo sasamarTlom miuTiTa samoqalaqo kodeqsis 1007-e muxlze,
romelic deliqtur valdebulebebs awesrigebs (xazgasma avtorisaa), magram
aRniSnuli norma iTvaliswinebs miTiTebuli garemoebebis arsebobas. am Sem-
TxvevaSi mosarCelis moTxovnis samarTlebrivi safuZvelia samoqalaqo kodeqsis
394-e muxlis pirveli nawili, radgan mxareebs Soris arsebobda saxelSekrulebo
urTierToba. valdebulebis darRvevisaTvis an arajerovnad Sesrulebisas dgeba
samoqalaqo pasuxismgebloba. am normis safuZvelze valdebulebis darRvevisas
kreditors SeuZlia moiTxovos amiT gamowveuli zianis anazRaureba (ix. saqme № as
33-406-05, 13 aprili, 2005 w.).
rogorc vxedavT, am saqmis ganxilvisas saolqo sasamarTlom ixelmZRvanela
ssk-is 1007-e muxliT, xolo uzenaesi sasamarTlos palatam aqcenti gaakeTa ssk-is
394-e muxlis pirvel nawilze.
daskvna
amgvarad, calsaxad ar SeiZleba imis Tqma, rom saxelSekrulebo da deli-

qturi pasuxismgeblobis normebis kumulaciis (konkurenciis) dros gamoiyeneba es
ukanaskneli. albaT, ufro upriani iqneba aRiniSnos, rom saqmis gadawyveta moxdeba
konkretuli situaciis Sesabamisad da es, ZiriTadad, xdeba kreditoris in-
teresebis gaTvaliswinebiT.
59
MZIA DUNDUA
Assistant Professor, TSU, the Faculty of Law
CORRELATION BETWEEN TORT AND CONTRACTUAL LIABILITIES
(Short Summary)
The legal liability arises in the case of breach of a law. The civil liability is one of the types of legal
liability. The difference is made between contractual and non-contractual liabilities. The
contractual liability arises when a party to an agreement fails to fulfil the obligation assumed under
a contract, whilst non-contractual liability originates when a perpetrator, through performing some
action, causes damage to a person with whom he had no contractual relationships.
Practically, it is very important to delimit between tort and contractual liabilities, insofar as one and
the same action can be regarded as both a tort and breach of a contractual obligation.
Theoretically, there is no problem in making such a delimitation. However, in practice, in most

cases it is difficult to determine whether or not an unlawful action is related to the fulfilment of an
obligation. For example: inflicting damage to a passenger during the conveyance thereof; or
incorrect surgery performed on the basis of an agreement made with a doctor, which resulted in the
deterioration of the health status of a patient.
It is impossible to explicitly assert that in the case of cumulation (competition) of the provisions on
contractual and tort liabilities, the latter should apply. Presumably, it would have been more
reasonable to say that the situation is to be resolved on a case-by-case basis, with due consideration
of specific circumstances and, mainly, in favour of a creditor.
60
giorgi kaxiani
abstraqtuli normaTkontrolis problemebi

saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlos saqmianobaSi
Sesavali
konstituciis, rogorc saxelmwifos uzenaesi kanonisa da samarTlebrivi

saxelmwifos aucilebeli komponentis, dacva sxvadasxva institutisa da pro-
ceduris meSveobiT xorcieldeba.1 maT Soris ZiriTadi sakonstitucio kon-
trolia. SemTxveviTi ar aris, rom konstituciursamarTlebriv literaturaSi me-
19 saukune parlamentarizmis damkvidrebis, xolo me-20 sakonstitucio
kontrolis epoqad aris miCneuli.2
sakonstitucio kontrolis ganxorcielebis uflebamosilebiT sxvadasxva
organoa aRWurvili, Tumca gansakuTrebuli roli am saqmianobaSi sakonstitucio
sasamarTloebs akisriaT. hans kelzeni Tvlida, rom arakonstituciuri aqtebis
anulirebis funqcia, rogorc parlamentisgan, aseve nebismieri sxva saxelmwifo
xelisuflebisgan, gancalkevebul da damoukidebel organos unda hqondes. aseTi
organo, misi azriT, SeiZleboda yofiliyo sakonstitucio sasamarTlo an
tribunali, an kvazisasamarTlo organo, romelic dakompleqtebuli iqneboda
kompetenturi da cnobili iuristebisagan.3 swored amgvari specializebuli or-
gano — sakonstitucio sasamarTlo Seiqmna da TiTqmis cameti welia funqcionirebs
saqarTveloSi.
sakonstitucio iusticiis mniSvnelobaze samarTlebrivi saxelmwifos mSe-
neblobaSi arcTu ise cota Tqmula qarTul iuridiul literaturaSi.4 miuxedavad
amisa, unda aRvniSnoT, rom saqarTveloSi sakonstitucio kontrolTan dakav-
Sirebuli mravali problematuri sakiTxi an saerTod, an saTanadod ar aris gamok-
vleuli. es saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlos TerTmeti uflebamo-
silebidan5 im uflebamosilebasac exeba, romelic winamdebare statiis ganxilvis
1
Droit constitutionnel, Eric Oliva, 5e edition, 2006, 39; Шульженко Ю.Л., О понятии «правовая охрана конституции»,
Государство и право, №7, 2002, 11; Овсепян Ж.И., Судебный конституционный контроль в зарубежных странах:
правовая защита конституции, Ростов-на-дону, 1992, 42.
2
Marcou J., Justice constitutionnelle et systèmes politiques. Presse Universitaires de Grenoble, 1997, 5; Rousseau D., La justice
constitutionnelle en Europe, 3-e éd., 1998, 9.
3
Kelzen H., La garantie juridictionnelle de la Constitution // Revue du droit public et politique en France et à l’ étranger, P.,
1928, nr. 2, 198.
4
zoiZe b., sakonstitucio kontroli da RirebulebaTa wesrigi saqarTveloSi, Tb., 2007; demetraSvili a.,
sakonstitucio sasamarTlo konstituciur uflebaTa dacvis garantia, J. àdamiani da konstitucia~, 4,
2000, 202-207; beniZe o., konstituciis dacvis ganuxreli garanti, J. àdamiani da konstitucia~, 4, 2001, 9-13.
5
saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlo 11 gansxvavebuli saxis uflebamosilebiT aris aRWurvili.
saqarTvelos konstitucia adgens sakonstitucio sasamarTlos kompetencias mikuTvnebul uflebamo-
silebaTa nusxas da imavdroulad gansazRvravs, rom sakonstitucio sasamarTlo àxorcielebs saqarT-
velos konstituciiT da organuli kanoniT gansazRvrul sxva uflebamosilebebs” (89-e muxlis 1-li na-
wilis `z” qvepunqti). aqedan gamomdinare, saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlos kompetencia gans-
61
g. kaxiani, abstraqtuli normaTkontrolis problemebi...
sagania, kerZod ki, saqarTvelos konstituciis 89-e muxlis 1-li punqtis à~ qve-
punqtiT gansazRvrul uflebamosilebas, romlis farglebSic sakonstitucio
sasamarTlo abstraqtul6 normaTkontrols axorcielebs.
unda aRiniSnos, rom miTiTebuli uflebamosilebis realizaciiT sakonsti-
tucio sasamarTlos SeuZlia, mniSvnelovani wvlili Seitanos rogorc konsti-
tuciis uzenaesobis, aseve xelisuflebis danawilebis konstituciuri principebis
uzrunvelyofis saqmeSi. saqarTvelos konstituciis 89-e muxlis 1-li nawilis à~
qvepunqtiT gaTvaliswinebuli uflebamosilebis farglebSi sakonstitucio
sasamarTlosadmi mimarTvis uflebamosilebiT aRmasrulebeli da sakanonmdeblo
xelisuflebis warmomadgeneli Sesabamisi subieqtebi sargebloben. abstraqtuli
kontroli xelisuflebis erTi Stos warmomadgenels yovelTvis aZlevs sa-
Sualebas, moiTxovos xelisuflebis meore Stos warmomadgeneli organos mier
miRebuli normatiuli aqtis arakonstituciurad cnoba. yovelive es ki, cxadia,
xelisuflebis danawilebis meqanizmSi urTierTSekavebisa da gawonasworebis
mniSvnelovan rols asrulebs. yovelive es, Cveni azriT, gansaxilveli sakiTxis
aqtualobasa da mniSvnelobaze miuTiTebs.
I. abstraqtuli normaTkontrolis obieqtebi
normatiuli aqtebis konstituciurobaze zogadi kontroli msoflios

mravali saxelmwifos sakonstitucio sasamarTlos umniSvnelovanesi funqciaa,
romlis ganxorcielebisas uzrunvelyofilia konstituciis, rogorc ZiriTadi ka-
nonis, uzenaesoba. istoriulad konstituciuri marTlmsajulebis ganxorcieleba
swored parlamentis mier miRebuli kanonebis konstituciurobis SemowmebasTan
aris dakavSirebuli.
saqarTvelos konstituciis 89-e muxlis 1-li punqtis à~ qvepunqtis Tanax-
mad, saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlo ìRebs gadawyvetilebebs kon-
stituciasTan, konstituciuri SeTanxmebis, kanonis, prezidentis, mTavrobis,
afxazeTis avtonomiuri respublikisa da aWaris avtonomiuri respublikis xe-
lisuflebis umaRles organoTa normatiuli aqtebis Sesabamisobis sakiTxebze~.
sakonstitucio sasamarTlos es uflebamosileba kidev ufro vrclad aris
warmodgenili `saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlos Sesaxeb~ organuli kanonis
me-19 muxlis 1-li punqtis à~ qvepunqtiT. kerZod, aRniSnuli normis Tanaxmad,
sakonstitucio sasamarTlo uflebamosilia, ganixilos da gadawyvitos: saqarTvelos
konstituciasTan konstituciuri SeTanxmebis, saqarTvelos kanonebis, saqarTvelos
parlamentis normatiuli dadgenilebebis, saqarTvelos prezidentis, saqarTvelos
mTavrobis, afxazeTisa da aWaris avtonomiuri respublikebis xelisuflebis umaRles
organoTa normatiuli aqtebis Sesabamisobis, agreTve saqarTvelos sakanonmdeblo
aqtebisa da saqarTvelos parlamentis dadgenilebebis miRebis/gamocemis, xelmowe-
ris, gamoqveynebisa da amoqmedebis Sesabamisobis sakiTxebi.
azRvrulia rogorc konstituciiT, aseve `saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlos Sesaxeb” organuli

kanoniT. kerZod, saqarTvelos konstituciaSi sakonstitucio sasamarTlos 7 uflebamosilebazea
miTiTebuli, organuli kanoni ki am nusxas kidev 4 uflebamosilebiT ganavrcobs.
6
abstraqtuli kontroli aris sakonstitucio kontrolis forma, romlis drosac sakiTxi kanonis an
sxva normatiuli aqtis konstituciis normebTan Sesabamisobis Sesaxeb dgeba ise, rom mas kavSiri ar
aqvs romelime wamoWril davasTan an konkretul garemoebebTan.
62
am uflebamosilebas sakonstitucio sasamarTlo Semdgomi (represiuli)

abstraqtuli kontrolis formiT axorcielebs. amasTan, zemomiTiTebuli
normebis safuZvelze SesaZlebelia rogorc materialuri,7 aseve formaluri8
kontrolis ganxorcielebac.
1. materialuri kontrolis obieqtebi
sakonstitucio kontrols daqvemdebarebuli normatiuli aqtebis mocu-

lobis TvalsazrisiT, ganasxvaveben universalur da SezRudul sakonstitucio
kontrols.9 pirvel SemTxvevaSi sakonstitucio kontrols eqvemdebareba nebis-
mieri normatiuli aqti, xolo meore SemTxvevaSi, kontrols eqvemdebarebian mxo-
lod kanonmdeblobiT zustad gansazRvruli normatiuli aqtebi. am Tvalsaz-
risiT, gansaxilveli uflebamosilebis farglebSi, saqarTvelos sakonstitucio
sasamarTlos mier ganxorcielebadi sakonstitucio kontroli SezRuduli xa-
siaTisaa, radgan konstitucia zustad gansazRvravs im normatiul aqtTa nusxas,
romlebic amgvari kontrolis obieqti SeiZleba gaxdes. kerZod ki, saqarTvelos
konstituciis 89-e muxlis 1-li punqtis à~ qvepunqtis Tanaxmad, sakonstitucio
kontrolis obieqti SeiZleba gaxdes: konstituciuri SeTanxmeba, kanoni, pre-
zidentis, mTavrobis, afxazeTis avtonomiuri respublikisa da aWaris avtonomiuri
respublikis xelisuflebis umaRles organoTa normatiuli aqtebi. organuli
kanonis me-19 muxlis 1-li punqtis à~ qvepunqti am CamonaTvals saqarTvelos
parlamentis normatiuli dadgenilebebiT ganavrcobs. ganvixiloT TiToeuli
maTgani:
1) saqarTvelos kanonmdebloba konstituciuri SeTanxmebis erTaderT Sem-
Txvevas iTvaliswinebs. kerZod, saqarTvelos konstituciis me-9 muxlis 1-li
punqtis Tanaxmad, saqarTvelos saxelmwifosa da saqarTvelos samociqulo avto-
kefaluri marTlmadidebluri eklesiis urTierToba ganisazRvreba konstitu-
ciuri SeTanxmebiT. am normis Sesabamisad, konstituciuri SeTanxmeba daido 2002
wlis 14 oqtombers;10
2) Semdegi normatiuli aqti, romelzec gansaxilvel SemTxvevaSi sakon-
stitucio kontrolis ganxorcielebaa SesaZlebeli, aris kanoni. qarTuli samar-
Tlis sivrceSi kanoni sami saxis SeiZleba iyos: konstituciuri, organuli da e.w.
`Cveulebrivi~. arc konstitucia da arc `saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamar-
Tlos Sesaxeb~ organuli kanoni ar azusteben, konkretulad romel maTganze
SeiZleba gavrceldes sakonstitucio sasamarTlos iurisdiqcia. erTi SexedviT,
SeiZleba vifiqroT, rom sakonstitucio kontrolis obieqti samive saxis kanoni
SeiZleba gaxdes. Tumca, Cveni azriT, es ase ar aris.
niSandoblivia, rom sakiTxi imis Sesaxeb, Tu romeli saxis kanonze SeiZleba
sakonstitucio kontrolis gavrceleba, aqtualuria sazRvargareTis saxelmwi-
7
materialuria sakonstitucio kontroli, rodesac, konstituciasTan Sesabamisobis dadgenis mizniT,
mowmdeba ama Tu im aqtis an calkeuli misi debulebis Sinaarsi.
8
formaluria sakonstitucio kontroli, rodesac mowmdeba konstituciuri normebiT dadgenili
normatiuli aqtis ganxilvisa da miRebisaTvis dadgenili proceduruli wesebis dacva.
9
Сравнительное конституционное право, Отв. ред. Чиркин В.Е., М., 2002, 108.
10
saqarTvelos sakanonmdeblo macne, 108, 2002, 954-e muxli..
63
foebSic. gansakuTrebiT ki es exeba konstituciur kanonebs (kanonebs, romlebiTac

cvlilebebi Sedis konstituciaSi). avtorTa erTi nawili Tvlis, rom zogierT
SemTxvevaSi konstituciur kanonebze SesaZlebelia sakonstitucio kontrolis
ganxorcieleba. i. iudini gamoTqvams mosazrebas, rom Tanamedrove konstitucio-
nalizms axasiaTebs parlamentis damfuZnebeli xelisuflebis sxvadasxva gare-
moebiT SezRudvis tendencia. amdenad, saxelmwifoebSi, romlebSic es SezRudvebi
dadgenilia, maTi damrRvevi konstituciuri kanonis miReba SeiZleba gaxdes
konstituciuri marTlmsajulebis organos mier am kanonis konstituciurobis
Semowmebis safuZveli. magaliTad, ruseTis konstitucia adgens, rom konsti-
tuciis 1-li, me-2 da me-9 Tavebis debulebebi ar SeiZleba gaxdes gadasinjvis
sagani. aqedan gamomdinare, Tu davuSvebT, rom sakanonmdeblo organo miiRebs
kanons, romelic cvlilebebs Seitans miTiTebuli Tavebis debulebebSi, aseTi
kanoni SeiZleba gasaCivrdes sakonstitucio sasamarTloSi;11 msgavs mosazrebas
gamoTqvams v. maklakovic. misi azriT, axali konstituciuri norma, romelic
arRvevs konstituciis moTxovnebs, SesaZlebelia gaxdes sakonstitucio kon-
trolis obieqti. magaliTad, germaniis ZiriTadi kanonis 79-e muxlis me-3 punqti
krZalavs ZiriTadi kanonis Secvlas im sakiTxTan mimarTebiT, romelic exeba
kanonmdeblobaSi miwebis monawileobis princips. aqedan gamomdinare, Tu ZiriTad
kanonSi Setanili cvlileba winaaRmdegobrivi iqneba am principisa, avtoris azriT,
igi SesaZlebelia cnobil iqnes arakonstituciurad.12
vfiqrobT, zemomiTiTebuli mosazrebebi yuradsaRebia, Tundac, imis gaTva-
liswinebiT, rom amJamad parlamentis damfuZnebeli xelisuflebis SemzRudveli
debulebebi mravali saxelmwifos konstituciaSi arsebobs. magaliTad: saber-
ZneTis konstituciis 110-e muxlis 1-li punqtis Tanaxmad, ar SeiZleba konstitu-
ciis im debulebaTa gadasinjva, romlebic mmarTvelobis formad gansazRvraven
saparlamento respublikas;13 safrangeTis konstituciis 89-e muxlis Tanaxmad,
mmarTvelobis respublikuri forma ar SeiZleba iyos gadasinjvis sagani;14 italiis
sakonstitucio sasamarTlos erT-erT gadawyvetilebaSi aRniSnulia, rom italiis
konstitucia Seicavs zogad principebs, romelTa Secvla an gauqmeba, maTi
arsebiTi mniSvnelobidan gamomdinare, ar SeiZleba konstituciis gadasinjvis
Sesaxeb kanoniTac. am SemTxvevebSi saubaria ara marto im principebze, romelTa ga-
dasinjva ar SeiZleba Tavad konstituciis normebidan gamomdinare (mmarTvelobis
respublikuri forma), aramed im principebzec, romlebic SesaZloa, pirdapir ar
asaxula konstituciis teqstSi, magram Tavisi SinaarsiT konstituciis safuZvelSi
arsebul umaRles Rirebulebebs miekuTvnebian.15
gansaxilvel sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT, iuridiul literaturaSi gansxvave-
buli mosazrebebic arsebobs. magaliTad: m. mitiukovi aRniSnavs, rom parlamentis
mier miRebuli kanonebi konstituciaSi damatebebisa da cvlilebebis Setanis
Sesaxeb ar SeiZleba Semdgomi (represiuli) sakonstitucio kontrolis sagani gax-
des. ramdenadac am kanonebiT cvlilebebi Sedis konstituciaSi, isini kon-
11
dasax. wyaro: Сравнительное конституционное право, 110.
12
Конституционное (государственное) право зарубежных стран, отв. ред. Страшун Б.А., Т. 2, М., 1995, 326.
13
sazRvargareTis qveynebis konstituciebi, nawili II, pasuxismgebeli redaqtori gonaSvili v., Tb.,
2005, 558.
14
iqve, 605.
15
Бриксов В.В., Конституционный Суд России и законы о конституционных поправках, Академический юридический
журнал, №4 (6), (Октябрь-Декабрь), 2001.
64
stituciis Semadgeneli nawili arian. konstituciis normebis konstituciurobis

Semowmeba ki SeuZlebelia, saxelmwifos yvela sxva aqti maT unda Seesabamebodes;16
l. lazarevis azriT, ruseTis sakonstitucio sasamarTlos SeuZlia konsti-
tuciaSi cvlilebebis Semtani kanonis konstituciurobis Semowmeba, Tumca avtori
azustebs, rom es SesaZlebelia mxolod kanonis miRebis Semdeg da misi federaciis
subieqtebis sakanonmdeblo xelisuflebis organoebisTvis dasamtkiceblad
gadacemamde. damtkicebis Semdeg kanoni xdeba konstituciis nawili, konstituciis
konstituciurobis Semowmeba ki ruseTis sakonstitucio sasamarTlos ar SeuZ-
lia.17
cxadia, zemoT moyvanili gansxvavebuli mosazrebebis simravle TavisTavad
metyvelebs am sakiTxis aqtualurobaze.
aRsaniSnavia, rom, dReis mdgomareobiT, msoflios zogierTi saxelmwifos
kanonmdeblobaSi ganmtkicebulia normebi, romlebic sakonstitucio sasamar-
Tloebs konstituciur kanonebze winaswari (prevenciuli) kontrolis ganxor-
cielebis uflebamosilebas aniWeben. magaliTad: rumineTis konstituciis 144-e
muxlis à~ qvepunqtis Tanaxmad, sakonstitucio sasamarTlo uflebamosilia,
Tavisi azri gamoTqvas konstituciis gadasinjvis iniciativis konstituciu-
robaze, amasTan, aseTi kontroli savaldebulo xasiaTs atarebs;18 moldaveTis
konstituciis 135-e muxlis Tanaxmad, sakonstitucio sasamarTlo Tavis azrs
gamoTqvams winadadebebze konstituciis gadasinjvis Sesaxeb. amasTan, 141-e muxlis
me-2 punqti adgens, rom parlamentis winaSe wardgenil konstituciuri kanonis
proeqts Tan aucileblad unda axldes sakonstitucio sasamarTlos daskvna.19
saqarTveloSi sakonstitucio kontrolis ganxorcieleba SesaZlebelia
kanonebsa da organul kanonebze. rac Seexeba konstituciur kanons, rogorc saqar-
Tvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlos yofili Tavmjdomare, profesori j. xe-
curiani aRniSnavs, masze sakonstitucio sasamarTlos iurisdiqcia ver gav-
rceldeba, radgan `normatiuli aqtebis Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos kanonis me-9 muxlis
me-2 punqtis Tanaxmad, konstituciuri kanoni saqarTvelos konstituciis ganuyo-
feli nawilia.20 aRniSnul mosazrebas Cvenc viziarebT. amavdroulad, mizanSe-
wonilad migvaCnia, yuradReba gavamaxviloT erT garemoebaze.
saqarTvelos kanonmdebloba konstituciuri kanonis miRebas oTx Sem-
TxvevaSi iTvaliswinebs, kerZod: saqarTvelos konstituciuri kanoni miiReba
saqarTvelos teritoriuli saxelmwifoebrivi mowyobis gansazRvrisas (kon-
stituciis me-2 muxlis me-3 punqti), aWaris avtonomiuri respublikis statusis
gansazRvrisas (konstituciis me-3 muxlis me-3 punqti), afxazeTis avtonomiuri
respublikis statusis gansazRvrisas (konstituciis me-3 muxlis me-4 punqti) da
konstituciis gadasinjvisas (konstituciis 102-e muxli; `normatiuli aqtebis
Sesaxeb~ kanonis me-9 muxlis me-2 punqti).
1995 wlidan 2008 wlis noembramde saqarTveloSi miRebulia konstituciuri
kanoni àWaris avtonomiuri respublikis statusis Sesaxeb~ da 20 konstituciuri
kanoni, romlebiTac cvlilebebi an/da damatebebia Setanili konstituciis
16
Конституционное правосудие в странах СНГ и Балтии, Отв. ред. Митюков М.А., М., 1998, 59-60.
17
Кряжков В.А., Лазарев Л.В., Конституционная юстиция в Российской Федерации, М., 1998, 79-80.
18
sazRvargareTis qveynebis konstituciebi, nawili III, 593-594.
19
iqve, nawili IV, 644, 646.
20
xecuriani j., saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlos uflebamosileba, J. àdamiani da
konstitucia~, 3, 2006, 18.
65
teqstSi. miuxedavad imisa, rom konstituciuri kanonis miRebis wesi saerToa yvela
SemTxvevisTvis, Cveni azriT, konstituciuri kanoni, romliTac cvlilebebi da
damatebebi Seitaneba konstituciis teqstSi da àWaris avtonomiuri respublikis
statusis Sesaxeb~ konstituciuri kanoni, samarTlebrivi bunebidan gamomdinare,
gansxvavdebian erTmaneTisagan. kerZod, konstituciuri kanoni, romliTac moqmedi
konstituciis teqstSi Sedis cvlilebebi an damatebebi, ZalaSi Sesvlis momentidan
wyvets damoukidebeli normatiuli aqtis saxiT arsebobas da konstituciis
Semadgeneli nawili xdeba.21 àWaris avtonomiuri respublikis statusis Sesaxeb~
konstituciuri kanoni ki, romelic aseve saqarTvelos konstituciis Semadgeneli
nawilia, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom ZalaSi Sesvlis momentidanac ganagrZobs damou-
kidebeli normatiuli aqtis saxiT arsebobas. aRniSnulidan gamomdinare, cxadia,
pirvel SemTxvevaSi SeuZlebelia konstituciuri kanonis konstituciurobis
Semowmeba, radgan, rogorc aRvniSneT, ZalaSi Sesvlis momentidan igi wyvets
damoukidebeli normatiuli aqtis saxiT arsebobas. xolo, rac Seexeba àWaris
avtonomiuri respublikis statusis Sesaxeb~ konstituciur kanons, Cveni azriT,
Teoriulad misi konstituciurobis Semowmeba SesaZlebelia, Tumca, rogorc
zemoT mivuTiTeT, migvaCnia, rom masze sakonstitucio kontrolis iurisdiqcia
ver gavrceldeba saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobaSi arsebuli im mniSvnelovani daT-
qmis gamo, romlis Tanaxmadac, konstituciuri kanoni saqarTvelos konstituciis
ganuyofeli nawilia.
amdenad, moqmedi kanonmdeblobis Tanaxmad, saqarTveloSi konstituciuri
kanoni sakonstitucio kontrols ver daeqvemdebareba, Tumca, Cveni azriT,
kanonmdeblobaSi Sesabamisi cvlilebebis Setanis SemTxvevaSi SesaZlebelia maTze
winaswari (prevenciuli) kontrolis ganxorcieleba. kerZod, kanonmdebels SeuZ-
lia daadginos, rom parlamentis mier miRebuli konstituciuri kanonis proeqti,
mis promulgirebamde, konstituciurobis Taobaze Sesabamisi daskvnisaTvis saval-
debulo wesiT unda gadaecemodes sakonstitucio sasamarTlos da mxolod
dadebiTi daskvnis SemTxvevaSi iyos SesaZlebeli, igi promulgirebisaTvis ga-
daeces prezidents.
Cveni azriT, saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlos konstituciuri ka-
nonebis proeqtebze winaswari (prevenciuli) kontrolis ganxorcielebis uf-
lebamosilebiT aRWurva mizanSewonilia sxvadasxva faqtoris gaTvaliswinebiT.
kerZod, amJamad saqarTvelo aris saxelmwifo, romelSic saprezidento bloki
sakanonmdeblo organoSi `konstituciuri umravlesobiT~ aris warmodgenili, anu
deputatTa im raodenobiT, romelsac konstituciaSi cvlilebebisa da damatebebis
Setana Tavad SeuZlia.22 es TavisTavad moicavs riskis faqtors da qmnis saSiS-
roebas, rom aseTi gabatonebuli mdgomareoba, xelisuflebaSi myofi partiis mxri-
dan ar gaxdes TviTnebobisa da ukontrolo moqmedebis safuZveli. gasaTvalis-
winebelia isic, rom, rogorc praqtikam gviCvena, konstituciaSi cvlilebebis
Setanis process, rogorc wesi, Tan axlavs konstituciuri kanonis proeqtis
mimarT gansxvavebuli poziciebis arseboba parlamentSi xelisuflebisadmi
opoziciurad ganwyobili politikuri partiebis warmomadgenlebSi. amasTan, es
xSirad xdeba sazogadoebis msjelobis sagani. Cndeba Sefasebebi, rom konsti-
21
cnobilaZe p., saqarTvelos konstituciuri samarTali, t. I, Tb., 2004, 40.
22
niSandoblivia, rom saqarTvelos parlamentSi politikur ZalTa amgvari Tanafardobaa 1995 wlis
konstituciis amoqmedebidan dRemde.
66
tuciuri kanonis esa Tu is proeqti ar Seesabameba konstituciiT aRiarebul ama Tu

im princips da a.S. aRniSnulidan gamomdinare, vfiqrobT, sakonstitucio
sasamarTlos miTiTebuli uflebamosilebiT aRWurva, garkveulwilad, Sekavebisa
da gawonasworebis meqanizmis rols Seasrulebs xelisuflebis danawilebis,
rogorc saxelmwifos demokratiuli organizaciis fuZemdebluri principis,
realizaciaSi. amasTan, es gaxdeba damatebiTi garanti imisa, rom konstituciuri
kanonis proeqti SesabamisobaSi iqneba rogorc konstituciis normebTan, aseve
konstituciiT pirdapir Tu arapirdapir aRiarebul principebTan. mniSvnelovania
isic, rom sakonstitucio sasamarTlos aRniSnul proceduraSi Cabma damatebiT
uzrunvelyofs saqarTvelos konstituciis, rogorc saxelmwifos ZiriTadi
kanonis, simyares;
3) parlamentis aqtebidan, kanonis garda, abstraqtul sakonstitucio
kontrols aseve eqvemdebarebian: a) parlamentis reglamenti, radgan `normatiuli
aqtebis Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos kanonis me-9 muxlis me-51 punqtis Tanaxmad, saqar-
Tvelos parlamentis reglamenti kanonis Zalis mqone normatiuli aqtia, romlis
momzadeba da miReba xdeba saqarTvelos kanonis momzadebisa da miRebisaTvis
dadgenili wesis Sesabamisad23 da b) parlamentis normatiuli dadgenilebebi. `nor-
matiuli aqtebis Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos kanonis me-9 muxlis me-7 punqtis Tanaxmad,
aranormatiulia saqarTvelos parlamentis mxolod is dadgenileba, romelic
sakadro da personalur sakiTxebs exeba, anu, aRniSnuli normis Sinaarsidan gamom-
dinare, unda vifiqroT, rom, sakadro da personalur sakiTxebTan dakavSirebuli
dadgenilebebis garda, parlamentis yvela sxva dadgenileba normatiulia. Tumca
realurad es ase ar aris. Cven viziarebT profesor j. xecurianis mosazrebas,
romelic miTiTebul normas afasebs rogorc arasrulyofils da aRniSnavs, rom
igi saTanado cvlilebebs saWiroebs, radgan sakadro da personalur sakiTxebTan
dakavSirebuli dadgenilebebis garda, parlamenti sxva iseT dadgenilebebsac
iRebs, romlebic `normatiuli aqtebis Sesaxeb~ kanonis me-2 muxlSi mocemuli kri-
teriumebis Sesabamisad, ver CaiTvleba normatiul samarTlebriv aqtad (ma-
galiTad, dadgenileba ama Tu im kanonproeqtis gamartivebuli an daCqarebuli
proceduriT ganxilvisa da miRebis Sesaxeb);24
4) abstraqtuli sakonstitucio kontrolis obieqtia prezidentis norma-
tiuli aqtebic. `normatiuli aqtebis Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos kanonis Tanaxmad,
saqarTvelos prezidentis normatiuli aqtebia brZanebuleba25 da dekreti (me-11
muxlis 1-li punqti; me-12 muxlis 1-li punqti; me-13 muxlis 1-li punqti). rac
Seexeba prezidentis brZanebas, igi SeiZleba iyos rogorc normatiuli, ise indi-
vidualuri samarTlebrivi aqti (`normatiuli aqtebis Sesaxeb~ kanonis me-12 mux-
lis me-2 punqti). amdenad, brZanebulebebTan da dekretebTan erTad sakonsti-
tucio kontrols eqvemdebarebian saqarTvelos prezidentis mxolod is brZa-
nebebi, romlebic Tavisi SinaarsiT normatiul samarTlebriv aqtTa kategorias
ganekuTvnebian;
23
saqarTvelos saxelmwifo samarTali (sakanonmdeblo aqtebis krebuli), Tb., 2004, 141.
24
dawvrilebiT ix. xecuriani j., saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlos uflebamosileba, J. àda-
miani da konstitucia~, 3, 2006, 19-20.
25
gamonaklisia brZanebulebebi saqarTvelos mTavrobis wevris Tanamdebobaze daniSvnisa da Tanamde-
bobidan gaTavisuflebis, saqarTvelos moqalaqeobis miniWebis, mopovebis, Sewyvetisa da aRdgenis
Taobaze, agreTve sakonstitucio sasamarTlos wevris daniSvnis Sesaxeb.
67
5) saqarTvelos mTavrobis erTaderTi aqti, romelzec sakonstitucio iu-

risdiqcia vrceldeba, aris mTavrobis dadgenileba, radgan saqarTvelos ka-
nonmdebloba saqarTvelos mTavrobas sxva normatiuli aqtis gamocemis ufleba-
mosilebiT ar aRWuravs (`normatiuli aqtebis Sesaxeb~ kanonis me-131 muxlis 1-li
punqti);
6) dabolos, abstraqtuli kontrolis obieqtia afxazeTis avtonomiuri res-
publikisa da aWaris avtonomiuri respublikis xelisuflebis umaRles organoTa
normatiuli aqtebi. imisaTvis, rom davasaxeloT es aqtebi, pirvel rigSi unda
ganvmartoT, konkretulad romeli organoebi miekuTvnebian afxazeTisa da aWaris
avtonomiuri respublikebis xelisuflebis umaRles organoTa wres.
afxazeTis avtonomiuri respublikis konstituciis 93-e muxlis 1-li pun-
qtis Tanaxmad, afxazeTis saxelmwifo xelisuflebis umaRlesi warmomadgenlobiTi
organoa afxazeTis umaRlesi sabWo, xolo 111-e muxlis Tanaxmad, saxelmwifo xe-
lisuflebis umaRlesi aRmasrulebeli organoa ministrTa sabWo26. rac Seexeba
aWaris avtonomiuri respublikis xelisuflebis umaRles organoebs, aRsaniSnavia,
rom arc àWaris avtonomiuri respublikis statusis Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos
konstituciuri kanoni27 da arc sxva romelime normatiuli aqti maTze pirdapir mi-
TiTebas ar moicavs. rogorc profesori j. xecuriani aRniSnavs, àWaris avtono-
miuri respublikis statusis Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos konstituciuri kanonis
arsidan gamomdinare, unda miviCnioT, rom aWaris avtonomiis teritoriaze ad-
gilobrivi xelisuflebis umaRlesi warmomadgenlobiTi organoa aWaris avto-
nomiuri respublikis umaRlesi sabWo (me-10 muxlis 1-li punqti), xolo umaRlesi
aRmasrulebeli organoa aWaris avtonomiuri respublikis mTavroba (me-15 muxlis
1-li punqti).28
yovelive zemoT Tqmulidan gamomdinare da `normatiuli aqtebis Sesaxeb~
saqarTvelos kanonis me-4 muxlis me-2 punqtis safuZvelze, afxazeTisa da aWaris
avtonomiuri respublikebis xelisuflebis umaRles organoTa normatiuli
aqtebia: avtonomiuri respublikis konstitucia, kanoni, umaRlesi sabWos
dadgenileba da ministrTa sabWos (mTavrobis) dadgenileba. swored am aqtebze
vrceldeba saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlos iurisdiqcia.
amdenad, sabolood aRvniSnavT, rom saqarTvelos konstituciis 89-e muxlis
1-li nawilis à~ qvepunqtiTa da organuli kanonis me-19 muxlis 1-li nawilis à~
qvepunqtiT gaTvaliswinebul SemTxvevaSi abstraqtuli materialuri sakonsti-
tucio kontrolis obieqtebi Semdegi normatiuli aqtebia: konstituciuri
SeTanxmeba, organuli kanoni, kanoni, parlamentis reglamenti, parlamentis norma-
tiuli dadgenileba, prezidentis brZanebuleba (zemomiTiTebuli gamonaklisebis
garda), prezidentis dekreti, prezidentis normatiuli brZaneba, mTavrobis
dadgenileba, afxazeTisa da aWaris avtonomiuri respublikebis konstituciebi,
kanonebi, umaRlesi sabWos dadgenilebebi da ministrTa sabWos (mTavrobis)
dadgenilebebi.
26
afxazeTis avtonomiuri respublikis konstituciis teqsti ix.: giorgaZe g., Tordia v., xmalaZe v.,
saqarTvelos konstituciuri samarTali, Tb., 2001, 279-307.
27
konstituciuri kanonis teqsti, ssm, 16, 2004, 53-e muxli.
28
xecuriani j., saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlos uflebamosileba, 23.
68
2. formaluri kontrolis obieqtebi
Tu saqarTvelos konstituciis 89-e muxlis 1-li punqtis à~ qvepunqti

mxolod materialuri kontrolis ganxorcielebas iTvaliswinebs, `saqarTvelos
sakonstitucio sasamarTlos Sesaxeb~ organuli kanonis me-19 muxlis 1-li punqtis
à~ qvepunqti sakonstitucio sasamarTlos formaluri kontrolis ganxorciele-
bis uflebamosilebiTac aRWuravs.29 organuli kanonis miTiTebuli normis Sesaba-
misad, formalur kontrols eqvemdebarebian mxolod saqarTvelos sakanonmdeblo
aqtebi da saqarTvelos parlamentis dadgenilebebi. sakanonmdeblo aqtebis Camo-
naTvali `normatiuli aqtebis Sesaxeb~, saqarTvelos kanonis me-5 muxlSia mo-
cemuli. esenia: saqarTvelos konstitucia, konstituciuri kanoni, organuli
kanoni, kanoni, saqarTvelos parlamentis reglamenti da saqarTvelos prezidentis
dekreti.
formaluri kontrolis arsidan gamomdinare, misi ganxorcieleba mxolod
im aqtebzea SesaZlebeli, romelTa miRebis/gamocemis, xelmoweris, gamoqveynebis an
amoqmedebis wesebi dadgenilia Tavad konstituciiT. saqarTvelos konstitucia
konstituciuri kanonis, organuli kanonis, kanonis, saqarTvelos parlamentis
reglamentisa da saqarTvelos prezidentis dekretis miRebis/gamocemis, xelmo-
weris, gamoqveynebisa da amoqmedebis wesebTan dakavSirebul sxvadasxva debulebas
met-naklebad Seicavs. aRniSnulidan gamomdinare, cxadia, es aqtebi formalur
sakonstitucio kontrols eqvemdebarebian.
rac Seexeba Tavad konstituciaze formaluri kontrolis ganxorcielebis
SesaZleblobas, am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT qarTul iuridiul literaturaSi
gansxvavebuli mosazrebebi arsebobs. profesori j. xecuriani aRniSnavs, rom sa-
qarTvelos konstitucia ver iqneba formaluri sakonstitucio kontrolis obieq-
ti, radgan arc saqarTvelos konstitucia da arc sxva sakanonmdeblo aqti ar iTva-
liswinebs saqarTvelos konstituciis miRebis procedurebs30, xolo sakon-
stitucio sasamarTlos yofili Tavmjdomaris, profesor a. demetraSvilis mosaz-
rebidan gamomdinare, saqarTvelos konstitucia SesaZlebelia formalur sakon-
stitucio kontrols daeqvemdebaros.31
miTiTebul sakiTxze gansxvavebuli mosazrebebis arsebobas ganapirobebs
saqarTvelos konstituciis 102-e muxlis debuleba, romelic qveynis ZiriTadi
kanonis `zogad~ an `nawilobriv~ gadasinjvas iTvaliswinebs. konkretulad ki,
sadavoa sakiTxi, Tu ras niSnavs konstituciis miTiTebul muxlSi reglamentebuli
termini `zogadi gadasinjva~. a. demetraSvili aRniSnavs, rom `zogadi gadasinjva~
axali konstituciis miRebas unda niSnavdes, radgan Tu es ase ar aris, maSin
kanonmdeblobaSi unda iyos dadgenili gadasinjvis moculoba, romlis mixedviTac
ganisazRvreba, gadasinjvis romel saxesTan gvaqvs saqme — zogadTan Tu nawilob-
rivTan;32 j. xecurianis azriT ki, konstituciis `zogadi gadasinjva~ ara axali
konstituciis miRebas, aramed konstituciuri kanonis miRebas niSnavs, anu kanonis,
romliTac cvlileba an damateba Sedis konstituciaSi. amis argumentad igi
29
formaluri kontrolis uflebamosileba saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlom 2004 wlis 25
noembers `saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlos Sesaxeb” organul kanonSi ganxorcielebuli
cvlilebebis Sedegad SeiZina.
30
xecuriani j., saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlos uflebamosileba, 25.
31
konstituciuri samarTali, pasuxismgebeli redaqtori demetraSvili a., Tb., 2005, 93.
32
ix. iqve, 93.
69
`normatiuli aqtebis Sesaxeb~ kanonis me-9 muxls asaxelebs, romlis me-2 punqtSi
aRniSnulia, rom konstituciis gadasinjvisas miiReba konstituciuri kanoni,
xolo pirvel punqtSi mocemulia im normatiuli aqtebis sruli CamonaTvali,
romelTa miReba SeuZlia saqarTvelos parlaments. am CamonaTvalSi ki saqarTve-
los konstitucia ar aris moxseniebuli.33
konstituciis erTi debulebis gansxvavebuli interpretacia, Cveni azriT,
upirveles yovlisa, miTiTebuli normis bundovanebaze miuTiTebs. cxadia, gasaT-
valiswinebelia j. xecurianis mosazreba, romelic Tvlis, rom `zogadi gadasinjva~
axali konstituciis miRebas ar niSnavs, Tumca aseT SemTxvevaSi ibadeba kiTxva:
rogor unda gavigoT es termini? Tu igi axali konstituciis miRebas ar niSnavs,
maSin samarTlebrivad ra gansxvavebaa konstituciis `zogad gadasinjvasa~ da
`nawilobriv gadasinjvas~ Soris? `normatiuli aqtebis Sesaxeb~ kanonSi terminebi:
`zogadi~ an `nawilobrivi~ saerTod ar aris moxseniebuli. masSi mxolod is aris
aRniSnuli, rom konstituciis gadasinjvisas miiReba konstituciuri kanoni da ar
aris dazustebuli, `zogad~ Tu `nawilobriv~ gadasinjvazea saubari. Tu gamovalT
im poziciidan, rom `zogadi gadasinjva~ axali konstituciis miRebas niSnavs, maSin
is garemoeba, rom `normatiuli aqtebis Sesaxeb~ kanonSi araferia naTqvami
konstituciis miRebaze, am kanonis xarvezze Tu kanonmdeblobaSi arsebul
koliziaze miuTiTebs. amdenad, migvaCnia ra, rom konstitucia axali konstituciis
miRebis proceduras unda iTvaliswinebdes, vTvliT, rom saqarTvelos kon-
stituciis 102-e muxli dazustebas saWiroebs. amasTan cxadia, Sesabamisi cvli-
lebebi kanonmdeblobaSic unda aisaxos.
II. abstraqtuli normaTkontrolis farglebSi sakonstitucio

sasamarTlosadmi mimarTvis uflebamosilebis mqone subieqtebi
abstraqtuli kontrolis formiT saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamar-

Tlos ganxiluli aqvs mxolod oTxi sarCeli, anu es niSnavs, rom saqarTvelos
sakonstitucio sasamarTloSi konstituciis 89-e muxlis 1-li nawilis à~
qvepunqtis (`saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlos Sesaxeb~ organuli kanonis
me-19 muxlis 1-li nawilis à~ qvepunqtis) safuZvelze Semosuli konstituciuri
sarCelebis raodenoba ar aRemateba sakonstitucio sasamarTloSi Semosuli
konstituciuri sarCelebisa Tu wardginebebis saerTo raodenobis 1,2 %-s. aqedan
gamomdinare, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom, marTalia, normatiul aqtebze abstraqtuli
kontrolis ganxorcieleba msoflios mravali saxelmwifos sakonstitucio
sasamarTlos umTavresi funqciaa, saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlos
praqtika am sferoSi umniSvneloa. Cveni azriT, yovelive amas sxvadasxva obieqturi
faqtori ganapirobebs, kerZod:
kanonmdebloba gansazRvravs im subieqtebs, romlebic abstraqtuli mate-
rialuri Tu formaluri kontrolis ganxorcielebis moTxovniT, sakonstitucio
sasamarTlosadmi konstituciuri sarCeliT mimarTvis uflebiT sargebloben.
eseni arian: 1) saqarTvelos prezidenti, 2) saqarTvelos mTavroba da 3) saqar-
Tvelos parlamentis wevrTa aranakleb erTi mexuTedi.
33
xecuriani j., saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlos uflebamosileba, 25-26.
70
1. saqarTvelos prezidenti
saqarTvelos prezidenti sakanonmdeblo procesis daskvniTi etapis mo-

nawilea. igi an xels awers parlamentis mier miRebul kanonproeqts da aqveynebs
kanons, an sargeblobs vetos uflebiT da motivirebuli SeniSvnebiT ukan ubrunebs
kanonproeqts parlaments. Teoriulad, am ukanasknel SemTxvevaSi vetos uflebiT
sargebloba prezidents kanonproeqtis arakonstituciurobis sababiTac SeuZlia.
amdenad, saqarTvelos prezidenti Tavad aris sakanonmdeblo procesis monawile
da kanonis miRebis procesSive SeuZlia, didi gavlena moaxdinos kanonis saboloo
saxiT formirebaze. niSandoblivia is garemoebac, rom 1995 wlis konstituciis
amoqmedebidan dRemde saqarTvelos parlamentSi saprezidento bloki `konsti-
tuciuri umravlesobiT~ aris warmodgenili da am periodis ganmavlobaSi prezi-
dents vetos uflebiT sargeblobac ki mxolod erTeul SemTxvevebSi mouwia. yo-
velive aRniSnulidan gamomdinare, gasakviri ar unda iyos, rom saqarTvelos
prezidents dRemde ar usargeblia saqarTvelos konstituciiT misTvis miniWe-
buli uflebamosilebiT da ar miumarTavs sakonstitucio sasamarTlosaTvis ama
Tu im kanonis konstituciurobis Semowmebis moTxovniT. Teoriulad SeiZleba
davuSvaT, rom vetos SemTxvevaSi parlamentma ar gaiTvaliswinos prezidentis Se-
niSvnebi da arakonstituciurobis motiviT vetodadebuli kanonproeqti mainc
miiRos. aseT SemTxvevaSi prezidentma SeiZleba isargeblos kanonmdeblobiT
miniWebuli uflebamosilebiT da mimarTos sakonstitucio sasamarTlos, Tumca
faqtia, rom qarTuli konstitucionalizmis istoriaSi aseTi SemTxveva ar
momxdara da, dRevandeli realobidan gamomdinare, naklebad savaraudoa, moxdes.
saqarTvelos moqmedi kanonmdeblobiT, prezidents SeuZlia rogorc
saqarTvelos mTavrobis, aseve aWaris avtonomiuri respublikis mTavrobis aqtebis
gauqmeba maTi arakonstituciurobis motiviT, anu saqarTvelos prezidenti aR-
Wurvilia uflebamosilebiT, Tavad Seamowmos miTiTebuli aqtebis konstitu-
ciuroba. Sesabamisad, arc am SemTxvevaSi uCndeba prezidents sakonstitucio
sasamarTlosadmi mimarTvis saWiroeba. faqtia isic, rom saqarTvelos prezidents
dRemde arc aWaris avtonomiuri respublikis umaRlesi sabWosa da afxazeTis
avtonomiuri respublikis xelisuflebis umaRles organoTa normatiuli aqtebis
konstituciurobis sakiTxi dausvia saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTloSi.
yovelive zemoT Tqmulis safuZvelze SeiZleba davaskvnaT, rom saqar-
Tvelos prezidents abstraqtuli kontrolis farglebSi sakonstitucio sasa-
marTlosadmi mimarTvis saWiroeba TiTqmis ar aqvs. misi kompetenciis arsenali
imdenad didia, rom mas sxvagvaradac SeuZlia, gavlena iqonios abstraqtul kon-
trols daqvemdebarebuli aqtebis konstituciurobaze. amdenad, migvaCnia, rom
saqarTvelos konstituciis 89-e muxlis 1-li nawilis à~ qvepunqtiT gaTvalis-
winebul SemTxvevaSi saqarTvelos prezidenti imTaviTve pasiuri subieqtia.
2. saqarTvelos mTavroba
saqarTvelos mTavrobas sakonstitucio sasamarTlosadmi mimarTvis ufle-

bamosileba mas Semdeg gauCnda, rac saqarTveloSi 2004 wels ganxorcielebuli
konstituciuri cvlilebebis Sedegad igi kolegiuri pasuxismgeblobis mqone
organod Camoyalibda. es erTaderTi samarTlebrivi iaraRia mTavrobis xelSi,
romlis saSualebiTac mTavrobas prezidentisa da parlamentis aqtebze, an, Tun-
71
dac, afxazeTis avtonomiuri respublikisa da aWaris avtonomiuri respublikis

xelisuflebis umaRles organoTa normatiul aqtebze garkveuli zemoqmedebis
moxdena SeuZlia. kerZod, mTavrobis konstituciuri sarCelis safuZvelze
prezidentis an parlamentis aqtebi, ise rogorc afxazeTis avtonomiuri res-
publikisa da aWaris avtonomiuri respublikis xelisuflebis umaRles organoTa
normatiuli aqtebi, sakonstitucio sasamarTlom SesaZloa cnos arakonsti-
tuciurad, anu Zaladakargulad. miuxedavad amisa, rogorc praqtikam gviCvena, am
ukanaskneli TiTqmis oTxi wlis ganmavlobaSi mTavrobas ar usargeblia aRniSnuli
uflebamosilebiT.
saqarTvelos moqmedi kanonmdeblobis analizi safuZvels gvaZlevs aR-
vniSnoT, rom xelisuflebis umaRles organoTa sistemaSi saqarTvelos mTavrobas
sakmaod mokrZalebuli adgili ukavia.34 ufro metic, zogierTi mkvlevris azriT,
`mTavroba aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis ganmaxorcielebeli prezidentis dam-
xmare organoa da ara damoukidebeli aRmasrulebeli xelisufleba~.35 amdenad, Tu
gaviTvaliswinebT imas, rom: 1) saqarTveloSi mTavrobis formireba prezidentisa
da parlamentis mier xdeba, 2) mTavroba pasuxismgebelia rogorc prezidentis,
aseve parlamentis winaSe, 3) prezidenti uflebamosilia, nebismier dros, sakuTari
iniciativiT, gadaayenos mTavroba da yovelive es im viTarebaSi, rodesac pre-
zidenti da parlamentis wevrTa absoluturi umravlesoba erTi politikuri
gundis warmomadgenlebi arian, albaT, naklebad savaraudoa, mTavrobam
sakonstitucio sasamarTlos winaSe prezidentis an, Tundac, parlamentis aqtebis
arakonstituciurad cnobis sakiTxis dayeneba gadawyvitos. vfiqrobT, mTavrobas
romc gauCndes aseTi survili, xelisuflebis umaRles organoTa sistemaSi misi
mokrZalebuli adgilis gaTvaliswinebiT, Znelad warmosadgenia, man sakonsti-
tucio sasamarTlosadmi mimarTva `gabedos~. SesaZloa, viTareba Seicvalos
parlamentSi prezidentis mimarT opoziciurad ganwyobili politikuri speqtris
umravlesobaSi mosvlis SemTxvevaSi. Tumca, Cveni azriT, xelisuflebis danawi-
lebis qarTuli modelis pirobebSi verc es garemoeba Secvlis mniSvnelovnad
mTavrobis damoukideblobis xarisxs.
3. saqarTvelos parlamentis wevrTa aranakleb erTi mexuTedi
mesame subieqti, romelic saqarTvelos konstituciis 89-e muxlis 1-li

nawilis à~ qvepunqtiTa da `saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlos Sesaxeb~
organuli kanonis me-19 muxlis 1-li nawilis à~ qvepunqtiT gaTvaliswinebul Sem-
TxvevaSi sakonstitucio sasamarTlosadmi sarCeliT mimarTvis uflebamosilebiT
sargeblobs, aris saqarTvelos parlamentis wevrTa aranakleb erTi mexuTedi.
saqarTvelos konstituciis 49-e muxlis Tanaxmad, parlamenti Sedgeba 150
wevrisgan. aqedan gamomdinare, cneba `saqarTvelos parlamentis wevrTa aranakleb
erTi mexuTedi~ gulisxmobs aranakleb 30 wevrs, anu zemoaRniSnuli muxlebiT
gaTvaliswinebul SemTxvevaSi sakonstitucio sasamarTlos sarCeliT SeiZleba
34
dawvrilebiT saqarTvelos mTavrobis statusis Sesaxeb ix. demetraSvili a., kobaxiZe i., konstitu-
ciuri samarTali, Tb., 2008, 315-330.
35
ix. sakonstitucio-politikuri reformis procesi saqarTveloSi: politikuri elita da xalxis
xmebi, Tb., 2005, 21.
72
mimarTos parlamentis aranakleb 30-ma wevrma.36 rogorc praqtika gviCvenebs,

sakonstitucio sasamarTloSi saqarTvelos konstituciis 89-e muxlis 1-li
nawilis à~ qvepunqtisa da `saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlos Sesaxeb~
organuli kanonis me-19 muxlis 1-li nawilis à~ qvepunqtis safuZvelze Semosuli
oTxive konstituciuri sarCeli swored saqarTvelos parlamentis wevrTa
aranakleb erT mexuTeds ekuTvnis.
logikurad, parlamentis kanoni an normatiuli dadgenileba, iseve rogorc
prezidentisa Tu mTavrobis normatiuli aqti, sakonstitucio sasamarTloSi
SesaZloa gasaCivrdes xelisuflebisadmi opoziciurad ganwyobil deputatTa
jgufis, da ara saparlamento umravlesobis wevrTa, mier. bunebrivia, naklebad
savaraudoa, rom saparlamento umravlesobis wevrebisgan Semdgarma 30-kacianma
jgufma eWvqveS daayenos am umravlesobisve miRebuli kanonis an sxva normatiuli
aqtis konstituciuroba. aseve naklebad savaraudoa, rom maT prezidentis an,
Tundac, mTavrobis normatiuli aqtis konstituciurobis Semowmebis moTxovniT
mimarTon sakonstitucio sasamarTlos, radgan, rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT,
saqarTvelos politikuri realoba iseTia, rom parlamentis wevrTa absoluturi
umravlesoba, prezidenti da saqarTvelos mTavrobis yvela wevri erTi
politikuri gundis warmomadgenlebi arian. amdenad, realurad, abstraqtuli
kontrolis farglebSi sakonstitucio sasamarTlos SeiZleba mimarTos
saparlamento opoziciis wevrebisagan Semdgarma deputatTa jgufma, Tumca
qarTuli parlamentarizmis uaxlesi warsuli imis dasturia, rom saqarTvelos
parlamentSi xelisuflebisadmi opoziciurad ganwyobil parlamentis wevrTa
aranakleb erTi mexuTedis Tavmoyra arcTu ise ioli saqmea. amdenad, SeiZleba
iTqvas, rom am subieqtis arsebobac ki sirTuleebTan aris dakavSirebuli.
yovelive zemoT aRniSnulidan gamomdinare, gasakviri ar unda iyos, rom
saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlos praqtika gansaxilveli uflebamosi-
lebis realizaciis TvalsazrisiT umniSvneloa. SesaZloa, viTareba Seicvalos, Tu
dauSvebT, rom saqarTvelos parlamentSi prezidentis mimarT opoziciurad
ganwyobili gundi umravlesobiT iqneba warmodgenili, Tumca isic faqtia, rom 1995
wlis konstituciis miRebidan dRemde amgvari SemTxveva ar momxdara. niSan-
doblivia isic, rom bolo saparlamento arCevnebis Semdeg, romelic 2008 wlis
maisSi Catarda, saqarTvelos parlamentSi xelisuflebisadmi opoziciurad
ganwyobilma partiebma mxolod 30 adgilis mopoveba SeZles, amasTan, maTgan 12-ma
wevrma uari Tqva saparlamento mandatze. sabolood ki, arCevnebis Sedegad
opoziciuri speqtri imdenad mcire odenobiT iqna warmodgenili saqarTvelos
parlamentSi, rom ori opoziciuri fraqciis Seqmnac ki ver xerxdeboda. amitom
umravlesobam mizanSewonilad miiCnia saparlamento fraqciis Sesaqmnelad
dadgenili minimaluri savaldebulo kvotis Svididan eqvsamde Semcireba.37
amdenad, saqarTvelos konstituciis 89-e muxlis 1-li punqtis à~ qvepun-
qtiT gansazRvruli uflebamosilebis analizis safuZvelze aRvniSnavT, rom
xelisuflebis mowyobis qarTuli modelis pirobebSi da imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom
saprezidento gundi parlamentSi konstituciuri umravlesobiT aris warmodge-
36
2008 wlis 12 martis konstituciuri cvlilebiT saqarTvelos parlamentis wevrTa raodenoba
ganisazRvra 150 deputatiT. manamde saqarTvelos parlamenti Sedgeboda 235 wevrisagan, Sesabamisad,
parlamentis wevrTa aranakleb erTi mexuTedi Seadgenda 47 deputats an mets.
37
saqarTvelos konstituciuri kanoni `saqarTvelos konstituciaSi cvlilebis Setanis Sesaxeb”, 2008
wlis 10 oqtomberi.
73
nili, es uflebamosileba, upirveles yovlisa, saparlamento umciresobisaTvis

gankuTvnil mniSvnelovan iaraRad unda moviazroT, romlis meSveobiTac
umciresobas SeeZleba garkveuli zemoqmedebis moxdena rogorc parlamentis,
aseve prezidentis mier miRebul normatiul aqtebze. aqedan gamomdinare,
mizanSewonilad migvaCnia kanonmdeblobaSi iseTi cvlilebebis Setana, romlebic
saSualebas miscems umciresobis warmomadgenlebs, efeqturad isargeblon
uflebiT, abstraqtuli kontrolis farglebSi mimarTon sakonstitucio sasamar-
Tlos. kerZod ki, Cveni azriT, mizanSewonili unda iyos saqarTvelos parlamentis
wevrTaTvis dadgenili kvotis — erTi mexuTedis Semcireba erT meeqvsedamde an,
Tundac, erT meSvidedamde, anu am SemTxvevaSi sakonstitucio sasamarTlosadmi
mimarTvis uflebamosileba eqnebodaT, Sesabamisad, deputatTa 25- an 22-kacian
jgufs. yovelive es ki, Cveni azriT, mniSvnelovnad gazrdida sakonstitucio
sasamarTlos saqmianobaSi abstraqtuli kontrolis ganxorcielebis rols, rac,
sabolood, xelisuflebis danawilebis meqanizmSi urTierTSekavebisa da gawo-
nasworebis mniSvnelovan funqcias Seasrulebda.
daskvna
amdenad, rogorc saqarTvelos konstituciis 89-e muxlis 1-li punqtis à~

qvepunqtiT gaTvaliswinebuli uflebamosilebis analizi cxadyofs, miuxedavad
imisa, rom es uflebamosileba mniSvnelovan rols unda asrulebdes xelisuflebis
danawilebis sistemaSi urTierTSekavebisa da gawonasworebis meqanizmis uzrun-
velsayofad, qarTuli realobis gaTvaliswinebiT, igi `miZinebuli~ uflebamo-
silebaa. kanonmdeblobis analizma gviCvena, rom misi realizacia problemebTan
aris dakavSirebuli. amaze Tundac isic miuTiTebs, rom am uflebamosilebis sa-
fuZvelze sakonstitucio sasamarTloSi ganxiluli saqmeebis raodenoba umniS-
vneloa.
Teoriulad, ganxilul saqmeTa dabali ricxovnobis mTavari mizezi sasamar-
Tlosadmi mimarTvis uflebamosilebis mqone subieqtTa pasiuroba unda iyos,
radgan sasamarTlo ver ganixilavs saqmes, Tu Sesabamisi subieqti ar mimarTavs mas
amgvari moTxovniT. Tumca, cxadia, am subieqtTa pasiurobasac logikuri axsna unda
moeZebnos.
saqarTvelos konstituciis 89-e muxlis 1-li punqtis à~ qvepunqtiT gaTva-
liswinebuli uflebamosilebis farglebSi sakonstitucio sasamarTlosadmi
mimarTva SeuZlia mxolod sam subieqts: saqarTvelos prezidents, saqarTvelos
mTavrobas da saqarTvelos parlamentis wevrTa aranakleb erT mexuTeds. analizis
Sedegad mivediT daskvnamde, rom samive subieqti imTaviTve pasiur subieqtebad
SeiZleba ganvixiloT, Tumca samive SemTxvevaSi amas sxvadasxva mizezi aqvs, kerZod,
Cveni azriT:
1) saqarTvelos prezidents abstraqtuli kontrolis farglebSi sakon-
stitucio sasamarTlosadmi mimarTvis saWiroeba TiTqmis ar aqvs, radgan misi kom-
petenciis arsenali imdenad farToa, rom mas sxvagvaradac SeuZlia, gavlena moax-
dinos abstraqtul kontrols daqvemdebarebuli aqtebis konstituciurobaze;
2) saqarTvelos mTavrobas romc gauCndes sakonstitucio sasamarTlosadmi
mimarTvis survili an saWiroeba, xelisuflebis umaRles organoTa sistemaSi misi
mokrZalebuli adgilis gaTvaliswinebiT, Znelad warmosadgenia, man es `gabedos~;
74
3) saqarTvelos parlamentis wevrTa aranakleb erTi mexuTedi ki, Tu gaviT-

valiswinebT imas, rom es aris subieqti, romelic parlamentis ocdaaTi wevrisgan
mainc unda Sedgebodes da am wevrebSi, faqtobrivad, saparlamento opoziciis wev-
rebi unda vigulisxmoT, SeiZleba iTqvas, am subieqtis arsebobac ki sirTulesTan
aris dakavSirebuli, radgan saqarTvelos parlamentSi xelisuflebisadmi
opoziciurad ganwyobili parlamentis wevrTa aranakleb erTi mexuTedis Tavmoyra
arcTu ise ioli saqmea.
amasTan, analizis Sedegad mivediT daskvnamde, rom aRniSnuli ufleba-
mosileba, upirveles yovlisa, saparlamento umciresobisaTvis gankuTvnil
mniSvnelovan iaraRad unda moviazroT, romlis meSveobiTac umciresobas SeeZleba
garkveuli zemoqmedebis moxdena rogorc parlamentis, aseve prezidentis mier
miRebul normatiul aqtebze.
aRniSnulidan gamomdinare, mizanSewonilad migvaCnia kanonmdeblobaSi ise-
Ti cvlilebebis Setana, rac saSualebas miscems saparlamento umciresobis war-
momadgenlebs, efeqturad isargeblon uflebiT, abstraqtuli kontrolis far-
glebSi mimarTon sakonstitucio sasamarTlos. kerZod ki, Cveni azriT, mizanSe-
wonili unda iyos saqarTvelos parlamentis wevrTaTvis dadgenili kvotis — erTi
mexuTedis — Semcireba erT meeqvsedamde an Tundac erT meSvidedamde, anu am
SemTxvevaSi sakonstitucio sasamarTlosadmi mimarTvis uflebamosileba eqnebo-
daT Sesabamisad deputatTa 25- an 22-kacian jgufs. yovelive es ki, Cveni azriT,
mniSvnelovnad gazrdida sakonstitucio sasamarTlos saqmianobaSi abstraqtuli
kontrolis ganxorcielebis rols, rac sabolood, xelisuflebis danawilebis
meqanizmSi urTierTSekavebisa da gawonasworebis mniSvnelovan funqcias
Seasrulebda.
statiis mniSvnelovani nawili abstraqtul kontrols daqvemdebarebuli
normatiuli aqtebis analizs aqvs daTmobili. masSi ganxilulia rogorc
materialuri, aseve formaluri abstraqtuli kontrolis obieqtebi.
materialur kontrols daqvemdebarebuli aqtebidan gansakuTrebuli
yuradReba konstituciuri kanonebis analizs davuTmeT, radgan sakiTxi imis Se-
saxeb, SesaZlebelia Tu ara konstituciur kanonebze sakonstitucio kontrolis
ganxorcieleba, aqtualuria sazRvargareTis saxelmwifoebSic. Cveni azriT, saqar-
Tvelos kanonmdeblobis analizi safuZvels iZleva davaskvnaT, rom saqarTveloSi
konstituciuri kanoni momdevno sakonstitucio kontrols ver daeqvemdebareba.
Tumca vTvliT, rom kanonmdeblobaSi Sesabamisi cvlilebebis ganxorcielebis Sem-
TxvevaSi SesaZlebelia maTze winaswari (prevenciuli) sakonstitucio kontrolis
ganxorcieleba. kerZod, kanonmdebels SeuZlia daadginos, rom parlamentis mier
miRebuli konstituciuri kanonis proeqti konstituciurobis Taobaze Sesabamisi
daskvnisaTvis savaldebulo wesiT unda gadaecemodes sakonstitucio sasamar-
Tlos da mxolod dadebiTi daskvnis SemTxvevaSi gadaeces igi promulgirebisaTvis
prezidents. Cveni azriT, prevenciuli kontroli gaxdeboda damatebiTi garanti
saqarTvelos konstituciis, rogorc saxelmwifos ZiriTadi kanonis, simyaris
uzrunvelsayofad. amasTan, imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom 1995 wlis konstituciis
miRebidan dRemde saqarTveloSi saprezidento gundi konstituciuri umrav-
lesobiT aris warmodgenili parlamentSi, amgvari procedura iqneboda garanti
imisa, rom aseTi gabatonebuli mdgomareoba xelisuflebaSi myofi partiis mxridan
ar gaxdeboda TviTnebobisa da ukontrolo moqmedebis safuZveli. mniSvnelovania
imis aRniSvnac, rom es Seasrulebda Sekavebisa da gawonasworebis meqanizmis rols
75
xelisuflebis danawilebis, rogorc saxelmwifos demokratiuli organizaciis

fuZemdebluri principis, realizaciaSi.
statiaSi aseve mniSvnelovani yuradReba aqvs daTmobili saqarTvelos kon-
stituciaze formaluri kontrolis ganxorcielebis SesaZleblobaze msjelobas.
aRsaniSnavia, rom am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT qarTul iuridiul literaturaSi gan-
sxvavebuli mosazrebebi arsebobs: avtorTa erTi nawilis azriT, konstituciaze
SesaZlebelia formaluri kontrolis ganxorcieleba; sxvebi ki Tvlian, rom kon-
stitucia formalur kontrols ver daeqvemdebareba. miTiTebul sakiTxze
gansxvavebuli mosazrebebis arsebobas ganapirobebs saqarTvelos konstituciis
102-e muxlis debuleba, romelic qveynis ZiriTadi kanonis `zogad~ an `nawilobriv~
gadasinjvas iTvaliswinebs. konkretulad ki sadavoa sakiTxi, Tu ras niSnavs
konstituciis miTiTebul muxlSi reglamentebuli termini `zogadi gadasinjva~.
analizis Sedegad mivediT daskvnamde, rom saqarTvelos konstituciis 102-e muxli
dazustebas saWiroebs. amasTan, cxadia, Sesabamisi cvlilebebi kanonmdeblobaSic
unda aisaxos.
76
GIORGI KAKHIANI
THE PROBLEMS OF ABSTRACT CONTROL OF NORMS

WITHIN THE FRAMEWORK OF THE ACTIVITIES OF THE
CONSTITUTIONAL COURT OF GEORGIA
(Short Summary)
Georgian legal literature has paid due tribute to the importance of constitutional justice within the
process of building a rule-of-law state. However, irrespective of the foregoing, it should be
mentioned that many problems related to constitutional control are inadequately studied, or even
not investigated in Georgia. In his article the author reviews the power of the Constitutional Court
of Georgia guaranteed by Paragraph 1(a) of Article 89 of the Constitution of Georgia. Within the
framework of this power, the Constitutional Court discharges the abstract control of norms.
The article consists of: the introduction, which investigates the importance and topicality of the
issue under review; the main part, which, in its turn, is subdivided into two chapters: the objects of
abstract control of norms and the persons/entities enjoying the right to apply to the Constitutional
Court; and the conclusion. When discussing the objects of constitutional control, the author pays a
particular attention to the possibility of exerting constitutional control with respect to a
constitutional law. Also, a special importance is accorded to the possibility of subjecting the
Constitution of Georgia to formal control. In the second chapter the author deals with the problems
which, in his opinion, are related to the exercise of the discussed power. The offered conclusions
and recommendations also add the due value to the article.
77
q. qoCaSvili, brali, rogorc samoqalaqosamarTlebrivi pasuxismgeblobis piroba
qeTevan qoCaSvili
brali, rogorc samoqalaqosamarTlebrivi

pasuxismgeblobis piroba
(SedarebiTsamarTlebrivi kvleva)
1. Sesavali
Tanamedroveobis erT-erTi aqtualuri problema samarTlis unifikacia-

harmonizaciaa. msoflio integraciisken swrafvis gamoxatuleba evropis
konstituciis miRebaa, romelic ganamtkicebs evropis politikur da ekonomikur
erTianobas. evropis SigniT saerTo bazris Camoyalibeba warmoudgenelia kerZo sa-
marTlis Sesabamisi ganviTarebis gareSe, rameTu misi funqciaa ekonomikur
urTierTobaTa mowesrigeba. swored kerZo samarTlis erTgvarovani wesebis
momzadeba saerTaSoriso konvenciebis, modeluri kanonebisa da direqtivebis
meSveobiT, sxvadasxva tradiciisa da faseulobis mqone samarTlebrivi sistemebis
daaxloebis mizniT, mravali saerTaSoriso organizaciis saqmianobis sagania1.
gaeros konvencia saqonlis saerTaSoriso nasyidobis xelSekrulebis Sesaxeb,
evropuli saxelSekrulebo samarTlisa da saerTaSoriso komerciul xelSek-
rulebaTa principebi Seadgens Ius commune modernum-s (Tanamedrove saerTo
samarTali), romelsac momavali msoflios kerZo samarTlis sawyisad saxaven.2
Sua saukuneebSi evropis mTel teritoriaze erTiani politikuri da
sasamarTlo xelisuflebis ararsebobis viTarebaSi kanonikur da CveulebiT
samarTalTan Tanaarsebobda recefcirebuli romis samarTali (Ius Commune),
romelic Tavisi arsiT doqtrinis, universitetebis samarTali iyo. me-19 saukunis
kodifikaciebma, romlebic miznad isaxavdnen kerZo samarTlis unifikacias
nacionalur doneze da saxelmwifoebrivi erTianobis miRwevas emsaxurebodnen,
saerTo samarTlis danawevreba ganapirobes3. uaxloes momavalSi zenacionaluri
xasiaTis evropis samoqalaqo kodeqsis Seqmnis mizani msgavsi ekonomikuri procese-
bis mowesrigebisaTvis erTgvarovani samoqalaqo samarTlis damkvidrebaa.
saqarTvelo arasdros yofila Tavis nacionalur RirebulebebSi Caketil-
Camaluli qveyana. is yovelTvis did dainteresebas iCenda progresuli kul-
turebis mimarT da am gziT Tavis kulturas srulyofda4. samarTali kulturis
1
Регицци Д.Г.К., Гармонизация права и международные организации: Унидруа. В книге: Пути к новому праву.
(материалы международных конференции в Санкт – Петербурге и Бремене. под общей ред. Богуславского М.-М. и
Книпера Р., Эшборн, 1998, 290.
2
Lando O., Principles of European Contract law. part III. The Hague: Kluwer Law International – 2003. miTiTebulia:
Синяевская М. Европейская интеграция и вопросы частного права. ж. Вестник высшего арбитражного суда Российской
федерации, №9, 2003, 136.
3
Базедов Ю., Кодификация частного права в рамках Европейского Союза: создание гибрида. Реферативный журнал ,
Государство и право, №1, 2004, 35.
4
zoiZe b., evropuli kerZo samarTlis recefcia saqarTveloSi, Tb., 2005, 5.
78
fenomenia. Tanamedrove civilizaciis samarTlebrivi mowesrigebis ZiriTadi

dargi ki samoqalaqo samarTalia.5 saqarTveloSi arc samoqalaqo samarTlis
fuZemdebluri wyaro — samoqalaqo kodeqsi Seqmnila martooden erovnuli niSnis
mixedviT. is interesebiT gamarTlebuli ideebis6, istoriuli da Teoriuli gamoc-
dilebis sawyisebze dafuZnda7. qarTuli samoqalaqo samarTlis erT-erTi
mniSvnelovani nawili valdebulebiTi samarTalic emyareba samarTalTa uni-
fikacia-harmonizacias samarTlebrivi sistemebis doneze.8 valdebulebiTi sa-
marTlis Zireuli principebis, rogorebicaa saxelSekrulebo Tavisufleba da
samarTlianoba, keTilsindisiereba, Sesrulebis savaldebulooba, TviTpasuxis-
mgebloba, gareSe samoqalaqo brunvis swori ganviTareba da samarTlebrivi wesrigi
warmoudgenelia.
winamdebare naSromis kvlevis mizani samoqalaqosamarTlebrivi pasuxismgeb-
lobis erT-erTi pirobis, bralis, arsis garkvevaa. kontinenturi evropisa da
saerTo samarTlis sistemebs mikuTvnebuli qveynebis kanonmdeblobis, unifi-
cirebuli samarTlis danawesebis ganxilvis, qarTuli samarTlis istoriis gaTva-
liswinebisa da saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis normebis analizis safuZvelze
SesaZlebeli gaxda naSromSi im sakiTxebis warmoCena, rasac azrobrivad moicavs
bralis samarTlebrivi kategoria. kvlevisas gamoikveTa is xarvezebi, rac arsebobs
Tanamedrove qarTul samoqalaqo samarTalSi bralis institutTan mimarTebiT. ke-
rZod, doqtrinis simwire da kodeqsis calkeuli normebis arasisrule da
bundovaneba. winamdebare naSromi mokrZalebuli cdaa am xarvezis gamosworebisa.
2. samoqalaqosamarTlebrivi pasuxismgeblobis cneba da pirobebi
2.1. valdebulebis darRvevis Sedegi
romauli samarTlis Tanaxmad, `valdebuleba samarTlis borkilia, romlis

ZaliT Cven gvevaleba, rom Cveni saxelmwifos kanonebis Sesabamisad vinmes raime
SevusruloT.~9 am ganmartebidan gamomdinare, valdebuleba samarTlebrivi kavSi-
ria, romelic boWavs samarTlebrivi urTierTobis subieqtebs. romauli samarTlis
msgavsad, Tanamedrove civilisturi doqtrina da kanonmdebloba valdebulebas
gansazRvravs rogorc pirTa Soris urTierTobis samarTlebriv formas, romelic
adgens movalisaTvis specialur qcevis wess kreditoris interesebis mixedviT,10
kerZod, Seasrulos moqmedeba an Tavi Seikavos misagan11.
5
jorbenaZe s., Cemi cxovrebis gza, krebuli `s. jorbenaZe — 75~, Tb., 2003, 20.
6
kniperi r.., kodifikaciis meTodebi da koncefciebi gardamavali periodis sazogadoebaSi, krebuli
`samarTlis reforma saqarTveloSi~, Tb., 1994, 188.
7
jorbenaZe s., saqarTvelos respublikis momavali samoqalaqo kodeqsis ZiriTadi problemebi,
krebuli `samarTlis reforma saqarTveloSi~, Tb., 1994, 142.
8
zoiZe b., qarTuli valdebulebiTi samarTlis sistema da principebi, J. `qarTuli samarTlis
mimoxilva~, III — IV kvartali, 2000, 114.
9
romis samarTlis Zeglebi. iustinianes instituciebi. w.III, t.XIII (laTinuridan Targmna, winasityvaoba,
SeniSvnebi da saZieblebi daurTo n. surgulaZem, red. v. metreveli), Tb., 2002, 168.
10
Покровский, И.А., Основные проблемы гражданского права , М., 1998, 236.
11
magaliTad: saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis 316-e muxlis I nawili; germaniis samoqalaqo
sjuldebis 241-e paragrafi; ruseTis federaciis samoqalaqo kodeqsis 307-e muxli.
79
valdebuleba, rogorc samarTlebrivi urTierToba, sxvadasxva safuZ-

vlidan warmoiSoba. saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsiT valdebuleba SeiZleba war-
moiSvas calmxrivi garigebidan, xelSekrulebis momzadebidan, xelSekrulebidan,
deliqtidan, usafuZvlo gamdidrebidan da kanoniT gaTvaliswinebuli sxva
safuZvlebidan. Tanamedrove msoflios yvela samarTlebriv sistemaSi, valdebu-
lebis warmoSobis safuZvlis miuxedavad, valdebulebis Sesruleba erT-erTi mniS-
vnelovani institutia12. saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis 361-e muxli gansazR-
vravs valdebulebis Sesrulebis principebs: valdebuleba unda Sesruldes
jerovnad, keTilsindisierad, daTqmul drosa da adgilas.
valdebulebis Seusrulebloba samoqalaqo brunvisTvis normaluri riskia.
valdebulebis Seusrulebloba an arajerovnad Sesruleba valdebulebis
darRvevaa da mas samoqalaqosamarTlebrivi xasiaTi aqvs. samoqalaqo samarTal-
dRarRveva, kerZod valdebulebis darRveva, movalis iseTi qmedebaa, romelic
obieqturad ar Seesabameba valdebulebaTa wres,13 valdebulebiT urTierTobas da
iwvevs piris keTildReobis Semcirebas an ganadgurebas, qonebrivi an araqonebrivi
xasiaTis uaryofiTi Sedegebis dadgomas.14
valdebulebis darRveva samoqalaqosamarTlebrivi pasuxismgeblobis dad-
gomis safuZvelia, romelic iuridiuli pasuxismgeblobis saxea. iuridiuli
pasuxismgebloba gamoixateba samarTaldamrRvevisTvis gansazRvruli uaryofiTi
Sedegebis dadgomiT, kerZod, qonebrivi an piradi uflebebis SezRudviT, rac
xorcieldeba rogorc dazaralebulis, ise sazogadoebis sasargeblod15. xolo
samoqalaqosamarTlebrivi pasuxismgebloba aris saxelmwifoebrivi iZulebis erT-
erTi forma, rac gamoixateba sasamarTlos mier samarTaldamrRvevis mimarT
qonebrivi sanqciis dawesebiT, romelic iwvevs misTvis araxelsayreli qonebrivi
Sedegebis dadgomas da mimarTulia dazaralebulis darRveuli uflebebis
aRdgenisaken.16 amasTan, samoqalaqosamarTlebrivi pasuxismgebloba ar gulisxmobs
valdebulebis darRvevisaTvis kanonmdeblobiT gaTvaliswinebul yovel sanqcias.
sanqciaSi gamoxatulia savaldebulo qcevis moTxovnis Sesrulebis saxelmwi-
foebrivi iZulebis wesi misi darRvevis SemTxvevaSi.17 valdebulebis Seusru-
leblobis an arajerovani Sesrulebis dros samoqalaqo pasuxismgebloba ar mo-
icavs im moqmedebis iZulebiT ganxorcielebas, romelic movales valdebulebis
ZaliT unda Seesrulebina (sanqciis erT-erTi saxe),18 aramed mas mxolod iseTi
12
ZlieriSvili z., valdebulebis Sesruleba, Tb., 2006, 12.
13
maCalaZe s., zianis anazRaureba valdebulebis darRvevisas (saqarTvelosa da germaniis kanon-
mdeblobaTa SedarebiTi analizi), J. `qarTuli samarTlis mimoxilva~, specialuri gamocema, 2004, 74.
14
xecuriani j., samoqalaqo samarTlis funqciebi, Tb., 1995, 108.
15
Собчак А.А., О некоторых спорных вопросах общей теории прававой ответственности, ж. `Правоведение~, №1, 1968,
48. miTiTebulia wignidan: zoiZe b., qonebrivi pasuxismgebloba valdebulebaTa darRvevisTvis, Tb.,
1989, 11.
16
Гражданское право (т.1) 2-е изд. под ред. Суханова Е.А., М., 2003, 431.
17
Леист О.Э., Санкции и ответственность по советскому праву, М., 1984. miTiTebulia wignidan: zoiZe b.,
qonebrivi pasuxismgebloba valdebulebaTa darRvevisTvis, 7.
18
Попондопуло В. Ф., Динамика обязательственного правоотношения и гражданско-правовая ответственность,
Владивосток, 1985, 43; sxva mosazrebiT, darRveuli valdebulebis iZulebiT Sesruleba samoqalaqo pasu-
xismgeblobis saxea. Братусь С.Н., Юридическая ответственность и законность, М., 1976, 69; germaneli
mkvlevris, r. kandelhardis, mosazrebiT, zianis anazRaureba da realuri Sesruleba valdebulebis
Seusruleblobis SemTxvevaSi ori SesaZlo da, funqciuri TvalsazrisiT, erTi da imave samarTlebrivi
dacvis formaa. r. kandelhardi, realuri Sesruleba Tu zianis anazRaureba: saerTaSoriso konsensusi,
krebuli `s. jorbenaZe — 70~, Tb., 1996. sakiTxi imis Sesaxeb, valdebulebis darRvevisas kvlav ZalaSi
rCeba nakisri moqmedebis Sesruleba Tu SesaZloa is sxva gziT (fuladi kompensacia) ganxorcieldes,
80
sanqciebi warmoadgens, romlebic iTvaliswinebs valdebulebis damrRvevi

pirisaTvis imis zemoT damatebiTi moqmedebis Sesrulebis dakisrebas, rac mas val-
debulebiT evaleboda.19
samoqalaqosamarTlebrivi pasuxismgebloba, valdebulebis warmoSobis sa-
fuZvlis mixedviT, orgvaria: saxelSekrulebo da arasaxelSekrulebo. pirveli
warmoiSoba relatiuri, samarTlebrivi urTierTobis, xolo meore absoluturi
samarTlebrivi urTierTobis darRvevis Sedegad;20 Tu saxelSekrulebo pasuxis-
mgebloba aris pasuxismgebloba ukve arsebuli valdebulebiTsamarTlebrivi
urTierTobiT uflebamosili subieqtis winaSe, deliqtur valdebulebas win ar
uswrebs konkretuli piris valdebuleba, is emyareba akrZalul qmedebas, romelic
xelyofs absolutur uflebebs;21 Tu saxelSekrulebo pasuxismgeblobis formebi
ganisazRvreba rogorc kanoniT, ise xelSekrulebiT, deliqturi — mxolod
kanoniT22. samoqalaqosamarTlebrivi pasuxismgeblobis formaTagan zianis anaz-
Raurebas aqvs universaluri mniSvneloba da gamoiyeneba samoqalaqo uflebaTa
darRvevis yvela SemTxvevaSi, maSin, roca sxva formebis gamoyenebaze pirdapir
uTiTebs kanoni an xelSekruleba konkretuli samarTaldarRvevisas.
amgvarad, samoqalaqosamarTlebrivi pasuxismgebloba, pasuxismgebloba
erTi kontrahentisa meoris winaSe, samarTaldamrRvevisa — dazaralebulis winaSe,
dakavSirebulia ara pirovnuli Tavisuflebis boWvasTan, rogorc istoriuli
warsulSi, aramed mxolod movalis qonebis SemcirebasTan.23
2.2. samoqalaqosamarTlebrivi pasuxismgeblobis pirobaTa zogadi

daxasiaTeba
im pirobaTa erToblioba, romelic aucilebelia samoqalaqosamarTlebrivi

pasuxismgeblobis dakisrebisTvis, qmnis samoqalaqo samarTaldarRvevis
Semadgenlobas.24 am pirobebs miekuTvneba: samarTaldarRvevis Sedegad miyenebuli
ziani, damrRvevis marTlsawinaaRmdego qmedeba, mizezobrivi kavSiri qmedebasa da
damdgar Sedegs Soris, samarTaldamrRvevis brali.25
gansxvavebulad wydeba kontinenturi evropisa da saerTo samarTlis sistemaSi. Tu evropuli samar-

Tali zianis anazRaurebis moTxovnas ganixilavs valdebulebis naturiT Sesrulebis moTxovnasTan
mimarTebiT damatebiTi xasiaTis mqoned, saerTo samarTali zianis anazRaurebis moTxovnis uflebas
dacvis ZiriTad saSualebad miiCnevs. ix. ZlieriSvili z., nasyidobis xelSekrulebis samarTlebrivi
buneba, Tb., 2006, 48.
19
axvlediani z., valdebulebiTi samarTali, Tb., 1999, 56.
20
Зоидзе Б., Договорная и внедоговорная ответственность в механизме гражданского правового регулирования: В кни-
ге: Актуальные проблемы советского права, авт. колл. под ред. Т. Г. Шавгулидзе, Тб., 1988, 164.
21
Белякова А.Ш., Гражданско-правовая ответственность за причинение вреда, Л., 1986, 25.
22
Гражданское право, под ред. Сергеева А.П. и Толстого Ю.К, ч.1, СПБ, 1996. 485.
23
Sohm, Systematische Rechtswissenschaft, 1906-s36. miTiTebulia: Покровский И.А., Основные проблемы граж-
данского права, 240.
24
Матвеев Г.К., Основания гражданско-правовой ответственности, М., 1970, 5.
25
sabWoTa samoqalaqo samarTali aRniSnul pirobebs samoqalaqosamarTlebrivi pasuxismgeblobis sa-
fuZvlebs uwodebda. dRes aseT safuZvlad samoqalaqo uflebis darRveva miiCneva. ix. Брагинский М.И.,
Витрянский В.В., Договорное право, Кн. первая, Общие положения, М., 1999, 705.samoqalaqosamarTlebrivi
pasuxismgeblobis pirobad zogjer calke gamoyofen samoqalaqo uflebaTa da movaleobaTa arsebobas.
Грибанов В.П., Осуществление и защита гражданских прав, М., 2000, 319.
81
2.2.1. ziani
samoqalaqo samarTalSi zianis cnebaSi moiazreba piris qonebaze an sa-

marTlebrivad dacul sxva sikeTeze garkveuli zemoqmedebiT gamowveuli uar-
yofiTi Sedegi.26 zianis warmoqmnisas subieqtebis sxvadasxva samarTlebrivi
mdgomareobisa da misi anazRaurebis valdebulebis warmoSobis samarTlebrivi
safuZvlebis Sesabamisad, samoqalaqo kanonmdebloba da sasamarTlo praqtika gana-
sxvavebs saxelSekrulebo da arasaxelSekrulebo zians. saxelSekrulebo ziani
SeiZleba miyenebul iqnes xelSekrulebidan warmoSobili valdebulebis, kanonis an
administraciuli aqtis SeusruleblobiT; arasaxelSekrulebod iTvleba ziani,
romelic miyenebulia iseTi darRvevis Sedegad, romlis drosac mxareebi ar iyvnen
erTmaneTTan valdebulebiT urTierTobaSi.27 cnobilia aseve zianis sxvagvari
klasifikacia, magaliTad: qonebrivi da araqonebrivi (moraluri) ziani;
sakompensacio da moratoriuli ziani; realuri (dadebiTi) ziani da miuRebeli
Semosavali; pirdapiri da arapirdapiri ziani.
2.2.2. marTlwinaaRmdegoba
aRniSnuli niSnavs winaaRmdegobas samarTlisadmi. misi arsi isaa, rom qme-

deba arRvevs samarTlis normiT gamoxatuli moqmedebis an umoqmedobis val-
debulebas.28 kanonis an xelSekrulebis ZaliT piri valdebuli iyo (samarTlebrivi
kriteriumi, romelic gulisxmobs gansazRvruli moqmedebis ganxorcielebis
samarTlebriv valdebulebas) da SeeZlo emoqmeda (fizikuri kriteriumi, romelic
gulisxmobs moqmedebis ganxorcielebis faqtobriv SesaZleblobas),29 Tumca ar
Seasrula an arajerovnad Seasrula gansazRvruli moqmedeba.30 samoqalaqo sa-
marTalSi marTlwinaaRmdegobad miiCneva sxva pirTa daculi interesis xelyofa,
romelsac kicxavs es samarTali, marTlwinaaRmdegoba moicavs rogorc kanoniT
dadgenili wesebis, ise xelSekrulebiT gaTvaliswinebuli pirobebis darRvevas.31
saxelSekrulebo samarTaldarRveva umetesad marTlsawinaaRmdego umoqmedobiT
xorcieldeba, xolo deliqturi aramarTlzomieri moqmedebiT. am ukanasknel
SemTxvevaSi qmedebis marTlwinaaRmdegobis kriteriumia kanoni, xolo saxelSekru-
lebo valdebulebis darRvevis xasiaTi xelSekrulebis mixedviT ganisazRvreba.32
marTlwinaaRmdegoba samarTaldarRvevis obieqturi niSania da misi arseboba ar
aris damokidebuli movalis cnobierebis xasiaTze, anu imaze, acnobierebda Tu ara
is Tavisi moqmedebis samarTlebriv xasiaTs.
26
Жалинский А., Рерихт А., Введение в немецкое право, М., 2001, 369.
27
CikvaSvili S., moraluri ziani samoqalaqo samarTalSi, Tb., 1991, 15-16.
28
Hans-Heinrich Jesheck, Thomas Weogend, Lehrbuch des strafrechts; Allg. Teil. Berlin, 1996, 233. miTiTebulia
wignidan: e. futkaraZe, marTlwinaaRmdegobis sakiTxisaTvis, krebuli: `sisxlis samarTlis Tanamed-
rove problemebi~, red. gamyreliZe o., Tb., 2006, 125. sapirispirod marTlzomieri qmedebisa, romelic
Seesabameba samarTlis normis moTxovnas da qmnis marTlwesrigs, marTlsawinaaRmdegoa qmedeba,
romelic arRvevs marTlzomieri qmedebis valdebulebas da xelyofs marTlwesrigs. ix. naWyebia g.,
qmedebis marTlwinaaRmdegobis dadgenis sakiTxisaTvis, J. `marTlmsajuleba da kanoni~, 1, 2006, 72.
29
30
Зоидзе Б., Договорная и внедоговорная ответственность в механизме гражданского правового регулирования, 165.
31
Lowisch Manfred in Staudinger (2004), $276, Rn 13ff. miTiTebulia: Wanturia l., korporaciuli marTva da
xelmZRvanelTa pasuxismgebloba sakorporacio samarTalSi, Tb., 2006, 376.
32
saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis komentari, w.III, (zoiZe b.), Tb., 2001, 364.
82
2.2.3. mizezobrivi kavSiri
mizezobriobis kategoria filosofiuria da gulisxmobs yvela im aucile-

beli pirobis erTobliobas, romelTa gareSe konkretul drosa da adgilas Sedegi
ar dadgeboda. iurisprudenciaSi mizezobrivi kavSiri movlenebs Soris imgvari
kavSiria, roca erTi movlena (mizezi) win uZRvis meores (Sedegs) da warmoSobs mas.33
dResdReobiT damkvidrebulia adekvaturi mizezobriobis Teoria, romelmac
Secvala ekvivalenturi anu pirobaTa tolfasovnebis Teoria. Tu am ukanasknelis
Tanaxmad, Sedegis saerTo mizezi pirobaTa erTobliobaa, TiToeuli piroba ki
kerZo mizezi, romelTac Sedegis dadgomaSi Tanabari mniSvneloba aqvT, adek-
vaturi mizezobriobis TeoriiT Sedegis mizezad erTi pirobac sakmarisia, Tu is
qmnis Sedegis dadgomis obieqtur SesaZleblobas34. amgvarad, anazRaurebas eqvem-
debareba mxolod is ziani, romelic misi gamomwvevi qmedebis uSualo, aucilebeli,
pirdapiri Sedegia.35
2.2.4. brali
romis klasikuri epoqidan dRemde samoqalaqo samarTalSi moqmedebs uni-

versaluri formula: TiToeuli pasuxs agebs mxolod misi braliT miyenebuli zi-
anisaTvis. braleuli pasuxismgeblobis principi, rogorc romauli samarTlebrivi
azrovnebis erT-erTi faseuli elementi, sayovelTaod aRiarebulia rogorc
saxelSekrulebo, ise deliqtur samarTalSi.36 XVII—XVIII saukuneTa bunebiTi
samarTlis skolis warmomadgenlebi liberaluri individualizmis poziciidan
amtkiceben braleuli pasuxismgeblobis princips: individis saqmianobis Tavi-
sufleba izRudeba misi pasuxismgeblobiT, mxolod im zianisaTvis, rac gamoiwvia
mis mier saerTo wesis mixedviT moqmedebis valdebulebis braleulad darRvevam.37
saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsi erTguli darCa pasuxismgeblobis klasi-
kuri, evropul samarTalSi mocemuli braleuli pasuxismgeblobis principisa38:
movales pasuxismgebloba daekisreba mxolod ganzrax an gaufrTxilebeli moq-
medebiT miyenebuli zianisTvis, Tu sxva ram ar aris gaTvaliswinebuli da val-
debulebis arsidanac sxva ram ar gamomdinareobs (saqarTvelos samoqalaqo
kodeqsis 395-e muxlis I nawili). es danawesi msgavsia germaniis samoqalaqo kodeqsis
normisa, romlis Tanaxmad, movale pasuxs agebs ganzraxvis an gaufrTxileb-
lobisTvis, Tuki ufro mkacri an ufro msubuqi pasuxismgebloba ar aris dad-
genili, an ar gamomdinareobs valdebulebiTi urTierTobis Sinaarsidan (germaniis
samoqalaqo kodeqsis 276-e muxlis I paragrafi).39
33
Советское гражданское право под ред. Грибанова В.П. и Корнеева С.М., т.1, М., 1979, 41.
34
Dertmann P., Recht der Schuldverhaltnisse, I, 1928, 50. miTiTebulia wignidan: saqarTvelos samoqalaqo
kodeqsis komentari, w.III, (b.zoiZe), 369.
35
CikvaSvili S., deliqturi valdebulebebi samoqalaqo samarTalSi, krebuli `saxelmwifosa da samar-
Tlis aqtualuri problemebi~, Tb., 2003, 186.
36
Варкалло В., Об ответственности по гражданскому праву, М., 1978, 100.
37
Цваигерт К., Кётц Х., Введение в сравнительное правоведение в сфере частного права, т.2, М., 1998, 388.
38
zoiZe b., saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis sistema, J. `qarTuli samarTlis mimoxilva, 1998, I kvar-
tali, 28.
39
Wanturia l., korporaciuli marTva da xelmZRvanelTa pasuxismgebloba sakoporacio samarTalSi,
Tb.., 2006, 375.
83
samoqalaqo samarTali icnobs samarTaldamrRvevis braleulobis prezumf-

cias. kerZod, is ivaraudeba braleulad, manam ar daamtkicebs samarTaldarRvevaSi
sakuTari bralis ararsebobas, imas, rom miiRo yvela zoma, rac moeTxoveboda konk-
retul situaciaSi samarTaldarRvevis Tavidan asacileblad, anu mtkicebis
tvirTi movalis mxarezea.40 kreditorma unda amtkicos mxolod misTvis movalis
marTlsawinaaRmdego moqmedebiT zianis miyenebis faqti da ara movalis
braleuloba. mtkicebis tvirTis amgvarad gadanawileba gamomdinareobs im
garemoebidan, rom xelSekrulebis Seusruleblobisas Tu zianis miyenebisas saqme
exeba movalis qmedebas da masTan dakavSirebuli mtkicebulebis warmodgena
misTvis ufro advilia, vidre kreditorisTvis.41
3. bralis fenomenis warmoSobisa da ganviTarebis istoria
3.1. obieqturi Seracxvidan subieqtur pasuxismgeblobamde
marTalia, dRes bralis gareSe pasuxismgebloba mxolod gamonaklisis saxiT

arsebobs, magram kacobriobis ganviTarebis adreul xanaSi moqmedebda obieqturi
pasuxismgeblobis (zianis miyenebis) principi, romlis Tanaxmad, pasuxismgeblobis
dakisrebisaTvis sakmarisi iyo samarTaldarRvevis Semadgenlobis obieqturi
komponentebis arseboba, anu damdgari ziani anazRaurdeboda yvela SemTxvevaSi,
zianis mimyeneblis bralis ararsebobis drosac.42 am dros sazogadoeba yuradRebas
aqcevda mxolod moqmedebis garegan, materialur Sedegs da angariSs ar uwevda
moqmedebis Sinagan ganwyobilebas, im sulier mdgomareobas, rac ganapirobebda
qmedebas.43 amasTan, pasuxismgeblobis aRniSnuli sawyisis moqmedeba ar Semoi-
fargleboda romelime xalxis sazogadoebrivi cxovrebiT. am mdgomareobas
ganapirobebda ara xalxTa naTesaoba an urTierTmimbaZveloba, aramed sazogado-
ebis erTnairi struqtura misi arsebobis ekonomikuri da politikuri, saerTo
kulturuli pirobebis erTgvarovneba da maT safuZvelze warmoSobili msgavsi
Cvevebi, zneobrivi da samarTlebrivi Sexedulebebi44. pirvelyofili sazogadoebis
wevris, rogorc dazaralebulis (misi ojaxis, gvaris), fsiqikuri mdgomareoba
gamoixateboda moTxovnilebiT — nebismier SemTxvevaSi mieRo dakmayofileba gan-
cdili piradi wyenisa Tu qonebrivi danaklisis gamo Tavdapirvelad Surisgebis
(talionis principi), Semdgom ki naturiT gadaxdevinebis an fuladi anazRaurebis
saxiT (kompoziciis principi). Sesabamisad, samarTali miznad isaxavda dazarale-
bulis dakmayofilebas damrRvevisaTvis sasjelis Sefardebis an misi qonebidan
gadaxdevinebis gziT.45
zianis miyenebis princips efuZneba deliqturi pasuxismgebloba Sua sauku-
neebis inglisur samarTalSi. braleuli pasuxismgeblobis Camoyalibeba aq mxolod
40
Гражданское право под ред. Суханова Е.А., 447.
41
Новицкий И.Б., Лунц Л.А., Общее учение об обязательстве, М., 1950, 323.
42
Cornil G., Droit Romain Bruxelles, 1921, 251. miTiTebulia wignidan: kutalia l.-g., brali sisxlis samar-
TalSi, Tb., 2000, 52.
43
vaCeiSvili a., narkvevebi qarTuli samarTlis istoriidan, w.I, Tb.., 1946, 36.
44
vaCeiSvili a., danaSaulis subieqturi mxare sabWoTa sisxlis samarTalSi, Tb., 1957, 43.
45
Варкалло В., Об ответственности по гражданскому праву, 35.
84
me-16 saukunis I naxevridan iwyeba da me-19 saukunis bolos iRebs dasrulebuli

doqtrinis saxes, romlis Tanaxmad, zianis anazRaurebis valdebuleba ar arsebobs,
Tu ar aris saxeze zianis mimyeneblis brali, ganzraxva an gaufrTxilebloba da
ziani dadga dauZleveli Zalis Sedegad.46
revoluciamdeli rusuli samarTlisagan gansxvavebiT, romelic miuTiTeb-
da movalis bralze, rogorc misi pasuxismgeblobis safuZvelze,47 sabWoTa samar-
Tali erTxans aRiarebda obieqtur pasuxismgeblobas, rogorc socialistur prin-
cips, individualuri pasuxismgeblobis, rogorc burJuaziuli principis, sapi-
rispirod, sisxlis Tu samoqalaqo samarTlis mimarTulebiT.48 aRniSnuli viTareba
pirovnebis Tavisuflebis sakanonmdeblo garantiebis mospobas ganapirobebda.49
bralis ideis dabadeba sazogadoebis ekonomikuri da politikuri sferos
evolucias ukavSirdeba. ekonomikuri urTierTobebis ganviTareba da saxelmwifo-
ebrivi organizaciebis warmoqmna ganapirobebs pirovnebis ganviTarebas, misi
azrovnebis gaTavisuflebas. yovelives mivyavarT sazogadoebis im Segnebamde, rom
garkveul situaciaSi da pirTa garkveuli kategoriebis mimarT saerTo wesebis,
kerZod obieqturi pasuxismgeblobis, gamoyeneba aris usamarTlo da araswori.
pasuxismgeblobis dakisrebisas ar aris sakmarisi mxolod materialuri zianis
dadgoma, aucilebelia dakavSireba adamianis sulier mdgomareobasTan, rac ga-
regani moqmedebiT gamovlinda. TandaTanobiT, nebis gamovlenisa da qmedunariano-
bis Sesaxeb moZRvrebis ganviTarebasTan erTad mtkicdeba samarTalSi braleuli
pasuxismgeblobis principi.50
arsebobs mosazreba, rom ama Tu im xalxis samarTlebrivi ganviTarebis do-
nes gansazRvravs bralis problemis damuSavebis xarisxi da ara mxolod — is
sazomia sazogadoebis ideuri da eTikuri ganviTarebisa, maCvenebeli imisa, Tu ra
safexurze dgas sazogadoeba msoflmxedvelobiT, zne-CveulebiT da, saerTod,
kulturiT.51 samarTlis istoria mowmobs, rom Tavdapirvelad bralis samar-
Tlebrivi gageba saeklesio samarTlis sferoSi momwifda. kanonikuri samarTlis
doqtrina warmoSobis pirveli dReebidanve did yuradRebas aqcevda qmedebis
Sinagan mxares, riTac xels uwyobda bralis cnebis damuSavebas. qarTuli samarT-
lis istoriaSi bralis sakiTxis safuZvlian kvlevas eqvTime mTawmindelis saxels
ukavSireben, romelsac, marTalia, masze specialuri naSromi ar Seuqmnia, magram
sakuTari Sexedulebebi maRali donis mTargmnelobiT saqmianobiT warmoaCina,52
romlis ganxorcielebis Jamsac mas mudam mxedvelobaSi hqonda Tavisi Tana-
memamuleebis inteleqtualuri moTxovnilebebi da ganviTarebis done.53 mis mier
46
Матвеев Ю.Г., Англо-Американское деликтное право, М., 1973, 80.
47
Анненков К., Система русского гражданского права, т.3, СПБ, 1898, 136.
48
Флейшиц Е.А., Обязательство из причинения вреда и из неосновательного обогощения, М., 1951.
49
gamyreliZe o., brZola samarTlebrivi saxelmwifosTvis, Tb., 1998, 250. sabWoTa samoqalaqo samar-
TalSi braleulobis principis gandevnis winaaRmdeg gamovida sergo jorbenaZe, romelic braleu-
lobas ucilobel elementad miiCnevda socialisturi ekonomikis pirobebSic ki. ix. pelegrino mario,
subieqturi Tu obieqturi saxelSekrulebo pasuxismgebloba? (saxelSekrulebo samarTalSi bralis
rolis SedarebiTi samarTlebrivi ganxilva), saiubileo krebuli `s. jorbenaZe _ 70~, Tb., 1996, 151).
50
Хохлова Г.В., Понятие гражданско-правовой ответственности. В книге: Актуальные проблемы гражданского права,
Выпуск 5, под ред. Витрянского В.В., М., 2002, 70.
51
vaCeiSvili a., narkvevebi qarTuli samarTlis istoriidan, w.I, 136.
52
CitaSvili n., bralis problemis axleburi gaazreba Zvel qarTul samarTalSi, J. `samarTali~, 11-12,
2002, 133.
53
kekeliZe k., Zveli qarTuli literaturis istoria, t. I, Tb., 1980, 211-213. miTiTebulia wignidan:
zoiZe b., evropuli kerZo samarTlis recefcia saqarTveloSi, 87.
85
`mcire sjulis kanonis~ Targmnis safuZvelze Seiqmna bralis Sesaxeb qarTuli

moZRvreba.54 kanonikuri samarTlis Zeglebma eklesiis farTo iurisdiqciisa da
sasuliero pirTa saxelmwifo saqmeebis marTva-gamgeobaSi aqtiuri monawileobis
mizeziT saero samarTalze moaxdina gavlena — masSi kanonikuri samarTlis cnebebi
da institutebi daamkvidra.55
adamianTa modgmis istoria Tavidanve icnobs brals, rogorc sisxlis-
samarTlebriv kategorias. sazogadoebis ganviTarebis am etapze kerZo samarTal-
darRveva (qmedeba, romelic calkeul adamianTa interesebs laxavs),56 Tanamedrove
gagebiT, sisxlis samarTlis danaSaulebsac moicavs (magaliTad: mkvlelobas,
daWra-dasaxiCrebas, kerZo qonebis dazianebas da sxva).57 pirad wyenas, Seuracx-
yofas Tan sdevda sanqcia, romelic SesaZloa yofiliyo kerZo TviTnebobis gamov-
lena (sisxlis aReba), an hqonoda sazogadoebrivi xasiaTi (Temidan gaZeveba).
aRsaniSnavia, rom SurisZieba sdevnida ara mxolod uSualod damnaSaves, aramed
mTel gvars. is, rogorc koleqtiuri pasuxismgeblobis nimuSi, mTeli gvaris
ufleba da movaleoba iyo.58 yovelgvari sisxlis saqme Tu sazogadoebrivad mavnebe-
li moqmedeba rom isjeboda ara sazogadoebrivi interesis mixedviT, aramed
dazaralebuli piris, ojaxis, gvaris interesebis dasakmayofileblad, damadastu-
rebelia kerZo sawyisis, kerZo uflebriobis mZlavrad arsebobisa sajaro sawyisis
sisustesTan mimarTebiT.59 Tu winare saxelmwifoebriobis xanaSi TviTneboba daza-
ralebulis interesis dacvis damkvidrebuli wesia, saxelmwifo Tavisi arsebobis
pirvelsave safexurze miznad isaxavs, Surisgebis miswrafeba garkveul farglebSi
moaqcios. sazogadoebaSi sajaro sawyisebis gaZlierebasaTan, sameurneo cxovrebis
ganviTarebasa da pirovnebis evoluciasTan erTad piradi sferodan xdeba
qonebrivis gamoyofa, talionis principi icvleba kompoziciis principiT,60 anu
wesdeba materialur-qonebriv sazRaurTa sistema — `sisxlis daurveba,~ romelic
`damnaSaves piradad ki ar sdevnis, aramed damnaSavis qonebaze yrilobs javrsa.~61
kompozicia samoqalaqosamarTlebrivi pasuxismgeblobis institutis warmoSobas
gulisxmobs da amieridan es ukanaskneli kerZo samarTlis binadaria, xolo pirov-
nuli pasuxismgebloba kerZo TviTnebobis gamoricxviT sajaro samarTlis arealSi
Tavsdeba.
54
iqve, 42.
55
vaCeiSvili a., dasax. naSromi, 137.
56
nadareiSvili g., romis samoqalaqo samarTali, Tb., 2003, 125.
57
daviTaSvili g., samediatoro sasamarTlo, anu “rjuli” xevsureTSi, Tb., 2001, 8. kerZo interesebis
winaaRmdeg mimarTul danaSaulTa (kerZo deliqtebi) gverdiT arsebobda sazogadoebis winaaRmdeg
mimarTuli danaSaulebic, romelnic xelyofda mTeli sazogadoebis interess da iwvevda sazogadoebis
reagirebas (magaliTad: sazogadoebis mtrebis daxmareba, eklesiis gaZarcva da a.S.). ix. daviTaSvili g.,
danaSaulis bunebisaTvis qarTul CveulebiT samarTalSi, saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa akademiis macne,
1, 2005, 76.
58
nadareiSvili g., kerZo da sajaro sasjelebi feodalur saqarTveloSi, J. àlmanaxi~, 14, 2000, 113.
59
arseniZe r., ganxilva mefe vaxtang VI-is kanonmdeblobisa, parizi, 1963, 43. miTiTebulia wignidan: zoi-
Ze b., evropuli kerZo samarTlis recefcia saqarTveloSi, 31.
60
Хохлова Г.В., dasax. naSromi, 75-76.
61
samarTlis istorikosebi miuTiTeben kompoziciis kerZo da sajaro xasiaTze. marTalia, misi umetesi
nawili dazaralebuls eZleoda, magram gansazRvruli nawili xelisuflebis, rogorc sazogadoebrivi
uSiSroebis damcvelis, sasargeblod gadaexdevineboda. ix. vaCeiSvili a., narkvevebi qarTuli samar-
Tlis istoriidan, w.I, 41.
86
3.2. bralis fsiqologiuri da normatiuli Teoriebi
bralis cneba sisxlisa da samoqalaqo samarTlis mkvlevarTa Tavsatexi iyo

romis samarTlis epoqidan dRemde. sisxlis samarTlis mecniereba am saqmeSi far-
Tod iyenebda fsiqologias. es tendencia gansakuTrebiT sagrZnobi yofila me-19
saukunis iurisprudenciaSi, romelic intensiurad da gulubryvilod iSveliebda
fsiqologiis Sexedulebebs, rasac mowmobs bralis problemisadmi miZRvnil naS-
romebSi, literaturuli wyaroebis TvalsazrisiT, Warbad miTiTebuli fsiqo-
logiuri literatura.62
am gavlenis Sesabamisad, sisxlis samarTlis mecnierebaSi me-20 saukunemde
damkvidrebuli iyo bralis fsiqologiuri Teoria, romlis Tanaxmad, brali niSnavs
damnaSavis fsiqikur damokidebulebas sakuTari qmedebisadmi da misiT gamowveuli
Sedegisadmi, rac gamoixateba ganzraxvis an gaufrTxileblobis formiT63. rogorc
sisxlis samarTlis mecnierebaSi aRniSnaven, bralis fsiqologiur Teorias
progresuli mniSvneloba hqonda individis Tavisuflebis dasacavad feodaluri
iusticiis TviTnebobasTan brZolisa da kanonierebis sawyisebis ganmtkicebi-
saTvis. aRniSnuli Teoria ilaSqrebda obieqturi Seracxadobis winaaRmdeg, radgan
piris damnaSaved cnobisas sasamarTlos konkretul SemTxvevaSi unda daedgina misi
gansazRvruli fsiqikuri damokidebuleba danaSaulebrivi qmedebisadmi, raSic
gamoixateboda piris gansazRvruli da formalur-samarTlebrivi garantiebi64.
Tanamedrove sisxlis samarTlis mecnierebaSi aRiarebulia bralis wminda
SefasebiTi anu normativistuli — `normatiuli~ Teoria. misi warmoSoba ukav-
Sirdeba germaneli kriminalistis, r. frankis 1907 wels gamoqveynebul naSroms —
`bralis cnebis agebisaTvis.~ am Teoriis Tanaxmad, brali aris ara fsiqologiuri,
aramed normatiuli kategoria. is miiCneva ara qcevis gansazRvrul fsiqikur
mxared (r. lange), aramed SefasebiT msjelobad adamianis Sinagani qcevis
gansazRvrul xasiaTze (mecgeri),65 valdebulebis Seusruleblobis Sefasebad66
(volfi).
miuxedavad imisa, rom sabWoTa iuridiul literaturaSi bralis normatiul
Teorias miiCnevdnen e.w. burJuaziuli mosamarTlis xelisSemwyobad TviTnebobis
ganxorcielebisa da kanonierebis darRvevis saqmeSi,67 im periodis qarTul sisxlis
samarTlis mecnierebaSi gaCnda bralis e.w. fsiqologiur-normatiuli Teoria,
romelic iyo fsiqologizmisa da normativizmis fundamentur aspeqtTa sinTezi.68
saqarTvelos axali sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsi ganamtkicebs bralis normatiul
62
Nass G., Wandlungen des Schuldbegriffs im Laufe des Rechtsdenkens, Berlin, 1963, 97. miTiTebulia: kutalia l.-g.,
bralis Sesaxeb fsiqologiuri moZRvrebis frankiseuli kritikisaTvis, J. `samarTali~, 7-8, 1998, 41-42.
63
am gansazRvrebidan gamomdinare, brali fsiqologiuri cnebaa, radgan qmedebisa da misi Sedegisadmi
fsiqikuri damokidebuleba fsiqologiuri kvlevis obieqtia. ix. naWyebia g., bralis cnebis sakanon-
mdeblo gansazRvrebis sakiTxisaTvis, J. `samarTali~, 5-6, 2002, 7.
64
tyeSeliaZe g., brali SefasebiTi cnebaa, krebuli `saxelmwifosa da samarTlis aqtualuri proble-
mebi~, 322.
65
aRniSnuli Sexeduleba moyvanilia wignidan: surgulaZe l., sisxlis samarTali. danaSauli (leqcie-
bi), Tb., 182.
66
Wolf E.A., Strafrechtliche Schuldlehre Teil. I, Mannheim Berlin Leipzig. 1928, 126. miTiTebulia: kutalia l-.g.,
brali sisxlis samarTalSi, 9.
67
gamyreliZe o., dasax. naSromi, 254.
68
brali — es iseTi fsiqikuri damokidebulebaa qmedebasa da SedegTan, romelic imsaxurebs zneobriv
gakicxvas sazogadoebis mxriv. ix. wereTeli T., tyeSeliaZe g., moZRvreba danaSaulze, Tb., 1969, 60.
87
Teorias. brali, romelic qmedebis Semadgenlobasa da marTlwinaaRmdegobasTan

erTad qmnis danaSaulis cnebas, doqtrinaSi ganmartebulia normatiul (SefasebiT)
kategoriad69 da gulisxmobs braldebulis gakicxvas Cadenili umarTlobis gamo
(sisxlis samarTlis kanoniT aRwerili qmedeba da marTlwinaaRmdegoba).70
3.3. bralis cneba Tanamedrove samoqalaqo samarTalSi
Tanamedrove pozitiuri samoqalaqo samarTali ar icnobs bralis cnebas, mas

gansazRvravs doqtrina, romelic uaryofs bralis fsiqologiur Teorias da
miiCnevs, rom bralis cnebaSi amosavalia samoqalaqo brunvisaTvis Cveuli
yuradRebianobis moTxovnebis dacva,71 Sesabamisad, piris braleulobis dasadgenad
saWiroa gairkves, gamoavlina Tu ara man namdvili meurnisaTvis, WeSmariti
mesakuTrisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli mzrunveloba.72 germanul civilistur
mecnierebaSi brali ganimarteba rogorc ganzraxvisa (zianis mimyenebelma icoda da
surda sakuTari qmedebis Sedegi) da gaufrTxileblobis (samarTaldamrRvevis
qmedebaSi ar arsebobs samoqalaqo brunvisaTvis aucilebeli windaxeduleba)73
momcveli obieqturad marTlsawinaaRmdego da subieqturad gakicxvadi qmedeba
qmedunariani pirisa;74 franguli samarTlebrivi doqtrinis Tanaxmad, braleuli
moqmedeba saxezea, Tu saqme gvaqvs akrZalul moqmedebasTan da kanoniT pirze da-
kisrebuli movaleobis darRvevasTan,75 xolo rusuli samoqalaqosamarTlebrivi
mecniereba bralis cnebaSi moiazrebs piris mier im SesaZlo zomebis miuReblobas, rac
saWiro iyo misi qmedebis arasasurveli Sedegebis asacileblad da rac mas masze
dakisrebuli movaleobebisa da samoqalaqo brunvis konkretuli pirobebis
gaTvaliswinebiT saWiro mzrunvelobisa da windaxedulebis garkveuli xarisxiT
gamoCenisas SeeZlo ganexorcielebina.76 Sesabamisad, ruseTis federaciis samoqalaqo
kodeqsis (401-e muxlis I paragrafi) Tanaxmad, piri ar CaiTvleba braleulad, Tu
dadgindeba, rom gulmodginebisa da windaxedulebis im zomiT gaTvaliswinebiT, rac
moeTxoveboda pirs valdebulebis xasiaTisa da brunvis pirobebis mixedviT, man yvela
zoma miiRo valdebulebis saTanadod Sesasruleblad77.
bralis doqtriniseuli cnebidan ikveTeba, rom is moicavs marTlwinaaR-
mdegobas da mis Secnobas. braleulad moqmed pirs gaazrebuli aqvs is, rom misi
69
turava m., sisxlis samarTali, zogadi nawilis mimoxilva, meore Sevsebuli da gadamuSavebuli
gamocema, Tb., 2002.
70
gamyreliZe o., saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis ganmarteba (2004 wlis 1 noembris mdgo-
mareobiT), zogadi nawili, I wigni, Tb., 2005, 85. arsebobs bralis sxvagvari ganmartebac, kerZod, brali
pasuxismgeblobis pozitiuri aspeqtis uaryofaa, anu movaleobisadmi subieqtis pasuxismgebluri ki
ara, upasuxismgeblo damokidebulebiT vlindeba. ix. naWyebia g., brali, rogorc socialuri filo-
sofiis kategoria, Tb., 2001. brali aris normatiulad dadgenili valdebulebisadmi subieqtis upa-
suxismgeblo damokidebuleba, Sesabamisad — gakicxvis safuZveli. naWyebia g., sisxlissamarTlebrivi
pasuxismgeblobis safuZvlis problema krebulSi: `sisxlis samarTlis Tanamedrove problemebi~, Tb.,
2006, 147.
71
saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis komentari, w. III, (zoiZe b.), 370.
72
Гражданское и торговое право зарубежных государства, т. 1, под ред. Васильева Е.А. и Комарова А. С., М., 2004, 467.
73
Медикус Д., Отдельные виды обязательств в Германском гражданском уложении. В книге: Проблемы гражданского и
предпринимательского права Германии, 136.
74
Жалинский А., Рёрихт А., dasax. naSromi, 367.
75
Морандьер Ж., Дела. Гражданское право франции, М., 1960, 407.
76
Гражданское право, I, 2-е изд. (под ред. Суханова Е.А.), 449.
77
Комментарий к гражданскому кодексу Российской Федерации, части первой, постатейный. под.ред. Садикова О.Н.,
М., 1999, 900.
88
qmedebiT ilaxeba sxvisi ufleba da xelyofas ar gaaCnia kanonieri safuZveli78.

germanul samoqalaqo samarTalSi pasuxismgeblobis dakisrebisaTvis mTavari
obieqturi samarTlis normis darRvevaa, romelic gulisxmobs bralis arsebobas
anu gamoricxavs bralis ararsebobas79.
qarTul civilistur doqtrinaSi ar aris mkafiod Camoyalibebuli bralis
cneba. mizanSewonilia, arsebobdes bralis gansazRvreba, romelic SesaZloa, asec
Camoyalibdes:
brali aris nebaunariani piris mier kanoniT an xelSekrulebiT gan-
sazRvruli valdebulebis darRveva sxva pirisaTvis uaryofiTi Sedegis dadgomis
gacnobierebiT da surviliT, an survilis gareSe, samoqalaqo brunvis
monawilisaTvis saWiro gulmodginebisa da windaxedulebis daucvelad.
4. bralis formebi
4.1. ganzraxvisa da gaufrTxileblobis cneba
samoqalaqo samarTalSi bralis formebia ganzraxva da gaufrTxilebloba.

analogiuri viTareba iyo sisxlis samarTalSi istoriulad — ase iyo romaul80,
bizantiur Tu Zvel qarTul samarTalSi. magaliTad: bralis aRniSnul formebs ic-
nobs rogorc `mcire sjulis kanoni~, ise masze dafuZnebiT eqvTime mTawmindelis
mier Camoyalibebuli bralis koncefcia, xolo mogvianebiT daviT batoniSvilis
samarTlebrivi moZRvreba.81
78
Кофман В.И., Соотношение вины и противоправности в гражданском праве, ж. `Правоведение“, №1, 1957
(http://law.edu.ru/magatzine/article 7.05.2007).
79
Semler in MunchkommAKtG (2004), 116, Rn. 507. miTiTebulia: Wanturia l., korporaciuli marTva da
xelmZRvanelTa pasuxismgebloba sakorporacio samarTalSi, 386.
80
romauli samarTali ganzraxvad (Dolus) miiCnevda piris mier Segnebulad moqmedebis Cadenas misi
marTlwinaaRmdegobis gaTvaliswinebiT, xolo gaufrTxileblobad (Culpa) — saWiro windaxedulebisa
da yuradRebianobis argamoCenas, arasakmaris swrafvas aramarTlzomieri Sedegis Tavidan asacileb-
lad, oRond borotebis Cadenis pirdapiri survilis, ganzraxvis gareSe. ix. Гримм Д.Д., Лекции по догме
римского права (под ред. Томсинова В.А.), М., 2003, 178. amasTan, ganirCeoda ganzraxvisa da gaufrTxi-
leblobis cnebebi deliqtur da saxelSekrulebo samarTalSi. ganzraxva, ufro sworad boroti gan-
zraxva, rogorc mas romaeli iuristebi moixseniebdnen, raTa ganesxvavebinaT arsebuli terminisagan
`keTili ganzraxva~, deliqtur samarTalSi gulisxmobda piris mier gamovlenil sicrues, cbierebas
meore piris sazianod (labeoni). pirvelad peregrinebis pretoris akvilius galusis ediqtiT (Cv. w. aR-
mde 66w.) iqna aRiarebuli boroti ganzraxviT Cadenili moqmedeba deliqtad da dazaralebuls mieca
SesaZlebloba, moeTxova miyenebuli zianis anazRaureba. termini `keTili ganzraxva~ gulisxmobda pi-
ris mier mtris, yaCaRis motyuebas. ix. Гаридо Г., Римское частное право. Казусы, иски, институты М., 2005, 467.
termini `saxelSekrulebo brali~ niSnavda xelSekrulebaTa Sesrulebisas mzrunvelobis ararsebobas.
boroti ganzraxvis cneba am sferoSi gulisxmobda piris ganzraxvasa da survils, emoqmeda ise, rom
xelSekrulebis Sesruleba SeuZlebeli yofiliyo, xolo gaufrTxilebeli brali saxeze iyo, roca piri
ar moqmedebda keTilsindisierad an ar avlenda mzrunvelobis im zomebs, rac damaxasiaTebeli iyo
ojaxis keTilsindisieri ufrosisaTvis. ix. Гаридо Г., dasax. naSromi, 557. romis samarTali ganasxva-
vebda uxeS da msubuq gaufrTxileblobas. miiCneoda, rom pirveli formiT moqmedebda is, vinc ar
iRebda iseT zomas, romelsac miiRebda nebismieri normaluri adamiani, xolo meore formad
iTvleboda iseTi zomis miuRebloba, romelsac miiRebda windaxeduli mesakuTre. ix. Новицкий И.Б.,
Римское Право, М., 2001, 152-153.
81
gariSvili m., daviT giorgis Ze bagrationis (batoniSvilis) politikuri da iuridiuli Sexedulebani,
Tb., 2004, 145.
89
samoqalaqo samarTali ZiriTadad iyenebs ganzraxvis im cnebas, rasac sis-

xlis samarTali adgens. kerZod, samoqalaqo samarTalSi ganzraxva aris
marTlsawinaaRmdego Sedegis codna da survili, anu Sedegis codna da survili
marTlsawinaaRmdego SegnebiT82. rac Seexeba gaufrTxileblobis cnebas,
samoqalaqo samarTals masSi koreqtivebi Seaqvs. kerZod, gaufrTxileblobad iTv-
leba moqmedeba, romliTac irRveva samoqalaqo brunvisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli
aucilebeli yuradRebianobis moTxovnebi. gaufrTxileblobis cneba ar aris
damokidebuli yuradRebianobis im xarisxze, romelic SeiZleba gamoiCinos
individualurad braleulma pirma. gaufrTxilebloba samoqalaqo samarTalSi ga-
nisazRvreba moTxovnis obieqturi masStabebiT,83 e.i. gamoiyeneba msgavs situaciaSi
gonieri da keTilsindisieri adamianis moqmedebis prezumfcia. Tu dazaralda
saqmiani wris garkveuli jgufis an garkveuli profesiis warmomadgeneli, sasamar-
Tlom unda gaarkvios, mopasuxem gamoiCina Tu ara windaxeduleba im moculobiT,
romelic sCvevia Sesabamisi profesiis an saqmiani wris `saSualo warmomadgenels.~84
sisxlis samarTlisagan gansxvavebiT, romelic romis samarTlidan moyol-
ebuli, gaufrTxileblobis, xolo Sua saukuneebidan bralis orive formis mimarT
saWirod miiCnevs maT calkeul qvesaxeebad (ganzraxva — pirdapiri da arapir-
dapiri; gaufrTxilebloba — TviTimedovneba da daudevroba) diferencirebas,85
samoqalaqo samarTlisaTvis ucxoa amgvari klasifikacia. is icnobs gaufrTxileb-
lobis dayofas uxeS da martiv gaufrTxileblobad. uxeSi gaufrTxileblobiT
moqmedebs is, vinc Tavisi moqmedebiT aucilebeli yuradRebianobis moTxovnebs
arRvevs uCveulod maRali xarisxiT,86 xolo martivi gaufrTxileblobis dros
aucilebeli yuradRebianobis moTxovnebi irRveva SedarebiT dabali doniT anu ga-
ufrTxileblobis formebs Soris gansxvaveba aucilebeli yuradRebianobis dar-
Rvevis xasiaTSia.87
germanuli samoqalaqo samarTlis Tanaxmad, braleulad moqmedebs is, vinc
ganzrax anu Segnebulad, an gaufrTxileblobiT laxavs kanoniT dacul faseulo-
bas. ganzraxvad miiCneva qmedebis marTlwinaaRmdegobis an pirze dakisrebul mova-
leobebTan qmedebis winaaRmdegobis Secnoba da survili marTlsawinaaRmdego
Sedegisa.88 xolo gaufrTxilebloba gulisxmobs samarTlebrivi brunvisaTvis sa-
Wiro gulmodginebis ugulebelyofas (germaniis samoqalaqo kodeqsis 276-e
paragrafi). germanuli samoqalaqo samarTali ganamtkicebs gaufrTxileblobis
obieqtur masStabs, romelic damoukidebelia qmedebis Camdeni piris indivi-
dualuri SesaZleblobebisagan. am mosazrebis safuZvelia germanuli samarTli-
saTvis damaxasiaTebeli ndobis principi, romlis Tanaxmad, samarTlebrivi brunvis
yovel monawiles SeuZlia daeyrdnos im garemoebas, rom brunvis yvela sxva
monawile imoqmedebs iseTi gulmodginebiT, rogoric normalurad miiCneva. rac
82
Fikentscher W., Schuldrecht, 8, Auflage, Berlin - New-York, 1992, 312. miTiTebulia wignidan: saqarTvelos
samoqalaqo kodeqsis komentari, w. III, (zoiZe b.), 382.
83
Dieter Medicus, Schuldrecht, Allgemeiner Teil, 149. miTiTebulia wignidan: saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis
komentari, w. III, (zoiZe b.), 384.
84
cvaigerti k., kotci h., SedarebiTi samarTalmcodneobis Sesavali kerZo samarTlis sferoSi, t. II,
Targmani rusuli gamocemidan e. sumbaTaSvilisa, qarTuli gamocemis redaqtori da boloTqmis
avtori T. niniZe, Tb., 2001, 290.
85
kutalia l.-g., dasax. naSromi, 103.
86
Fikentscher W., dasax. naSromi, 314.
87
88
Эннекцерус Л., Курс германского гражданского права, т. I, М., 1950, 356.
90
Seexeba Tavad gaufrTxileblobis saxeebs (uxeSi, martivi) da maTi gamoyenebis

safuZvlebs, wesisamebr pasuxismgeblobis dakisrebisas gamoiyeneba martivi
gaufrTxilebloba, xolo uxeSi gaufrTxilebloba, rogorc samarTlebrivi
brunvisaTvis saWiro gulmodginebis gansakuTrebiT mZime, uCveulo xarisxiT
darRveva, pasuxismgeblobis safuZvlad gamoiyeneba, roca amis Sesaxeb pirdapir
uTiTebs kanoni;89 franguli doqtrina asxvavebs deliqtur (ganzrax) da kva-
zideliqtur (gaufrTxilebel) brals, pirvels axasiaTebs rogorc samarTal-
darRvevis, zianis miyenebis ganzrax miswrafebas, xolo meores, — samarTlis
subieqtis movaleobis darRvevad gamoavlinos saTanado windaxeduleba da
yuradReba, — Secdomad, romelsac ar Caidenda msgavs mdgomareobaSi myofi
gonieri, yuradRebiani, mzrunveli adamiani90.
saerTo samarTlis doqtrinis Tanaxmad, ganzraxva aris moqmedeba an umoq-
medoba, romelic iwvevs pirisaTvis araxelsayrel Sedegebs misi kuTvnili
uflebebis realizaciisas, im uflebebisa, romlebic ekuTvnis mas, rogorc
sazogadoebis wevrs, miwis mflobels an miwaze arsebuli sxva sanivTo uflebis
mflobels. gaufrTxileblobas angloamerikul deliqtur samarTalSi aqvs ori
mniSvneloba, kerZod, is ganixileba rogorc bralis forma da rogorc deliqtis
saxe. pirveli gulisxmobs samarTaldarRvevas marTlsawinaaRmdego Sedegis
dadgomis survilis gareSe, meore kanoniT dadgenili movaleobis darRvevas, gamo-
avlinos windaxeduleba konkretul pirebTan mimarTebiT, raTa aicilos maTTvis
zianis miyeneba91. windaxedulebis ararseboba gulisxmobs valdebuli piris mier
konkretul situaciaSi gonivruli moqmedebis ganuxorcieleblobas.
Tanamedrove rusuli samoqalaqo samarTali adgens, rom ganzraxi bralis
dros movale acnobierebs sakuTari qmedebis Sedegs da mis misaRwevad gaaz-
rebulad mimarTavs qmedebas, xolo gaufrTxileblobis dros, marTalia, qmedeba
Segnebulad ar aris mimarTuli samarTaldarRvevisken, magram piris qmedebaSi ar
arsebobs saWiro yuradRebianoba, windaxeduleba; Tu uxeSi gaufrTxileblobis
dros ar arsebobs aranairi yuradRebianoba, msubuqi gaufrTxileblobisas —
windaxeduleba garkveul doneze gamovlenilia, Tumca ar aris sakmarisi
samarTaldarRvevis Tavidan asacileblad.92
samoqalaqo samarTalSi, sisxlis samarTlisagan gansxvavebiT, sadac bralis
formazea damokidebuli pasuxismgeblobis Sinaarsi, bralis formebs Soris
gansxvavebas iSviaTad aqvs samarTlebrivi mniSvneloba, pasuxismgeblobis
dakisrebisaTvis sakmarisia samarTaldamrRvevis bralis nebismieri formis
arseboba. mxolod gamonaklisis saxiT arsebobs bralis formis mixedviT pa-
suxismgeblobis daweseba an misi zomis gansazRvra. magaliTad: ruseTis fe-
deraciis samoqalaqo kodeqsis Tanaxmad (2083-e muxli), deliqtur valdebulebebSi
dazaralebulis ganzraxi moqmedeba aTavisuflebs zianis mimyenebels pasuxismgeb-
lobisagan, xolo dazaralebulis mxridan uxeSi gaufrTxilebloba SesaZloa
gaTvaliswinebuli iyos samarTaldamrRvevis pasuxismgeblobis zomis
93
gansazRvrisas (2083-e muxli).
89
Lowisch Manfred in Staudinger (2004), $ 276, Rn. 28. miTiTebulia: Wanturia l., korporaciuli marTva da
xelmZRvanelTa pasuxismgebloba sakorporacio samarTalSi, 377-378.
90
Саватье Р., Теория обязательств, М., 1972, 308.
91
Матвеев Ю.Г., Англо-Американское деликтное правo, 148.
92
Гражданское право, под ред. Сергеева А.П. и Толстого Ю.К., 500.
93
Гражданское право, под ред. Суханова Е.А., 447.
91
4. 2. brali saxelSekrulebo samarTalSi
4.2.1. xelSekrulebidan gasvlis safuZveli
Pacta sunt servanta — xelSekruleba unda Sesruldes. es msoflios yvela

marTlwesrigis valdebulebiTi samarTlis kardinaluri principia,94 Tumca misi
ganuxorcielebloba, anu xelSekrulebis darRveva, samoqalaqo brunvis Tanmdevi
movlenaa. evropuli saxelSekrulebo samarTlis ZiriTadi debulebebis Tanaxmad,
saxelSekrulebo valdebulebis Seusrulebloba gulisxmobs Sesrulebis vadis
gadacilebas, arasaTanado Sesrulebas da xelSekrulebiT gaTvaliswinebuli
samarTlebrivi Sedegis misaRwevad meore mxaresTan TanamSromlobis valdebule-
bis darRvevas (me-3 ganyofileba, 1:301 muxli).95 rogorc wesi, saxelSekrulebo
pasuxismgebloba valdebulebis braleul darRvevas ukavSirdeba. xelSekrulebis
mxares SeuZlia, moiTxovos im zianis anazRaureba, rac warmoiSva meore mxaris mier
valdebulebis SeusruleblobiT, garda im SemTxvevisa, roca arsebobs damrRvevis
pasuxismgeblobisagan ganTavisuflebis safuZvlebi (evropuli saxelSekrulebo
samarTlis ZiriTadi debulebebi, 8:108 muxli).96 samoqalaqo samarTali icnobs
winaresaxelSekrulebo valdebulebisa da pasuxismgeblobis cnebas. es aris
pasuxismgebloba xelSekrulebis momzadebis periodSi partniorTan mimarTebiT
keTilsindisieri qcevis valdebulebis darRvevisaTvis.97 germanuli samoqalaqo
samarTliT, xelSekrulebis momzadebis etapze SesaZloa aRiniSnos Semdegi saxis
braleuli qmedeba: klientis mimarT arasakmarisi mzrunvelobis gamoCena, usafuZv-
lo uari molaparakebis gagrZelebaze, arakeTilsindisieri zemoqmedeba par-
tniorze da sxva.98 saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis 317-e muxlis me-2 nawili
adgens xelSekrulebis momzadebis safuZvelze valdebulebis warmoSobis
SesaZleblobas, xolo me-3 nawili saxelSekrulebo molaparakebis arakeTilsindi-
sier monawiles, visi braliTac ar moxda xelSekrulebis gaformeba, meore mxaris
mier gaweuli xarjebis anazRaurebis movaleobas akisrebs.99 ormxriv xel-
SekrulebaSi valdebulebis darRveva xelSekrulebidan gasvlis instituts
ukavSirdeba. gaeros 1980 wlis konvenciis — `saqonlis saerTaSoriso nasyidobis
xelSekrulebis Sesaxeb~ — Tanaxmad, myidvels SeuZlia moiTxovos xelSekru-
lebidan gasvla, Tu gamyidvelis mier xelSekrulebiT nakisri valdebulebis
darRveva arsebiTi xasiaTisaa an gamyidveli ar miawvdis saqonels myidvelis mier
dadgenili damatebiTi vadis ganmavlobaSi an Tu uars ganacxadebs saqonlis
miwodebaze.100 evropuli saxelSekrulebo samarTlis ZiriTadi debulebebis
Tanaxmad, mxares ufleba aqvs, uari Tqvas xelSekrulebaze, Tu meore mxaris mier
valdebulebis darRveva arsebiTia. arsebiTad iTvleba, magaliTad, valdebulebis
94
kandelhardi r., dasax. naSromi, 103.
95
evropuli saxelSekrulebo samarTlis ZiriTadi debulebebi, qarTuli kerZo samarTlis krebuli, w. I,
Tb., 2004, 230.
96
Ефремов Л.В., Важный шаг в правовом обеспечении экономической интеграции, ж. `Вестник высшего арбитражного
суда Российской федерации“, №3, 2005, 174.
97
Гражданское право, под ред. Суханова Е. А., 600.
98
Жaлинский А., Рёрихт А., dasax. naSromi, 355.
99
saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis komentari, w. III (l. Wanturia), 51.
100
ZlieriSvili z., nasyidobis xelSekrulebis samarTlebrivi buneba, 140.
92
Seusrulebloba ganzrax, roca dazaralebul mxares eZleva imis safuZveli, rom

aRar endos meore mxaris mier samomavlo Sesrulebas (9:301 muxli, `g~ punqti).
saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsi ormxrivi valdebulebis Seusruleb-
lobisas mxaris uflebas, gavides xelSekrulebidan da moiTxovos pirvandeli anu
xelSekrulebis dadebamde arsebuli mdgomareobis aRdgena, ar ukavSirebs mxolod
braleul qmedebas. braleulobis arsebobisas mxareTa urTierTvaldebulebas mi-
Rebuli Sesrulebisa da sargeblis dabrunebisas, emateba braleuli piris
movaleoba, aanazRauros meore mxarisaTvis xelSekrulebis SeusruleblobiT
miyenebuli ziani (407-e muxli). germanuli samoqalaqo samarTali mxolod 2002
wels ganxorcielebuli valdebulebiTi samarTlis reformis Semdeg aRar
ukavSirebs xelSekrulebidan gasvlis instituts mxolod braleul qmedebas.101
4.2.2. valdebulebis arajerovani Sesruleba
movalis mier valdebulebis Sesrulebis vadis gadacileba valdebulebis

arajerovan Sesrulebas gulisxmobs. samarTlebrivad vadis gadacilebaa, Tu kidev
arsebobs SesaZlebloba Sesrulebis moTxovnisa da misi ganxorcielebisa. Tu
valdebulebis Seusruleblobisas kreditori aRar aris dainteresebuli
Sesrulebis miRebiT, vadis gadacileba gulisxmobs valdebulebis srul
Seusruleblobas.102 germaniis samoqalaqo kodeqsis Tanaxmad, movale iTvleba
vadisgadamcileblad, Tu is ar asrulebs valdebulebas, romlis Sesrulebis vadac
damdgaria kreditoris mier Sexsenebis Semdegac. Sesrulebis Sexsenebas
uTanabrdeba Sesrulebis Taobaze sasamarTloSi sarCelis Setana.103 movale val-
debulebis Sesrulebis vadis gadamcileblad iTvleba, Tu braleulad (ganzrax an
gaufrTxileblobiT) ar Seasrulebs valdebulebas saTanado dros.104 zogjer
movalis mier vadis gadacilebisas pasuxismgeblobis zoma damokidebulia bralis
formaze. magaliTad: franguli samoqalaqo samarTliT, movalis mier gaufrTxi-
leblobiT fuladi valdebulebis Sesrulebis vadis gadacilebisas kreditors
ufleba aqvs mxolod procentze, xolo ganzraxi bralis arsebobisas mas SeuZlia,
movales mosTxovos rogorc procentis gadaxda, ise miyenebuli zianis
anazRaureba.105
vadis gadamcilebeli SesaZloa iyos kreditoric. kreditoris mier vadis
gadacilebad iTvleba, Tu igi ar iRebs misTvis SemoTavazebul Sesrulebas, romlis
vadac damdgaria, aseve, roca valdebulebis Sesasruleblad saWiroa kreditoris
esa Tu is moqmedeba da kreditori mas ar asrulebs (saqarTvelos samoqalaqo
kodeqsis 390-e muxli). kreditoris mier vadis gadacileba SesaZloa moxdes misi
braliT an bralis gareSe. marTalia, Sesrulebis miReba kreditoris uflebaa,
magram is kavSirSia movalis valdebulebasTan. Sesrulebis miRebis vadis
gadacileba im faqtis Sedegia, romelSic braleulobas iseTive mniSvneloba aqvs
movalisaTvis, rogoric movalis brals aqvs kreditorisaTvis Sesrulebis vadis
101
CaCava s., myidvelis meoradi uflebebis SedarebiTsamarTlebrivi analizi, J. `qarTuli samarTlis
mimoxilva~, specialuri gamocema, 2004, 42.
102
Дождёв Д.В., Римское частное право, М., 2002, 501.
103
ZlieriSvili z., valdebulebis Sesruleba, 64.
104
zarandia T., saxelSekrulebo valdebulebis Sesrulebis adgili da vadebi, Tb., 2005, 103.
105
z. ZlieriSvili, valdebulebis Sesruleba, 126.
93
gadacilebisas.106 braleuli gadacilebisas kreditori valdebulia aunazRauros

movales amiT miyenebuli ziani (saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis 391-e muxli).
aseve, kreditori valdebulia aunazRauros movales xelSekrulebis sagnis
Senaxvis gamo warmoSobili xarjebi, mas ekisreba nivTis SemTxveviT gafuWebis an
daRupvis riski da ara aqvs fuladi valdebulebisaTvis procentis moTxovnis
ufleba (saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis 393-e muxli).
valdebulebis arajerovani Sesruleba aseve gulisxmobs xelSekrulebiT
gaTvaliswinebulisagan gansxvavebul Sesrulebas, magaliTad, naklis mqone nivTis
gadacemas. nasyidobis xelSekrulebiT gamyidvelis mxridan nivTobrivad da
uflebrivad unaklo nivTis gadacemis movaleobis darRvevisas myidvels Sesa-
bamisi moTxovnebis ganxorcielebis SesaZlebloba erTmeva, Tu gonivrul vadaSi ar
warudgens gamyidvels pretenzias. Tumca, miuxedavad vadis daucvelobisa, mas
moTxovnis ufleba unarCundeba, Tu gamyidvelma icoda naklis Sesaxeb da
Segnebulad, ganzrax dumda amis Taobaze (saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis 495-e
muxli, germaniis samoqalaqo kodeqsis 442-e paragrafi). germaniis samoqalaqo
kodeqsis Tanaxmad, qiravnobis xelSekrulebis arsebobisas qiravnobis sagnis
naklis aRmoCenisas, damqiravebels fasis Semcirebisa da naklis gamosworebis
moTxovnis garda, SeuZlia moiTxovos misTvis miyenebuli zianis anazRaureba, Tu
nivTis naklis arseboba xelSekrulebis dadebis dros an Semdeg misi warmoSoba
gamqiraveblis braleul qmedebas ukavSirdeba;107 Txovebis xelSekrulebiT, Tu
gamnaTxovrebeli Segnebulad ar umxels monaTxovres naTxovari nivTis nakls, an
ganzrax Tu gaufrTxileblobiT aklebs gasanaTxovrebel qonebas gansazRvrul
nawils, misi qonebrivi pasuxismgebloba garduvalia;108 Cuqebis xelSekrulebiT, Tu
mCuqebeli boroti ganzraxviT damalavs gaCuqebuli qonebis nakls anu gaCuqebamde
warmoSobil aSkara naklovanebas, romlis Sesaxebac misTvis cnobilia, igi val-
debulia, dasaCuqrebuls aunazRauros miyenebuli ziani, rac SesaZlebelia miadges
dasaCuqrebulis sicocxles, janmrTelobas an mis sakuTrebaSi arsebul qonebas109.
saxelSekrulebo valdebulebis darRvevisas pasuxismgebloba zogjer
xelSekrulebis sanacvalgeboobas emyareba. romauli samarTlis mixedviT,
usasyidlo xelSekrulebis arsebobisas movale pasuxismgebeli iyo mxolod
valdebulebis ganzrax darRvevisaTvis, xolo sasyidliani xelSekrulebisas
rogorc ganzraxi, ise gaufrTxilebeli bralisaTvis110. kontinenturi evropis
samarTlis sistemaSi usasyidlo xelSekrulebis dros movalis pasuxismgebloba
efuZneba e.w. konkretul brals, anu movales ekisreba mzrunvelobis im zomiT
gamovlena, romelsac iCens sakuTari saqmeebis ganxorcielebisas. magaliTad,
usasyidlo mibarebis dros saqonlis daRupvis, dazianebisa Tu dakargvisTvis
Semnaxveli pasuxs agebs, Tu ar gamoavlina mzrunvelobis is zoma, rasac wesisamebr
avlens sakuTari nivTebis Senaxvisas (safrangeTis samoqalaqo kodeqsis 1927-e
muxli). sasyidliani xelSekrulebiT gaTvaliswinebuli valdebulebis darRvevisa-
Tvis pirs pasuxismgebloba daekisreba, Tu man ar gamoiCina mzrunvelobis is zoma,
rasac avlens nebismieri keTilsindisieri, mowesrigebuli meurne, anu movalis
pasuxismgeblobis safuZveli am SemTxvevaSi e.w. abstraqtuli bralia. amgvar
106
107
Гражданское и торговое правo зарубежных государств, т. II, 85.
108
Sengelia r., Txovebis da sesxis samarTlebrivi buneba, Tb., 1999, 13.
109
saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis komentari, w. IV, t. I, (Sengelia r.), Tb., 2001, 73.
110
Барон Ю., Система римского гражданского права, 3-е изд., кн. 1, Общая часть СПБ, 1909, 98.
94
danawess icnobs sasaqonlo sawyobSi mibarebis dros amerikis erTgvarovani

savaWro kodeqsi. kerZod, sasaqonlo sawyobis mflobeli pasuxs agebs saqonlis
dakargvisa an dazianebisaTvis, Tu aRniSnuli Sedegi dadga imis gamo, rom man ar
gamoavlina mzrunvelobis is zoma, romelsac gamoiCenda msgavs garemoebaSi nebis-
mieri gonivrulad mzrunveli adamiani.111 amgvarad, sasyidliani mibarebis dros,
roca Semnaxvels evaleba nivTis SenaxvisaTvis specialuri pirobebis Seqmna, man pa-
suxi unda agos ganzraxi bralisTvis da gaufrTxileblobis orive formisTvis,
xolo usasyidlo mibarebisas is pasuxs agebs ganzraxvisa da uxeSi gaufrTxileb-
lobisaTvis112.
4.2.3. winaswari SeTanxmebis dauSvebloba pasuxismgeblobis

SezRudvis an gamoricxvis Taobaze
samoqalaqo samarTali aRiarebs ra braleuli pasuxismgeblobis princips,

romis samarTlidan moyolebuli, baTilad miiCnevs SeTanxmebas valdebulebis
braleulad (ganzrax an uxeSi gaufrTxileblobiT) darRvevisas mxaris pasu-
xismgeblobis gamoricxvis an Semcirebis Taobaze.113 xelSekrulebis amgvari Si-
naarsis pirobebi saerTaSoriso komerciul praqtikaSi gansakuTrebul daTqmebad
iwodeba. zogjer am termins farTod ganmartaven da masSi moiazreben xelSek-
rulebis im pirobebsac, romlebic mxares saSualebas aZlevs, valdebuleba Se-
Tanxmebisagan arsebiTad gansxvavebulad Seasrulos.114 pasuxismgeblobis gamom-
ricxvel SeTanxmebas doqtrina uaryofiTad afasebs. miiCneva, rom saxelSek-
rulebo Tavisuflebis amgvari gamovlena ar jdeba samarTlebriv faseulobaTa
wesrigis farglebSi.115 aseT SeTanxmebas samoqalaqo brunvaSi Semoaqvs val-
debulebis Seusruleblobis ganwyoba, is principulad ewinaaRmdegeba samoqalaqo
brunvisTvis damaxasiaTebel mxareTa urTierTndobis, keTilsindisierebis
principebs da eTikur-zneobrivi TvalsazrisiTac baTilobas imsaxurebs116. ka-
nonmdebloba saerTaSoriso Tu erovnul doneze krZalavs xelSekrulebis amgvari
pirobebis arsebobas. evrosabWos 1994 wlis 31 dekembris direqtiva `momxma-
rebelTan dadebuli xelSekrulebis arakeTilsindisieri pirobebis Sesaxeb~
krZalavs gansakuTrebul daTqmebs. evropuli saxelSekrulebo samarTlis
ZiriTadi debulebebis Tanaxmad, samarTlebrivi dacvis saSualebebis gamoyeneba
valdebulebis Seusruleblobisas SeiZleba gamoiricxos an SeizRudos, Tu
aRniSnuli ar ewinaaRmdegeba keTilsindisierebisa da patiosani saqmosnobis prin-
cipebs (8:109 muxli).117 saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsi Seicavs msgavs akrZalvebs
rogorc valdebulebiTi samarTlis zogad nawilSi, ise calkeul xelSekru-
lebebTan mimarTebiT. magaliTad, 395-e muxlis meore nawilis Tanaxmad, dauSve-
111
Гражданское и торговое право зарубежных государств, т. II, 227.
112
saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis komentari, w. IV, t. II (suxitaSvili d.), Tb., 2001, 56. saerTo
samarTalSi miCneulia, rom pasuxismgeblobisgan ganTavisuflebis Sesaxeb xelSekrulebis pirobebi
baTilia, Tu isini aragonivrulia saerTod an konkretul samarTaldarRvevasTan mimarTebiT, radgan
dauSvebelia xelSekrulebis Tavisuflebis principis borotad gamoyeneba. ix. Романов А.К., Правовая
система Англии, М., 2002, 138.
113
Новицкий И.Б., Римское право, 153.
114
Дзюба И., Условия договоров об ограничении и исклучении ответственности, ж. `Хозяйствo и право~, №1, 2003, 19.
116
117
Ефремов Л.В., dasax. naSromi, 168.
95
belia mxareTa winaswari SeTanxmeba movalis mier ganzraxi moqmedebiT val-

debulebis darRvevisas zianis anazRaurebisagan misi ganTavisuflebis Sesaxeb.
msgavs danawess iTvaliswinebs Sveicariis valdebulebiTi kanonis me-100
paragrafi, sadac miTiTebulia ganzraxvasa da uxeS gaufrTxileblobaze. aseve
germaniis samoqalaqo kodeqsi (§444) nasyidobis xelSekrulebasTan mimarTebiT
adgens, rom SeTanxmeba gayiduli nivTis naklTan dakavSirebiT myidvelis
uflebebis SezRudvis an gamouyeneblobis Sesaxeb baTilia, Tu gamyidveli ganzrax
dumda nivTis naklis Sesaxeb.118 saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsi pasuxismgeblobi-
sgan ganTavisuflebis an SezRudvis Sesaxeb SeTanxmebis baTilobas iTvaliswinebs
nivTis naklis ganzrax damalvisas nasyidobis (497-e muxli), qiravnobis (539-e
muxli) xelSekrulebiT; tvirTis braleulad dakargvis, dazianebisa da vadis
gadacilebisas — gadazidvisa (697-e muxli) da satransporto eqspediciis (749-e
muxli) xelSekrulebiT da a.S.
aRniSnuli SeTanxmeba baTilia aseve xelSekrulebis mxaris warmomadgenlisa
da damxmaris mimarTac. magaliTad, saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis 348-e muxlis
v) punqti baTilad miiCnevs xelSekrulebis im standartul pirobas, romelic
gamoricxavs an zRudavs pasuxismgeblobas im zianisaTvis, rac gamowveulia SemTa-
vazeblis an misi warmomadgenlis mier uxeSi gaufrTxileblobiT valdebulebis
darRvevis gamo.119
5. braleul pirTa wre
5.1. Sereuli brali
saxelSekrulebo valdebulebis darRvevisa Tu deliqtis Sedegad

dazaralebulisaTvis miyenebul ziani SesaZloa iyos rogorc movalis, ise Tavad
kreditoris braleuli moqmedebis Sedegi. am SemTxvevaSi doqtrina saubrobs e.w.
Sereul bralze. marTebulia Tu ara dazaralebulis qmedebaSi miTiTeba bralsa da,
Sesabamisad, marTlwinaaRmdegobaze, radgan, Tu es ukanaskneli SesaZloa bralis
gareSe, brali ueWvelad gulisxmobs marTlwinaaRmdegobis arsebobas.120 sabWoTa
civilistebis erTi nawili Tvlida, rom dazaralebulis brali ar moicavs
marTlwinaaRmdegobas, radgan sakuTari qonebis ganadgurebas an dazianebas ar
SeiZleba marTlwinaaRmdegoba vuwodoT,121 is ar arRvevs samarTlebriv danawess,
samarTlis normis moTxovnebs, Sesabamisad, arc kreditoris absolutur an
relatiur uflebas.122 sxva mosazrebiT, dazaralebulis mxridan marTlwinaaR-
mdegoba saxezea, radgan misi qmedebiT ziani adgeba mTel sazogadoebas.123 ufro
farTod gavrcelebuli SexedulebiT, am SemTxvevaSi marTlwinaaRmdegoba
gamoixateba dazaralebulis mier zianis mimyeneblis, rogorc samarTlis su-
bieqtis, kuTvnili uflebebis xelyofiT.124 franguli samoqalaqosamarTlebrivi
doqtrina Tvlis, rom dazaralebuli moqmedebs marTlsawinaaRmdegod da
118
Гражданское и тoрговое право зарубежных государств, 49.
119
Ансон В., Договорное право, М., 1984, 118.
120
121
Тархов В.А., Ответственность по советскому гражданскому праву, Саратов, 1973, 98.
122
saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis komentari, w. III, 364.
123
Антимонов Н.С., Значение вины потерпевшего при гражданском правонарушении, М., 1950, 503.
124
Иоффе О.С., Ответственность по советскому гражданскому праву, Л., 1955, 161.
96
braleulad imis mimarT, vinc mas ziani miayena.125 inglisuri precedentuli

samarTali rogorc dazaralebulis, ise samarTaldamrRvevis pasuxismgeblobis
gansazRvrisas gamodis e.w. `gonieri adamianis~ koncefciidan da bralSi moiazrebs
windaxedulebis im zomebis miuReblobas, rasac miiRebda msgavs garemoebebSi
nebismieri gonieri adamiani. mopasuxis mier dazaralebulis mxridan amgvari
windauxedaobis damtkicebisas nafici msajulebi gansazRvraven TiToeuli mxaris
bralis procents. Sesabamisad, zianis anazRaureba moxdeba zianis warmoSobaSi
TiToeulis wilobrivi monawileobis mixedviT.126
dazaralebulis brali SeiZleba gamoixatos rogorc moqmedebiT, ise umoq-
medobiT — Tavidan aicilos an Seamciros ziani (saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis
415-e muxli). evropuli saxelSekrulebo samarTlis ZiriTadi debulebebis
Tanaxmad, dazaralebulis brali gamoixateba valdebulebis SeusruleblobaSi
xelis SewyobiTa da zianis Sesamcireblad misTvis SesaZlebeli gonivruli zomebis
miuReblobiT (9:504—9:505 muxli);127 aseve, ruseTis federaciis samoqalaqo
kodeqsis 404-e muxlis Tanaxmad, dazaralebulis brali gulisxmobs ganzrax an
gaufrTxileblobiT zianis moculobis gazrdaSi xelis Sewyobas SeusruleblobiT
an arajerovani SesrulebiT, aseve zianis Sesamcireblad gonivruli zomebis
miuReblobas.128
Sereuli bralis arsebobisas samoqalaqosamarTlebrivi pasuxismgeblobis
gansazRvris wesi aratradiciulia da gulisxmobs ara zianis anazRaurebas
dazaralebulis mier, aramed zianis mimyeneblis pasuxismgeblobis Semcirebas da
zianis Sesabamisi nawilis dazaralebulze dakisrebas.129 am viTarebaSi arsebuli
ziani movalisa da dazaralebulis erToblivi moqmedebis ganuyofeli Sedegia,
romlis gayofa mizezobriobis mixedviT, anu imis dadgena, Tu zianis ra nawili iqna
miyenebuli TiToeulis mier, SeuZlebelia. amitom zianis anazRaurebis valde-
buleba da anazRaurebis moculoba ganisazRvreba mxareTa braleulobis xarisxiT
— ufro metad Tu romeli mxaris braliT aris ziani gamowveuli.130
romis samarTali dazaralebuls arTmevda zianis anazRaurebis moTxovnis
SesaZleblobas, radgan dazaralebulad ar iTvleboda is, vinc Tavisi braliT,
Tundac martivi gaufrTxileblobiT ganicdida zians. Sveicariis valdebulebiTi
kanoni (44-e muxli) dazaralebulis bralis arsebobisas miuTiTebs rogorc
movalis pasuxismgeblobisagan gaTavisuflebaze, ise pasuxismgeblobis moculobis
SezRudvaze.131 franguli samoqalaqo samarTlis mixedviT, Tu zianis warmoSobis
erTaderTi mizezi dazaralebulis braleuli moqmedebaa, samarTaldarRvevis
pasuxismgeblobis sakiTxi ar dgeba, xolo Tu saxezea orive mxaris brali,
Sesabamisad, zianis anazRaurebis valdebuleba orives ekisreba.132
125
A. Colin et H., Capitant Cours elementaire de droit civil II 1915, 355. miTiTebulia wignidan: Антимонов Н.С., dasax.
naSromi, 64.
126
Романов А.К., dasax. naSromi, 259.
127
evropuli saxelSekrulebo samarTlis ZiriTadi debulebebi qarTuli kerZo samarTlis krebuli,
259.
128
Комментарии к гражданскому кодексу Российской федерации (постатейный части первой, второй, третьей), 2-е изд.,
под ред. Борисова А.Г., М., 2002, 397.
129
Иоффе О.С., dasax. naSromi, 163.
130
131
Май С.К., Очерк общей части буржуазного обязательственного права, М., 1953, 150.
132
Морандьер Л. Ж.., dasax. naSromi, 423.
97
SesaZloa, doqtrinam bralis formis mixedviT gansazRvros bralis

procentuli odenoba, risi tolic iqneba anazRaurebadi Tu aunazRaurebadi
zianis procentuli sidide. magaliTad, Tu dazaralebuli moqmedebda ganzrax,
meore mxares pasuxismgebloba ar daekisreba, imis miuxedavad, is moqmedebda
ganzrax Tu gaufrTxileblobiT; an, Tu dazaralebuli moqmedebda uxeSi
gaufrTxileblobiT, xolo movale martivi gaufrTxileblobiT, SesaZloa aseve ar
dadges zianis anazRaurebis sakiTxi da a.S. amasTan, sasamarTlom SesaZloa
gaiTvaliswinos doqtriniseuli pozicia, Tumca zianis anazRaurebis sakiTxi
yoveli konkretuli SemTxvevis Taviseburebebidan unda gadawydes.133
5.2. pasuxismgebloba sxvisi Tu sakuTari bralisaTvis?
5.2.1. pasuxismgebloba nebauunaro pirTa moqmedebisaTvis
ama Tu im samarTlebrivi moqmedebis ganxorcielebis SesaZleblobisa da mis

Sedegebze pasuxismgeblobis dakisrebis safuZveli samarTalsubieqtobaa. es cneba
moicavs uflebaunarianobis, qmedunarianobisa da deliqtunarianobis samarTleb-
riv kategoriebs. uflebaunarianoba fizikur pirTaTvis samoqalaqosamarTleb-
rivi urTierTobis subieqtad yofnis samoqalaqo kanonmdeblobiT miniWebuli Se-
saZleblobaa,134 is uflebamovaleobaTa samarTlebrivi wanamZRvaria,135 piris una-
ria, hqondes samoqalaqo uflebebi da movaleobebi (saqarTvelos samoqalaqo ko-
deqsis me-11 muxlis I nawili); qmedunarianoba piris SesaZleblobaa — sakuTari sa-
xeliTa da moqmedebiT moipovos samoqalaqo uflebebi da movaleobebi;136 xolo
deliqtunarianoba piris SesaZleblobaa — ikisros samoqalaqosamarTlebrivi
pasuxismgebloba sxvisTvis marTlsawinaaRmdego moqmedebiT miyenebuli ziani-
saTvis.137
uflebaunarianobisagan gansxvavebiT, romelic adamianis dabadebis momen-
tidan warmoiSoba, qmedunarianobis gansazRvras ama Tu im qveynis samarTali ukav-
Sirebs iseT samarTlebrivad mniSvnelovan garemoebebs, rogorebic aris asaki da
janmrTeloba. qmedunarianad miiCnevian pirebi, vinc gansazRvrul asaks miaRwies
da aqvT normaluri gansjis unari, SeuZliaT, angariSi gauwion maT mier ganxor-
cielebul qmedebebs.138 maTi saqmiani da gonebrivi SesaZleblobebi iZleva imis
saSualebas, rom saTanadod Seafason sakuTari nebis gamovlenis mniSvneloba.139 ama
Tu im qveynis kanonmdebloba ganamtkicebs sruli qmedunarianobis prezumfcias im
piris mimarT, vinc srulwlovanebas miaRwia, radgan miiCneva, rom pirs am droidan
SeuZlia nebismier samoqalaqosamarTlebriv urTierTobaSi gaazrebulad mona-
wileoba, ZaluZs sakuTari moqmedebis mniSvnelobis Sefaseba. imavdroulad, SesaZ-
loa, srulwlovan adamians janmrTelobis mdgomareoba ar aZlevdes zemoTqmuli
SesaZleblobebis ganxorcielebis unars. samoqalaqo samarTali aseT mdgoma-
reobad Wkuasustobasa da suliT avadmyofobas miiCnevs.
133
saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis komentari, w. III, 483.
134
Гражданское и торговое право зарубежных стран, под ред. Безбаха В.В. и Пучинского В.К., М., 2004, 94.
135
Эннекцерус Л., dasax. naSromi, 283.
136
Гражданское и торговое право зарубежных государств, т. I, 122.
137
Шумилов В.М,. Введение в правовую систему, ФР,. Москва - Бреме,. 2001, 69.
138
Wanturia l., Sesavali saqarTvelos samoqalaqo samarTlis zogad nawilSi, Tb., 1997, 154.
139
cvaigerti k., kotci h., dasax. naSromi, t. II, 33.
98
qmeduunaro piris gonebrivi ganviTarebis arasakmarisi done da arajansaRi

fsiqikuri mdgomareoba gamoricxavs Tavisuflad da gonivrulad moqmedebis
SesaZleblobas,140 Sesabamisad, qmeduunaro piris mier dadebuli nebismieri gari-
geba, mis mier an mis mimarT gamovlenili neba ucilod baTilia; is arc sxva pi-
risaTvis marTlsawinaaRmdego moqmedebiT miyenebuli zianisaTvis agebs pasuxs
bralis ararsebobis gamo, ramdenadac es ukanaskneli nebaunarianobas da nebis gamo
pasuxismgeblobas gulisxmobs.
qmeduunaro pirTa mier miyenebuli zianisaTvis ama Tu im qveynis samoqalaqo
kanonmdebloba pasuxismgeblobas maT kanonier warmomadgenlebsa (mSoblebi, meur-
ve) da meTvalyureobaze valdebul sxva pirebs (aRmzrdelobiTi, saswavlo, sam-
kurnalo dawesebulebebi) akisrebs, radgan swored am subieqtebs SeeracxebaT bra-
lad maTi meTvalyureobis qveS myof pirTa moqmedeba. maTi brali gamoixateba
kanoniT dakisrebuli movaleobebis arajerovnad SesrulebiT, kerZod, arasrul-
wlovanis cudi aRzrdiT, rasac mohyva misi mxridan zianis warmomSobi moqmedebis
ganxorcieleba, aseve arasrulwlovanebsa Tu janmrTelobis gamo qmeduunarod
aRiarebul pirebze arasakmarisi zedamxedvelobis gaweviT.
franguli samoqalaqo samarTlis Tanaxmad, mSoblebs ekisrebaT solida-
ruli pasuxismgebloba arasrulwlovani Svilebis mier miyenebuli zianisaTvis, Tu
isini erTad cxovroben. cal-calke cxovrebis SemTxvevaSi pasuxs agebs is mSobeli,
vis mzrunvelobaSic imyofeba bavSvi. saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis 1199-e
muxlis Tanaxmad, Svilis mimarT mSoblebs aqvT Tanabari ufleba-movaleobebi im
SemTxvevaSic, roca isini ganqorwinebulni arian. Sesabamisad, calke mcxovreb mSo-
bels igive pasuxismgebloba ekisreba, rac im mSobels, visTanac bavSvi cxovrobs.
mSobeli SeiZleba ganTavisufldes zianis anazRaurebis valdebulebisagan, Tu is
meore mSoblis braliT moklebuli iyo SesaZleblobas, mieRo monawileoba bavSvis
aRzrdaSi.141 Tu meuRleebi cal-calke cxovroben da mSobeli, romelic ar cxov-
robs SvilTan, moklebuli iyo Svilis yoveldRiur aRzrdaSi monawileobas
sakuTari braliT, ar Tavisufldeba pasuxismgeblobisagan arasrulwlovani
Svilis mier sxvisTvis zianis miyenebisas.142 mSobels, romelsac CamorTmeuli aqvs
mSoblis ufleba, ar ekisreba pasuxismgebloba Svilis mier miyenebuli zianisaTvis.
ruseTis federaciis samoqalaqo kodeqsi iTvaliswinebs sasamarTlos mier aseT
pirze pasuxismgeblobis dakisrebis SesaZleblobas uflebis CamorTmevidan 3 wlis
ganmavlobaSi, Tu bavSvis qmedeba mSoblis mier Tavisi movaleobebis arajerovani
Sesrulebis Sedegia.143
qmeduunaro pirTa mier miyenebuli zianisaTvis pasuxismgebloba ar dadge-
ba, Tu kanonieri warmomadgenlebi an meTvalyureobaze valdebuli sxva subieqtebi
daamtkiceben, rom isini saTanadod asrulebdnen movaleobas, yvela SesaZlo zoma
miiRes, raTa ziani ar damdgariyo, magram misi acileba ver SeZles.144 sainteresoa,
Tu rogor unda gadawydes pasuxismgeblobis sakiTxi, roca arasrulwlovanis mier
miyenebuli ziani Sedegia rogorc mSoblebis, ise saswavlo an sxva dawesebulebis
braleuli moqmedebisa. arsebobs mosazreba, romlis Tanaxmad, Tu garemoebaTa
140
Кавелин К., Права и обязанности по имуществам и обязательствам, СПБ, М., 1879, 186.
141
saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis komentari, w. IV, t. II (CikvaSvili S.), 394.
142
CorgolaSvili l., deliqturi valdebulebebis axleburad gadawyvetis Sesaxeb, krebuli `samar-
Tlis reforma saqarTveloSi~, 248.
143
Пилияева В.В., Гражданское право. части общая и особенная, М., 2006, 377.
144
Кузнецова Л.Г., Шевченко Я.Н., Гражданско-правовое положение несовершеннолетних, М., 1968, 101.
99
mixedviT aSkaraa, rom meTvalyureobaze valdebul pirTa mxridan saTanado ze-

damxedvelobis ganxorcielebisas ziani ar dadgeboda, mSoblebi unda ganTavi-
sufldnen pasuxismgeblobisagan, xolo Tu am valdebulebis jerovnad Sesrulebis
dros ziani mainc dadgeboda, radgan bavSvis moqmedeba cudi aRzrdis Sedegia,
mxolod mSoblebi ageben pasuxs.145 radgan saxeze gvaqvs ramdenime piris mier zianis
miyenebis faqti, gamoyenebul unda iqnes saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis 998-e
muxlis I nawili, romelic awesebs am SemTxvevaSi zianis mimyenebelTa solidarul
pasuxismgeblobas. aseve unda gadawydes sakiTxi mSobelTa pasuxismgeblobasTan
mimarTebiT. oRond, dazaralebulis dakmayofilebis Semdeg maT Soris urTier-
Tobisas wili unda iyos Tanabari, xolo mSoblebsa da zedamxedvelobis ganmaxor-
cielebel pirTa Soris urTierTobisas wili unda ganisazRvros maTi bralis
xarisxis Sesabamisad. qarTuli samoqalaqo samarTali 10 wlis asaks miRweul ara-
srulwlovans deliqtunarianad miiCnevs da Tavad mas akisrebs zianis anazRaurebis
valdebulebas. amasTan, radgan nebaunarianoba, piris mier sakuTari moqmedebis
mniSvnelobis gacnobiereba, moqmedebis xelmZRvaneloba pasuxismgeblobis gan-
msazRvrelia, kanonmdebeli akeTebs daTqmas, rom 10 wlis asaks miRweulic Tavi-
sufldeba pasusixmgeblobisagan, Tu zianis miyenebisas mas ar SeeZlo Tavisi
moqmedebis mniSvneloba gaego. aseve, gansazRvruli garemoebebis arsebobisas Se-
saZloa dadges kanonier warmomadgenelTa damatebiTi, subsidiuri pasuxismgeb-
lobac. misi arsi isaa, rom kreditoris moTxovnis dakmayofilebis SeuZleblobisas
ZiriTadi movalis mxridan, am ukanasknelTan erTad, pasuxismgebelni arian sxva pi-
rebic. kerZod, rodesac arasrulwlovans ara aqvs sakmarisi qoneba an Semosavali,
zianis mTlianad an nawilobriv anazRaureba evaleba subsidiur movales, analo-
giuri wesebi gamoiyeneba im srulwlovani piris mimarT, visac sasamarTlom dauwesa
mzrunveloba. saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis 994-e muxlis III nawili awesebs
mxolod kanonier warmomadgenelTa subsidiur pasuxismgeblobas, magram arafers
ambobs zedamxedvelobis ganmaxorcielebel subieqtTan mimarTebiT. mizanSewo-
nilia, dawesdes aRniSnul pirTa damatebiTi pasuxismgeblobac da maT dazara-
lebulis winaSe am pasuxismgeblobis farglebSi kanonier warmomadgenlebTan
erTad pasuxi agon solidarulad, bralis xarisxis gaTvaliswinebiT. sakiTxis
amgvari gadawyveta gansakuTrebiT waadgeba dRes saqarTveloSi am asakis mozardTa
mier ganxorcielebuli samarTaldarRvevebis gamo maTi pasuxismgeblobis gan-
sazRvris wess. subsidiuri pasuxismgeblobis arsidan gamomdinare, arabraleuli
damatebiTi movale, romelic braleuli ZiriTadi movalis nacvlad asrulebs
masze kanoniT an xelSekrulebiT dakisrebul movaleobas kreditoris winaSe, amis
Semdeg iZens regresuli moTxovnis uflebas movalis mimarT. amasTan, radgan
kanonier warmomadgenelTa da meTvalyureobaze valdebul pirTa pasuxismgeb-
lobis piroba sxvisi ki ara, sakuTari bralia, maT kanoni ar aniWebs ukumoTxovnis
uflebas.146
saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsi (996-e muxli) pasuxismgeblobisagan
aTavisuflebs im pirebs, vinc droebiT ugono an sulieri moSlilobis viTarebaSi
miayena sxvas ziani. aRniSnuli pirebi ar arian qmeduunarod sasamarTlos mier
aRiarebulni, Tumca maTi janmrTelobis mdgomareoba zianis miyenebisas maT ar
aZlevdaT sakuTari nebisa da misi gamovlenis arsis gaazrebis SesaZleblobas.
ramdenadac es pirebi ar arian qmeduunarod cnobilni, pasuxismgebeli subieqtic
145
Иоффе О.С., Ответственность по советскому гражданскому праву, 488.
146
Иванова Г.Н., Шевченко А.С., Субсидиарная ответственность, ж. `Правоведение~, №2, 1998, 150.
100
ar arsebobs da dazaralebulis interesebi daucvelia. ruseTis samoqalaqo

kodeqsis 1068-e muxlis me-3 paragrafi msgavsi SemTxvevisaTvis iTvaliswinebs
sasamarTlos mier zianis mimyeneblis ojaxis wevrebze (Sromisunariani meuRle,
mSoblebi, srulwlovani Svili) pasuxismgeblobis dakisrebis SesaZleblobas, Tu
maT icodnen maTi ojaxis wevris fsiqikuri moSlilobis Sesaxeb da ar daayenes
sakiTxi misi qmeduunarod aRiarebis Sesaxeb, anu sakiTxis amgvari gadawyvetis sa-
fuZveli am pirTa braleuli moqmedebaa, rac gamoixateba arasaTanado zedamxed-
velobis gawevasa da windaxedulebis zomebis miuReblobiT zianis Tavidan asaci-
leblad. upriani iqneba, dazaralebulis interesebis dasacavad saqarTvelos sa-
moqalaqo kodeqsmac gansazRvros msgavs garemoebaSi pasuxismgebel subieqtTa wre.
5.2.2. pasuxismgebloba faqtobriv SemsrulebelTa moqmedebisaTvis
TanamedroveobaSi arsebobs valdebulebaTa kategoriebi, romelTa jerov-

nad Sesruleba erTi piris mier SeuZlebelia, radgan ama Tu im sameurneo amocanis
gadawyveta movalis mxridan sxvadasxvagvari moqmedebis Sesrulebas saWiroebs. am
procesSi movalis mier Sesatyvisi profesiuli Tvisebebis mqone pirTa daxmarebis
gamoyeneba an maTTvis Sesrulebis gadandoba SesaZloa Seadgendes rogorc
kreditoris, ise movalis interess.147
saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis 371-e muxlis I nawilis Tanaxmad, Tu kano-
nidan, xelSekrulebidan an valdebulebis bunebidan ar gamomdinareobs, rom mova-
lem piradad unda Seasrulos valdebuleba, maSin es valdebuleba SeiZleba
Seasrulos mesame pirmac. aseT SemTxvevaSi kreditori valdebulia miiRos movalis
nacvlad mesame pirisagan SemoTavazebuli Sesruleba. iuridiul literaturaSi am
kategoriis mesame pirebs faqtobriv, uSualo, namdvil subSemsruleblebs uwodeb-
en. mesame pirebi, romlebic movalis nacvlad asruleben valdebulebas, SeiZleba
iyvnen fizikuri pirebi, maT Soris individualuri mewarmeebi, iuridiuli pirebi
Tu gaerTianebebi, romlebic ar arian iuridiuli pirebi.148
mesame pirisaTvis valdebulebis Sesrulebis dakisreba ar aris imis safuZ-
veli, rom kreditoris winaSe mas daekisros pasuxismgebloba valdebulebis Seus-
ruleblobis an arajerovani SesrulebisaTvis. saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis
396-e muxlis Tanaxmad, movalem Tavisi kanonieri warmomadgenlis an im pirTa
moqmedebisaTvis, romelTac igi iyenebs sakuTari valdebulebis Sesasruleblad,
iseTive moculobiT unda agos pasuxi, rogorc sakuTari braleuli qmedebis dros.
aRniSnuli norma msgavsia germaniis samoqalaqo kodeqsis 278-e paragrafisa,
romlis moqmedeba vrceldeba yvela mesame pirze, visac movale iyenebs valdebu-
lebis Sesasruleblad, miuxedavad imisa, is uSualod eqvemdebareba movalis
miTiTebebs Tu damoukideblad moqmedebs149. mesame piris mier masze dakisrebuli
valdebulebis darRvevisas movalis pasuxismgeblobas adgens ruseTis federaciis
samoqalaqo kodeqsis 403-e muxli, garda im SemTxvevisa, roca kanoni pirdapir miu-
147
ZlieriSvili z., valdebulebis Sesruleba, 15.
148
iqve, 29.
149
Kётц Х., Лорман Ф., Введение в обязательственное право. В книге: Проблемы гражданского и предприниматель-
ского права Германии, М., 53.
101
TiTebs Semsrulebeli piris pasuxismgeblobaze.150 romis samarTlidan moyolebu-

li, movalis pasuxismgeblobis ganmsazRvreli am viTarebaSi misi bralia, rac gamo-
ixateba Semsrulebeli piris arCevisas arasakmarisi windaxedulebis gamoCeniTa Tu
mis moqmedebaze arasaTanado meTvelyureobis gaweviT,151 gamoucdeli piris
SerCeviTa da mis profesiul momzadebaze arasakmarisi kontrolis ganxor-
cielebiT,152
saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis calkeuli normebi sagangebod amaxvi-
leben yuradRebas am faqtorebze. magaliTad, davalebis xelSekrulebiT, roca
nebadarTulia davalebis gadandoba mesame pirisaTvis, rwmunebuli pasuxs agebs
mxolod im bralisaTvis, romelic mas miuZRvis gadandobisas da am piris SerCevisas
(711-e muxlis II nawili); Semnaxveli pasuxs agebs mesame pirisaTvis nivTis gadacemis
SemTxvevaSi mxolod im bralisaTvis, romelic mas miuZRvis mesame piris arCevaSi
(766-e muxlis II nawili). aseve menardes ufleba aqvs, samuSaos Sesruleba miandos
sxvas qvenardobis xelSekrulebiT, oRond SemkveTis winaSe samuSaos Sesrule-
bisaTvis pasuxismgebelia ara submenarde, aramed generaluri menarde.
movalisaTvis Semsrulebeli piris mier valdebulebis darRvevisaTvis
pasuxismgeblobis dawesebas xsnian kreditoris interesebis uzrunvelyofiTac.
kerZod, kreditori Tavad ar imyofeba samarTlebriv urTierTobaSi im pirebTan,
romlis gamoc movale pasuxs agebs mis winaSe. amitom mas ar gaaCnia mesame piris
mimarT moTxovnis ufleba, mas sarCelis wayeneba mxolod sakuTari kontrahentis
winaaRmdeg SeuZlia. am ukanasknels, Tavis mxriv, ZaluZs, regresuli moTxovna
ganaxorcielos braleuli faqtobrivi Semsruleblis mimarT. unda aRiniSnos, rom
movalis pasuxismgebloba gamoiricxeba, Tu Semsrulebeli ar moqmedebda
braleulad, Tumca sabWoTa samarTlebrivi doqtrina aRiarebda movalis pa-
suxismgeblobas, mesame piris bralis miuxedavad.
saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis 396-e muxli saubrobs aseve movalis
pasuxismgeblobaze misi kanonieri warmomadgenlis moqmedebisaTvis. sakiTxis
amgvari gadawyvetis safuZvels warmomadgenlobis institutis raoba gansazR-
vravs. warmomadgenlad miiCneva piri, romelic moqmedebs im piris nacvlad, visac
Seexeba garigeba.153 warmomadgenlobis arsi is aris, rom erTi piri — warmomadge-
neli axorcielebs iuridiul moqmedebas meore piris — warmodgenilis saxeliT
misTvis miniWebuli uflebamosilebis farglebSi da iZens samoqalaqo uflebebsa
da movaleobebs warmodgenilisaTvis.154 warmoqmnili urTierTobis subieqtebs swo-
red warmodgenili da mesame piri Seadgenen, xolo warmomadgeneli am urTierTobis
gareT rCeba.155
150
Комментарий к гражданскому кодексу Россиийской федерации, части первой, второй, третьей, под.ред. Борисова
А.Г., 396.
151
Новицкий И.Б., Римское право, 154.
152
cvaigerti k., kotci h., dasax. naSromi, t. II, 320.
153
Дернбург Г., Обязательственное право, 3-е изд., М., 1911, 148. warmomadgenloba garigebis dadebaze
uflebamosilebis delegirebaa, warmodgenili piris mier warmomadgenlisTvis sakuTari nebis gada-
cemaa. ix. Кётц Х., Лорман Ф., dasax. naSromi, 65.
154
kaxaZe m., warmomadgenlobisa da mindobilobis institutis Taviseburebani, krebuli: `samarTlis
reforma saqarTveloSi~, 256.
155
saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis komentari, w. I, (zoiZe b.), Tb., 1993, 280.
102
5.2.3. iuridiuli piris brali
5.2.3.1. iuridiuli piris samarTalsubieqtoba
iuridiul pirs, realurad arsebul socialur warmonaqmns, romelsac

samarTali pirad yofnis statuss aniWebs,156 Sesabamisad samarTalsubieqtobac
aqvs. misi uflebaunarianoba SesaZloa iyos zogadi an specialuri, kerZod, mas
SeuZlia monawileoba miiRos yvela saxis samoqalaqosamarTlebriv urTierTobaSi,
rasac kanoni iuridiul pirs ar ukrZalavs, an SeuZlia mxolod wesdebiT Tu sxva
damfuZnebeli dokumentebiT gaTvaliswinebuli miznebis Sesabamisi saqmianobis
ganxorcieleba.157 iuridiuli piris qmedunarianoba moicavs garigebaunarianobas,
rogorc `samarTlebrivad faseuli nebis gamovlenis unarianobas~158 da deliqt-
unarianobas, romelic mWidro kavSirSia iuridiuli piris arsis ganmsazRvrel
niSnebTan, wevrTa piradi qonebisagan gancalkevebuli qonebis arsebobasa da
damoukidebel qonebriv pasuxismgeblobasTan. iuridiuli piris qmedunarianoba
xorcieldeba misi organoebis meSveobiT. kreditorebisa da mesame pirebis
interesTa dacvis mizniT warmomadgenlobis uflebis mqone organoTa sistema,
maTi Seqmnisa da saqmianobis wesi ganisazRvreba kanoniT an wesdebiT. iuridiuli
piris organoTa mier iuridiuli piris saxeliT, gansazRvruli kompetenciis far-
glebSi ganxorcielebuli saqmianoba warmomadgenlobis institutis arsis
gaTvaliswinebiT iTvleba iuridiuli piris moqmedebad da warmoSobil ufleba-
movaleobaTa subieqtic is aris.159
iuridiuli piris organoebs qmnian fizikuri pirebi, romelTac aseTad
gansazRvravs kanoni an damfuZnebeli dokumentebi. magaliTad, samewarmeo sazo-
gadoebebis organoTa sistemis mixedviT, gansxvavebulia xelmZRvanel subieqtTa
wrec. erTmaneTisagan ganasxvaveben kapitaluri sazogadoebebis marTvis erTsa-
fexurian da orsafexurian sistemebs.160 marTvis erTsafexuriani sistemis ame-
rikul korporaciebSi marTvis umTavresi organoa direqtorTa sabWo, e.w. bordi,
romelic imavdroulad sameTvalyureo sabWos funqciebsac iTavsebs.161
germanuli kapitaluri sazogadoebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli marTvis or-
safexuriani sistemis dros, sadac mkveTrad aris gamijnuli erTmaneTisagan xel-
mZRvanelobisa da kontrolis funqciebi marTvis organoebs Soris, — gamgeoba da
sameTvalyureo sabWo, — xelmZRvaneli organoa gamgeoba, romelsac ekisreba
sazogadoebis yovelgvari saqmianobis gaZRola da sazogadoebis miznebis
faqtobrivi ganxorcieleba.162
156
Wanturia l., Sesavali saqarTvelos samoqalaqo samarTlis zogad nawilSi, 212.
157
kerZo samarTlis iuridiuli pirebis mimarT zogad uflebaunarianobas aRiarebs kontinenturi
evropis samarTlis sistema. kerZod: qarTuli, germanuli, avstriuli, Sveicariuli samarTali, xolo
iuridiul pirTa specialur uflebaunarianobas ganamtkicebs angloamerikuli samarTlis sistema,
aseve romanul-germanuli samarTlis sistemidan — franguli samarTali. ix. Чантурия Л., Свобода и от-
ветственность, Тб., 2004, 57.
158
159
Братусь С.Н., Субъекты гражданского права, М., 1950, 201.
160
Wanturia l., samewarmeo sazogadoebis xelmZRvanelTa pasuxismgeblobis Taviseburebebi aSS-isa da
germaniis sakorporacio samarTalSi, J `saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa akademiis macne~, 1, 2005, 89.
161
Wanturia l., korporaciuli marTva da xelmZRvanelTa pasuxismgebloba sakorporacio samarTalSi, 90.
162
Oltmanns Geshäftsleiterhaftung und unternehmerisches Erme ssen, 201. miTiTebulia: Wanturia l., dasax. naSromi, 92.
103
saqarTvelos kanoni `mewarmeTa Sesaxeb~ komerciul iuridiul pirTa war-

momadgenlebad da xelmZRvanelebad gansazRvravs Semdeg subieqtebs: solidaruli
pasuxismgeblobis sazogadoebaSi — partniorebs, komanditur sazogadoebaSi —
personalurad pasuxismgebel partniorebs, SezRuduli pasuxismgeblobis sa-
zogadoebaSi, saaqcio sazogadoebasa da kooperativSi direqtorebs (gamgeobis
wevrebs). iuridiuli piris saxeliT garigeba SesaZloa dados aseve prokuristma,
savaWro warmomadgenelma.163
5.2.3.2. iuridiuli piris braleuli moqmedebisas pasuxismgebeli

subieqtisa da misi moqmedebis farglebis gansazRvra
iuridiuli piri Tavisi organoebis mier ganxorcielebul samoqalaqosamar-

Tlebriv moqmedebaTa Sedegad warmoSobil uflebaTa subieqti ar aris mxolod, mas
am moqmedebis Tanmdevi movaleobebic ekisreba, anu Sedegebze pasuxismgebelic
aris. sainteresoa iuridiuli piris bralis, rogorc samoqalaqosamarTlebrivi
pasuxismgeblobis pirobis, arsis garkveva.164 sergo jorbenaZis mosazrebiT,
iuridiuli piris bralis cneba ver Tavsdeba bralis tradiciuli cnebis far-
glebSi. misi bralis specialuri cneba unda ganisazRvros gansxvavebulad, radgan,
rac marto adamianisaTvis aris damaxasiaTebeli, ar SeiZleba yvela Tavisi niSniT
identuri iyos iuridiuli pirisaTvis.165 am mosazrebis avtori Sesabamisad akri-
tikebda im mecnierebs, romlebic Tvlidnen, rom brals, rogorc piris fsiqikur
damokidebulebas Tavisi marTlsawinaaRmdego qcevisadmi da misi Sedegisadmi,
hqonda universaluri mniSvneloba samarTlis nebismier subieqtTan mimarTebiT.166
163
mewarmeTa Sesaxeb kanonis komentari, III gamocema (Wanturia l., niniZe T.) Tb., 2002, 119-122.
164
SesaZloa Tu ara iuridiuli piris samoqalaqosamarTlebrivi pasuxismgeblobis gverdiT sisxlis-
samarTlebriv pasuxismgeblobaze saubari? samarTlis istoria mowmobs, rom Sua saukuneebis kanon-
mdeblobaSi iuridiul pirTa winamorbedebis, magaliTad: qalaqTa, TemTa, sisxlis samarTlis wesiT
pasuxismgebloba aRiarebuli debuleba iyo. ix. vaCeiSvili a., narkvevebi qarTuli samarTlis isto-
riidan, w. I, 209. safrangeTSi 1670 wlis ordonansi iTvaliswinebda Temebisa da korporaciebis (magali-
Tad: gildiebi, universitetebi) sisxlissamarTlebriv pasuxismgeblobas jarimisa Tu garkveuli
uflebebis, privilegiebis CamorTmevis formiT, ix. gabisonia i., iuridiuli piris sisxlissamarTleb-
rivi pasuxismgeblobis materialursamarTlebrivi da saproceso Taviseburebani. J. `profesia advo-
kati~, 2, 2007, 68. dRes iuridiuli piris sisxlissamarTlebrivi pasuxismgeblobis koncefcia damkvid-
rebulia rogorc saerTo samarTlis, ise kontinenturi evropis samarTlis sistemis qveynebSi. maga-
liTad, inglisuri precedentuli samarTali adgens kompaniis pasuxismgeblobas xelmZRvanel su-
bieqtTa, anu im pirTa mier Cadenili danaSaulisaTvis, vinc warmoadgens kompaniis gons, nebas, mis alter
ego-s, ix. Полковников Г.В., Английское право о компаниях: закон и практика, М., 2000, 28-29. aRsaniSnavia, rom
saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsic adgens iuridiuli piris, kerZod, kerZo samarTlis iu-
ridiuli piris pasuxismgeblobas misi saxeliT an mis sasargeblod pasuxismgebeli piris mier danaSau-
lis CadenisaTvis. pasuxismgebel pirad miiCneva iuridiuli piris xelmZRvanelobaze, warmomadgen-
lobaze, misi saxeliT gadawyvetilebis miRebaze uflebamosili piri. iuridiuli piris pasuxismgeb-
loba ar gamoiricxeba danaSaulis Camdeni fizikuri piris daudgenlobis an misi pasuxismgeblobisagan
ganTavisuflebis SemTxvevaSi. dasaSvebia erTdroulad fizikuri da iuridiuli piris pasuxismgeb-
lobac, aseve iuridiuli piris sisxlissamarTlebrivi pasuxismgeblobis gverdiT samoqalaqosamar-
Tlebrivi pasuxismgeblobis arseboba. iuridiuli piris pasuxismgebloba gulixmobs sasjelis Semdegi
saxeebis gamoyenebas: likvidacia, jarima, qonebis CamorTmeva da saqmianobis uflebis CamorTmeva.
saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis 107’ muxli.
165
jorbenaZe s., iuridiuli piris bralis Sinaarsis gansazRvrisaTvis, J. `sabWoTa samarTali~, 34, 1985, 17.
166
Якушев, Юридическая личность государственного предприятия, Свердловск, 1973, 233. miTiTebulia: jorbenaZe
s., dasax. naSromi, 17.
104
iuridiuli bralis problemaze msjelobisas unda daveyrdnoT nebauna-

rianobis cnebas. bunebrivad mxolod adamians SeiZleba hqondes neba da misi ga-
moxatvis unari.167 Tavad iuridiuli piric fizikur pirTa mier Seqmnili nor-
matiulsamarTlebrivi konstruqciaa. mas, rogorc cocxal socialur organizms,
aqvs neba, romelic gulisxmobs korporaciis wevrTa an damfuZneblis nebas, rac
ganagrZobs arsebobas maT mier Seqmnil warmonaqmnSi.168 amasTan, individis neba am
SemTxvevaSi aRiqmeba, warmoCndeba rogorc iuridiuli piris neba, rac ukve ara
bunebriv, aramed samarTlebriv nebaunarianobas ukavSirdeba.
is, Tu romeli subieqtis nebelobiTi moqmedeba, kerZod braleuli moqme-
deba, Seeracxeba iuridiul pirs, istoriulad doqtrinaSi msjelobis sagania.
iuridiuli piris brali gulisxmobs mTeli koleqtivis moqmedebas.169 braleuli,
wesisamebr, aris ara mTlianad koleqtivi, aramed konkretuli piri, kerZod
xelmZRvaneli170, muSa-mosamsaxure171, saxelSekrulebo warmomadgeneli.172
Tanamedrove samoqalaqo Tu sakorporacio samarTali iuridiuli piris
bralSi moiazrebs misi organoebis braleul moqmedebas, Sesabamisad, iuridiuli
piri pasuxs agebs aRniSnuli organos braleuli moqmedebiT gamowveuli saxel-
Sekrulebo Tu arasaxelSekrulebo zianisaTvis. magaliTad, germanuli sa-
korporacio samarTlis Tanaxmad, korporaciis kreditorTa moTxovnis ufleba
zianis anazRaurebaze, wesisamebr, mimarTuli ara iuridiuli piris xelmZRva-
nelebis, aramed kapitaluri sazogadoebis mimarT, efuZneba gamgeobis wevrTa mier
kanoniT gaTvaliswinebuli xelmZRvanelobiTi movaleobebis ganzrax an gaufrTxi-
leblobiT darRvevas.173 movaleobaTa arcodna an gamoucdeloba maT brals ar
gamoricxavs. piriqiT, maT bralad SeeracxebaT swored is, rom iseT saqmes mohkides
xeli, risTvisac mzad ar iyvnen.174 iuridiuli piri pasuxismgebelia im SemTxvevaSi,
Tu misi organo moqmedebda kompetenciis farglebSi, an Tu organo gascda
uflebamosilebis farglebs, magram iuridiuli piris kontrahentma ar icoda da
arc SeeZlo scodnoda amis Sesaxeb, rameTu iuridiuli piris Cveulebrivi
saqmianobis gaTvaliswinebiT Tvlida, rom organos moqmedeba iyo iuridiuli piris
moqmedeba.175 aRiarebulia iuridiuli piris pasuxismgebloba im muSa-mosamsaxuris
braleuli moqmedebisTvisac masze dakisrebuli SromiTi (samsaxurebrivi)
movaleobis Sesrulebis procesSi, visi SerCevac, masze garkveuli funqciis
dakisreba subordinaciis principis gaTvaliswinebiT, Sesabamisad, mis saqmianobaze
167
Zitelmann, Ernst, Bergiff und Wesen der sogenannten juristischen person, Leipzig, 1873, 23. miTiTebulia: Wanturia
l., Sesavali saqarTvelos samoqalaqo samarTlis zogad nawilSi, 213.
168
Покровский И.А., Основные проблемы гражданского права, 157.
169
Иоффе О.С., Толстой Ю.К., Новый гражданский кодекс РСФСР, Л., 1965, 231.
170
saxelmwifo organizaciebSi nebis Camomqneli organo aris direqtori, is aris nebis gamomvlenic
(Черепахин Б.Б., Волеобразование и волеизьявление юридического лица, ж. `Правоведение~, №2, 195,
http:/law.edu.ru/magazine/article...17.05.2007, 7.)
171
Рабинович Ф. Л., Вина как основание договорной ответственности предприятия, М.., 1975, 55; Гражданское право, т.
I. (под ред. Грибанова В.П.), М., 1969, 536.
172
Покровский И.А., dasax. naSromi, 157.
173
Semler in MünchKommAKTG (2004), § 116, Rn. 502. miTiTebulia wignidan: Wanturia l., korporaciul
marTva da xelmZRvanelTa pasuxismgebloba sakorporacio samarTalSi, 386.
174
175
Братусь С.Н., Субьекты гражданского права, 208.
105
kontrolis ganxorcieleba iuridiuli piris organos valdebulebaa, e.i. am Sem-

TxvevaSic saxezea organos brali.176
saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis 997-e muxli adgens muSakis braleuli
marTlsawinaaRmdego moqmedebisaTvis ara mxolod iuridiuli piris, aramed
fizikuri piris (samuSaos mimRebi) pasuxismgeblobas. rogorc aRvniSneT, ziani
unda dadges dakisrebul movaleobaTa Sesrulebis procesSi. magaliTad, im
samuSaos Sesrulebisas, romelic gamomdinareobs rogorc SromiTi xelSekrulebi-
dan, ise SromiTi xelSekrulebis farglebs gareT ganxorcielebuli qmedebidanac,
Tu igi samuSaos mimcemis mier iqna davalebuli samuSaos procesTan dakavSirebuli
sawarmoo an sxva saWiroebis gamo.177 saerTo samarTlis Tanaxmad, movaleobis Ses-
rulebad iTvleba mosamsaxuris iseTi qmedeba, romelic ise mWidrod aris dakav-
Sirebuli im samuSaos SesrulebasTan, risTvisac is daiqiraves, ise organulad
axasiaTebs am Sesrulebas, rom SesaZloa CaiTvalos, Tundac, Seusrulebeli
samsaxurebrivi miznebis ganxorcielebis meTodebad.178 magaliTad, mosamsaxuris
gza samsaxurisaken da iqidan Sinisaken araviTar kavSirSi ar aris mis samsaxurebriv
movaleobasTan, amitom mewarme pasuxs ar agebs im incidentisaTvis, romelic misi
mosamsaxuris mizeziT moxda am gzaze. xolo Tu samuSaos dasrulebis Semdeg
saxlSi mimavali mosamsaxure iRebs xelfass da gaufrTxileblobiT daaSavebs ko-
legas sawarmos teritoriaze, CaiTvleba, rom deliqti Cadenilia samsaxurebrivi
movaleobis Sesrulebis procesSi. muSa-mosamsaxuris SerCevisas daculi unda iyos
saWiro windaxedulebis yvela moTxovna, raTa gairkves, aqvs Tu ara SerCeul pirs
sakmarisi ganaTleba, Sesabamisi momzadeba dakisrebuli samuSaos Sesasruleblad,
aris Tu ara is deliqtunariani. zianis mimyenebeli piri samuSaos asrulebs
SromiTi xelSekrulebis safuZvelze, rac ganapirobebs im garemoebas, rom is
eqvemdebareba, miTiTebebs iRebs iuridiuli piris organosagan, anu iuridiuli pi-
risagan.
iuridiuli piris mier kreditorisaTvis (dazaralebulisaTvis) zianis
anazRaurebis Semdeg mas ufleba aqvs, regresuli moTxovna wauyenos organos an
muSaks. magaliTad, qarTul da germanul sakorporacio samarTalSi saaqcio
sazogadoebis direqtoris winaaRmdeg sazogadoebis saxeliT am moTxovnas
waradgens sameTvalyureo sabWo.
saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsi awesrigebs aseve saxelmwifos, rogorc
sajaro samarTlis iuridiuli piris pasuxismgeblobis sakiTxs saxelmwifo
mosamsaxuris marTlsawinaaRmdego braleuli moqmedebiT mesame pirisaTvis (fi-
zikuri da iuridiuli piri) zianis miyenebisas. amasTan, saxelmwifo damoukideblad
agebs pasuxs, Tu samarTaldamrRvevi moqmedebda martivi gaufrTxileblobiT,
xolo misi mxridan ganzraxvis an uxeSi gaufrTxileblobisas dadgenilia
saxelmwifosa da misi mosamsaxuris solidaruli pasuxismgebloba (1005-e muxlis I
nawili).
saxelmwifo mosamsaxured iTvleba piri, romelic mudmivad, droebiT an
specialuri uflebamosilebis safuZvelze axorcielebs xelisuflebis warmomad-
genlis funqcias. ziani gamowveuli unda iyos saxelmwifo mosamsaxuris mier Tavisi
176
sxva mosazrebiT, am SemTxvevaSi iuridiuli piris brali swored rigiTi muSakis, da ara xelmZRva-
neli subieqtis, braleuli moqmedebiT gamoixateba. ix. Гражданское право, под ред. Сергеева А.П. и Толстого
Ю.К., 4-е изд., т.3., М., 2005, 15.
177
saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis komentari, w IV, t. II (CikvaSvili S.), 400.
178
cvaigerti k., kotci h., dasax. naSromi, 330.
106
samsaxurebrivi movaleobis darRveviT. aRniSnuli SeiZleba gamoixatos,

magaliTad, am piris mier valdebulebis Sesrulebisas kanonsawinaaRmdego aqtis
gamocemiT, zepirad an werilobiT.179
aRsaniSnavia, rom kodeqsi calke gamoyofs samarTaldamcavi organoebis
Tanamdebobis pirTa pasuxismgeblobas maTi ukanono moqmedebiT pirisTvis zianis
miyenebis SemTxvevaSi. kanonmdebeli am viTarebaSi adgens saxelmwifosa da
Tanamdebobis pirTa solidarul pasuxismgeblobas am ukanasknelTa mxridan gan-
zraxvis an uxeSi gaufrTxileblobisas, xolo martivi gaufrTxileblobisas an
bralis ararsebobisas pasuxismgebeli subieqti Tavad saxelmwifoa. (1005-e muxlis
III nawili).
6. bralis gareSe pasuxismgebloba
6.1. pasuxismgeblobisagan ganTavisuflebis safuZvlebi
braleuli pasuxismgeblobis principi yoveli kulturuli marTlwesrigis

qvakuTxedia.180 mas gadamwyveti mniSvneloba aqvs calkeuli pirovnebis im samar-
Tlebrivi sferos gankerZoebisTvis, romelSic warmatebiT SeiZleba ganviTardes
misi individualoba. ama Tu im saqmianobis ganxorcielebisas pirma sxvaTa
samarTlebrivi interesebi mxolod im zomiT unda gaiTvaliswinos, ramdenadac ar
daarRvevs maT sifrTxilis aucilebel RonisZiebaTa dacvisas, ar miayenebs
zians.181 zianis anazRaurebaze pirs valdebuls xdis ara TavisTavad ziani, aramed
brali. Tu zianis dadgoma gamowveulia iseTi SemTxveviTi garemoebiT, rac ar aris
damokidebuli samarTlis normis damrRvevis nebaze, piri pasuxismgeblobisagan
Tavisufldeba.182 samoqalaqo samarTlis doqtrina erTmaneTisagan ganasxvavebs
ubralo SemTxvevas da kvalificiur SemTxvevas, dauZlevel Zalas. orive maTgani
sagangebo xasiaTis, gauTvaliswinebeli, aucdeneli movlenaa. SemTxveva Sinagani,
xolo dauZleveli Zala garegani xasiaTisaa piris im saqmianobasTan mimarTebiT,
rasac ukavSirdeba zianis warmoSoba. amasTan, Tu am movlenaTa winaswar ganWvreta
SesaZlebeli iqneboda, ubralo SemTxvevis Tavidan acilebac moxdeboda (magali-
Tad, movaWre subieqts rom scodnoda, mis mier SeTavazebul saqonelze mom-
xmarebelTa moTxovnileba Semcirdeboda, is aRar SeiZenda axal saqonels da zians
Tavidan aicilebda), xolo dauZleveli Zalis garduvaloba am SemTxvevaSic saxeze
iqneboda. dauZlevel Zalad miiCneven rogorc bunebriv (wyaldidoba, miwisZvra da
a.S.), ise sazogadoebriv movlenebs (saomari moqmedebebi, gaficvebi da a.S.).183
movalis nebisgan damoukidebeli garemoebebis arsebobis dros misi pa-
suxismgeblobisgan ganTavisuflebis SesaZleblobas iTvaliswinebs rogorc uni-
ficirebuli aqtebi, ise ama Tu im qveynis pozitiuri samarTlis danawesebi. gaeros
saqonlis saerTaSoriso nasyidobis konvenciis Tanaxmad, xelSekrulebis mxare
Tavisufldeba SeusruleblobisaTvis gaTvaliswinebuli pasuxismgeblobisagan,
179
Комментарий к гражданскому кодексу Российской федерации (части второй) постатеийный, под ред. Садикова О.Н.,
М., 1999, 672.
180
Покровский И.А., Основные проблемы гражданского права, 286.
181
182
Виндшеид Б., Об обязательствах по римскому праву, СПБ, 1875, 42.
183
Гражданское право, под ред. Сергеева А.И. и Толстого Ю. К., ч. I., М., 1996, 505.
107
Tu daamtkicebs, rom es gamowveul iqna dauZleveli Zalis an iseTi garemoebis

Sedegad, romlis gaTvaliswinebac mas ar SeeZlo da romelTa arsebobac ar aris mis
nebaze damokidebuli.184 evropuli saxelSekrulebo samarTlis ZiriTadi debu-
lebebis Tanaxmad, mxaris mier valdebulebis Seusrulebloba CaiTvleba sapatiod,
Tu igi daamtkicebs, rom Seusrulebloba gamowveuli iyo dauZleveli winaaR-
mdegobiT da xelSekrulebis dadebis momentSi misi gaTvaliswineba, winaaR-
mdegobis an misi Sedegebis Tavidan acileba Tu daZleva, gonivruli TvalsazrisiT
mas ar moeTxoveboda (8:108 muxli).185 safrangeTis samoqalaqo kodeqsis (1147-e
muxli) Tanaxmad, movale Tavisufldeba zianis anazRaurebisagan, Tu Seusru-
lebloba gamowveulia garegani mizeziT, rac mas ver dabraldeba.186
zemoTqmulis miuxedavad, rogorc kontinenturi evropis, ise saerTo
samarTali, icnobs pirisaTvis pasuxismgeblobis dakisrebis SemTxvevebs im dro-
sac, roca arsebobs movalisagan damoukidebeli mizezebi. Tu kontinenturi ev-
ropis samarTalSi bralis gareSe pasuxismgebloba gamonaklisia saerTo wesidan,
saerTo samarTalSi, kerZod, saxelSekrulebo samarTalSi is zogadi principia.
magaliTad, amerikul samarTalSi brali, rogorc pasuxismgeblobis piroba,
ganixileba ZiriTadad deliqtur samarTalSi, xolo xelSekrulebis darRvevisas
movalisaTvis pasuxismgeblobis dakisrebisas bralis arsebobaze miTiTeba
savaldebulo ar aris,187 mniSvneloba aqvs ara imas, movalem valdebuleba daarRvia
braleulad Tu bralis gareSe, aramed Tavad xelSekrulebis Seusruleblobis
faqts.
bralis gareSe pasuxismgeblobas mewarme subieqtTa mimarT valdebulebis
Seusruleblobis SemTxvevaSi adgens, magaliTad, franguli da rusuli samarTali.
kerZod, franguli savaWro samarTali iTvaliswinebs am wess, Tu xelSekrulebiT ar
aris dadgenili pasuxismgebloba mxolod bralisaTvis.188 aseve, ruseTis samoqa-
laqo kodeqsis (401-e muxlis me-3 nawili) Tanaxmad, samewarmeo saqmianobis gan-
xorcielebisas, valdebulebis arajerovnad Sesrulebis SemTxvevaSi, piri pasuxs
agebs kontrahentis winaSe rogorc bralis arsebobisas, ise SemTxveviT zianis
dadgomis dros, Tu braleuli pasuxismgeblobis principi ar aris dadgenili
kanoniT an xelSekrulebiT.189
saxelSekrulebo samarTalSi bralis gareSe pasuxismgeblobas xSirad ukav-
Sireben movalisa da kreditoris mier vadis gadacilebas, gvarovnulad gansazR-
vruli nivTis daRupvas, xolo deliqtur samarTalSi mometebuli safrTxis wyaros
mier zianis miyenebis faqts.
6.2. kreditorisa da movalis mier vadis gadacilebis Sedegebi
safrangeTis samoqalaqo kodeqsis (1138-e muxlis me-2 nawili) Tanaxmad,

miuxedavad imisa, rom nasyidobis xelSekrulebiT SemZeni xdeba nivTis mesakuTre
xelSekrulebis dadebis momentidan, is ar aris riskis matarebeli nivTis mimarT
movalis mier vadis gadacilebis SemTxvevaSi. aseve, saerTo samarTliT vadis
184
ZlieriSvili z., nasyidobis xelSekrulebis samarTlebrivi buneba, 144.
185
evropuli saxelSekrulebo samarTlis ZiriTadi debulebebi, qarTuli kerZo samarTlis krebuli, 255.
186
187
188
Бушев А.Ю., Макарова О.А., Попондопуло В.Ф., Коммерческое право зарубежных стран, М., СПБ, 2003, 125.
189
Суханов Е.А., dasax. naSromi, 450.
108
gadacilebisas movale pasuxismgebelia valdebulebis SeusruleblobisaTvis im

SemTxvevaSic, roca Seusrulebloba mas bralad ver Seeracxeba, anu gamowveulia
SemTxveviT an dauZleveli ZaliT.190
vadis gadacilebisas movalisa da kreditoris mier bralis gareSe
pasuxismgeblobas iTvaliswinebs saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsic. kerZod, 393-e
muxlis Tanaxmad, kreditoris mier Sesrulebis miRebis vadis gadacilebisas masve
daekisreba uaryofiTi samarTlebrivi Sedegebis tvirTi: is valdebulia, aunaz-
Rauros movales xelSekrulebis sagnis Senaxvis gamo warmoSobili zedmeti
xarjebi, kreditors awevs nivTis SemTxveviT gafuWebisa da daRupvis riski, xolo
fuladi valdebulebis arsebobisas mas erTmeva procentis miRebis ufleba.
movalis mier vadis gadacilebisas bralis gareSe pasuxismgeblobasTan
mimarTebiT sainteresoa saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis urTierTsapirispiro
Sinaarsis ori norma: 401-e da 402-e muxlebi. 401-e muxliT dadgenilia, rom Tu
movale valdebulebas ar asrulebs droulad da mas amaSi brali ar miuZRvis, is ar
iTvleba vadis gadamcileblad, Sesabamisad, ar ekisreba meore mxarisaTvis miye-
nebuli zianis anazRaurebis valdebuleba.
amgvarad, cneba `vadis gadacileba~ gulisxmobs movalis mier vadis
braleul gadacilebas da kreditori uflebamosilia, moiTxovos Sesrulebis
dagvianebiT gamowveuli zianis anazRaureba mxolod maSin, Tu movales miuZRvis
brali vadis gadacilebaSi.191 zemoTqmulis sapirispirod 402-e muxli iTvalis-
winebs movalis pasuxismgeblobas vadis gadacilebisas. bralis miuxedavad, movale
pasuxs agebs SemTxveviTobisTvisac, Tu ar daamtkicebs, rom ziani SeiZleboda
damdgariyo valdebulebis drouli Sesrulebis drosac. aRniSnul normaTa
Sedarebisas gaugebaria, ra arsobrivi sxvaobaa maT Soris, ras emyareba movalis
mkacri pasuxismgeblobis daweseba. vfiqrob, gansxvaveba zianis gamomwvev mizezSia,
romelsac erT SemTxvevaSi Seadgens Sesrulebis dayovneba, meore SemTxvevaSi —
Sesrulebis SeuZlebloba. civilisturi doqtrinis Tanaxmad, Sesrulebis vadis
gadacileba saxezea im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac movale ar asrulebs valdebulebas,
romelic jer kidev Sesrulebadia, xolo Tu garkveuli garemoebebi Sesrulebas
SeuZlebels xdian xangrZlivi drois manZilze, vadis gadacilebaze aRar SeiZleba
saubari, radgan Sesrulebis SeuZlebloba wyvets vadis gadacilebas.192 Tu movalis
mier vadis gadacilebisas Sesruleba jer kidev SesaZlebelia, kreditori uf-
lebamosilia moiTxovos valdebulebis Sesrulebis paralelurad vadis
gadacilebiT gamowveuli zianis anazRaureba, amasTan, am viTarebaSi movalis
brali misi pasuxismgeblobis aucilebeli elementia, xolo Tu valdebulebis
Sesruleba SeuZlebeli xdeba vadis gadacilebisas warmoSobili movalisgan
damoukidebeli garemoebebis gamo, movale valdebulia aanazRauros rogorc vadis
gadacilebiT, ise Sesrulebis SeuZleblobiT warmoSobili ziani193, amasTan, am
ukanasknel SemTxvevaSi pasuxismgebloba dgeba movalis bralis miuxedavad.
ra garemoebiT aixsneba movalis bralis gareSe pasuxismgeblobis daweseba,
ubralo (casus) Tu kvalificiuri (force majeure) SemTxveva xom pasuxismgeblobisgan
ganTavisuflebis aRiarebuli safuZvelia. marTalia, vadis gadacilebasa da
Sesrulebis SeuZleblobas Soris ar arsebobs adekvaturi mizezobrivi kavSiri,
190
zarandia T., dasax. naSromi,127.
191
maCalaZe s., dasax. naSromi, 76.
192
Кётц Х., Лорман Ф., dasax. naSromi, 53.
193
Palandt (Heinrichs, 2003, BGB, $286, Rn, 44. miTiTebulia: maCalaZe s., dasax. naSromi, 95.
109
Sesrulebis SeuZlebloba gamowveulia vadis gadacilebis procesSi warmoSobili

SemTxveviTi garemoebebiT, romlis dadgenaSic movales brali ar miuZRvis, magram
vadis gadacileba, faqtobrivad, abaTilebs pasuxismgeblobis Semsubuqebis
SemTxvevebs. movale, romelic droulad ar asrulebs valdebulebas, pasuxismgeb-
lobasTan dakavSirebuli privilegiebiT ver isargeblebs. am viTarebaSi
movalisTvis erTaderTi gza xsnisa aris imis mtkiceba, rom valdebulebis
droulad Sesrulebis SemTxvevaSic dadgeboda ziani, xolo Tu movale ver
daamtkicebs mizezobrivi kavSiris ararsebobas vadis gasvlasa da Sesrulebis SeuZ-
leblobas Soris, mas daekisreba pasuxismgebloba.194 aRsaniSnavia, rom ruseTis
samoqalaqo kodeqsis 405-e muxli awesrigebs movalis mier vadis gadacilebis
SemTxvevas da mijnavs pasuxismgeblobas vadis gadacilebiT gamowveuli
zianisaTvis pasuxismgeblobisgan am viTarebaSi SemTxveviT warmoSobili
garemoebebis Sedegad Sesrulebis SeuZleblobiT damdgari zianis gamo195.
6.3. pasuxismgebloba mometebuli safrTxis wyaros mier miyenebuli

zianisaTvis
rogorc aRvniSneT, deliqtur samarTalSi bralis gareSe pasuxismgeblobis

gavrcelebuli SemTxvevaa mometebuli safrTxis wyaros mier zianis miyeneba.
doqtrinis Tanaxmad, am cnebaSi moiazreba is obieqtebi, romelTa Tvisebebis gaTva-
liswinebiT SeuZlebelia maTze adamianis mier sruli kontrolis ganxorcieleba
(obieqtis Teoria) an saqmianoba, romelic qmnis mometebul safrTxes garSemo-
myofTaTvis (saqmianobis Teoria),196 miuxedavad windaxedulebis saTanado zomebis
miRebisa da teqnikuri usafrTxoebis wesebis dacvisa. mometebul safrTxis wyarod
miiCneva: satransporto saSualebebi, maRali Zabvis energia, qimiuri, biologiuri
nivTierebebi, gareuli cxovelebi da a.S.
samoqalaqo samarTali im pirebs, romlebic marTlzomierad axorcieleben
mometebuli safrTxis wyarosTan dakavSirebul saqmianobas, akisrebs sxva
pirisaTvis miyenebuli zianis anazRaurebis valdebulebas. mometebuli safrTxis
wyaros mflobelad ar iTvleba is, vinc SromiTi urTierTobis safuZvelze asru-
lebs misi marTvis funqcias. Sesabamisad, dazaralebulis winaSe pasuxismgebelia
ara es piri, aramed wyaros mflobeli, romelsac, Tavis mxriv, SeuZlia, regresuli
moTxovna wauyenos mas, Tu ziani warmoiSva am piris braleuli zemoqmedebiT
safrTxis wyaroze.197 im SemTxvevaSi, Tu mometebuli safrTxis wyaro pirdapir an
arapirdapir mflobelobaSia, pasuxismgebelia pirdapiri mflobeli198, xolo masze
TanasakuTrebis arsebobisas is, vinc zianis miyenebis momentSi axorcielebda
194
saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis komentari, w.3, (zoiZe b.), 425-426.
195
Комменнтарий к гражданскому кодексу Россйской Федерации, ч. 1, под ред. Садикова О.Н., М., 1997, 397.
196
Флейшиц Е.А., dasax. naSromi, 132. saerTo samarTlis sistemaSi sasamarTlo gansazRvravs amgvar
saqmianobas Semdegi garemoebebidan gamomdinare: 1) riskis xarisxi anu arsebobs Tu ara zianis miyenebis
mometebuli riski; 2) adamianis SesaZlebloba, SeaCeros aRniSnuli saqmianobidan gamomdinare safrTxe;
3) mocemuli saqmianobis uCveulo xasiaTi; 4) saqmianobis ganxorcielebis adgilis mizanSewoniloba; 5)
mocemuli saqmianobidan gamomdinare sazogadoebrivi sargeblisa da sazogadoebrivi saSiSroebis
urTierTmimarTeba. ix. Осакве К., Сравнительное правоведение в схемах. Общая и особенная часть, М., 2002, 268.
197
Майданик Л.А., Сергеева Н.Ю., Материальная ответственность за повреждение здоровья, М., 1953, 30.
198
sabWoTa sasamarTlo praqtika miuTiTebda mometebuli safrTxis wyaros mflobelisa da droebiTi
mosargeblis solidarul pasuxismgeblobaze. ix. Советское гражданское право, под.ред. Брятуся C.H., 320.
110
faqtobriv batonobas.199 mometebuli safrTxis wyaros mflobelis brali ivarau-

deba. pasuxismgeblobisagan ganTavisufleba SesaZlebelia, Tu piri daamtkicebs,
rom ziani dadga dauZleveli Zalis an raime sxva garegani mizezis gamo, rac ar
ukavSirdeba nivTs an masTan dakavSirebul saqmianobas, dazaralebulis braleuli
moqmedebiT200 an sxva pirTa marlTsawinaaRmdego moqmedebiT wyaros mflobelis
dauflebidan misi nebis winaaRmdeg gamosvlis Sedegad (ruseTis samoqalaqo kodeq-
sis 107-e muxlis I punqti).
sainteresoa SemTxveva, rodesac mometebuli safrTxis wyaro gvevlineba
safrTxis acilebis iaraRad ukiduresi aucileblobis viTarebaSi. miuxedavad
imisa, rom, rogorc mometebuli safrTxis wyaros gamoyenebiT, ise ukiduresi
aucileblobisas miyenebuli ziani anazRaurdeba, am ukanasknel SemTxvevaSi SesaZ-
loa mTlianad an nawilobriv ganTavisufldes zianis anazRaurebis valdebule-
bisagan zianis mimyenebeli, Tu es valdebuleba Sesabamisi moculobiT daekisreba
im pirs, vis interesebSic moqmedebda igi. amdenad, mniSvnelovania gairkves, romeli
normebi unda iqnes gamoyenebuli upiratesad zemoxsenebul viTarebaSi. arsebobs
mosazreba, rom Tu ukiduresi aucileblobisas mometebuli safrTxis wyaroTi
zianis miyeneba xdeba Segnebulad da zianis moculobas Tavidanve Seicnobs moqmedi
subieqti, gamoyenebul unda iqnes ukiduresi aucileblobis wesebi, xolo Tu ziani
dadga mometebuli safrTxis wyaros specifikisa da mosalodneli zianis
moculobis Seugneblad, pirs pasuxismgebloba daekisreba deliqturi samarTlis
Sesabamisi normebiT, romlebic gamoiyeneba im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac ziani
gamowveulia mometebuli safrTxis wyaros TaviseburebiT da ar eqvemdebareba
adamianis gonebis srul kontrols.201
ramdenad marTebulia pasuxismgebloba bralis ararsebobisas, mxolod
riskis safuZvelze? samoqalaqosamarTlebrivi doqtrina riskis cnebaSi gulis-
xmobs winaswar gauTvaliswinebeli qonebrivi an piradi xasiaTis araxelsayreli
Sedegebis dadgomis safrTxes,202 piris fsiqikur damokidebulebas sakuTari an sxva
pirTa moqmedebis SedegTan, aseve SemTxvevis SedegTan, romelic gamoixata
uaryofiTi Sedegebis dadgomis SecnobiT.203 iTvleba, rom mometebuli safrTxis
wyaros mflobels gacnobierebuli aqvs sakuTari marTlzomieri moqmedebis riski,
uaryofiTi Sedegebis dadgomis albaToba. am SemTxvevaSi riski ganixileba rogorc
bralis minimaluri xarisxi.204 swored es aris am pirze pasuxismgeblobis
dakisrebis safuZveli.205 mkacri pasuxismgeblobis Teoria emyareba dasaSvebi
riskisTvis socialuri pasuxismgeblobis princips anu piri, romelic sakuTari
miznebis misaRwevad axorcielebs garSemomyofTaTvis maRali safrTxis matarebel
saqmianobas, pasuxs unda agebdes, Tu amgvari riski konkretul zianSi gan-
199
Гражданское право, Под.ред. Сергеева А.П. и Толсотого Ю.К., 4-е изд., т.3, 55.
200
201
niniZe T., ukiduresi aucileblobis viTarebaSi miyenebuli zianis anazRaurebis valdebulebis
iuridiuli buneba, krebulSi: `sabWoTa samoqalaqo samarTlisa da procesis aqtualuri sakiTxebi~,
Tb., 1977, 72-73.
202
Собчак А., О некоторых спорных вопросах общей теории правовой ответственности, ж. `Правовeдение~, №1, 1968, 55.
203
Ойхгензихт В. А., Категория риска в советском гражданском праве, ж. `Правоведение~, №5, 1971, 65.
204
Суханов Е.А., dasax. naSromi, 453.
205
erTi mosazrebiT, samoqalaqosamarTlebrivi pasuxismgeblobis safuZveli marTlsawinaaRmdego
arabraleuli moqmedebis ganxorcielebisas aris riski. ix. Ойхгензихт В., dasax. naSromi, 67; xolo sxva
mosazrebiT, zianis anazRaureba pasuxismgeblobis formad miiCneva mxolod maSin, roca is emyareba
braleul moqmedebas. ix. Красавчиков О.А., Возмещение вреда, причиненного источником повышенной опасности,
М., 1966, 142.
111
sxeuldeba.206 amgvarad, bralis gareSe pasuxismgeblobis princips TeoretikosTa

erTi nawili amarTlebs dazaralebulis interesebis dacvis TvalsazrisiT da mas
samarTlis socializaciis gamovlenad miiCnevs.207 mZlavri industriebis Seqmna
zrdis adamianTa sicocxlisa, janmrTelobisa da qonebisaTvis zianis miyenebis
SesaZleblobas. safrTxis wyaroebi saWiroeben mkacr mowesrigebas, rameTu maTTan
dakavSirebuli saqmianoba arRvevs socialur wesrigs da qmnis safrTxes mTeli
sazogadoebisTvis.208 amasTan, bralis principidan gadaxveva, roca pasuxis-
mgebloba ekisreba TviT yvelaze gonier adamians, vinc windaxedulebis yvela zomis
miRebis miuxedavad gaxda zianis SemTxveviT, misi nebisgan damoukideblad
warmoSobis mizezi, gaumarTlebelia eTikurad da samarTlianobis TvalsazrisiT.
Tumca, am SemTxvevaSi miuTiTeben xolme mxareTa mdgomareobis da sxva
garemoebebis gaTvaliswinebiT konkretul samarTlianobis gamovlinebazec.
gamosavali am aucilebeli borotebidan pasuxismgeblobis dazRvevis in-
stitutis SemoRebaa, romelic zianis ganawilebis princips efuZneba. misi dam-
kvidrebis garduvalobaze samarTalmcodneebi jer kidev me-20 saukunis dasawyisSi
miuTiTebdnen: Идея страхования стучится в двери нашего сознания... ей принадлежит великое
будущее.209 Tu bralis gareSe pasuxismgeblobis principi ugulebelyofs zianis
mimyeneblis interesebs da mTlianad agebulia dazaralebulis interesebze, qoneb-
rivi pasuxismgeblobis dazRveva, rasac marTalia, dazaralebulis interesebis
dacvas ukavSireben, faqtobrivad, bralis gareSe pasuxismgeblobas auqmebs.
samoqalaqosamarTlebrivi pasuxismgeblobis dazRvevis Tavisebureba is aris, rom
igi ar Semoifargleba mxolod arabraleulad miyenebuli zianis anazRaurebiT, is
vrceldeba braleulad miyenebul zianzec.210 am SemTxvevaSi sadazRvevo kompanias
gaaCnia ukumoTxovnis ufleba zianis mimyeneblis mimarT. amasTan, safrangeTSi,
sadazRvevo praqtikaSi dazRveva ganzraxi braliT miyenebuli zianisTvis dauSve-
belia.211 SesaZloa rogorc saxelSekrulebo, ise arasaxelSekrulebo pasuxismgeb-
lobis dazRveva, romelsac gaaCnia an nebayoflobiTi, an savaldebulo xasiaTi.
ZiriTadad, mometebuli safrTxis wyaros mflobelTa pasuxismgeblobis dazRveva
atarebs savaldebulo dazRvevis xasiaTs, rac gamowveulia imiT, rom mometebuli
safrTxis wyaros mflobeli am obieqtis Tvisebebis gamo meti riskis matarebelia.
Sesabamisad, kanonmdebeli valdebulia Seqmnas usafrTxo brunvis pirobebi,
Tundac mosalodneli riskis neitralizaciiT. qonebrivi pasuxismgeblobis
tradiciuli instituti xSirad ver uzrunvelyofs aRniSnuli safrTxis rea-
lizaciiT gamowveuli zianis anazRaurebas. pasuxismgeblobis dazRveva emsaxureba
rogorc mflobelis, ise dazaralebulis interesebis dacvas. qonebrivad
xelmokle zianis mimyenebeli naklebi garantiaa dazaralebulisaTvis.212 am Sem-
TxvevaSi, mas ufleba aqvs, damoukideblad mimarTos moTxovniT sadazRvevo
206
Coxeli n., kereseliZe d., garemosaTvis saSiSi saqmianobiT gamowveuli zianisTvis samoqalaqo pa-
suxismgeblobis sakiTxi qarTul kanonmdeblobaSi, J. `qarTuli samarTlis mimoxilva~, pirveli-meore
kvartali, 2000, 84.
207
Хохловá Г. В., dasax. naSromi, 72.
208
wiqariSvili k., bralis gareSe pasuxismgebloba inglisur-amerikul sisxlis samarTalSi. samarTleb-
rivi anomalia Tu regulirebis efeqtiani meqanizmi, J. `samarTali~, 1, 2000, 70.
209
Покровский И. А., dasax. naSromi, 290.
210
zoiZe b., avtomobilis mflobelTa qonebrivi pasuxismgeblobis dazRvevis sakiTxisaTvis, J. `sabWo-
Ta samarTali~, 4, 1984, 24-25.
211
Гражданское и торговое право зарубежных стран, под ред. Безбаха В.В. и Пучинского В.К., 413.
212
zoiZe b., sakonstitucio kontroli da RirebulebaTa wesrigi saqarTveloSi, Tb., 2007,19-20.
112
kompanias, gadaxdisunarian movales.213 samoqalaqo pasuxismgeblobis savaldebulo

dazRveviT SesaZlebeli xdeba sadazRvevo riskis socializacia da sadazRvevo
fondis SeqmniT zianis anazRaurebis ganawileba am riskis matarebel pirTa
wreze.214 momatebuli safrTxis wyaros, kerZod, satransporto saSualebebis
mflobelTa pasuxismgeblobis savaldebulo dazRvevas icnobs germanuli da
qarTuli samarTali, magaliTad, kanoni avtomototransportis mflobelTa
samoqalaqo pasuxismgeblobis savaldebulo dazRvevis Sesaxeb, aseve, ruseTis
federaciis sahaero kodeqsi, romlis Tanaxmad, sahaero xomaldis mflobeli
valdebulia daazRvios pasuxismgebloba im zianisTvis, rac SeiZleba miadges mesame
pirTa an mgzavrTa sicocxles, janmrTelobas, mesame pirTa qonebas an mgzavrebis
bargs satransporto saSualebis gamoyenebis Sedegad.215
7. daskvna
mizanSewonilia, qarTul civilistur doqtrinaSi arsebobdes bralis

gansazRvreba, romelic SesaZloa asec Camoyalibdes: brali aris nebaunariani piris
mier kanoniT an xelSekrulebiT gansazRvruli valdebulebis darRveva sxva pi-
risaTvis uaryofiTi Sedegis dadgomis gacnobierebiT da surviliT an survilis
gareSe, samoqalaqo brunvis monawilisaTvis saWiro gulmodginebis an winda-
xedulebis daucvelad.
samoqalaqo brunvis monawileTa mxridan saxelSekrulebo Tavisuflebis
borotad gamoyenebis Tavidan acilebis mizniT, ama Tu im xelSekrulebiT piris
pasuxismgeblobis gamoricxvis an SezRudvis Sesaxeb SeTanxmebis baTilobis
safuZvlad miCneul iqnes valdebulebis darRveva ara mxolod ganzraxi braliT,
aramed gaufrTxileblobiTac.
saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsiT dadgindes arasrulwlovanis mier zia-
nis miyenebisas mSoblebisa (sxva kanonieri warmomadgenlebi) da meTvalyureobaze
valdebul sxva subieqtTa solidaruli pasuxismgebloba, maTi bralis xarisxis
mixedviT, rogorc sruli pasuxismgeblobis (piris deliqtuunarobisas), ise
subsidiuri pasuxismgeblobis farglebSi (piris deliqtunarianobisas), Tu zianis
gamomwvevi moqmedeba Sedegia rogorc kanonieri warmomadgenlebis, ise meTval-
yureobaze valdebul sxva pirTa braleuli moqmedebisa.
qmedunariani, magram droebiT ugono an sulieri moSlilobis viTarebaSi
myofi piris mier zianis miyenebisas dazaralebulis interesTa dacvis uzrunvel-
sayofad samoqalaqo kodeqsiT dawesdes am piris ojaxis srulwlovan da Sro-
misunarian wevrTa solidaruli pasuxismgebloba.
saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsSi aisaxos erTiani doqtriniseuli pozi-
cia, Tu ras gulisxmobs iuridiuli piris bralis cneba, visi braleuli moqmedeba
Seiracxeba iuridiul piris bralad — xelmZRvaneli subieqtisa Tu rigiTi muSakis.
dazustdes saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis 401-e da 402-e muxlebis
Sinaarsi, romlebic dRevandeli redaqciiT movalis mier vadis gadacilebisas
213
Медикус Д., dasax. naSromi, 150-151.
214
zoiZe b., dasax. naSromi, 20.
215
Коммерческое право России, под ред. Пугинского Б.И. М., 1999, 119.
113
aweseben erTdroulad braleuli da bralis gareSe pasuxismgeblobis princips.

miTiTebul normebSi saWiroa gamoikveTos movalis pasuxismgeblobis safuZveli,
romelic 401-e muxlSi azrobrivad warmodgenilia movalis mier valdebulebis
darRveviT gamoxatuli vadis gadacilebiT, roca Sesruleba kidev SesaZlebelia;
xolo 402-e muxlSi — movalis mier valdebulebis darRveviT gamoxatuli Sesru-
lebis SeuZleblobiT, rac gamoiwvia vadis gadacilebisas warmoSobilma Sem-
TxveviTma garemoebam.
TanamedroveobaSi mometebuli safrTxis wyaroTa simravlis gaTvaliswine-
biT dawesdes yvela saxis mometebuli safrTxis wyaros mflobelTa pasuxixmgeb-
lobis savaldebulo dazRveva, rac gamoricxavs bralis gareSe pasuxismgeblobas
da, zianis ganawilebis principze dayrdnobiT, emsaxureba rogorc dazaralebulis,
ise zianis mimyeneblis interesebis dacvas.
114
KETEVAN KOCHASHVILI
FAULT – AS A CONDITION OF CIVIL LIABILITY

(Comparative Law Analysis)
(Short Summary)
The civil law is the set of legal rules regulating the relationships between a personal initiative and
the persons with self-responsibility. The principle of due performance of an obligation arising on a
certain basis is also recognised within the civil law; however, the non-performance of an obligation
is a risk, which is quite common for civil relationships and this risk is followed by the origin of
civil liability. The study offered to the readers serves the purpose of clarification of the essence of
one of the conditions of civil liability – the fault.
The concept of fault has undergone certain changes within the legal doctrine. In particular, the
purely evaluative or normative theory of fault was introduced instead of the psychological theory
of fault. The former is no more based on the psychic attitude of a perpetrator to his/her actions and
the consequences thereof.
This approach was accepted both by criminal and civil laws. Currently, the key point in the concept
of fault within civil law is the observance of the requirements of due diligence characteristic of
civil relationships. Against the background of these dramatic changes the author tried to develop
her own vision of civil law concept of fault. The study investigates various aspects of the category
of fault. Along with the discussion of historical development of the concept of fault, which covers
the general overview of the path taken by the mankind from objective imputation to subjective
liability, the paper deals with the essence of the types of fault (intention, negligence) from the era
of Roman Law until the present; the cases of manifestation of these types of fault within
contractual and tort law; the circle of perpetrators which, in its turn, covers the following aspects:
mixed fault, liability for the actions of incapable persons and actual executors. Furthermore, the
problem of comprehension of the fault of a legal person is also raised. A separate chapter of the
paper is dedicated to the problem of liability without fault, the discussion of the commonly
acknowledged preconditions thereof (delay on the part of a debtor and creditor and causing damage
via a source of increased danger) as well as the reasonability and lawfulness of liability without
fault. The author summarises the outcomes of the research in the final part of the paper.
115
g. galdava, samoqalaqo uflebaTa dacvis formebi da safuZvlebi...
gulnaz galdava
Tsu-is iuridiuli fakultetis doqtoranti
samoqalaqo uflebaTa dacvis formebi da saSualebebi

saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis mixedviT
Sesavali
ekonomikuri da sazogadoebrivi wyobilebis kardinaluri reformirebis

Sedegad sazogadoeba sul ufro samoqalaqo xdeba da efuZneba ara ideologias,
aramed kerZo da iuridiuli pirebis sabazro urTierTobas, ris gamoc umniS-
vnelovanes rols asrulebs samoqalaqo da samoqalaqosaproceso samarTali. aseT
pirobebSi, sazogadoebaSi samoqalaqo samarTlis da sasamarTlo xelisuflebis
rolisa da mniSvnelobis gaTvaliswinebiT, kidev ufro aqtualuri xdeba samoqala-
qo samarTlis safuZvlebis, moqalaqeTa, agreTve iuridiul pirTa darRveuli uf-
lebebis saTanado dacvis sakiTxebis Seswavla.
samarTlebrivi urTierToba samarTlebrivi normebis safuZvelze warmoqm-
nili da arsebuli subieqtebis socialuri kavSir-urTierTobis gansakuTrebuli
saxeobaa. dazaralebuli da zianis mimyenebeli erTmaneTTan TavianTi uflebebiTa
da movaleobebiT dakavSirebuli xdebian. maT Soris myardeba iuridiuli kavSiri.
am kavSiris Sinaarss Seadgens maTi uflebebi da movaleobebi. samoqalaqosamar-
Tlebrivi urTierTobebi warmoiqmneba qonebrivi da zogierTi piradi araqonebrivi
urTierTobis samoqalaqosamarTlebrivi regulirebis Sedegad.
sakiTxi samoqalaqo uflebebis Sesaxeb isev samarTlebrivi mecnierebis yu-
radRebis centrSia, radgan samarTlebrivi mecniereba samarTlebrivi saxelmwifos
formirebis procesSi ar SeiZleba mTavar yuradRebas ar miapyrobdes samoqalaqo
uflebebs da maTi ganxorcielebis realuri garantiebis uzrunvelyofas.
samoqalaqo uflebebis dacvis ganxorcielebis Seswavlis aqtualoba ganpi-
robebulia im garemoebiT, rom normaluri samoqalaqo brunva gulisxmobs ara
mxolod subieqtebis samoqalaqo uflebebis aRiarebas, aramed maT saimedo
samarTlebriv dacvas. mecnierebaSi Camoyalibebuli tradiciebis mixedviT, cnebiT
— `samoqalaqo uflebebis dacva~ — ganisazRvreba mTeli rigi zomebisa, romlebic
uzrunvelyofen samoqalaqo uflebebis dacvis ganxorcielebas. masSi igulisxmeba
ara mxolod samarTlebrivi, aramed ekonomikuri, politikuri, organizaciuli da
sxva xasiaTis RonisZiebebi, romlebic mimarTuli arian samoqalaqo uflebebis
ganxorcielebis aucilebeli pirobebis Seqmnaze.
samoqalaqo uflebebis dacva erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi kategoriaa sa-
moqalaqo da samoqalaqosaproceso kanonmdeblobaSi, romelTa analizis gareSe
Zalian Znelia samoqalaqosamarTlebrivi sanqciebis, maTi meqanizmisa da rea-
lizaciis xasiaTsa da TaviseburebebSi garkveva, romlebic warmoCindeba samo-
qalaqo uflebebis darRvevis dros. am kategoriis kvleva ganapirobebs erTma-
neTTan dakavSirebuli cnebebis gansazRvras, romelTa ricxvs miekuTvneba TviT
ufleba da dacva.
116
winamdebare naSromis mizania warmovadginoT samoqalaqo uflebebis

ganxorcielebisa da dacvis formebi, saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis mixedviT:
- ganvixiloT samoqalaqo uflebaTa ganxorcielebis cneba da farglebi.
- ganvsazRvroT dacvis uflebis cneba da CamovayaliboT misi Sinaarsi, movax-
dinoT samoqalaqo uflebebis dacvis formebis klasifikacia.
- davaxasiaToT samoqalaqo uflebebis damrRvevze operatiuli zemoqmedebis
RonisZiebani, aRvniSnoT operatiuli zemoqmedebis RonisZiebaTa saxeobani.
- davaxasiaToT samarTaldacviTi xasiaTis RonisZiebani, romlebsac samar-
TaldamrRvevebisadmi saxelmwifo axorcielebs. es SesaZlebelia iyos ro-
gorc iZulebiTi, aseve regulaciuri xasiaTis RonisZiebani.
sakiTxis Seswavlisas gamoyenebul iqna Semecnebis zogadmecnieruli, aseve
Tvisebrivi da SedarebiTi analizis, sistematizaciisa da klasifikaciis meTodebi
da sxv.
I. samoqalaqo uflebaTa dacvis formebi
1. samoqalaqo uflebaTa ganxorcielebis cneba
saqarTvelos moqalaqeTa uflebebisa da Tavisuflebebis xelSeuxebloba da

maTi ganxorcielebis uzrunvelyofa konstituciuri garantiebiT aris ganmtki-
cebuli. saqarTvelos konstituciis 44-e muxlis Sesabamisad, àdamianis uflebaTa
da TavisuflebaTa ganxorcielebam ar unda daarRvios sxvaTa uflebebi da
Tavisuflebebi.~ saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis me-10 muxlis safuZvelze,
`samoqalaqo urTierTobis monawileebs SeuZliaT ganaxorcielon kanoniT
aukrZalavi, maT Soris pirdapir gauTvaliswinebeli moqmedeba", e.i., rac kanoniT
ar aris akrZaluli, daSvebulia. amave muxlis Sesabamisad, samoqalaqo uflebaTa
ganxorcieleba gamijnulia politikuri uflebebisagan, romlebic `ganisazRvreba
konstituciiT an sajaro samarTlis sxva kanonebiT.~
samoqalaqo uflebebis ganxorcieleba sazogadoebis ganviTarebis sxvada-
sxva etapze sxvadasxvagvarad regulirdeboda — romis samarTali miuTiTebda, rom
ìs, vinc~ sargeblobs Tavisi uflebiT, ar xelyofs aravis uflebebs~, am droidan
momdinareobs laTinuri gamoTqma: `gui suo iyre utitur, neminem laedit~ (is, vinc sar-
geblobs Tavisi uflebiT, aravis uflebebs ar arRvevs).
anglosaqsuri saerTo samarTali viTardeboda principiT — ìbi jus ibi reme-
dium~ (uflebebi iq aris, sadac aris dacva).
Tanamedrove samoqalaqo samarTlis ZiriTadi funqciebi regulaciuri da
dacviTi funqciebia. dacviTi funqcia mWidrod urTierTqmedebs mis ZiriTad —
regulaciur funqciasTan. im piradi araqonebrivi urTierTqmedebis reguli-
rebaSi, romelic ar ukavSirdeba qonebrivs, samoqalaqo samarTali mxolod da
mxolod dacviTi amocanebiT ifargleba.
samoqalaqo uflebebis Seuferxebeli ganxorcielebis uzrunvelyofa samo-
qalaqosamarTlebrivi regulirebis ZiriTadi principebis ricxvs ganekuTvneba. am
principis moqmedeba mniSvnelovania im poziciidanac, rom gamoiricxos xelovnuri
dabrkolebebi sakuTari interesebis dacvis uflebis ganxorcielebisas.
ùflebaTa borotad gamoyenebisagan sxvaTa Tavisuflebas icavs samoqala-
qo kanonebis imperatiuli normebi~ (saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis me-10
muxlis me-3 nawili). aRniSnuli uflebis borotad gamoyenebisa da samoqalaqo
117
uflebebis sxva arasaimedo ganxorcielebis akrZalvis princips gansazRvravs.

imperatiuli normebis Seusruleblobis samarTlebrivi Sedegi ki baTilobaa.
marTalia, samoqalaqo uflebaTa ganxorcielebis areali mkveTrad gafar-
Toebulia, magram ar SeiZleba iTqvas, rom absoluturad SeuzRudavia. kanoni
moiTxovs marTlzomierebisa da keTilsindisierebis dacvas samoqalaqo uflebaTa
ganxorcielebisas.
saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis 115-e muxlis Sesabamisad, `samoqalaqo
ufleba unda ganxorcieldes marTlzomierad, dauSvebelia uflebis gamoyeneba
martooden im mizniT, rom ziani miadges sxvas.~1
aRniSnuli ufro naTeli xdeba ssk-is 170-e muxlis me-2 nawilis fonze:
mesakuTres ekrZaleba uflebis borotad gamoyeneba. dauSvebelia uflebis gamo-
yeneba mxolod im mizniT, rom ziani miadges sxvas ise, Tuki àr aris gamokveTili
mesakuTris interesebis upiratesoba da misi moqmedebis aucilebloba gaumarTle-
belia.~
saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsi Seicavs mraval zogad da specialur nor-
mas, romelTa SinaarsSic Cadebulia uflebis borotad gamoyenebis dauSvebloba.
`Sikana iwyeba iq, sadac ufleba iqceva zianis miyenebis iaraRad, deliqtis Cadenis
saSualebad.~2
uflebis borotad gamoyenebis (Sikanas) Sesaxeb sakmaod seriozuli praq-
tikaa dagrovili evropis qveynebis samarTalSi. uflebis borotad gamoyeneba ar
xdeba iq, sadac kanonieri interesebia ganmsazRvreli.
2. samoqalaqo uflebaTa dacvis cneba
samoqalaqo brunvis ganxorcieleba gulisxmobs ara mxolod subieqtebis

garkveuli samoqalaqo uflebebis aRiarebas, aramed maTi saimedo samarTlebrivi
dacvis uzrunvelyofasac. mecnierebaSi Camoyalibebuli tradiciis Sesabamisad,
samoqalaqo uflebebis uzrunvelyofa moicavs mTel im RonisZiebaTa erToblio-
bas, romlebic uflebis realizaciis normalur mimdinareobas ganapirobebs. masSi
Sedis ara mxolod samarTlebrivi, aramed, agreTve, ekonomikuri, politikuri,
organizaciuli da sxva xasiaTis RonisZiebani, romelTa mizania samoqalaqo ufle-
bebis ganxorcielebisaTvis saWiro pirobebis Seqmna.
amasTan, sakuTriv dacvis samarTlebriv RonisZiebebs ganekuTvneba yvela RonisZi-
eba, romelTa daxmarebiTac xdeba rogorc samoqalaqosamarTlebrivi urTierTo-
bebis ganviTarebis uzrunvelyofa misi normaluri, daurRveveli mdgomareobiT,
ise darRveuli an Secilebuli uflebebisa da interesebis aRdgena.
uzrunvelyofis cnebas aSkarad gamoxatuli prevenciuli xasiaTi aqvs, igi
iTvaliswinebs racionaluri gamoyenebisa da SenarCunebis uzrunvelmyof RonisZi-
ebebs (maT Soris normebis sistemas). uzrunvelyofa, rogorc funqcia, ukavSirdeba
uflebis uzrunvelyofas manam, sanam ufleba, kanonieri interesebi SeizRudeba ka-
nonis safuZvelze an dairRveva.
1
xazgasasmelia, rom saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis mesame karis — ùflebaTa ganxorcieleba~ (115-
e-120-e muxlebi) — adekvaturi normebi gvxvdeba germaniis samoqalaqo kodeqsSi (gsk-is § 226-231).
SeiZleba iTqvas, rom, mcire sxvaobis garda, saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis aRniSnuli muxlebi,
normebisa da ideebis TvalsazrisiT, germaniis samoqalaqo samarTlis kodeqsis muxlebis analogia.
2
zoiZe b., qarTuli sanivTo samarTali, Tb., 2003, 110.
118
Sesabamisad, uzrunvelyofa, rogorc saqmianobis saxeoba, mimarTulia sa-

marTaldacviTi amocanebis Sesrulebisaken. uflebebTan dakavSirebiT maTi
Tanafardoba SeiZleba davaxasiaToT Semdegnairad — maTi uzrunvelyofa xdeba
mudmivad, xolo dacva mxolod maSin, roca isini irRveva.
samoqalaqo uflebaTa dacvis cneba saerToa samoqalaqo samarTlisa da sa-
moqalaqo procesisaTvis. oRond im gansxvavebiT, rom, roca saubaria materialur
samoqalaqo samarTalze, igulisxmeba ama Tu im sferoSi moqmedi savaldebulo
qcevis normebis erToblioba, xolo saproceso samarTali gansazRvravs, Tu rogor
unda ganxorcieldes am normaTa iZulebiT aRsruleba.
zogadad dacvis ufleba SeiZleba ganisazRvros rogorc uflebamosili pi-
risaTvis SesaZleblobis miniWeba, ganaxorcielos samarTaldacviTi xasiaTis Ro-
nisZiebani misi darRveuli an Sedavebuli uflebis aRsadgenad. anda ramdenadme
gansxvavebuli formulirebiT: dacvis ufleba — es aris iuridiulad ufleba-
mosili piris SesaZlebloba, gamoiyenos samarTaldacviTi xasiaTis RonisZiebani
darRveuli uflebis aRdgenisa da uflebis damrRvevi moqmedebis aRkveTis mizniT.
tradiciuli koncefciis Tanaxmad, dacvis ufleba Tavad samoqalaqo ufle-
bis Semadgeneli nawilia sakuTari moqmedebis uflebasTan, agreTve im uflebasTan
erTad, rom valdebul pirebs garkveuli qmedeba moeTxovos.
magram arsebobs mosazreba, romlis Sesabamisadac samoqalaqo uflebis uz-
runvelyofa saxelmwifo iZulebis SesaZleblobiT — es aris misi ganuyofeli Tvi-
seba, da aseTi SesaZlebloba damkvidrebulia ara sxva SesaZleblobebis paralelu-
rad, aramed damaxasiaTebelia Tavad maTTvis, radgan uamisod isini ver iqneba iuri-
diuli SesaZleblobani.
am Tvalsazrisebs Soris arsebuli zogierTi gansxvavebis miuxedavad, maT
Soris principuli sxvaoba ar aris, vinaidan orive SemTxvevaSi dacvis ufleba gani-
xileba Tavad samoqalaqo uflebis savaldebulo elementad.
dacvis uflebis amgvar gagebas upirispirdeba mecnierTa mTeli rigis al-
ternatiuli Tvalsazrisi, romlis Sesabamisadac dacvis ufleba damoukidebeli
subieqturi uflebaa. es ufleba, rogorc realuri samarTlebrivi SesaZlebloba,
regulaciuri samoqalaqo uflebis mflobels uCndeba am ukanasknelis darRvevis
an Sedavebis momentSi da realizdeba am dros warmoqmnili dacviTi samoqala-
qosamarTlebrivi urTierTobis farglebSi.
dacvis uflebis Sinaarsi, anu uflebamosili subieqtis SesaZleblobani misi
ganxorcielebis procesSi, ganisazRvreba samoqalaqo materialuri da saproceso
samarTlis normebis kompleqsiT, romlebic adgens:
a) Tavad samarTaldacviTi RonisZiebis Sinaarss;
b) misi gamoyenebis safuZvels;
g) misi gamoyenebisaTvis uflebamosil subieqtTa wres;
d) misi gamoyenebis saproceso da procedurul wess;
e) im subieqtTa materialursamarTlebriv da saproceso uflebebs, romelTa mi-
marTac es RonisZieba gamoiyeneba.
samoqalaqo ufleba da kanoniT daculi interesi erTmaneTTan Zalian axlos
mdgomi da xSirad Tanmxvedri samarTlebrivi kategoriebia, ris gamoc yovelTvis
ar xdeba maTi erTmaneTisgan gamijvna literaturaSi. marTlac, yovel samoqalaqo
uflebas safuZvlad udevs esa Tu is interesi, romelTa dasakmayofilebladac es
ufleba eniWeba uflebamosils. imavdroulad, daculi interesebi, umetes SemTxve-
vaSi, gaSualdeba konkretuli uflebebiT, ris gamoc samoqalaqo uflebebis dacva
119
kanoniT daculi interesis dacvacaa. magaliTad, qonebiT sargeblobaSi moijaris

interesi warmodgenilia qonebis flobisa da gamoyenebis uflebis formiT, romlis
dacvasac uzrunvelyofs Sesabamisi interesis dacva.
magram samoqalaqo uflebis subieqtebs SeiZleba iseTi interesebic hqon-
deT, romlebic ar Sualdeba uflebebiT, aramed arsebobs damoukideblad kanoniT
daculi interesebis formiT da, rogorc aseTi, maTi darRvevis SemTxvevaSi dacvas
eqvemdebareba. magaliTad gamodgeba moTxovnebi pativisa da Rirsebis dacvis Sesa-
xeb, iZulebiTi gacvlisas damqiraveblis ojaxis wevrTa sabinao interesebis dac-
vis Sesaxeb, garigebis baTilad cnobis Sesaxeb da a.S. kanoniT daculi interesis
dacva, da ara sakuTriv samoqalaqo uflebisa, xdeba im SemTxvevebSi, roca
samarTaldarRvevis Sedegad Tavad es ufleba wydeba. magaliTad, nivTis ganadgu-
rebisas masze sakuTrebis ufleba ver iqneba daculi, radgan nivTi ukve aRar arse-
bobs. Sesabamisad, saqme SeiZleba exebodes mxolod nivTis yofili mesakuTris kano-
niT dacul im interess, rom aRidginos Tavisi qonebrivi mdgomareoba, romlis uz-
runvelyofa xdeba miyenebuli zianis safuZvelze sarCelis daxmarebiT an mxareTa
urTierTobis adekvaturi sxva dacvis saSualebiT. amgvarad kanoniT daculi inte-
resi xSirad samoqalaqo samarTalSi dacvis damoukidebel sagnad gvevlineba.
3. samoqalaqo uflebaTa dacvis formebis cneba
samoqalaqo uflebebisa da interesebis dacva xorcieldeba kanoniT gaTva-

liswinebuli wesiT, anu dacvis saTanado formis gamoyenebiT. dacvis formaSi igu-
lisxmeba uflebebisa da kanoniT daculi interesebis dacvis Sinaganad SeTanxmebu-
li organizaciuli RonisZiebebis kompleqsi. ganasxvaveben dacvis or ZiriTad
formas — iurisdiqciulsa da araiurisdiqciuls.
dacvis iurisdiqciuli forma aris saxelmwifos mier uflebamosili orga-
noebis saqmianoba darRveuli an sacilo uflebebis dacvisaTvis. misi arsi gamoixa-
teba imiT, rom piri, romlis uflebebi da kanonieri interesebi darRveulia
aramarTlzomieri qmedebebiT, dacvisaTvis mimarTavs saxelmwifo an sxva kompeten-
tur organoebs (sasamarTlos, saarbitraJo sasamarTlos, zemdgom instancias da
a.S.), romlebic uflebamosili arian, ganaxorcielon saWiro RonisZiebani
darRveuli uflebis aRdgenisa da samarTaldarRvevis aRkveTisaTvis.
dacvis iurisdiqciuli formis farglebSi, Tavis mxriv, gamoiyofa darRveu-
li uflebebis dacvis zogadi da specialuri wesi. zogadi wesis Tanaxmad, samoqala-
qo uflebebisa da kanoniT daculi interesebis dacva xorcieldeba sasamarTlo we-
siT. samoqalaqosamarTlebrivi davebis ZiriTad masas ganixilaven raionuli, saqa-
laqo, saolqo da saerTo iurisdiqciis sxva sasamarTloebi. maTTan erTad sasamar-
Tlo xelisuflebas axorcieleben saarbitraJo sasamarTloebi, romlebic wyveten
samewarmeo saqmianobis procesSi warmoqmnil davebs. faqtobrivad arbitraJiT
daintereseba izrdeba savaWro-samewarmeo saqmianobis ganviTarebasTan erTad.
marTalia, is ar aris saxelmwifos sasamarTlo sistemis nawili, Tumca aRWurvilia
identuri uflebamosilebiT. samoqalaqosamarTlebrivi urTierTobebis monawile-
Ta SeTanxmebiT maT Soris dava SeiZleba gadasawyvetad samediatoro sasamarTlos
gadaeces.
`saqarTveloSi arsebobs kanoni `kerZo arbitraJis Sesaxeb~ da arbitraJi
aRiarebulia erT-erT alternativad, Tumca is farTod ar gamoiyeneba. advokatebi
xSirad urCeven klientebs, mimarTon arbitraJs. saarbitraJo gadawyvetilebebs
120
samoqalaqo saqmeebze miRebuli gadawyvetilebebis Zala aqvs. saqarTveloSi ar

arsebobs mediatoris instituti, sadac gamoiyenebian kerZo mediatorebi, Tumca
mosamarTleebi acxadeben, rom isini xSirad asruleben mediatoris rols
formalur mediatorul saqmeebSi.~3
im SemTxvevebSi, roca moqalaqeTa konstituciuri uflebebi da Tavisufle-
bebi darRveulia an SeiZleba dairRves kanoniT, romelic gamoiyeneba an eqvemdeba-
reba gamoyenebas konkretul saqmeSi, romlis ganxilvac dasrulebulia an dawye-
bulia sasamarTloSi an sxva organoSi, moqalaqeebs ufleba aqvT mimarTon sakons-
titucio sasamarTlos. samoqalaqo uflebebisa da kanoniT daculi interesebis sa-
samarTlo dacvis saSualebad gvevlineba, zogadi wesis Tanaxmad, sarCeli, anu
sasamarTlosadmi im moTxovniT mimarTva, rom ganxorcieldes marTlmsajuleba,
erTi mxriv, da mopasuxisadmi matrialursamarTlebrivi moTxovniT mimarTva, rom
Seasrulos misTvis dakisrebuli movaleoba an aRiaros samarTlebrivi urTier-
Tobebis arseboba an ararseboba, meore mxriv.
sasamarTlo valdebulia, miiRos da ganixilos sarCeli. sasarCelo gancxa-
debis miRebaze uaris Tqma dasaSvebia mxolod kanoniT zustad da amomwuravad
gansazRvrul SemTxvevebSi.
calkeul SemTxvevaSi sasamarTlo dacvis saSualeba aris gancxadeba, ker-
Zod, gamartivebuli warmoebis saqmeTa gamo, an saCivari. sasarCelo wesi gamoiyene-
ba yvela SemTxvevaSi, garda im SemTxvevebisa, romlebic pirdapir aris miTiTebuli
kanonSi.
samoqalaqo uflebebis administraciuli wesiT gansaxorcielebeli dacvis
saSualebaa saCivari, romelic Sesabamis mmarTvelobiT organoSi Seaqvs pirs, rom-
lis uflebebi da kanonieri interesebi Seilaxa samarTaldarRvevis Sedegad.
zogierT SemTxvevaSi kanonis Sesabamisad gamoiyeneba Sereuli anu darRveu-
li samoqalaqo uflebebis dacvis administraciul-sasamarTlo wesi. am SemTxvevaSi
dazaralebulma, sanam sarCels sasamarTloSi Seitans, saCivriT unda mimarTos sa-
xelmwifo marTvis organos. amgvarad wydeba, magaliTad, sapatento xasiaTis cal-
keuli dava, marTvis sferoSi samarTaldarRvevebiT warmoqmnili zogierTi saqme
da sxv.
dacvis araiurisdiqciuli forma moicavs moqalaqeebisa da organizaciebis
moqmedebas samoqalaqo uflebebisa da kanoniT daculi interesebis dacvisaTvis,
romlebsac isini damoukideblad axorcieleben ise, rom ar mimarTaven daxmarebi-
saTvis saxelmwifo an kompetentur organoebs. darRveuli an sacilo uflebis
mflobels Tavdacvis farglebSi SeuZlia gamoiyenos dacvis sxvadasxva saSualeba,
romlebic unda iyos darRvevis Tanabarzomieri da ar scildebodes misi aRkveTi-
saTvis saWiro moqmedebis farglebs. dasaSveb RonisZiebebs ganekuTvneba, kerZod,
aucilebeli mogeriebis an ukiduresi aucileblobis mdgomareobaSi piris moqmede-
ba, damrRvevisadmi egreT wodebuli operatiuli zemoqmedebis RonisZiebebisa da
zogierTi sxva moqmedebis gamoyeneba.
3
amerikis iuristTa asociacia, saqarTvelos iuridiuli profesiis reformis indeqsi, gamocemulia
aSS-Si amerikis iuristTa asociaciisa da centraluri evropisa da evraziis samarTlebrivi inicia-
tivis mier, vaSingtoni, 2005, NW.15, b 740, www.abaceeli.org.
121
II. samoqalaqo uflebaTa dacvis saSualebebi
1. samoqalaqo uflebaTa dacvis saSualebebis cneba
samoqalaqo uflebaTa dacvis saSualebebSi, Cveulebriv, igulisxmeba kanon-

mdeblobiT gaTvaliswinebuli saSualebebi, romelTa daxmarebiTac SeiZleba miR-
weul iqnes uflebis darRvevebis aRkveTa, Tavidan acileba, aRmofxvra, aRdgena da
(an) im danakargebis kompensacia, romlebic gamowveulia uflebis darRveviT.
uflebaTa dacvis saSualebebi, iuridiuli bunebis mixedviT, SesaZlebelia
or jgufad gavyoT: dacvis RonisZiebebi da pasuxismgeblobis RonisZiebebi
`kanoniT gaTvaliswinebuli zomebis umetesoba dacviTi xasiaTisaa. pasuxismgeb-
lobis zomebs miekuTvneba zianis anazRaureba da sxvadasxva kompensacia.~4
dacvis saSualeba samoqalaqo uflebis subieqts kanonmdeblobiT eniWeba.
samoqalaqo brunvis yoveli monawilisaTvis ki problema isaa, optimalurad Seir-
Ces da efeqtianad iqnes gamoyenebuli kanonmdeblobiT gaTvaliswinebuli dacvis
saSualebebi.
am problemis gadaWris uzrunvelyofa SesaZlebelia, erTi mxriv, kanonmdeb-
lobis im debulebaTa Rrma codniT, romlebic aregulirebs samoqalaqo uflebaTa
dacvis sxvadasxva saSualebas, da, meore mxriv, maTi gamoyenebisaTvis saWiro
Cvevebis dauflebis gziT.
samoqalaqo kanonmdeblobaSi SeiZleba gamovyoT samoqalaqo uflebebis
dacvis saSualebaTa regulirebis ori done. regulirebis pirveli done gu-
lisxmobs dacvis iseTi xerxebis gansazRvras, romlebsac universaluri xasiaTi
aqvT da maTi gamoyeneba SeiZleba, rogorc wesi, nebismieri samoqalaqo uflebis da-
sacavad. maT ganekuTvneba:
- uflebis aRiareba;
- uflebis darRvevamde arsebuli mdgomareobis aRdgena (anu pirvandeli
mdgomareobis aRdgena);
- im moqmedebis aRkveTa, romelic arRvevs uflebas an misi darRvevis safr-
Txes warmoqmnis, e.i. uflebis darRvevis aRkveTa;
- sacilo garigebis baTilad cnoba da misi baTilobis Sedegebis gamoyeneba;
- arara garigebis baTilobis Sedegebis gamoyeneba;
- saxelmwifo organos an adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis organos aqtis ba-
Tilad cnoba;
- uflebis TviTdacva;
- uflebis dacva naturiT SesrulebiT;
- zianis anazRaureba da kompensacia;
- pirgasamtexlos gadaxdevineba;
- moraluri zianis kompensacia;
- samarTlebrivi urTierTobis Sewyveta an Secvla;
- saxelmwifo organos an adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis organos kanonsawi-
naaRmdego aqtis sasamarTlos mier gamouyenebloba.
aRniSnuli nusxa, romelic samoqalaqo uflebebis dacvis zemoaRniSnul
saSualebebs Seicavs, ar aris amomwuravi. samoqalaqo uflebaTa darRvevis SemTxve-
4
kobaxiZe a., samoqalaqo samarTali, I, zogadi nawili, Tb., 2001, 338.
122
vaSi SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnes kanoniT gaTvaliswinebuli maTi dacvis sxva xerxe-
bic.5
samoqalaqo uflebebis dacvis saSualebaTa samoqalaqosamarTlebrivi re-
gulirebis meore doneze warmodgenilia kanoniT dadgenili dacvis saSualebebi,
romlebic gamoiyeneba mxolod garkveul saxeobaTa samoqalaqo uflebebis dasaca-
vad an garkveuli darRvevebisgan dasacavad. am TvalsazrisiT, SegviZlia vilapara-
koT iuridiul pirTa damfuZneblebis (monawileebis), qonebis mesakuTris, valde-
bulebiT kreditoris da sxvaTa uflebebis dacvis damoukidebel saSualebebze.
samoqalaqo uflebebis dacvis saSualebebi eqvemdebareba klasifikacias Semdegi
kategoriebiT: gamoyenebis sferos mixedviT (universaluri da specialuri); gan-
xorcielebis meTodebis mixedviT (sasamarTloSi sarCelis wardgena, saxelmwifo
organoebisaTvis mimarTva, damoukidebeli gamoyeneba da a.S.).
Tumca, vfiqrobT, rom samoqalaqo uflebaTa dacvis saSualebebis klasifi-
kaciisaTvis praqtikulad yvelaze mniSvnelovani kriteriumi aris Sedegi, romlis-
Tvisac gamiznulia maTi gamoyeneba, darRveuli uflebisaTvis maTi gamoyenebis
Sedegebis xasiaTi.
aRniSnuli kriteriumi imavdroulad SeiZleba erT-erTi ZiriTadi kriteri-
umi iyos darRveuli uflebis subieqtis mier misi dacvis optimaluri saSualebis
SerCevisaTvis. swored esaa misi praqtikuli mniSvneloba.
amrigad, Tu samoqalaqo uflebaTa dacvis saSualebebis klasifikacias sa-
fuZvlad davudebT Sedegs, romlisTvisac misi gamoyenebaa gaTvaliswinebuli, uni-
versaluri saSualebebi Semdeg jgufebad SeiZleba ganawildes:
pirveli jgufi Seicavs dacvis saSualebebs, romelTa gamoyeneba saSualebas
iZleva, dadasturdes dasacavi ufleba, an Sewydes (Seicvalos) valdebuleba. aseT
Sedegs iZleva dacvis Semdegi saSualebebis gamoyeneba: uflebis aRiareba; naturiT
valdebulebis SesrulebisTvis misja; saxelmwifo organos an adgilobrivi TviTm-
marTvelobis organos kanonsawinaaRmdego aqtis sasamarTlos mier gamou-
yenebloba; samarTlebrivi urTierTobebis Sewyveta an Secvla.
yvela, erTi SexedviT sruliad gansxvavebul, dacvis saSualebas aerTianebs da-
sacavi uflebisaTvis maTi gamoyenebis Sedegebi. ras SeiZleba niSnavdes sasamarTlos
gadawyvetileba naturiT valdebulebis aRsrulebisaTvis iZulebis Sesaxeb? uwinares
yovlisa, es aris imis dadastureba, rom pirs, romelmac sasamarTlos Sesabamisi sarCe-
liT mimarTa, aqvs ufleba, mopasuxisagan moiTxovos am valdebulebis aRsruleba. sa-
xelmwifo organos an adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis organos kanonsawinaaRmdego
aqtis gamouyeneblobis Sesaxeb sasamarTlos SuamdgomlobiT rom mimarTavs, samoqa-
laqo uflebis subieqti agreTve iTxovs am uflebis dadasturebas, imis damowmebas,
rom am uflebas ar SeiZleba Seexos kanonsawinaaRmdego aqti.
praqtikis analizi mowmobs, rom dacvis yvela dasaxelebul saSualebas su-
bieqtebi iyeneben, ZiriTadad, pirvel winaswar etapze dacvis sxva xerxebis gamoye-
nebisaTvis xelSemwyobi pirobebis Seqmnis mizniT. amgvari moqmedebis aucilebloba
warmoiqmneba, rogorc wesi, situaciebSi, roca arsebobs sxva piri, romelic pre-
tenzias acxadebs dasacav uflebaze an sacilos xdis mas. magaliTad, sakuTrebis
uflebis aRiarebis Sesaxeb moTxovna xSirad win uZRvis sarCels sxvisi ukanono
5
uflebaTa dacvis saSualebebis klasificirebasTan dakavSirebiT, garkveuli azrTa sxvadasxvaobaa
mecnier iuristTa Soris, Tumca saSualebaTa ZiriTadi nawili Tanmxvedria. Толстой Ю.К., Сергеев А.П.,
Гражданское право, 1, Санкт-Петербург, 1996, 247-248.
123
flobidan qonebis gamoTxovis Sesaxeb, an sakuTrebis uflebis realizaciaSi

dabrkolebebis moxsnis Sesaxeb sarCels, anda gamosaxlebis Sesaxeb an dakavebuli
nagebobis gaTavisuflebis Sesaxeb sarCels. sasamarTlos mier naturiT movaleo-
bis aRsrulebisaTvis iZulebis Sesaxeb sarCelis dakmayofilebas xSirad mosdevs
araRsrulebiT an Sesabamisi movaleobis arasaTanadod aRsrulebiT gamowveuli
zianis anazRaurebis Sesaxeb sarCeli;
samoqalaqo uflebaTa dacvis saSualebebis meore jgufs SeiZleba mivakuTv-
noT iseTi saSualebebi, romelTa gamoyenebac uflebis darRvevis Tavidan acile-
bis an aRkveTis saSualebas iZleva. maT ricxvs ganekuTvneba: uflebis damrRvevi an
misi darRvevis safrTxis Semqmneli moqmedebis aRkveTa; saxelmwifo organos an ad-
gilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis organos aqtis baTilad cnoba; uflebis TviTdacva;
pirgasamtexlos gadaxdevineba. dacvis aRniSnuli xerxebis gamoyenebis mizania,
aiZulos damrRvevi, Sewyvitos subieqturi samoqalaqo uflebis damrRvevi moqme-
debani an Tavidan aicilos aseTi moqmedeba;
mesame jgufi aerTianebs im samoqalaqo uflebaTa dacvis saSualebebs, ro-
melTa gamoyenebis mizania darRveuli uflebis aRdgena da im danakargebis kompen-
sacia, romlebic mohyva uflebis darRvevas. aseTi Sedegi SeiZleba miRweul iqnes
Semdegi gziT: uflebis darRvevamde arsebuli mdgomareobis aRdgeniT; sacilo ga-
rigebis baTilad cnobiT da misi baTilobis Sedegebis gamoyenebiT, arara garigebis
baTilobis Sedegebis gamoyenebiT; zianis anazRaurebiT; moraluri zianis kompen-
saciiT.
magram aseTi klasifikacia mxolod erT-erTi SesaZlo variantia.
rogorc iuridiul literaturaSi, kerZod e. suxanovis redaqciiT gamoce-
mul saxelmZRvaneloSi,6 miTiTebulia, samoqalaqo uflebaTa dacvis kanoniT daS-
vebuli saSualebebi erTmaneTisagan gansxvavdeba iuridiuli da materialuri
SinaarsiT, gamoyenebis formebiTa da safuZvliT.
am niSnebis mixedviT, samoqalaqo uflebaTa dacvis saSualebebis klasifika-
cia SeiZleba Semdeg saxeobebad:
a) uflebamosil subieqtTa faqtobrivi moqmedeba, romelsac samoqalaqo
uflebaTa Tavdacvis niSnebi axasiaTebs;
b) samoqalaqo uflebaTa damrRvevze operatiuli zemoqmedebis RonisZiebani;
g) samarTaldacviTi xasiaTis RonisZiebani, romlebsac samoqalaqo ufleba-
Ta damrRvevebisadmi kompetenturi saxelmwifo an sxva organoebi iyeneben.
yuradReba unda mivapyroT imas, rom samoqalaqo uflebaTa dacvis konkre-
tuli saSualebis gamoyenebis wesi da farglebi damokidebulia dasacavi
samoqalaqo uflebis Sinaarssa da misi darRvevis xasiaTze. am wess ar ewinaaRmdege-
ba is garemoeba, rom samoqalaqo samarTalSi xSiria SemTxveva, roca samoqalaqo
uflebaTa dacvis erTdroulad ramdenime sxvadasxva saSualeba gamoiyeneba. maga-
liTad, restitucia SeiZleba gamoiyenebodes usafuZvlo gamdidrebidan gamom-
dinare valdebulebis meqanizmTan erTad; operatiuli zemoqmedebis RonisZiebad
nivTis dakaveba SeiZleba moxdes im piris samoqalaqosamarTlebriv pasuxis-
mgeblobasTan erTad, romelic arRvevs im piris uflebas, romelsac nivTi aqvs da-
kavebuli da a.S. savsebiT cxadia, rom, amis miuxedavad, samoqalaqo uflebaTa dac-
vis ama Tu im saSualebis gamoyeneba emyareba sakuTar safuZvels. pirvel magaliTSi
restituciis gamoyeneba efuZneba garigebis gauqmebis faqts, usafuZvlo gamdid-
6
Суханов Е.А, Гражданское право, Том 1, М., 2005.
124
rebidan gamomdinare valdebulebis gamoyeneba emyareba imas, rom am garigebis ro-

melime monawilem usafuZvlod SeiZina sxvisi qoneba.
im samarTlebrivi normebis arseboba, romlebic amkvidrebs samoqalaqo uf-
lebaTa dacvis mxolod konkretul xerxs, anda arseboba sxvadasxva saSualebis ga-
moyenebis SesaZleblobisa, niSnavs, rom dacvis saSualebis SerCeva xdeba
samarTlebrivi urTierTobis mxaris mosazrebiT.
amasTan, SesaZlebelia erTdroulad dacvis ramdenime saSualebis Sexameba
(erTdrouli gamoyeneba).
amgvarad, samoqalaqo uflebaTa dacvis saSualebebi Seadgens im RonisZieba-
Ta sistemas, romelTa mizania sakuTrebis xelSeuxeblobis dacva da uzrunvelyofa
da samoqalaqo uflebebis Tavisufali ganxorcieleba.
samoqalaqo uflebebis dacva SeiZleba ganxorcieldes ara marto samoqala-
qosamarTlebrivi, aramed administraciulsamarTlebrivi da sisxlissamarTlebri-
vi wesiT. miCneulia, rom es ganpirobebulia ori mizeziT: jer erTi, piris samarT-
lebrivi statusebis dialeqtikuri TanafardobiT. zogadsamarTlebrivi (konsti-
tuciuri) statusi — esaa dargobrivi statusis baza, xolo dargobrivi (Cvens, samo-
qalaqosamarTlebriv, SemTxvevaSi) — individualuri an konkretuli statusis sa-
fuZveli. vinaidan zogadsamarTlebrivi statusi bazaa ramdenime dargisaTvis, ga-
modis, rom dargobrivi statusebi genetikurad urTierTdakavSirebulia, rac
xSirad gansazRvravs dasacav sikeTeTa erTianobas (magaliTad, sakuTrebis ufle-
ba); meore, samarTaldarRvevis xasiaTisa da uflebis dacvis ganmxorcielebeli
organos tipis mixedviT SegviZlia pirobiTad uflebaTa dacvis ramdenime `safexu-
ri~ gamovyoT. erTi da imave uflebis mimarT SeiZleba dacvis sxvadasxva RonisZie-
bis amoqmedeba.
2. samoqalaqo uflebaTa dacvis saSualebebis klasifikacia
mivmarToT dacvis konkretuli saSualebebis ufro detalur analizs:

2.1. uflebis aRiareba — dacvis am saSualebis aucilebloba warmoiqmneba ma-
Sin, roca pirisaTvis garkveuli uflebis arseboba eWvqveS dgeba, xdeba misi uaryo-
fa da arsebobs aseTi moqmedebis realuri safrTxe. xSirad uflebis gaurkvevloba
iwvevs misi gamoyenebis SeuZleblobas an ukiduresad aZnelebs aseT gamoyenebas.
uflebis aRiareba aris swored subieqtebis urTierTobaSi gaurkvevlobis aRmofx-
vris, misi realizaciisaTvis saWiro pirobebis Seqmnis da mesame pirTa mxridan misi
normaluri ganxorcielebisaTvis xelisSemSleli moqmedebis Tavidan acilebis sa-
Sualeba.
uflebis aRiareba, rogorc Tavisi bunebiT misi dacvis saSualeba, SeiZleba
ganxorcieldes mxolod iurisdiqciuli (sasamarTlo) wesiT, magram ara mosarCe-
lis mier raime damoukidebeli calmxrivi moqmedebis gziT. mosarCelis moTxovna
uflebis aRiarebis Sesaxeb mimarTulia ara mopasuxisadmi, aramed sasamarTlosad-
mi, romelmac oficialurad unda daadasturos, aqvs Tu ara aqvs mosarCeles
sacilo ufleba.
umetes SemTxvevaSi uflebis aRiarebis Sesaxeb moTxovna dacvis sxva saSua-
lebebis gamoyenebis ucilobeli wanamZRvaria. magaliTad, darRvevamde arsebuli
mdgomareobis aRdgenisaTvis an naturiT movaleobis Sesrulebisadmi movalis iZu-
lebisaTvis mosarCelem unda daamtkicos, rom aqvs Sesabamisi ufleba, romlis dac-
visTvisac igi iRvwis. magram xSirad uflebis cnobis Sesaxeb moTxovnas damoukide-
125
beli mniSvneloba aqvs da igi ar STainTqmeba dacvis sxva saSualebebiT. magaliTad,

uflebis cnoba aris sakuTrebis uflebis, sxva absoluturi (sameurneo warmoebis
ufleba, avtorobis ufleba da a.S.) da mimarTebiTi uflebebis dacvis gavrcelebu-
li saSualeba.
2.2. uflebis darRvevamde arsebuli mdgomareobis (anu pirvandeli
mdgomareobis) aRdgena, rogorc dacvis damoukidebeli saSualeba, gamoiyeneba im
SemTxvevebSi, roca samarTaldarRvevis Sedegad darRveuli samoqalaqo ufleba ar
wyvets arsebobas da SeiZleba realurad iqnes aRdgenili samarTaldarRvevis Sede-
gebis aRmofxvris gziT. dacvis es saSualeba moicavs farTo wris konkretul moq-
medebebs, magaliTad: mesakuTrisaTvis misi qonebis dabruneba sxvisi ukanono
mflobelobidan, piris gamosaxleba, romelmac TviTneburad daikava sacxovrebeli
nageboba da sxv. uflebis darRvevamde arsebuli mdgomareobis aRdgena SeiZleba
moxdes rogorc dacvis iurisdiqciuli, ise araiurisdiqciuli wesebis gamoyene-
biT.
2.3. zianis anazRaureba — samoqalaqo samarTlis dacviTi funqciis upirve-
lesi mizania samoqalaqo brunvis monawileTa qonebrivi interesebis dacva. igi mi-
marTulia imisken, rom qonebrivi mdgomareoba SeunarCunos keTilsindisier subi-
eqtebs im mdgomareobiT, romelic maTi uflebebisa da interesebis Selaxvamde ar-
sebobda. amitom zogadi praqtikiT igi xorcieldeba darRveuli uflebebis aRdge-
nis an dazaralebulisaTvis miyenebuli zaralis kompensaciis gziT. cxadia, misi
kompensaciur-aRdgeniTi mimarTuleba ganpirobebulia qonebrivi sasaqonlo-fu-
ladi urTierTobis ekvivalenturanazRaurebadi, RirebulebiTi bunebiT.
samoqalaqo uflebebisa da kanonieri interesebis dacvis yvelaze gavrce-
lebuli saSualeba zianis anazRaurebaa, romelic gamoiyeneba rogorc saxel-
Sekrulebo, ise arasaxelSekrulebo urTierTobis sferoSi. zianis anazRaurebis
movaleobas valdebulebis arajerovani Sesrulebis xarisxi gansazRvravs.
valdebulebis darRvevis Sedegi, yvelaze materializebuli — `dadebiTi zianis~
anazRaurebas gulisxmobs. saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsSi (408-e—415-e muxlebi)
warmodgenili normebi gansazRvravs zianis anazRaurebis aucileblobas
sxvadasxva garemoebis gaTvaliswinebiT (maT Soris sxeulis dazianebiTa da
janmrTelobisaTvis vnebis miyenebiT, ara mxolod damdgari qonebrivi danaklisis,
aramed miuRebeli SemosavlisaTvis da a.S.).7
`qonebrivi ziani ufro materializebuli ziania Tavisi garegnuli gamo-
xatulebiT da misi identifikacia — sididis gansazRvra SedarebiT advilicaa~.8
2.4. uflebebis dacva naturiT SesrulebiT. `doqtrinasa da praqtikaSi
zianis anazRaurebad umetesad moiazreba xelyofili sikeTis fuladi anazRaureba,
migvaCnia, rom aseTad unda ganvixiloT misi naturiT anazRaurebac. valdebulebis
darRvevis dros, iseve, rogorc es evropul samarTalSia miRebuli, wina planze
dgeba xelyofili sikeTis naturiT restitucia, rac SeiZleba ganvixiloT
valdebulebis erTgvar gagrZelebad misi darRvevis Semdegac.~9
uflebebis dacva naturiT dakisrebiT, romelsac xSirad iuridiul litera-
turaSi kidev realuri aRsruleba (Sesruleba) ewodeba, rogorc samoqalaqo uf-
7
saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis analogi normebi gvxvdeba germaniis samoqalaqo kodeqsSi:
ssk-is 408-e muxli — gsk-is § 249, ssk-is 409-e — gsk-is § 251, ssk-is 411-e — gsk-is § 252, ssk-is 413-e —
gsk-is § 253, ssk-is 415-e — gsk-is § 254.
8
saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis komentari, (zoiZe b.), wigni III, Tb., 2001, 469.
9
iqve, 452.
126
lebaTa dacvis damoukidebeli saSualeba, xasiaTdeba imiT, rom dazaralebulis

moTxovniT damrRvevma realurad unda Seasrulos is moqmedebani, romelTa Sesru-
lebac mas evaleba mxareTa damakavSirebeli valdebulebis Tanaxmad.
valdebulebis naturiT aRsruleba, Cveulebriv, fuladi kompensaciis ga-
daxdis nacvlad gamoiyeneba. savsebiT cxadia, rom dazaralebulis interesi yovel-
Tvis ar SeiZleba aseTi SecvliT dakmayofildes.
mas ufleba aqvs, dabejiTebiT amtkicos, rom misma kontragentma, faqtobri-
vad, Caidina moqmedeba, romelic Sesabamisi valdebulebis sagania, magaliTad: rea-
lurad gadasca nivTi, Seasrula samuSao, gaswia samsaxuri da a. S. mxolod im
SemTxvevebSi, roca realuri aRsruleba obieqturad SeuZlebeli an arasasurveli
gaxda dazaralebulisaTvis, mocemuli saSualeba SeiZleba Seicvalos dacvis sxva
saSualebiT, dazaralebulis arCevanis mixedviT.
2.5. uflebebis dacvis gavrcelebuli saSualebaa uflebis damrRvevi an misi
darRvevis safrTxis Semqmneli moqmedebis aRkveTa. rogorc uflebis aRiareba,
dacvis am saSualebis gamoyeneba SeiZleba dacvis sxva saSualebebis SexamebiT,
magaliTad: zianis anazRaurebasTan an pirgasamtexlos gadaxdevinebasTan, anda
SeiZleba damoukidebeli mniSvneloba hqondes.
bolo SemTxvevaSi samoqalaqo uflebis mflobelis interesi gamoixateba
imiT, rom Sewydes (aRikveTos) misi uflebis darRveva samomavlod da aRmoifxvras
misi darRvevis safrTxe.
magaliTad, im nawarmoebis avtors, romelsac ukanonod iyeneben (misi nebar-
Tvis gareSe gamosaSvebad amzadeben, amaxinjeben, gadaakeTeben da a.S.) mesame pirebi,
SeuZlia moiTxovos aseTi moqmedebis Sewyveta, amasTan, ar wamoayenos aranairi
sxva, magaliTad, qonebrivi pretenziebi.
xSirad dacvis mocemuli saSualebis daniSnuleba damrRvevis mier uflebis
ganxorcielebisaTvis Seqmnili dabrkolebebis aRkveTaa. Cveulebriv, es xdeba
xangrZlivi samarTaldarRvevisas, romelic TavisTavad pirs subieqtur uflebas
ar arTmevs, magram xels uSlis normalurad mis gamoyenebaSi.
2.6. sacilo garigebis baTilad cnoba da misi baTilobis Sedegebis gamoyene-
ba, arara garigebis baTilobis Sedegebis gamoyeneba dacvis iseTi saSualebis kerZo
SemTxvevebia, rogoricaa uflebis darRvevamde arsebuli mdgomareobis aRdgena,
radgan emTxveva mas samarTlebrivi arsiT.
yvelaze TvalsaCino es aris baTili garigebis monawile mxareTa Tavdapir-
vel mdgomareobaSi Cayenebisas. magram maSinac, roca kanonis Sesabamisad baTili ga-
rigebis erT-erTi mxarisadmi gamoiyeneba konfiskaciis RonisZieba garigebiT miRe-
bulis an kuTvnilis saxelmwifos sasargeblod CamorTmevis saxiT, meore mxaris
uflebebsa da kanonier interesebs icaven im gziT, rom misTvis aRadgenen uflebis
darRvevamde arsebul mdgomareobas.
2.7. moqalaqeebisa da iuridiuli pirebis uflebebis da kanoniT daculi in-
teresebis dacva SeiZleba ganxorcieldes saxelmwifo organos an adgilobrivi
TviTmmarTvelobis organos aqtis baTilad cnobis gziT. es niSnavs, rom moqalaqes
an iuridiul pirs, romlis samoqalaqo uflebebi da kanoniT daculi interesebi dairR-
va kanonis an sxva samarTlebrivi aqtebis Seusabamo samarTlebrivi aqtis gamoce-
miT, ufleba aqvs, gaasaCivros isini sasamarTloSi. sasamarTlo roca daadgens, rom
Sesabamisi aqti, erTi mxriv, marTlsawinaaRmdegoa, radgan Seusabamoa kanonTan an
sxva samarTlebriv aqtebTan (magaliTad, miRebulia saamisod arauflebamosili
organos mier) da, meore mxriv, arRvevs moqalaqis an iuridiuli piris subieqtur
127
samoqalaqo uflebebs da kanoniT dacul interesebs, iRebs gadawyvetilebas, igi

baTilad cnos mTlianad an nawilobriv. kanonis SinaarsiT moqalaqeebsa da iuridi-
ul pirebs SeuZliaT iRvawon saimisod, raTa baTilad iqnes cnobili ara mxolod
saxelmwifo organoebisa da adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis organoebis kanon-
sawinaaRmdego aqtebi, aramed is aqtebic, romlebic gamocemulia iuridiul pirTa
marTvis organoebis mier, Tu es aqtebi ar Seesabameba kanons da sxva normatiul aq-
tebs da arRvevs am moqalaqeebisa da iuridiuli pirebis uflebebsa da kanoniT da-
cul interesebs. kerZod, sasamarTlo garCevas eqvemdebareba dava aqcionerTa kre-
bis, saaqcio sazogadoebis marTvisa da sxva organoebis im gadawyvetilebaTa baTi-
lad cnobis Sesaxeb sarCelebis gamo, romlebic arRvevs kanonmdeblobiT gaTva-
liswinebul aqcionerTa uflebebs.
zogadi wesiT, kanonsawinaaRmdego aqtebi baTilad aris cnobili maTi gamocemis
momentidan, Tu isini aseTad ar iqca axali kanonis an sxva samarTlebrivi aqtis mi-
Rebis momentidan. kanonsawinaaRmdego aqtis baTilad cnobis Sesaxeb moTxovna
SeiZleba Sexamebuli iyos dacvis sxva RonisZiebebTan, magaliTad, moTxovnasTan
zianis anazRaurebis Sesaxeb, anda atarebdes damoukidebel xasiaTs, Tu uflebis
subieqtis interesi Semoifargleba mxolod im aqtis baTilad konstataciiT, rome-
lic abrkolebs uflebis realizacias.
magaliTad SeiZleba moviyvanoT saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos didi
palatis 2007 wlis 24 seqtembris bm-335- 317 (k-07) dadgenileba (kasatori —
saqarTvelos finansTa saministros Semosavlebis samsaxuris foTis sagadasaxado
inspeqcia (mopasuxe), mowinaaRmdege mxare — Sps `daTunia~ (mosarCele). davis sagani
iyo sagadasaxado moTxovnis baTilad cnoba. saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos
didma palatam ixelmZRvanela ra saqarTvelos administraciuli saproceso
kodeqsis pirveli muxlis me-2 nawiliT, saqarTvelos samoqalaqo saproceso
kodeqsis 3911 muxliT, 404-e muxlis pirveli nawiliT, 408-e muxlis me-3 nawiliT,
410-e muxliT, `saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos
organuli kanonis me-9 muxliT, saqarTvelos finansTa saministros Semosavlebis
samsaxuris foTis sagadasaxado inspeqciis sakasacio saCivari ar daakmayofila.10
2.8. samoqalaqo uflebebisa da kanoniT daculi interesebis dacvis erT-
erTi samarTlebrivi urTierTobebis Sewyveta an Secvla. magaliTad, myidvels, im
SemTxvevaSi, Tu arsebiTad darRveulia saqonlis xarisxisadmi moTxovnebi, ufleba
aqvs, Tavisi Sexedulebisamebr an uari Tqvas yidva-gayidvis xelSekrulebis aRsru-
lebaze da saqonlisaTvis gadaxdili fuladi Tanxis dabruneba moiTxovos, anda mo-
iTxovos saTanado xarisxis saqonlis xelSekrulebis Sesabamisi saqonliT Secvla;
rentis gadamxdelis mier Tavisi valdebulebebis arsebiTi darRvevis SemTxvevaSi
rentis mimRebs SeuZlia moiTxovos samisdReSio Senaxvis uzrunvelyofisaTvis ga-
dacemuli uZravi qonebis dabruneba, anda misTvis rentis gamosasyidi fasis
gadaxda da a.S. yvelaze xSirad dacvis es saSualeba xorcieldeba iurisdiqciuli
wesiT, radgan dakavSirebulia samarTlebrivi urTierTobis iZulebiT Sewyvetas-
Tan an SecvlasTan, Tumca ar gamoiricxeba dazaralebulis mier misi damoukideb-
lad gamoyeneba.
samarTlebrivi urTierTobis Sewyveta (Secvla), rogorc samoqalaqo ufle-
bebisa da kanoniT daculi interesebis dacvis saSualeba, SeiZleba gamoyenebul iq-
nes kontragentis rogorc braleul, ise arabraleul moqmedebasTan dakavSirebiT.
10
saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos internetgverdi: http://www.supremecourt.ge.
128
samoqalaqo samarTlebrivi regulirebis sagania, agreTve, adamianis gausx-

visebadi uflebebisa da Tavisuflebebis da sxva aramaterialuri sikeTis dacva.
saqme exeba iseT sikeTeebs, rogorebicaa: adamianis sicocxle da janmrTeloba, pi-
rovnebis Rirseba, misi pativi da keTili saxeli, saqmiani reputacia (ukanasknelni
SeiZleba exebodes iuridiul pirsac, vinaidan xSir SemTxvevaSi aseve qonebrivi as-
peqti aqvs), pirad da ojaxur saidumlos, saxelis uflebas, kerZo cxovrebis xelSe-
uxeblobas da a.S. aRniSnuli obieqtebis Taobaze SeiZleba Camoyalibdes mxolod
wminda piradi, araqonebrivi urTierToba, vinaidan igi saqonelgacvlis sagani ver
gaxdeba. es sikeTeebi ganuyofelia adamianis pirovnebisagan da ver gadaecema sxva
pirebs, verc Sewydeba raime safuZvelze. saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis me-18
muxlis me-6 punqti adgens aramaterialuri sikeTis braleuli xelyofis SemTxve-
vaSi rogorc miyenebuli zaralis anazRaurebas, ise moralur kompensaciasac.
samoqalaqo ufleba icavs amgvar aramaterialur sikeTeebs misTvis damaxa-
siaTebeli saSualebebiT, magaliTad, aZlevs maT mflobelebs SesaZleblobas, Sei-
tanon sasamarTlo sarCeli TavianTi uflebebisa da interesebis Semlaxavi moqme-
debis aRkveTis Sesaxeb, maT Soris Seuracxmyofeli cnobebis gabaTilebis Sesaxeb,
moraluri zaralis qonebrivi kompensaciis Sesaxeb da sxv. magram dacvis samoqala-
qosamarTlebrivi saSualebebis gamoyeneba jer ar mowmobs imas, rom aseTi
urTierToba SeiZleba srulad regulirdebodes samoqalaqo samarTliT.
samoqalaqo uflebebis dacvis iseTi saSualeba, rogoricaa moraluri zia-
nis kompensacia, aris damrRvevis davaldebuleba, gadauxados dazaralebuls fu-
ladi kompensacia fizikuri an zneobrivi tanjvisaTvis, romelsac is ganicdis
Tavisi uflebebis darRvevasTan dakavSirebiT. dacvis aseTi saSualebis gamoyeneba
ifargleba ori ZiriTadi garemoebiT: jer erTi, moraluri zianis kompensaciis Se-
saxeb moTxovnis wamoyeneba SeuZliaT mxolod konkretul moqalaqeebs, radgan
iuridiuli pirebi fizikur an zneobriv tanjvas ar ganicdian; meore, darRveul
uflebebs, zogadi wesis Tanaxmad, piradi araqonebrivi xasiaTi unda hqondes. sxva
samoqalaqo uflebebis darRvevisas moraluri zianis kompensaciis SesaZlebloba
kanoniT pirdapir unda iyos miTiTebuli. saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis 413-e
muxlis Sesabamisad, àraqonebrivi zianisaTvis fuladi anazRaureba SeiZleba
moTxovil iqnes mxolod kanoniT zustad gansazRvrul SemTxvevebSi gonivruli da
samarTliani anazRaurebis saxiT~.
moraluri zianis anazRaurebas akisria sami funqcia: `pirveli — daakma-
yofilos dazaralebuli; meore — zemoqmedeba moaxdinos zianis mimyenebelze;
mesame — Tavidan aicilos pirovnuli uflebebis xelyofa sxva pirebis mier.
aRniSnuli sami — satisfaqciuri, represiuli da prevenciuli — funqciis
kombinacia warmoadgens moraluri zianis anazRaurebis erTian mizans, rac unda
aisaxos moraluri zianis fulad anazRaurebaSi.~11
Teoriul literaturaSi gamoiTqva safuZvliani azri imis Taobaze, rom pi-
rad araqonebriv urTierTobas, romelic ar ukavSirdeba qonebrivs, mxolod icavs,
magram ar aregulirebs samoqalaqo samarTali. Tumca am azrs aranakleb damajere-
beli kritika mohyva. kerZod, aRiniSna, rom uflebaTa dacva samarTlebrivi regu-
lirebis erT-erTi formaa, agreTve, rom aseTi ganusxvisebadi sikeTis mflobels
garkveuli SesaZleblobebic aqvs, gankargos igi. magaliTad, SeuZlia daTanxmdes
11
saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis komentari (niniZe T.), wigni I, 1999, 74.
129
Tavisi pirovnebis Sesaxeb monacemebis masobrivi informaciis saSualebebSi gamoye-

nebas. Tavad dacvis ufleba Cveulebrivi samoqalaqo uflebaa — samoqalaqosamarT-
lebrivi regulirebis meqanizmis elementia.
3. samoqalaqo uflebaTa dacvis araiurisdiqciuli saSualebebi
samoqalaqo uflebebis uflebamosili piris mier dacvis erT-erTi araiu-

risdiqciuli saSualebaa samoqalaqo uflebaTa TviTdacva. samoqalaqo uflebaTa
TviTdacva gulisxmobs uflebamosili piris mier faqtobrivi wesiT kanoniT daSve-
buli moqmedebis Cadenas, romelic miznad isaxavs misi piradi an qonebrivi uflebe-
bisa da interesebis dacvas. maT ganekuTvneba, magaliTad, mesakuTris an sxva kano-
nieri mflobelis faqtobrivi moqmedeba, romelic miznad isaxavs qonebis dacvas,
agreTve aucilebeli mogeriebis mdgomareobaSi an ukiduresi aucileblobis piro-
bebSi Cadenili analogiuri moqmedeba. damoukidebeli TviTdacva mkveTrad
gamoxatulia, roca piri moqmedebs aucilebeli mogeriebisa da TviTdaxmarebis
mizniT (saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis 116-e—118-e muxlebi).
jer kidev romis kerZo samarTalSi vpoulobT Tanamedrove TviTdacvis
`kvals~. igi gamoyofda `TviTnebobas~, rogorc uflebis dacvis Tavdapirvel for-
mas da uflebaTa saxelmwifo dacvas. `TviTnebobaSi~ igulisxmeboda (dainterese-
buli piris mier kerZo uflebebis dacvis ganxorcieleba samarTlis damrRvevisad-
mi angariSsworebis gziT, anu, sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, faqtobrivi wesiT damou-
kidebeli moqmedeba, anu Tavdacva). romis kerZo samarTlis Sesabamisad, Zaladob-
rivi moqmedebisaTvis dainteresebul pirebs SeiZleba miemarTaT TavianTi
interesebisaTvis mxolod gansakuTrebul SemTxvevebSi, rogoricaa aucilebeli
Tavdacvis mdgomareoba.
samecniero literaturaSi dRes ar aris erTiani azri TviTdacvis mimarT.
kanonmdeblebsa da mecnierebs Soris gansxvavebuli azri arsebobs imaze, Tu ra
aris TviTdacva — samoqalaqo uflebaTa dacvis forma Tu saSualeba? mecnier
iuristTa erTi nawili kritikulad ganixilavs TviTdacvis xerxebs: radgan, maTi
TvalsazrisiT, aq aRreulia erTmaneTTan axlos mdgomi, magram araTanmxvedri cne-
bebi — samoqalaqo uflebaTa dacvis saSualeba da forma; meore nawili ki, piriqiT,
yovlad upirobod miakuTvnebs uflebis TviTdacvas im xerxebs, romlebic saSua-
lebas iZleva Tavidan iqnes acilebuli an aRikveTos uflebebis darRveva. `TviT
termini `TviTdacva~ ruseTis kanonmdeblobaSi pirveladaa gamoyenebuli da
dacvis msgavsi xerxebi ar iyo cnobili arc rsfsr-is 1922 da 1964 wlebis sa-
moqalaqo kodeqsebSi, arc 1991 wlis safuZvlebSi. samwuxarod, sxva sakanonmdeblo
aqtebis mTeli rigisagan gansxvavebiT, igi dResac ver povebs sakanonmdeblo
ganmartebas samoqalaqo kanonmdeblobis farglebSi. magaliTad: yazaxeTis sk (p. 3,
gv.9), yirgizeTis sk (me-13 muxli), dsT-is samodulo sk (me-14 muxli), romlebSic
TviTdacva ganmartebulia rogorc `konkretuli faqtobrivi an iuridiuli piris
qmedeba, romlis uflebebi darRveulia~, an rogorc `konkretuli piris qmedeba,
romlis uflebebi irRveva~; ruseTis federaciis sk-Si saubaria mxolod imaze, rom
daiSveba samoqalaqo uflebebis TviTdacva; es norma analogiurad aris
Camoyalibebuli uzbekeTis sk-Si (me-13 muxli).~12
12
Актуальные проблемы гражданского права, Сборник статей под редакцией профессора Брагинского М.И., Статья
Кораблевой М.С., «Защита гражданских прав: новые аспекты», М., 1998, 85.
130
v. gribanovi, romelic uflebis ganxorcielebis farglebis problemis

cnobili mkvlevari iyo, samoqalaqo uflebis TviTdacvaSi gulisxmobda mxolod
uflebamosili piris mier ganxorcielebul kanoniT daSvebul faqtobrivi
xasiaTis qmedebebs, romlebic mimarTuli iyo misi pirovnebis an qonebrivi
uflebebisa da interesebis dacvaze. TviTdacvis zomebs igi miakuTvnebda
aucilebel mogeriebas da ukidures aucileblobas. iuridiuli qmedebebi ki,
romlebsac mimarTavda uSualod uflebamosili piri, mis mier ganixileboda
terminiT — òperatiuli zegavlenis iuridiuli zomebi~.13
TviTdacvis instituti germanul samoqalaqo kanonmdeblobaSi sakmaod aris
ganviTarebuli, rac detalurad aregulirebs TviTdacvas.
ase magaliTad, Tu erT pirs aqvs sagani, romelic ekuTvnis sxvas mflo-
belobis uflebiT da igi meore dRes apirebs gamgzavrebas qveynidan da am nivTis
Tan waRebas, maSin mas, germanuli kanonmdeblobis mixedviT, SeuZlia waiRos
zemoaRniSnuli sagani Zalis gamoyenebiTac ki.
binis damqiravebels SeuZlia gatexos klite da CarTos onkani, romelic
gadaketili iyo binis mflobelis mier binis qiris droulad gadauxdelobis gamo.
magram am qmedebas mas SeuZlia mimarTos mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu SeuZlebelia
miiRos sasamarTlo daxmareba droulad.
samoqalaqo uflebaTa TviTdacvis erT-erTi saSualebis — TviTdaxmarebis
(saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis 118-e muxli) damaxasiaTebeli Taviseburebebia:
1. TviTdaxmareba xorcieldeba, roca uflebis darRveva ukve moxda da grZel-
deba, anda (xSir SemTxvevaSi) uflebamosili piris uflebebisa da interese-
bis amwuTieri xelyofis winaaRmdeg;
2. viTareba gamoricxavs konkretul momentSi dacvisaTvis kompetenturi sa-
xelmwifo organoebisadmi mimarTvis SesaZleblobas, anda piri, romlis
uflebebi dairRva, moqmedebs Tavisi nebiT da Tavisi interesis Sesabamisad,
irCevs reagirebis operatiul zomebsa da saSualebebs, romlebic ufro
swrafi da sagrZnobia damrRvevisaTvis;
3. TviTdaxmareba xorcieldeba, uwinares yovlisa, Tavad dazaralebulis (su-
bieqtis, romlis uflebac dairRva) mier yovelgvari Zalis gamoyenebiT, rac
ar gamoricxavs urTierTdaxmarebasa da xelSewyobas sxva moqalaqeebisa da
iuridiuli pirebis mxridan xelyofis winaaRmdeg dacvis ganxorcielebisas;
4. TviTdaxmareba ar unda gascdes iseTi moqmedebis farglebs (saqarTvelos
samoqalaqo kodeqsis 119-e muxli), rogoric aucilebelia darRvevis aRkve-
TisaTvis.
saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis 119-e muxlis Sesabamisad, `nivTis war-
Tmevis SemTxvevaSi aucilebelia, dauyovnebliv gakeTdes gancxadeba nivTze
yadaRis dadebis Sesaxeb~, aseve, `valdebuli piris Sepyrobis SemTxvevaSi igi
dauyovnebliv unda waredginos saTanado organoebs~.
xazi unda gaesvas TviTdaxmarebis mcdarad ganxorcielebis dros zianis
anazRaurebis valdebulebas (samoqalaqo kodeqsis 120-e muxli), ziani Tundac
gaufrTxilebeli moqmedebiT iyos miyenebuli.14
ganvixilavT ra TviTdacvas, rogorc uflebis dacvis erT-erT xerxs, unda ganvasx-
vavoT uflebamosili piris mier Tavisi uflebebis TviTdacvisaTvis gamoyenebuli
13
Грибанов В.П., Пределы осуществления и защиты гражданских прав, М., 1972.
14
saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis 120-e muxlis analogiur mowesrigebas gvTavazobs germaniis
samoqalaqo kodeqsis § 231.
131
prevenciuli xasiaTis RonisZiebebi da aqtiurTavdacviTi xasiaTis RonisZiebebi.

aucilebeli Tavdacva da moqmedeba ukiduresi aucileblobis SemTxvevaSi ganekuT-
vneba aqtiurTavdacviTi xasiaTis RonisZiebebs.
prevenciuli xasiaTis RonisZiebebs ganekuTvneba, kerZod, mesakuTris mier
gamoyenebuli Tavisi qonebis dacvis RonisZiebani. mainc rogoria samoqalaqo uf-
lebaTa Tavdacvis iuridiuli sazRvrebi?
vinaidan sazogadoebaSi arsebobs iseTi movlenebi, rogorebicaa: qurdoba, Zarcva,
dataceba, TavisTavad cxadia, rom kanoni, romelic aRiarebs moqalaqis an organi-
zaciis sakuTrebis, operatiuli marTvis uflebas, qonebiT sargeblobis uflebas,
giravnobis an sxva uflebas, aRiarebs agreTve mis uflebas — mimarTos xelyofisa-
gan am qonebis dacvisaTvis aucilebel RonisZiebebs. magram am SemTxvevaSi unda
gvaxsovdes, rom mesakuTris an sxva safuZvelze qonebis mflobeli piris ufleba,
gamoiyenos qonebis dacvis aucilebeli RonisZiebani, iseve, rogorc nebismieri
sxva samoqalaqo ufleba an masSi Semavali uflebamosileba, eqvemdebareba daniSnu-
lebis Sesabamisad misi ganxorcielebis princips.
qonebis dacva unda xorcieldebodes kanonis moqmedebis Sesabamisad.
amasTan, praqtikaSi gvxvdeba SemTxvevebi, roca uflebamosili piri kanoniT
dadgenil farglebs scildeba. magaliTad, SemTxveva, roca mesakuTrem Tavisi
mflobelobis dacvis mizniT teritorias mavTulxlarTi Semoavlo da eleqtrode-
ni gauSva.
aSkaraa, rom sakuTari qonebis `dacvis~ aseTi RonisZiebis ganxorcieleba
miznad isaxavs ara marto mis dacvas, aramed vnebis miyenebasac, amasTan, ara mxo-
lod samarTaldamrRvevis mimarT, aramed nebismieri sxva piris an cxovelis mimarT,
romelic aseT Robes Seexeba. amgvari Sedegebisagan arc Tavad mesakuTrea daculi.
dacvis amgvari RonisZiebani, romlebic sazogadoebriv saSiSroebas qmnis,
araTu dauSvebelia samoqalaqo kanonmdeblobis TvalsazrisiT, aramed mZime Sede-
gebis dadgomis SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba sisxlis samarTlis danaSauladac iqnes miCne-
uli.
samoqalaqo uflebaTa TviTdacvis erT-erTi saSualebaa aucilebeli
mogerieba. aucilebeli mogeriebis instituti reglamentebulia rogorc samoqa-
laqo, ise sisxlis samarTlis kanonmdeblobiT, da es SemTxveviTi rodia. saqme is
aris, rom praqtikaSi mogeriebis mdgomareobaSi vnebis miyeneba gvxvdeba mxolod da
mxolod im safrTxeebis mogeriebisas, romlebic piris danaSaulebrivi qmedebiT
warmoiqmneba. aqedan, kerZod, gamomdinareobs Tavad aucilebeli mogeriebis cne-
bis erTianoba, rogorc sisxlis samarTlisaTvis, ise samoqalaqo samarTlisaTvis.
aucilebeli mogerieba — es aris sazogadoebrivad saSiSi xelyofisagan Tav-
damcavi pirovnebisa da uflebebis dacva. aucilebeli mogeriebis mdgomareobaSi
Tavdacvisas miyenebuli vneba, Tu ar moxda misi farglebis gadameteba, anazRaure-
bas ar eqvemdebareba. piradi da qonebrivi uflebebis dacvisaTvis uflebis mflo-
belis moqmedeba marTlsawinaaRmdegod ar miiCneva, Tu igi Cadenilia aucilebeli
Tavdacvis mdgomareobaSi.
saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis 116-e muxlis meore nawilis Sesabamisad,
àucilebel mogeriebad CaiTvleba iseTi Tavdacva, romelic aucilebelia sakuTar
Tavze an sxvebze realuri marTlsawinaaRmdego Tavdasxmis mosagerieblad~.
samoqalaqo kanonmdeblobis mixedviT, àucilebeli mogeriebis farglebSi
ganxorcielebuli moqmedeba ar aris marTlsawinaaRmdego da am dros damdgari
ziani ar anazRaurdeba.~ (saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis 116-e muxli).
132
sayuradReboa sakiTxi imis Sesaxeb, warmoSobs Tu ara yvela Tavdasxma auci-

lebeli mogeriebis uflebas. bunebrivia, am SemTxvevaSi ganmsazRvrelia Tavdasxmis
xasiaTi — àucilebeli mogerieba marto sakuTar Tavze damdgari safrTxis Tavidan
asacileblad ki ar aris gamiznuli, aramed gulisxmobs sxvebis, maT Soris sa-
xelmwifo da sazogadoebrivi interesebis dacvas.~15
piris moqmedeba im SemTxvevaSi ganixileba aucilebeli mogeriebis far-
glebSi, Tu is akmayofilebs garkveul pirobebs:
`1. es moqmedeba unda atarebdes Tavdacvis xasiaTs rogorc masze, ise sxvaze
Tavdasxmis dros;
2. es Tavdasxma unda iyos marTlsawinaaRmdego moqmedeba.
3. am Tavdasxmas unda hqondes realuri xasiaTi, amiT realuri zianis
miyeneba unda iyos mosalodneli rogorc momgeriebeli piris, ise sxvebis
mimarT.~16
qarTul iuridiul literaturaSi motanili iyo aseTi magaliTi: `Ramis 10
saaTze daTunaSvilma Tavis ezoSi viRac ucnobi SeniSna. igi ZaRlTan Cacucquliyo.
daTunaSvili SeSinda, ucnobi yaCaRi egona — jer ZaRls momiklavs da Semdeg mec
momiRebs boloso. binidan dana gamoitana, ucnobs miepara da beWebSi Casca. ucnobi
mZimed daSavda. bolos gamoirkva, is kaci mTvrali yofila, ezoSi umiznod
Sesuliyo da ZaRls efereboda.~17 profesor T. SavguliZis ganmartebiT, aseTi
moqmedeba aucilebeli mogerieba ar aris, aseT SemTxvevaSi damnaSave isjeba.
Tumca gamoricxuli ar aris, garkveul SemTxvevaSi moCvenebiTi Tavdasxma
bevri komponentiT imdenad waagavdes namdvils, rom urTulesi aRmoCndes
gansxvaveba da uneburma Secdomam aucilebeli mogeriebis uflebis gamoyeneba
ganapirobos.
magram aucilebeli mogeriebis cnebis erTianoba sisxlis samarTlisa da samoqala-
qo samarTlisaTvis ar niSnavs am cnebebis absolutur identurobas, rogorc es
xSirad aris warmodgenili mocemul sakiTxze civilistur literaturaSi.
saqme is aris, rom aucilebeli mogeriebis cneba samoqalaqo samarTalSi er-
Tgvarad ufro farToa, vidre sisxlis samarTalSi. samoqalaqo samarTalSi auci-
lebel mogeriebad unda vigulisxmoT ara mxolod Tavdamcavis iseTi moqmedeba,
romelic ar Seicavs danaSaulis niSnebs, aramed Seicavs samoqalaqo samarTal-
darRvevis niSnebs. magaliTad, im SemTxvevaSi, roca Tavdamsxmelisagan dacvis miz-
niT Tavdamcvelma mas tansacmeli Semoaxia da am tansacmliT gakoWa Tavdamsxmeli,
SeiZleba arc araviTari safuZveli ar arsebobdes saimisod, rom misi moqmedeba mi-
vakuTvnoT danaSaulis Semadgenlobis niSnebis Semcvel moqmedebas, magram vnebis
miyenebis faqti aSkaraa da aseTi vneba anazRaurebas ar eqvemdebareba, radgan miye-
nebulia aucilebeli mogeriebis mdgomareobaSi.
sayuradReboa faqti, rodesac saxezea aucilebeli mogeriebisaTvis dama-
xasiaTebeli yvela niSani, magram Tavdamsxmeli damnaSave mainc ar aris. e.i., unda
vigulisxmoT, rom Tavdamsxmeli suliT avadmyofia. is kanonis winaSe pasuxs ar
agebs, magram SesaZlebelia, safrTxeSi Caagdos vinmes janmrTeloba, saxelmwifo da
sazogadoebrivi interesebi. àucilebeli mogeriebis marTlzomierebas Tav-
15
saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis komentari (jorbenaZe s.), wigni I, Tb., 2002, 302.
16
kobaxiZe a., samoqalaqo samarTali, I, zogadi nawili, Tb., 2001, 331.
17
SavguliZe T., aucilebeli mogerieba, saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa akademiis `macne~ 1, 1993, 41.
133
dasxmis obieqturi saSiSroeba ganapirobebs da ara Tavdamsxmelis sulieri

mdgomareoba.~18
samoqalaqo uflebebis dacvis TvalsazrisiT, aucilebeli mogerieba ufle-
bamosili piris uflebebis dacvis erT-erTi xerxia: àucilebeli mogeriebis
ufleba naxsenebia uZveles kanonTa krebulebSi. magaliTad, manus kanonebSi
(indoeTi — 1200-900 wlebi C.w.aR-mde), drakonis kanonebSi (saberZneTi — 691 w. C.w.aR-
mde), 12 tabulis kanonebSi (romi — 400 w. C. w. aR-mde) da sxva.~19
samoqalaqo uflebebis TviTdacvis kidev erTi saSualebaa uflebamosili
piris moqmedeba ukiduresi aucileblobis pirobebSi. ukidures aucileblobas
gansazRvravs saSiSroeba, romelic emuqreba Tavad uflebebis mflobels an sxva pi-
rebs, Tu es saSiSroeba mocemul viTarebaSi sxva saSualebebiT ver iqna aRmofxvri-
li. aseT moqmedebas, iseve, rogorc aucilebeli mogeriebis mdgomareobaSi moqme-
debas, samoqalaqo kodeqsi ar miiCnevs marTlsawinaaRmdegod, magram ukiduresi
aucileblobis mdgomareobaSi miyenebuli vneba, rogorc wesi, anazRaurebas
eqvemdebareba: ùkiduresi aucileblobis viTarebaSi miyenebuli zianis faqti
moicavs Semdeg pirobebs:
a) safrTxes, romelic emuqreboda saxelmwifos, sazogadoebis an pirovnebis
interesebs; b) zianis miyenebas, rogorc safrTxis acilebis erTaderT saSualebas
da g) miyenebuli zianis naklebmniSvnelobas acilebul zianTan SedarebiT.~20
saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis 117-e muxlis I nawilis Sesabamisad: `Tu
miyenebuli ziani acdenil zianze naklebmniSvnelovania, unda aanazRauros zianis
mimyenebelma (ukiduresi aucilebloba).~
am SemTxvevaSi sayuradReboa sakiTxi, zianis moculobasTan dakavSirebiT,
ra SemTxvevaSi ufro marTebulia zianis anazRaureba, maSin, rodesac miyenebuli
ziani acdenil zianze naklebmniSvnelovania, Tu piriqiT:
`Tu man ufro meti ziani miayena am moqmedebiT, vidre aacdina, maSin aseTi
qmedeba marTlzomierad aRar CaiTvleba da ufro marTebuli iqneba, Tu is im
moculobiT aanazRaurebs zians, romliTac is aRemateba acdenil zians.~21
xazgasasmelia, rom 117-e muxlis II nawilis Sesabamisad, faqtobriv mdgo-
mareobaTa gaTvaliswinebiT, SesaZlebelia, `mTlianad an nawilobriv ganTa-
visufldes anazRaurebisagan rogorc mesame piri, ise zianis mimyenebelic~, Tumca
yovelmxriv marTebuli da misaRebia mosazreba, rom ès ver amarTlebs sakiTxis im
usamarTlo gadawyvetas, rac am muxlis pirveli nawiliT aris dadgenili.~22
ukidures aucileblobas garkveuli msgavseba aqvs aucilebel mogeriebas-
Tan, Tumca sagrZnoblad gansxvavdeba misgan.
ukiduresi aucileblobis msgavseba aucilebel mogeriebasTan, uwinares
yovlisa, imiT gamoixateba, rom piris moqmedeba rogorc aucilebeli mogeriebis
mdgomareobaSi, iseve ukiduresi aucileblobis mdgomareobaSi aris ara mxolod da
mxolod samoqalaqo uflebebis mogeriebis xerxebi, aramed, agreTve, saxelmwifos,
sazogadoebisa da sxva (arauflebamosili) pirebis interesebis dacvis, amasTan, ro-
gorc qonebrivi, ise araqonebrivi interesebis dacvis saSualebacaa.
18
SavguliZe T., moqalaqis uflebebi moZaladis mogeriebis dros, Tb., 1975, 13.
19
iqve, 5.
20
niniZe T., ukiduresi aucileblobis viTarebaSi miyenebuli zianis anazRaurebis valdebulebis
iuridiuli buneba, `sabWoTa samoqalaqo samarTlisa da procesis aqtualuri sakiTxebi~, 1977, 58.
21
kobaxiZe a., samoqalaqo samarTali, I, zogadi nawili, 331.
22
iqve, 332.
134
moyvanil SemTxvevebTan Sedarebisas aucileblobas mikuTvneba, samoqalaqo samar-

Tlis TvalsazrisiT, imiT gamoixateba, rom am garemoebebSi saSiSroebis aRmofxvra
ver moxdeba Cveulebrivi xerxebiT da ukiduresi aucileblobis mdgomareobaSi
moqmedi piri iZulebulia, vnebis miyenebasTan dakavSirebuli saSualebebi gamoiye-
nos.
garemoebaTa Tavisebureba, zogierT SemTxvevaSi vnebis miyeneba, SeiZleba
saSiSroebis Tavidan acilebis aucilebeli RonisZieba iyos, roca sxva SemTxvevaSi
vneba SeiZleba gvevlinebodes Tanamdev movlenad, romelic SeiZleba damdgariyo,
magram SeiZleba arc damdgariyo.
Tumca saSiSroebis Tavidan acilebisas vnebis miyenebis SesaZlebloba ukiduresi
aucileblobis mdgomareobaSi yovelTvis gaazrebulia piris mier, romelic ama Tu
im RonisZiebebs mimarTavs. sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, subieqturi mxridan vnebis
miyeneba ukiduresi aucileblobis mdgomareobaSi SeiZleba iyos rogorc ganzrax,
ise gaufrTxileblobiT Cadenili, magram nebismier viTarebaSi savaldebuloa erTi
piroba: miyenebuli vneba naklebmniSvnelovani unda iyos, vidre Tavidan acilebuli
vneba.
ukiduresi aucilebloba metad arsebiTad gansxvavdeba aucilebeli mo-
geriebisagan Tavisi subieqturi SemadgenlobiTac, amasTan, rogorc vnebis mimye-
neblis mxridan, ise dazaralebulis mxridan. roca saqme exeba aucilebel
mogeriebas, Tavdamcavi subieqti SeiZleba iyos mxolod moqalaqe, magram ara iuri-
diuli piri. ramdenadme sxvagvaradaa saqme ukidures aucileblobasTan dakavSire-
biT. Tu sisxlis samarTalTan mimarTebiT ukiduresi aucileblobis mdgomareobaSi
vnebis mimyenebeli subieqtis Sesaxeb sakiTxi martivad wydeba, — es SeiZleba iyos
mxolod calkeuli moqalaqe an ramdenime moqalaqe, — samoqalaqo samarTalTan
mimarTebiT SesaZlebelia viTareba, romlis drosac ukiduresi aucileblobis
mdgomareobaSi aRmoCndeba iuridiuli piri. magaliTad, saerTo avariasTan dakav-
Sirebuli zianis miyenebisas kapitani, romelmac tvirTis bortidan gadagdebis gan-
karguleba gasca, moqmedebs ara sakuTari saxeliT, aramed rogorc gemTmflobe-
lis warmomadgeneli, romelsac exeba gemis Rirebulebis Sesabamisi zianis nawili.
ukiduresi aucileblobis mdgomareobaSi miyenebul vnebasTan dakavSirebiT war-
moqmnili samarTalurTierToba Tavisi xasiaTiT SeiZleba ori saxis iyos.
erT SemTxvevaSi, roca ukiduresi aucileblobis mdgomareobaSi moqmedi pi-
ri vnebas ayenebs, icavs ra sakuTar uflebebsa da interesebs, saqme gvaqvs samarT-
lebrivi urTierTobis mxolod or monawilesTan: vnebis mimyenebelTan da
dazaralebulTan. am SemTxvevebTan dakavSirebiT moqmedebs kanonmdeblobis norma,
romelic vnebis mimyenebels vnebis anazRaurebas avaldebulebs. magram, vinaidan
ukiduresi aucileblobis mdgomareobaSi vnebis miyenebas kanoni ganixilavs ro-
gorc marTlzomier moqmedebas, sasamarTlos ufleba aqvs, vnebis anazRaurebis si-
didis gansazRvrisas gaiTvaliswinos vnebis mimyenebeli piris qonebrivi mdgoma-
reoba da Seamciros vnebis anazRaurebis odenoba.
im SemTxvevebSi ki, roca ukiduresi aucileblobis mdgomareobaSi vnebis mi-
yeneba moxda mesame piris interesebisaTvis, pirTa Soris faqtobrivi urTierToba
sxvagvar xasiaTs iZens. aq Cndeba am urTierTobis sami monawile: vnebis mimyenebeli,
dazaralebuli da mesame piri, romlis interesebisTvisac moqmedebda vnebis mimye-
nebeli. iqmneba mdgomareoba, romelic erTi piris mier meoris interesebisaTvis
dauvaleblad moqmedebis analogiuria, magram ukavSirdeba sxva pirisaTvis vnebis
miyenebas.
135
aseT SemTxvevebTan dakavSirebiT sasamarTlos, iTvaliswinebs ra garemoe-

bebs, romlebSic vneba iqna miyenebuli, ufleba aqvs an misi anazRaurebis valdebu-
leba daakisros mesame pirs, romlis interesebisTvisac moqmedebda vnebis mimyene-
beli, anda vnebis anazRaurebisgan mTlianad an nawilobriv gaaTavisuflos ro-
gorc es mesame piri, ise vnebis mimyenebeli.
amasTan, gansakuTrebul yuradRebas ipyrobs im garemoebaTa gaTvaliswineba, rom-
lebSic miyenebul iqna aseTi vneba, kerZod, miyenebuli vnebis xasiaTs, xerxsa da
odenobas, vnebis miyenebis aucileblobis xasiaTsa da dones, gadasarCeni sikeTis
sazogadoebriv mniSvnelobas, vnebis mimyeneblis, dazaralebulisa da im piris qo-
nebriv mdgomareobas, romlis interesebisTvisac iqna miyenebuli vneba da a.S. sa-
kiTxis gadawyveta mxolod im pirisaTvis vnebis anazRaurebis principiT, romlis
interesebisTvisac iqna vneba miyenebuli, niSnavs konkretuli SemTxvevis am gare-
moebebis winaswarve gauTvaliswineblobas, rasac, Tavis mxriv, SeiZleba usamarTlo
gadawyvetileba mohyves.
xazgasasmelia, rom TviTdacvis erT-erT aspeqtad SeiZleba ganvixiloT qo-
nebis dakaveba, roca piri ar ubrunebs movales mis kuTvnil nivTs da amiT
uzrunvelyofis Tavisi moTxovnis dakmayofilebas nivTis Rirebulebis safuZ-
velze.
samoqalaqo uflebebis Tavdacvis garda, rac uflebamosili piris mier Ta-
visi uflebebisa da interesebis dacvis faqtobriv RonisZiebaTa gamoyenebas
gulisxmobs, samoqalaqo kanonmdebloba uflebamosil pirs SesaZleblobas aZlevs,
gamoiyenos samarTaldamrRvevis mimarT operatiuli zemoqmedebis RonisZiebani.
operatiuli zemoqmedebis RonisZiebebSi igulisxmeba samarTaldacviTi xa-
siaTis iseTi iuridiuli saSualebebi, romlebic gamoiyeneba samoqalaqo uflebebi-
sa da valdebulebebis damrRvevisadmi uSualod uflebamosili piris, rogorc
samoqalaqosamarTlebriv urTierTobaSi mxaris, mier ise, rom uflebis dacvisaT-
vis ar mimarTos kompetentur saxelmwifo an sazogadoebriv organoebs.
samoqalaqo uflebebis Tavdacvisagan gansxvavebiT, rac miznad isaxavs moqa-
laqis pirovnebis, organizaciebisa da moqalaqeebis sakuTrebis uflebis an nivTob-
rivsamarTlebrivi xasiaTis sxva uflebebis dacvas, operatiuli zemoqmedebis Ro-
nisZiebani ganuyreladaa dakavSirebuli valdebulebiT urTierTobasTan. es aris
im samarTlebrivi garantiebis erT-erTi saxeoba, romelTa mizania valdebulebaTa
saTanado Sesrulebis uzrunvelyofa uflebamosili mxarisaTvis Tavisi
arakeTilsindisieri kontragentis mimarT uSualo operatiuli zemoqmedebis uf-
lebis miniWebis gziT.
amas ganekuTvneba, kerZod: mimwodeblis mier gadamxdelis produqciis wi-
naswar anazRaurebaze gadayvana; uxarisxo an vadagasul aRsrulebaze uari; ufle-
bamosili piris mier im Tanxebis dafarva, rac mas movalisagan ekuTvnoda, im
saxsrebiT, romlebic movalisaTvis unda gadaexada; movalis mier Seusrulebeli
garkveuli samuSaoebis Sesruleba am ukanasknelis mier; tvirTis mimRebisaTvis
tvirTis gadacemis Seferxeba mis mier savaldebulo gadasaxdelebis gadaxdamde da
sxva.
rogorc am sakmaod arasruli nusxidan Cans, uflebamosili piris mier val-
debuli pirisadmi operatiuli zemoqmedebis samarTaldacviTi RonisZiebebis ga-
moyeneba samoqalaqo samarTalSi sakmaod mravalricxovani da mravalgvaria. Tumca
maT, yvelas, axasiaTebT erTgvari Taviseburebani, romlebic saSualebas gvaZlevs
gamovyoT isini operatiuli zemoqmedebis samarTaldacviTi RonisZiebebis gansa-
136
kuTrebul kategoriad da, amave dros, gavmijnoT sxva samarTaldacviTi RonisZie-

bisagan, kerZod, samoqalaqosamarTlebrivi sanqciebisagan, romlebic samoqala-
qosamarTlebrivi pasuxismgeblobis RonisZiebebs ganekuTvneba.
am RonisZiebebis pirveli Tavisebureba isaa, rom yvela maTganis amocanaa
uflebamosili piris uflebebisa da interesebis dacva, amitom maT sruliad safuZ-
vlianad SegviZlia vuwodoT samarTaldacviTi RonisZiebani. am RonisZiebaTa sa-
marTaldacviTi xasiaTi imiTac gamoixateba, rom maT uflebamosili piri iyenebs
mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, roca valdebulma mxarem dauSva esa Tu is darRveva, maga-
liTad, ar Seasrula valdebulebani dadgenil vadaSi, Tavi aarida ama Tu im samuSa-
os Sesrulebas, sistematurad agvianebs gadasaxdelebs da a. S. amitom moqalaqeebis
an organizaciebis calmxrivi moqmedeba, romlebsac isini mimarTaven ara imasTan
dakavSirebiT, rom samoqalaqosamarTlebrivi urTierTobis meore mxarem daarRvia
valdebulebani, ver iqneba mikuTvnebuli samarTaldacviTi zemoqmedebis operati-
ul RonisZiebebs, Tundac Tavisi formiT igi waagavdes am ukanasknelT.
operatiuli zemoqmedebis RonisZiebaTa meore Tavisebureba isaa, rom am Ro-
nisZiebebs samoqalaqosamarTlebrivi urTierTobis uflebamosili subieqtis cal-
mxrivi moqmedebis xasiaTi aqvs. es iseTi RonisZiebebia, romlebic samarTal-
damrRvevis mimarT uSualod uflebamosili piris mier gamoiyeneba, magram ukleb-
liv yvela SemTxvevaSi, maTi gamoyeneba uflebamosili mxaris uflebaa da xdeba
arasasamarTlo, arasaarbitraJo da a. S. wesiT, anu ise, rom ar mimarTaven kompeten-
tur saxelmwifo organoebs. swored es valdebuleba iZleva safuZvels, rom es Ro-
nisZiebani operatiuli xasiaTis RonisZiebebs mivakuTvnoT.
mocemuli RonisZiebebis gamoyenebis aseTi wesi arsebiTad ganasxvavebs maT
samoqalaqosamarTlebrivi sanqciebisgan, romlebsac kompetenturi saxelmwifo
organoebi iyeneben samoqalaqo saqmeebis ganxilvis Sedegad. amasTan, yuradReba
unda miepyros imas, rom operatiuli zemoqmedebis RonisZiebebs uflebamosili
mxare iyenebs ara rogorc administraciuli organo samarTaldamrRvevis mimarT,
aramed rogorc mxare samoqalaqosamarTlebriv urTierTobaSi.
operatiuli zemoqmedebis RonisZiebaTa mesame Tavisebureba isaa, rom
uflebamosili piris mier am RonisZiebaTa gamoyenebis xasiaTi gansazRvravs maTi
swori gamoyenebis garantiebis specifikur xasiaTsac. amasTan dakavSirebiT did
mniSvnelobas iZens ori momenti: jer erTi, operatiuli zemoqmedebis RonisZiebaTa
mravalferovani da mravali TvalsazrisiT individualuri xasiaTi, regulire-
buli urTierTobis specifikiT warmoqmnili, gulisxmobs kanonSi specifikuri da
mravali TvalsazrisiT individualuri pirobebisa da maTi gamoyenebis sazRvrebis
zust da imperatiul gansazRvras; meore, uflebamosili piris mier maTi marTl-
zomieri gamoyenebis uzrunvelyofis mizniT kanoni valdebul pirs uflebas
aZlevs, misdami operatiuli zemoqmedebis RonisZiebebis usafuZvlod gamoyenebis
SemTxvevaSi sasamarTloSi gaasaCivros maTi gamoyenebis siswore.
operatiuli zemoqmedebis RonisZiebaTa meoTxe Tavisebureba imiT gamoixa-
teba, rom uflebamosili piris mier maTi gamoyeneba valdebuli pirisaTvis ara-
xelsayrel Sedegebs iwvevs. es garemoeba, erTi SexedviT, operatiuli zemoqmedebis
RonisZiebebs samoqalaqosamarTlebriv sanqciebTan aaxloebs. sinamdvileSi ki am
mxrivac maT Soris arsebiTi gansxvavebaa. Tu samoqalaqosamarTlebrivi sanqciebis
gamoyeneba iwvevs samarTaldamrRvevisaTvis uSualo da aucdenel araxelsayrel
Sedegebs, operatiuli zemoqmedebis RonisZiebaTa gamoyenebas valdebuli piris
137
mxridan saWiro dadebiTi reaqciis SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba arc mohyves araxel-

sayreli Sedegebi anda, SesaZlebelia, mniSvnelovnad Seamciros maTi zoma.
magaliTad, arakeTilsindisieri kontragentisTvis pirgasamtexlos (sau-
ravis, jarimis) an zianis gadaxdevineba uSualod iwvevs misi qonebis Semcirebas,
maSin, roca, sanaosnos mier tvirTis SeCerebas tvirTis mimRebis mier yvela saWiro
gadasaxdelis gadaxdamde, Tu isini umokles vadaSi iqneba Setanili, SeiZleba arc
mohyves araxelsayreli Sedegebi am ukanasknelisaTvis. aqedan gamomdinareobs, rom
operatiuli zemoqmedebis RonisZiebaTa gamoyeneba gulisxmobs valdebuli
pirisaTvis araxelsayreli Sedegebis dadgomas, rogorc wesi, mxolod saboloo
angariSiT.
operatiuli zemoqmedebis RonisZiebaTa mexuTe Tavisebureba samoqalaqo
samarTalSi maTi gansakuTrebuli daniSnulebiT gamoixateba. sayovelTaod
cnobilia, rom samoqalaqosamarTlebrivi sanqciebi, rogorc samoqalaqosamar-
Tlebrivi pasuxismgeblobis RonisZiebani sazogadoebaSi, uwinares yovlisa, anaz-
RaurebiT funqcias asrulebs. imis miuxedavad, faraven isini dazaralebuli mxaris
zarals sruli moculobiT Tu mxolod nawilobriv, maTi mTavari funqcia
dazaralebuli mxaris qonebrivi sferos aRdgenaa. magram radgan dazaralebulis
qonebrivi mdgomareobis aRdgena xorcieldeba samarTaldamrRvevis xarjze,
savsebiT gasagebia, rom amasTan erTad samoqalaqosamarTlebrivi sanqciebi
samoqalaqo uflebebisa da valdebulebebis damrRvevze qonebrivi zemoqmedebis
funqciasac asrulebs.
sanqciebisgan gansxvavebiT, operatiuli zemoqmedebis RonisZiebani, sa-
boloo angariSiT, dakavSirebulia samarTaldamrRvevisaTvis araxelsayrel
qonebriv SedegebTan da mainc, rogorc wesi, isini ar ukavSirdeba dazaralebulis
qonebrivi sferos aRdgenas, amitom uflebamosili pirisaTvis miyenebuli zianis
aRdgena misi funqcia ar aris. iseve rogorc sanqciebis, samarTaldacviTi xasiaTis
RonisZiebebis daniSnulebaa, uwinares yovlisa, meore mxare Seagulianos, raTa man
saTanadod aRasrulos Tavisi valdebulebani. amitom swored saTanado aRsru-
lebis uzrunvelyofaa operatiuli zemoqmedebis RonisZiebebis mTavari funqcia.
garda amisa, aSkaraa, rom operatiul RonisZiebaTa kavSiri samarTaldamrRve-
visaTvis araxelsayrel qonebriv SedegebTan maT qonebrivi zemoqmedebis Ronis-
ZiebaTa xasiaTs aniWebs.
uflebamosili piris mier operatiuli zemoqmedebis RonisZiebaTa gamoyene-
bis farglebi ganisazRvreba pirobebiT, romelTa arsebobis SemTxvevaSi uf-
lebamosil pirs ufleba aqvs isargeblos ama Tu im RonisZiebiT. es pirobebi ka-
noniTaa gaTvaliswinebuli da Tavisi iuridiuli ZaliT imperatiuli xasiaTis
moTxovnebia, romelTagan gadacdomac dauSvebelia, kanoniT gaTvaliswinebuli
SemTxvevebis garda.
roca saqme exeba uflebis dacvis saSualebebs, ar unda daviviwyoT, rom
samoqalaqo kanonmdebloba, romelic samoqalaqo uflebebis matareblebs dacvis
mravalricxovan da mravalferovan saSualebebs aZlevs, amave dros, uflebis
dacvis sazRvrebis dadgenasac iTvaliswinebs.
samoqalaqo uflebebis dacvis sazRvrebis dadgenis aucilebloba gan-
pirobebulia darRveuli an sacilo uflebebis samoqalaqosamarTlebrivi dacvis
amocanebiT. sazogadoebaSi subieqturi samoqalaqo uflebebis realoba da garan-
tireba calmxrivad ki ar unda gavigoT, aramed mxolod rogorc samoqalaqo-
samarTlebrivi urTierTobis uflebamosili mxaris uflebebis uzrunvelyofa.
138
yoveli uflebis ganxorcieleba da, miT umetes, valdebuli mxarisadmi saxel-

mwifoiZulebiTi xasiaTis RonisZiebebis gamoyenebis gziT ganxorcieleba
yovelTvis exeba ara mxolod Tavad uflebamosili piris interesebs, aramed
valdebuli mxaris interesebsac, xSir SemTxvevaSi ki mesame pirebis interesebsac.
samoqalaqo uflebebis dacva da ganxorcieleba ganuyoflad dakavSirebu-
lia vadebis faqtorTan. drois garkveul momentebTan da periodebTan dakavSi-
rebulia samoqalaqo kanonmdeblobis warmoCena, cvalebadoba da Sewyveta, kanon-
mdeblobiT an xelSekrulebiT gaTvaliswinebuli, darRveuli uflebebis iZu-
lebiTi ganxorcielebis SesaZlebloba. drois periodebi da vadebis amowurva
iwvevs garkveul samarTlebriv Sedegebs. am Sedegebis mixedviT ganasxvaveben
uflebis warmomSob, uflebis Semcvlel da uflebis Semwyvet vadas. maTi
daniSnuleba ki gansazRvravs samoqalaqo uflebis warmoSobisa da ganxorcielebis,
maTi Sesrulebisa da dacvis, anu xandazmulobis vadebs. drois amowurva an dad-
goma obieqturi xasiaTisaa, e.i. ar aris damokidebuli samoqalaqo samarTlis su-
bieqtebis nebaze da ganekuTvneba movlenaTa kategorias. safuZvlebis mixedviT, ga-
nasxvaveben kanonier saxelSekrulebo da sasamarTlo vadebs: vadebis gamoT-
vlisaTvis umniSvnelovanesia misi dawyebisa da damTavrebis drois zusti gansazR-
vra. saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis pirveli kari daTmobili aqvs gamoTvlas.
daskvna
rogorc nebismieri samoqalaqo ufleba, dacvis ufleba Seicavs, erTi mxriv,

uflebamosili piris mier sakuTari dadebiTi moqmedebis ganxorcielebis SesaZ-
leblobas da, meore mxriv, valdebuli pirisgan garkveuli qcevis moTxovnis SesaZ-
leblobas. sakuTari moqmedebis ufleba mocemul SemTxvevaSi Seicavs damrRvevze
zemoqmedebis iseT RonisZiebebs, rogorebicaa, magaliTad: aucilebeli mogerieba,
egreT wodebuli operatiuli sanqciebis gamoyeneba da a.S. valdebuli pirisgan
garkveuli qcevis moTxovnis ufleba moicavs, ZiriTadad, im zemoqmedebis RonisZi-
ebebs, romlebsac damrRvevis mimarT iyeneben kompetenturi saxelmwifo organoe-
bi, rodesac maT dazaralebuli darRveuli uflebebis dacvisaTvis mimarTavs.
mxareebisaTvis im uflebis miniWeba, rom Tavad gansazRvron TavianTi urTi-
erToba da misi Sinaarsi, aisaxeba dispoziciuri samoqalaqosamarTlebrivi
normebis upiratesobaSi, romlebic, Cveulebriv, Seicavs SesaZleblobas, monawile-
ebma damoukideblad airCion qcevis maTTvis yvelaze mizanSewonili varianti. uf-
ro metic, maT SeuZliaT, sakuTari Sexedulebisamebr gamoiyenon an ar gamoiyenon
TavianTi interesebis dacvis saSualebebi, romlebsac maT samoqalaqo samarTali
aniWebT. amasTan, es gansazRvravs maTi kavSir-urTierTobis iniciativian xasiaTs
umetes SemTxvevaSi. monawileTa mier im saxis saWiro Sedegis miReba, rom daikmayo-
filon esa Tu is moTxovnileba, damokidebulia, uwinares yovlisa, maT iniciativa-
sa da unarze, moagvaron TavianTi urTierToba, rac ki ar gamoricxavs, aramed
gulisxmobs garkveul qonebriv (komerciul) risks.
dacviTi funqciis mniSvnelovani aspeqtia, agreTve, gamafrTxilebel-aRmz-
rdelobiTi (prevenciuli) amocana, rac gulisxmobs regulirebadi urTierTobis
monawileTa iseTi qcevis stimulirebasa da organizacias, romelic gamoricxavs
sxvisi interesebis gaumarTlebel Selaxvas an darRvevas. yvelaze cxadad es funq-
139
cia gamoxatulia deliqturi an sxva samarTaldacviTi valdebulebebiT, aseve pi-

radi araqonebrivi urTierTobis reglamentaciiT.
vinaidan samoqalaqo samarTliT regulirebad urTierTobaTa umetes wils
qonebrivi (an masTan dakavSirebuli araqonebrivi) urTierToba Seadgens, samoqala-
qosamarTlebriv pasuxismgeblobas, iseve rogorc dacvis metwil sxva samoqala-
qosamarTlebriv RonisZiebas, qonebrivi xasiaTi aqvs. igi gamoixateba daza-
ralebuli mxarisaTvis zaralis anazRaurebiT an mis sasargeblod sxva Tanxebisa
Tu qonebis gadaxdevinebiT, romlebic, rogorc wesi, zaralis odenobas ar aRema-
teba. sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, mas kompensaciuri xasiaTi aqvs, romelic Seesabameba
RirebulebiTi (sasaqonlo-fuladi) urTierTobis sferoSi moqmed ekvivalenturo-
bis princips.
samoqalaqo samarTlis roli, uwinares yovlisa, sazogadoebaSi normaluri
ekonomikuri urTierTobis regulirebaa. sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, igi exeba ara im-
denad samarTaldarRvevebs, ramdenadac Cveulebrivi qonebrivi urTierTobis or-
ganizacias. swored amitom igi Seicavs saWiro akrZalvebis minimalur raodenobas
da SesaZlo nebarTvebis maqsimums. samoqalaqosamarTlebrivi instrumentebis
daxmarebiT qonebrivi urTierTobis monawileni damoukideblad agvareben TavianT
saqmianobas maTTvis saWiro Sedegebis miRwevis mizniT. samoqalaqo samarTlisaT-
vis moraluri vnebis anazRaurebac ki fuladi (qonebrivi) formiT xdeba. qonebrivi
zarali SeiZleba anazRaurdes piradi araqonebrivi uflebebis darRvevis
SemTxvevaSic.
140
GULNAZ GALDAVA
Doctoral Student, TSU, the Faculty of Law
THE FORMS AND MEANS OF PROTECTION OF CIVIL RIGHTS ACCORDING TO

THE CIVIL CODE OF GEORGIA
(Short Summary)
Like any other right, the right to defence implies the possibility of undertaking of an own positive
action by an authorised person, on the one hand, and on the other – the possibility of demanding
certain behaviour from a responsible person. The right to own action in the case concerned
encompasses such treatment of a perpetrator as: the necessary defence, the application of the so-
called operational sanctions, etc. The right to demand a certain behaviour from a responsible
person mainly implies the measures applied by competent authorities against a perpetrator,
provided an aggrieved party applies thereto for the protection of his violated rights.
Delegating the parties with the right to define the relationship between them and the content
thereof is manifested in the dominance of the optional rules of civil law, which, as a rule, imply the
possibility for the participants to choose the most suitable for them option. Furthermore, they are
able to apply or not to apply the means of protection of their interests, granted thereto by civil law,
at their own discretion. At the same time, this provides for unsolicited nature of their interrelation
in most cases. The attainment of consequences by the parties, which is necessary for the
satisfaction of their needs, first of all depends on their initiative and ability to settle their
relationships, which does not exclude a certain property (commercial) risk, but rather implies it.
Another most important aspect of the duty to defend is also the preventive task, which means the
stimulation and organisation of such behaviour of the participants of a regulated relationship,
which excludes unjustified encroachment upon or violation of the others’ interests. This duty
becomes particularly apparent within tort or other legal obligations, also through the regulation of
personal non-property relationships.
Insofar as the majority of the relationships regulated by civil law account for property (or related
thereto non-property) relationships, the civil law responsibility, like the majority of the other civil
law measures, is of property nature. It is revealed in the compensation of damages to the aggrieved
party or enforced payment of the other amounts or assets in their favour, which, as a rule, do not
exceed the amount of damages. To put it in other words, it is of compensative nature, which is
compatible with the principle of equivalence applied in the field of value-based (commodity-
pecuniary) relationship.
141
The main duty of the civil law is, first of all, to regulate normal economic relationships within the
society. To put it in other words, this concerns not the offences, but rather the organisation of
ordinary property relationships. Due to this reason, it contains the minimum set of necessary bans
and the maximum set of possible permissions. With the help of civil law instruments, the
participants of property relationships regulate their activity for the purpose of attaining the
necessary for them consequences. Even the moral damage within the civil law is compensated in
monetary terms. Property loss may be compensated in the case of violation of personal non-
property rights as well.
142
naTia CitaSvili
bralis mniSvneloba saxelSekrulebo pasuxismgeblobis

gansazRvrisTvis
I. Sesavali
principi — `xelSekruleba unda Sesruldes“ — pacta sunt servanda — msof-

lios yvela marTlwesrigis fuZemdebluri danawesia, romelic imperatiulad
adgens saxelSekrulebo pirobebis Sesrulebis savaldebuloobas samoqalaqo
brunvis stabilurobisa da saxelSekrulebo wonasworobis uzrunvelyofis mizniT.
valdebulebis Sesrulebis legitimuri saxelSekrulebo interesi, samarTlebrivi
dacvis TvalsazrisiT, gansakuTrebuli sikeTea nebismieri samarTlis sistemaSi.
Tumca valdebulebis Seusrulebloba samoqalaqo brunvisTvis damaxasiaTebeli
Cveuli riski da Tanmdevi movlenaa, rac samoqalaqosamarTlebrivi pasuxismgeb-
lobis dadgomis safuZvelia. valdebulebis darRvevis Sedegad saxelSekrulebo
urTierToba saxecvlilebas ganicdis da xSirad transformirdeba xelSek-
rulebidan gasvlisa da saxelSekrulebo pasuxismgeblobis samarTlebriv reJimSi,
sadac braleulobis koncefcia sruli datvirTviT iwyebs amoqmedebas. magaliTad,
zianis anazRaurebis, rogorc umniSvnelovanesi samarTlebrivi dacvis saSualebis,
gamoyenebis winapirobad mxolod valdebulebis braleuli darRveva moiazreba.
bralis samarTlebrivi kategoria gansakuTrebuli iuridiuli mniSvnelobis
mqonea rogorc kontinenturi, ise angloamerikuli samarTlis sistemaSi, Tumca
TiToeuli samarTlebrivi sistema bralis sakiTxisadmi konceptualurad
gansxvavebul midgomas avlens:
angloamerikul samarTlebriv sivrceSi valdebulebis arabraleuli Seus-
rulebloba ar afuZnebs valdebulebis darRvevis dasrulebul Semadgenlobas,
igi mxolod xelSekrulebidan gasvlis uflebas aRmoacenebs, xolo zianis
anazRaurebis meoradi moTxovnis ufleba upirobod bralze damokidebuli rCeba.
amrigad, angloamerikuli samarTali, valdebulebis darRvevis safuZvlad
bralis arsebobis gansazRvriT, dasawyisSive gamoricxavs arabraleuli Seus-
ruleblobisaTvis zianis anazRaurebis SesaZleblobas;
kontinentur samarTalSi valdebulebis Seusrulebloba, movalis bra-
leulobis miuxedavad, afuZnebs valdebulebis darRvevis obieqtur kate-
gorias, rac ganapirobebs meoradi moTxovnis uflebebisadmi kreditoris xel-
misawvdomobas, xolo brali, rogorc saxelSekrulebo pasuxismgeblobis uzo-
gadesi winapiroba, mniSvnelobas iZens gamosayenebeli meoradi moTxovnis uflebis
gansazRvrisTvis mas Semdeg, rac saxezea valdebulebis darRvevis dasrulebuli
Semadgenloba. kreditoris brali gavlenas axdens xelSekrulebidan gasvlis
143
n. CitaSvili, bralis mniSvneloba saxelSekrulebo pasuxismgeblobis gansazRvrisTvis
uflebis warmoSobaze, anazRaurebas daqvemdebarebuli zianis odenobis gan-

sazRvraze da sanacvlo Sesrulebis moTxovnis uflebis arsebobaze aisaxeba.
vinaidan rogorc kontinenturi, ise angloamerikuli samarTlebrivi sis-
tema valdebulebis SeusruleblobisaTvis saxelSekrulebo pasuxismgeblobas
bralze damokidebulad acxadebs, iuridiul doqtrinaSi bralis koncefcia samo-
qalaqo samarTlis erT-erT centraluri mniSvnelobis kategoriad ganixileba.
saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsSi1 (SemdgomSi — ssk) mniSvnelovani va-
kuumia valdebulebis darRvevis calkeuli saxis reglamentaciis Tval-
sazrisiT. qarTul samarTlebriv sivrceSi ar arsebobs valdebulebis darRvevis
erTiani cneba. amasTan, ssk, erTaderTi gamonaklisis garda, ar iTvaliswinebs dar-
Rvevis calkeuli kategoriis damoukidebeli muxliT regulirebas. valdebulebis
darRvevis nawilSi kodeqsis xarvezebi bralis problemis, Sesabamisad sa-
xelSekrulebo pasuxismgeblobis sakiTxis, arasrulyofil regulirebas gana-
pirobebs da Teoriuli da praqtikuli problemebis safuZvels qmnis. vinaidan ssk
bralis sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT avlens erovnuli samarTlis araerT mniSvnelovan
xarvezs. naTelia, rom igi saWiroebs srulyofas. swored am vakuumis Sevsebas
isaxavs miznad winamdebare naSromi, romelic orientirebulia daadginos bralis
mniSvneloba valdebulebis calkeuli saxis darRvevis samarTlebriv konstruq-
ciaSi, xelSekrulebidan gasvlasa da zianis anazRaurebasTan mimarTebiT.
zemoaRniSnuli ganapirobebs sakvlevi Temis samarTlebriv Rirebulebas da
zrdis bralis problematikis kvlevis interess, rogorc samarTlebrivi abstra-
hirebis, ise praqtikuli kuTxiT.
kvlevis mizania bralis sakiTxis momwesrigebeli normebis mecnieruli ana-
lizi evropis saxelSekrulebo samarTlis principebis2 (SemdgomSi — essp), ger-
maniisa da qarTuli samarTlis magaliTze, ganxiluli sakanonmdeblo aqtebis mier
problemis gansxvavebuli regulirebis dadebiTi da uaryofiTi aspeqtebis war-
moCena da Sidasaxelmwifoebrivi kanonmdeblobis srulyofisTvis konkretuli
winadadebebis SeTavazeba.
bralis problemis analizisaTvis arCevanis SeCereba germanul samarTalsa
da essp-ze ganpirobebulia im faqtiT, rom `ssk emyareba pandeqturi samarTlis
sistemas da calkeuli samarTlis institutis mowesrigebisas ZiriTadad orien-
tirebulia germaniis samoqalaqo kodeqsze~3 (SemdgomSi — gsk4), xolo essp-is
kvleva aqtualuria gamomdinare im garemoebidan, rom aRniSnuli unificirebuli
aqti aris evropis ZiriTadi kodifikaciebis amosavali principebis Sejameba —
kompromisuli varianti da zogadevropuli midgomis gamomxatvelia. amdenad,
xsenebuli aqtebis kvleva mniSvnelovania rogorc erovnuli kanonmdeblobis
srulyofis umTavresi saSualeba.
naSromis meTodologiuri safuZveli emyareba istoriulsamarTlebrivi,
SedarebiTsamarTlebrivi, dogmaturi da normatiuli kvlevis meTodebs:
1
saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsi, saqarTvelos parlamentis oficialuri gamocema, ùwyebani~,
sakanonmdeblo damateba, 31, 1997.
2
Principles of European Contract Law – Parts I and II - Revised 1998, Part III – 2003, www.lexmercatoria.org, (08.12.07.).
3
CaCava s., myidvelis meoradi uflebebis SedarebiTsamarTlebrivi analizi, qarTuli samarTlis
mimoxilva, specialuri gamocema, 2004, 35.
4
germaniis samoqalaqo kodeqsi — German Civil Code - Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch, Bundesministerium der Justiz, Juris
GmbH, Saarbrücken, 2005.
144
istoriulsamarTlebrivi meTodis gamoyenebiT bralis iuridiuli kate-

goria mimoxilulia istoriul WrilSi;
msoflio globalizaciisa da mzardi unifikaciis pirobebSi, rodesac
samarTali sul ufro harmonizaciisken miemarTeba, SeuZlebelia iuridiuli
institutebis Seswavla mxolod Sidasaxelmwifoebrivi kanonmdeblobis safuZ-
velze. swored amitom bralis problemis mecnieruli analizi SedarebiTsa-
marTlebrivi meTodis gamoyenebiT gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas iZens qarTuli
samarTlis, rogorc unifikaciis erTiani procesis integraluri nawilis,
ganviTarebisaTvis. aRniSnuli meTodi emsaxureba erovnuli samarTlis srulyofas
da gulisxmobs sxvadasxva samarTlebriv sistemaSi damkvidrebuli samarTlis
analogi institutebisa da cnebebis urTierTmimarTebis gansazRvras;
naSromSi gamoyenebuli dogmaturi kvlevis meTodi emsaxureba normaTa
iuridiuli mniSvnelobis, calkeul cnebaTa Sinaarsis dadgenas; xolo normatiuli
kvlevis meTodi gulisxmobs samarTlis normis adgilis gansazRvras samarTlis
sistemaSi.
swori meTodologiiT xelmZRvaneloba samarTlebrivi institutebis nam-
dvili iuridiuli arsis dadgenis umTavresi safuZvelia.
naSromSi gamokvleuli sakiTxebi warmodgenilia Semdegi TanmimdevrobiT:
Tavdapirvelad ganxilulia brali da misi adgili samoqalaqosamarTlebrivi
pasuxismgeblobis winapirobaTa sistemaSi; Semdgom TavSi warmoCenilia bralis
samarTlebrivi arsi da misi calkeuli formis mniSvneloba pasuxismgeblobis gan-
sazRvris konteqstSi; damoukidebeli Tavi eTmoba braleuli da mkacri pasu-
xismgeblobis principTa urTierTmimarTebas da maT moqmedebas valdebulebis
calkeuli saxis darRvevis samarTlebriv reJimSi, sadac calke sakiTxebadaa ga-
moyofili bralis mniSvneloba Tanaqmedebis valdebulebis darRvevisas da pasu-
xismgebloba valdebulebis Semsrulebel mesame pirTa braleuli qmedebisTvis;
valdebulebis Seusruleblobis riskis problematika naSromSi damoukidebeli
Tavis saxiT aris Camoyalibebuli, vinaidan igi gansakuTrebuli mniSvnelobis
mqonea pasuxismgeblobis gansazRvris TvalsazrisiT; dasasruls ki warmoCe-
nilia bralis gavlena xelSekrulebidan gasvlis uflebis warmoSobaze, mosalo-
dneli zianis anazRaurebis odenobis gansazRvrasa da Semxvedri valdebulebis
Sesrulebisagan ganTavisuflebaze. naSromis daskvniTi Tavi kvlevis Sedegebis
warmoCenas eZRvneba, sadac erTian sistemaSia gaazrebuli naSromis kvlevis
ZiriTadi orientirebi.
II. brali, rogorc samoqalaqosamarTlebrivi pasuxismgeblobis

piroba
relatiuri, konkretuli saxelSekrulebo urTierTobidan aRmocenebuli

valdebulebis darRveva afuZnebs saxelSekrulebo pasuxismgeblobas.
saxelSekrulebo pasuxismgeblobis dakisrebisTvis aucilebelia arseboba
garkveuli winapirobebisa, romlebic valdebulebis darRvevis Semadgenlobas
qmnian. am Semadgenlobis elementebia: qmedebis marTlwinaaRmdegoba, miyenebuli
145
ziani, qmedebasa da damdgar Sedegs Soris mizezobrivi kavSiri da damrRvevi

subieqtis brali.
brali valdebulebis darRvevis Semadgenlobis umniSvnelovanesi subieq-
turi elementia, Tumca ara aucilebeli, radgan `valdebulebis darRveva unda
gaimijnos valdebulebis darRvevisaTvis pasuxismgeblobisgan. valdebulebis
darRvevis erTiani cneba ar gulisxmobs pasuxismgeblobis dafuZnebisTvis er-
Tiani winapirobebis arsebobas.~5 valdebulebis Seusrulebloba bralis gareSec
xelSekrulebis darRvevis dasrulebul Semadgenlobas qmnis.6 xolo marTl-
winaaRmdegoba, ziani da mizezobrivi kavSiri valdebulebis darRvevis Semad-
genlobis aucilebel obieqtur elementebad ganixilebian.
gsk-is 280-e paragrafis ZaliT movalis mier valdebulebis darRvevisas
kreditors SeuZlia moiTxovos amiT gamowveuli zianis anazRaureba. es wesi ar
moqmedebs maSin, Tuki movales ar miuZRvis brali valdebulebis darRvevaSi. Tu
saxezea xsenebuli paragrafiT gaTvaliswinebuli yvela winapiroba: namdvili
valdebuleba, misi darRveva, ziani, movalis brali da mizezobrivi kavSiri,
kreditors warmoeSoba zianis anazRaurebis meoradi moTxovnis ufleba.
analogiurad, ssk-is 394-e I muxli centraluri da uzogadesi normaa, ro-
melic ganamtkicebs braleuli pasuxismgeblobis princips da kreditors val-
debulebis darRvevis Sedegad warmoSobili zianis anazRaurebis moTxovnis
uflebas aniWebs. aRniSnuli muxlis gamoyenebis winapirobebia: 1) namdvili
valdebulebiTsamarTlebrivi urTierTobis arseboba; 2) valdebulebis darRveva;
3) valdebulebis Seusrulebloba, rogorc movalis braleuli qmedebis Sedegi.
amrigad, valdebulebis Seusrulebloba, movalis braleulobis miuxeda-
vad, afuZnebs meoradi moTxovnis uflebebisadmi kreditoris xelmisawvdo-
mobas. bralis kategoria gansakuTrebul datvirTvas iZens zianis anazRaurebis
moTxovnis uflebasTan mimarTebiT, rac germaniis reformisSemdgomdroindeli
samarTlis dualisturi bunebis gamomxatvelia.
calkeul SemTxvevaSi brali gavlenas axdens xelSekrulebidan gasvlis
uflebis warmoSobaze da sanacvlo Sesrulebis moTxovnis uflebazec aisaxeba.
III. bralis samarTlebrivi arsi
winamdebare Tavsa da Sesabamis qveTavebSi ganxilulia brali, rogorc

obieqturi samarTlebrivi kategoria, vinaidan igi ganisazRvreba obieqturi mesame
piris qcevis, gonivruli windaxedulebisa da codnis standartiT. aseve
warmoCenilia bralisa da misi calkeuli formis mniSvneloba pasuxismgeblobis
gansazRvris konteqstSi.
5
Markesinis S.B., Unberath H., Johnston A., The German Law of Contract – A Comparative Treatise, 2nd ed., Hart Publishing,
Oxford and Portland, Oregon, 387.
6
garda vadis gadacilebisa, romlis samarTlebriv konstruqciaSi brali gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas
iZens.
146
1. braleulobis obieqturi standarti pasuxismgeblobis

gansazRvris konteqstSi
romauli samarTali ganamtkicebda bralis obieqtur kategorias, `rogorc

garkveuli gulisxmierebis ganuxorcieleblobas, rac iwvevda uaryofiT Se-
degebs~7, aseve, brali gulisxmobda `marTebulobidan gadaxvevas, risi gaTva-
liswinebac SesaZlebeli iyo adamianis gonivruli windaxedulebiT.~8
romauli samarTlis Tanaxmad, `qonebis usasyidlod Txovebis SemTxvevaSi
mxare pasuxismgebeli iyo zedmiwevniT frTxili gulmodginebis valdebulebis
(exactissima diligentia) darRvevisaTvis.~9 `kanonikuri samarTlis iuristebi miiCnev-
dnen, rom saTanado windaxedulebisa da gulisxmierebis valdebulebis dam-
rRvevi braleuli mxare iTvleboda ara mxolod moraluri TvalsazrisiT dam-
naSaved~10, aramed `valdebulad, aenazRaurebina miyenebuli ziani.~11 `kanoniku-
ri samarTlis iuristebis mtkicebiT, mxolod is CaiTvleboda moralurad pa-
suxismgebel pirad, visac sxvagvarad moqmedebis saSualeba hqonda da misi brali
swored am SesaZleblobis gamouyeneblobaSi gamoixateboda.~12
`germaneli iuristebi brals ganixilavdnen rogorc iseTi windaxedulebisa
da sifrTxilis daucvelobas, romlebic mxares gonivrulad moeTxoveboda.~13 amis
dasamtkiceblad `puxta miiCnevda, rom maRali xarisxis windaxedulebis daucve-
lobisaTvis pasuxismgeblobis dakisreba uTanabrdeboda SemTxveviTobisaTvis
mxaris pasuxismgeblobas~14, rac realurad gulisxmobda bralis gareSe pasu-
xismgeblobas.15 moralis filosofiasa da TeologiaSi brali uTanabrdeboda
codvas16 da ganixileboda gonierebisa da uflis kanonidan gadaxvevad.17 amrigad,
Teologiasa da samarTalSi bralis gansxvavebuli gageba iyo damkvidrebuli.18
7
Lessius L., De iustitia et iure, lib. 2, cap. 7, dub. 6 (omission alicuius Diligentia, unde sequitur aliquod incommodum),
miTiTebulia: Gordley J., Foundations of Private Law: Property, Tort, Contract, Unjust Enrichment, Oxford University Press,
New York, 2006, 338.
8
Molina L., De iustitia et iure, disp. 293, no.12 (deviationem ab eo, quod bonum est, quodque per hominis potuit diligentiam
provideri), miTiTebulia: Gordley J., Foundations of Private Law: Property, Tort, Contract, Unjust Enrichment, Oxford
University Press, New York, 2006, 338.
9
Dig. 44.7.1.4, miTiTebulia: Gordley J., Foundations of Private Law: Property, Tort, Contract, Unjust Enrichment, Oxford
10
Gratian, Decretum, D.50, cc.49-50; Decretales Gregorii ix.5.10.7-13 on Corpus iuris canonici 2 (Friedberg E., ed., Leipzig,
1876); Papiensis B., Summa Decretalium (laspeyres, ed., Graz, 1976), lb.5, tit.10, §§5-6; Pennaforte R., Summa de Paenitentia
(Ochoa and Diez, eds., Rome.1976), lib.2, tit. 1, § 3. ix. Kuttner S., Kanonistische Schuldlehre von Gratian bis auf die
Dekretalen Gregors IX (Vatican City, 1935), 213-27, miTiTebulia: Gordley J., Foundations of Private Law: Property, Tort,
Contract, Unjust Enrichment, Oxford University Press, New York, 2006, 337.
11
Glossa ordinaria to Decretales Gregorii ix,Venice, 1595, 5.36.5, Casus to non custovit; to reddet; to 5.36.6 to voluntarie;
to5.36.9, miTiTebulia: Gordley J., Foundations of Private Law: Property, Tort, Contract, Unjust Enrichment, Oxford
12
Gordley J., Foundations of Private Law: Property, Tort, Contract, Unjust Enrichment, Oxford University Press, New York,
2006, 338.
13
iqve, 341.
14
Puchta G.F., Pandekten, 2nd ed., Leipzig, 1844, §266, miTiTebulia: Gordley J., Foundations of Private Law: Property,
Tort, Contract, Unjust Enrichment, Oxford University Press, New York, 2006, 341.
15
ix. Windscheid B., Lehrbuch des Pandektenrechts 1, 7th ed., Frankfurt–am-Main, 1891, §101, miTiTebulia: Gordley J.,
Foundations of Private Law: Property, Tort, Contract, Unjust Enrichment, Oxford University Press, New York, 2006, 341.
16
ix. Lessius L., De iustitia et iure, lib. 2, cap.7, dub.6, miTiTebulia: Gordley J., Foundations of Private Law: Property,
Tort, Contract, Unjust Enrichment, Oxford University Press, New York, 2006, 338.
147
`bunebiTi samarTali braleulad miiCnevda pirs, romelic ar gamoiCenda

iseT windaxedulebasa da sifrTxiles, rogorsac imave pirobebSi myofi sxva
piri.~19
safrangeTSi mxares, romelsac èvaleboda garkveul saganze zedamxedve-
lobis gaweva, moeTxoveboda mzrunvelobisa da sifrTxilis is standarti, rac
axasiaTebda gonier mesame pirs (bon pére de familee).~20
moqmed qarTul samoqalaqo samarTalSi ganmtkicebulia bralis samarTleb-
rivi kategoria, romlisTvisac umTavresia samoqalaqo brunvisaTvis Cveuli yu-
radRebianobis moTxovnis dacva. brali obieqturi kategoriaa, radgan gani-
sazRvreba obieqturi mesame piris qcevis standartiT. windaxedulebis obieqturi
standartis arsebobiT qarTuli samarTali mniSvnelovnad uaxlovdeba germanuli
samarTlis sistemas. sabWoTa samarTalSi brali ganixileboda rogorc piris
fsiqikuri damokidebuleba mis mier Cadenili qmedebisa da damdgari Sedegisadmi.
braleuloba ganisazRvreboda konkretuli piris SefasebiTi unarianobiT, riTac
praqtikulad ugulebelyofili iyo obieqturi masStabis roli.21
inglisur samarTalSi `gonivruli windaxedulebisa da codnis~ standarti,
Cveulebriv, ganisazRvreba im xarisxiT, romelic damaxasiaTebelia imave pirobebSi
myofi (imave profesiis, specializaciisa da xarisxis) saSualo donis kompetenciis
mqone pirTaTvis.~22 imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom saqonlis nasyidobisa da miwodebis
Sesaxeb 1982 wlis kanonis23 (SemdgomSi — snmSk) me-13 muxlis (romelic ganamtkicebs
bralis obieqtur kategorias) gamoyenebis praqtika xSiria saerTo samarTlis
sasamarTloebSi. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom inglisuri saxelSekrulebo samarTali
cnobs braleulobis zemoxsenebul standarts pasuxismgeblobis gansazRvris
konteqstSi.24
mxaris braleulobis gansazRvrisaTvis essp did mniSvnelobas aniWebs
xelSekrulebis monawilis gonivrul qcevas25, romelic, 1:302 muxlis Tanaxmad,
dgindeba imis mixedviT, Tu ras miiCnevs gonivrulad imave pirobebSi moqmedi
obieqturi mesame piri keTilsindisierebis principis gaTvaliswinebiT. goniv-
rulobis Sefasebisas mxedvelobaSi miiReba: xelSekrulebis buneba da mizani,
17
ix. Molina L., De iustitia et iure, disp.293, no.10, miTiTebulia: Gordley J., Foundations of Private Law: Property, Tort,
Contract, Unjust Enrichment, Oxford University Press, New York, 2006, 338.
18
ix. Gordley J., Foundations of Private Law: Property, Tort, Contract, Unjust Enrichment, Oxford University Press, New York,
2006, 338.
19
Lessius L., De iustitia et iure, lib.2, cap.7, dub.6, no.23; Molina L., De iustitia et iure, disp. 293, no. 18, miTiTebulia:
2006, 338-9.
20
2006, 339.
21
ix. Wanturia l., zoiZe b., niniZe T., Sengelia r., xecuriani j., saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis
komentari, wigni III, valdebulebiTi samarTali, zogadi nawili, Tb., 2001, 370-1.
22
Powell J.L., Stewert R., Jackson R.M., Jackson and Powell on Professional Negligence, 5th ed., Sweet and Maxwell, 2001, 2-
120, miTiTebulia: Markesinis S.B., Unberath H., Johnston A., The German Law of Contract – A Comparative Treatise, 2nd
ed., Hart Publishing, Oxford and Portland, Oregon, 445.
23
Supply of Goods and Services Act, http://www.opsi.gov.uk/RevisedStatutes/Acts/ukpga/1982/cukpga_19820029_en_1,
(15.08.2008).
24
ix. Markesinis S. B., Unberath H., Johnston A., The German Law of Contract – A Comparative Treatise, 2nd ed., Hart
Publishing, Oxford and Portland, Oregon, 446.
25
damatebiT ix. Lando O., Beale H., Principles of European Contract Law, part I and II, Kluwer Law International, The
Hague/London/Boston, 2000, 126.
148
konkretuli SemTxvevis faqtobrivi garemoebebi, savaWro Cveulebebi da praqtika,

aseve mxareTa profesiis Tavisebureba.
2. bralis formebi
samoqalaqo samarTalSi ganasxvaveben bralis or formas: ganzraxvasa (dolus)

da gaufrTxileblobas (culpa), romlebic piris qmedebis subieqturi Semadgenlobis
elementebia. gaufrTxilebloba, Tavis mxriv, SesaZlebelia daiyos uxeS (culpa lata)
da martiv (culpa levis) formebad. samoqalaqo urTierTobis subieqtis saxelSek-
rulebo pasuxismgeblobis gansazRvrisaTvis bralis calkeuli formis arseboba
iuridiuli mniSvnelobis mqonea da gansxvavebul samarTlebriv Sedegebs war-
moSobs.
2.1 ganzraxva
`ganzraxi bralis forma gulisxmobs valdebulebis darRvevas saxelSekru-

lebo urTierTobaSi yvela mniSvnelovani garemoebis codnisa da movalis mier
sakuTari valdebulebebis gacnobierebis pirobebSi. SesaZlebelia, mxares
araswori warmodgena hqondes saqmis namdvil viTarebaze — cdebodes rogorc
konkretul faqtebSi, aseve samarTlis normis SinaarsSi, ar cnobdes Tavs
valdebulad. am SemTxvevaSi ganzraxi bralis arseboba gamoiricxeba, sanacvlod
movales daekisreba pasuxismgebloba gaufrTxileblobisaTvis, radgan valdebu-
lebis darRveva ganixileba rogorc misi daudevari moqmedebis (umoqmedobis)
Sedegi."26 mxaris pasuxismgebloba ganisazRvreba imis mixedviT, Tu ramdenad pativ-
sadebi safuZvliT ganxorcielda mis mier iuridiuli mniSvnelobis mqone faqtebis
mcdari Sefaseba. movalis Secdoma samarTlebrivi normebis namdvil SinaarsSi
gacilebiT mZimed fasdeba sasamarTlos mier, vidre konkretuli faqtebis Sesaxeb
araswori warmodgenebi. magaliTad, sanam piri ar Seityobs mamkvidreblis
gardacvalebis Sesaxeb, manam samkvidros miRebis vadis dena ar iwyeba.27 marTalia,
ssk ar iZleva ganzraxvis cnebis ganmartebas, magram samoqalaqo samarTalSi dam-
kvidrebuli ganzraxvis kategoria sisxlis samarTalSi aRiarebuli analogi kon-
cefciis identuria.28 ganzraxva moicavs valdebulebiTsamarTlebrivi urTier-
Tobis faqtobrivi garemoebebis, mxareTa ufleba-movaleobebis codnas, aseve
qmedebis marTlwinaaRmdegobis gacnobierebas. ganzraxvis aucilebeli kompo-
nentia sakuTari qmedebis `Sedegis codna da survili marTlwinaaRmdegobis
SegnebiT.~29
qmedebis marTlwinaaRmdegobis Segneba bralis inteleqtualuri (kognitu-
ri) elementia, romelic samarTaldamrRvevis cnobierebis Sefasebas gulisxmobs.
26
Markesinis S. B., Unberath H., Johnston A., The German Law of Contract – A Comparative Treatise, 2nd ed., Hart Publishing,
27
ix. iqve, 447.
28
komentari, wigni III, valdebulebiTi samarTali, zogadi nawili, Tb., 2001, 382.
29
Fikentscher W., Schuldrecht, 8, Auflage, Berlin – New-York, 1992, 312; Müch-Komm-Hanau, §276, 49-50. Schellhammer
K., Zivilrecht nach Anspruchsgrundlagen, 627, miTiTebulia: Wanturia l., zoiZe b., niniZe T., Sengelia r., xecu-
riani j., saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis komentari, wigni III, valdebulebiTi samarTali, zogadi
nawili, Tb., 2001, 382.
149
samarTlebrivad mniSvnelovani faqtebisa da garemoebebis codna gadamwyvetia

piris braleulobis gansazRvrisaTvis. valdebulebis Seusruleblobis etapze
samarTlebrivad mniSvnelovani garemoebebis codnasa da gacnobierebas iuridiuli
doqtrina pasuxismgeblobisaTvis ganmsazRvrel datvirTvas aniWebs.30 mniSvnelo-
vania, rom `samoqalaqo samarTalSi Secdoma gamoricxavs ganzraxvas~31 da ara
braleulobas, vinaidan pirs samoqalaqo brunvis monawilisaTvis aucilebeli
gulisxmiereba da gonivruli windaxeduleba avalebs kanoniT an xelSekrulebiT
misTvis dakisrebuli valdebulebebis codnas. amis naTeli dadasturebaa ssk-is me-
3 II muxlis formulireba: kanonis arcodna an misi arasaTanadod gageba ar SeiZleba
iyos kanonis gamouyeneblobis an am kanoniT gaTvaliswinebuli pasuxismgeblo-
bisagan ganTavisuflebis safuZveli. boroti ganzraxvis dros marTlsawinaaR-
mdego Sedegi piris `nebismieri~ qmedebis umTavres motivad ganixileba.32
2.2 gaufrTxilebloba da misi formebi (uxeSi da martivi)
samoqalaqo samarTalSi, sisxlis samarTlisagan gansxvavebiT, valdebu-

lebis darRveva umetesad xorcieldeba gaufrTxileblobiT, rac gulisxmobs
samoqalaqo brunvisaTvis aucilebeli windaxedulebisa da yuradRebianobis
ugulebelyofas.
kerZo samarTalSi damkvidrebuli gaufrTxileblobis koncefcia Zireulad
gansxvavdeba sisxlis samarTalSi ganmtkicebuli analogisagan. `gaufrTxileblad
moqmedebs is, vinc arRvevs samoqalaqo brunvisaTvis damaxasiaTebel aucilebel
yuradRebianobas~33, romelic ganisazRvreba obieqturi masStabiT da ara kon-
kretuli individis pirovnebidan gamomdinare. samoqalaqo brunvis monawiles
moeTxoveba misi profesiis `saSualo warmomadgenlisaTvis“ damaxasiaTebeli
Cveuli windaxedulebis dacva.34
gaufrTxileblobis arsi germanul samarTalSic obieqturadaa gansazR-
vruli. gsk-is 276-e II paragrafis Tanaxmad, piri moqmedebs gaufrTxileblobiT,
rodesac xelSemkvreli mxaris interesebisadmi ar iCens gonivrul windaxedulebas.
pasuxismgeblobis gansazRvrisaTvis mniSvneloba ara aqvs, konkretuli
movale subieqturad ramdenad unariania, Seasrulos nakisri valdebuleba, aramed
mas moeTxoveba windaxedulebis is xarisxi, rac, Cveulebriv, miRebulia samoqalaqo
brunvaSi da mosalodnelia misi profesiis saSualo donis warmomadgenlisagan.
germanuli samarTlisaTvis cnobilia ndobis principi, romlis Tanaxmad, samoqa-
30
ix. essp-is (Principles of European Contract Law – Parts I and II - Revised 1998, Part III – 2003, www.lexmercatoria.org,
(08.12.07)) 1:301 (5), 2:104, 3:102 (2), 3:204 (2), 3:205(1)(3), 3:208, 3:209 (1), 3:301(1), 4:109(1), 4:103 (1), 4:111(2), 4:113
(1), 4:114, 4:117(1), 6:101(2)(3), 6:110(3), 6:111(2), 7:101(2), 8:103 (b), 8:108(3), 9:102(3), 9:303(2)(3), 9:503 muxlebi.
31
Wanturia l., zoiZe b., niniZe T., Sengelia r., xecuriani j., saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis
32
ix. iqve, 384.
33
Medicus D., Schuldrecht, Allgemeiner, 8 Auflage, 149, miTiTebulia: Wanturia l., zoiZe b., niniZe T., Sengelia
r., xecuriani j., saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis komentari, wigni III, valdebulebiTi samarTali,
zogadi nawili, Tb., 2001, 384.
34
ix. cvaigerti k., kotci h., SedarebiTi samarTalmcodneobis Sesavali kerZo samarTlis sferoSi, tomi
II, Tb., 2001, 290.
150
laqo brunvis yovel monawiles SeuZlia daeyrdnos varauds, rom urTierTobis

sxva monawile imoqmedebs saTanado gulisxmierebiT.35
gaufrTxileblobisas gamoiricxeba samoqalaqo brunvisaTvis aucilebeli
windaxeduleba da keTilgoniereba, rasac valdebuleba, konkretuli urTierTobis
xasiaTis gaTvaliswinebiT, akisrebs samoqalaqo urTierTobis subieqts. xSirad
gaufrTxilebloba gulisxmobs gonivruli moqmedebebis ganuxorcieleblobas
mosalodneli darRvevis aRsakveTad an zianis Sesamcireblad, Tumca, ganzrax-
visgan gansxvavebiT, gaufrTxilebloba xorcieldeba marTlsawinaaRmdego
Sedegis dadgomis survilis gareSe.36
movale saxelSekrulebo urTierTobaSi CarTviT garantirebuls xdis yvela
im unarisa da SesaZleblobis gamoyenebas, rac aucilebelia valdebulebis
Sesrulebis uzrunvelsayofad. pasuxismgeblobisagan ganTavisuflebisaTvis is
ver miuTiTebs saWiro kompetenciis ararsebobaze. igive midgoma gaziarebulia ara
marto doqtrinul doneze, aramed sasamarTlo praqtikaSic. Tuki valdebulebis
Sesrulebis uzrunvelyofa ver moxda avadmyofobis an sxva obieqturi mizeziT,
maSin movalem unda daamtkicos mesame piris (warmomadgenlis) meSveobiT val-
debulebis Sesrulebis SeuZlebloba.
swored esaa windaxedulebisa da codnis obieqturi standartis logikuri
axsna.
gaufrTxilebloba samoqalaqo samarTalSi iyofa uxeS (culpa lata) da martiv
(culpa levis) formebad. uxeSi gaufrTxileblobisas samoqalaqo brunvisaTvis
aucilebeli yuradRebianobis moTxovna ùCveulod maRali xarisxiT irRveva~37,
ris gamoc ganzraxva da uxeSi gaufrTxilebloba xSirad erT sibrtyeze ganixi-
leba,38 martivi gaufrTxileblobisas ki gonivruli windaxedulebisa da
yuradRebianobis darRvevis xarisxi mniSvnelovnad Semcirebulia.
evropuli samarTlebrivi sistemis zogierT qveyanaSi ganzraxi qmedeba
moicavs uxeS gaufrTxileblobasac, romelic xSirad miiCneva dolus eventualis-ad39
(arapirdapir ganzraxvad). magaliTad, essp-is 1:301 III muxlis Tanaxmad, uxeSi
gaufrTxilebloba ganzrax qmedebad ganixileba. `ganzrax qmedebad iTvleba piris
gacnobierebuli qceva, romelic gamiznulad mimarTulia qmedebis samarTlebrivi
Sedegebis warmoSobisaken, aseve uxeSi gaufrTxileblobiT ganxorcielebuli
qmedebac, romlis drosac piri iTvaliswinebs Tavisi qcevis mosalodnel
samarTlebriv Sedegs, marTalia, mizanmimarTulad ar miiswrafvis, magram gul-
grilad ekideba mis dadgomas. amis sapirispirod, martivi gaufrTxileblobisas
mxare ar acnobierebs Tavisi qcevis SesaZlo samarTlebriv Sedegs da, Sesabamisad,
35
ix. Manfred L., in Staudinger, $276, 2004, Rn. 28, miTiTebulia: Wanturia l., korporaciuli marTva da
xelmZRvanelTa pasuxismgebloba sakorporacio samarTalSi, Tb., 2006, 377.
36
37
Fikentscher W., Schuldrecht, 8, Auflage, Berlin – New-York, 1992, 314, miTiTebulia: Wanturia l., zoiZe b., niniZe
T., Sengelia r., xecuriani j., saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis komentari, wigni III, valdebulebiTi
samarTali, zogadi nawili, Tb., 2001, 386.
38
39
ix. Lando O., Beale H., Principles of European Contract Law, part I and II, Kluwer Law International, The
151
igi ganzrax qmedebad ar CaiTvleba. amrigad, principebi erTmaneTisgan ganasxvavebs

ganzraxvas da martiv gaufTxileblobas.~40
essp-is mier ganzraxvis kategoriaSi uxeSi gaufrTxileblobis gaerTianebas
gansazRvruli safuZveli aqvs.amis mizezi unda iyos ganzraxvisa da uxeSi
gaufrTxileblobisaTvis saerTo damaxasiaTebeli niSnis arseboba — orive Sem-
TxvevaSi mxaris mier sakuTari qmedebis samarTlebrivi mniSvnelobis gacnobie-
rebisa da misi Sedegebis gaTvaliswinebis SesaZlebloba, rac ucxoa martivi gau-
frTxileblobisaTvis. amrigad, essp-Si ganviTarebuli poziciis mixedviT, gan-
zraxva da uxeSi gaufrTxilebloba aucileblad gulisxmobs mxaris gacnobie-
rebul qmedebas.
2.3 bralis formebis iuridiuli mniSvneloba saxelSekrulebo

pasuxismgeblobis gansazRvrisaTvis
bralis formebi, kanonmdeblobiT ganmtkicebul calkeul SemTxvevaSi

samoqalaqosamarTlebrivi pasuxismgeblobis gansazRvrisaTvis gansakuTrebul
iuridiul mniSvnelobas iZens. rogorc wesi, samoqalaqosamarTlebrivi pasuxis-
mgeblobisTvis sakmarisia martivi gaufrTxileblobis arseboba, xolo uxeSi
gaufrTxileblobisaTvis mxares pasuxismgebloba mxolod kanoniT pirdapir
gaTvaliswinebul SemTxvevebSi daekisreba.
frangul samarTalSi movalis pasuxismgeblobis zoma damokidebulia
bralis formaze. magaliTad, movalis mier gaufrTxileblobiT fuladi valde-
bulebis Sesrulebis vadis gadacilebisas kreditors ufleba aqvs mxolod pro-
centze, xolo ganzraxi bralis arsebobisas mas SeuZlia, procentis gadaxdasTan
erTad, moiTxovos miyenebuli zianis anazRaureba.41
franguli samoqalaqo kodeqsis42 (SemdgomSi — fsk) 1927-e muxlis Tanaxmad,
usasyidlo mibarebis dros Semnaxvels iseTive gulisxmiereba da yuradRebianoba
moeTxoveba, rogorsac iCens sakuTari qonebis mimarT. xolo sasyidlian xel-
SekrulebaSi windaxedulebis standarti ganisazRvreba msgavs pirobebSi myofi,
gonieri da keTilsindisieri mesame piris Cveuli yuradRebianobiT. ssk-is 774-e
muxlis Tanaxmad, mibarebis sasyidlian xelSekrulebaSi Semnaxveli pasuxs agebs
ganzraxvisa da gaufrTxileblobis orive formisaTvis, usasyidlo xelSekrule-
bisas ki Semnaxvels pasuxismgebloba ekisreba mxolod ganzraxvisa da uxeSi
gaufrTxileblobis SemTxvevaSi.43
ssk-is me-300 I muxlis Tanaxmad, movales martivi gaufrTxileblobisaTvis
pasuxismgebloba ar daekisreba kreditoris mier vadis gadacilebis SemTxvevaSi.
martivi gaufrTxileblobisaTvis gamoiricxeba aseve mCuqeblis pasuxismgebloba
gsk-is 521-e paragrafis ZaliT, xolo usasyidlo sesxis dros gamsesxeblis pasu-
xismgebloba mxolod ganzraxvis an uxeSi gaufrTxileblobisaTvis fuZndeba.44
40
iqve, 122-3.
41
ix. ZlieriSvili z., valdebulebis Sesruleba, Tb., 2006, 126.
42
French Civil Code, Translated by Rouhette G. with the assistance of Rouhette-Berton A., 2006.
43
komentari, wigni IV, t. II, Tb., 2001, 56.
44
ix. gsk-is (German Civil Code - Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch, Bundesministerium der Justiz, Juris GmbH, Saarbrücken, 2005)
§599.
152
valdebulebis SesrulebisaTvis aucilebeli gulisxmierebis xarisxi mcir-

deba im urTierTobebSi, sadac mxareebad erTmaneTTan mWidrod dakavSirebuli
subieqtebi gvevlinebian (meuRleebi45, mSoblebi SvilebTan mimarTebiT46). am
SemTxvevaSi movalem pasuxi unda agos iseTi gulisxmierebisaTvis, romelsac, Cveu-
lebriv, sakuTari saqmeebis mimarT avlens (diligentia quam in suis). movale SeiZleba
ganTavisufldes martivi gaufrTxileblobisaTvis pasuxismgeblobisagan,47 Tuki
daamtkicebs, rom sakuTari saqmeebis mimarTac iseTive gulgrilobiT moqmedebs,
rogoriTac konkretul gansaxilvel urTierTobaSi.
amrigad, bralis formebs Soris gansxvaveba pirdapir aisaxeba mxareTa
pasuxismgeblobis farglebze kanonmdeblobiT gaTvaliswinebul SemTxvevebSi,
romlebic dawvrilebiTaa ganxiluli naSromis Sesabamis TavebSi.
2.4 mxareTa SeTanxmebiT pasuxismgeblobisgan ganTavisuflebis problema

bralis calkeuli formiT valdebulebis darRvevisas
`xelSekrulebis Tavisuflebis principis ZaliT mxareebs SeuZliaT, Tavi-

suflad gansazRvron valdebulebis Sinaarsi — sakuTari ufleba-movaleobebi kon-
kretul valdebulebiTsamarTlebriv urTierTobaSi. Sesabamisad, xelSekrulebis
monawileebi uflebamosilni arian, SeTanxmdnen valdebulebis Seusruleblobis
samarTlebriv Sedegebze, kerZod, SezRudon an gamoricxon TavianTi pasuxis-
mgebloba valdebulebis SeusruleblobisaTvis.~48
saxelSekrulebo SeTanxmebiT umTavresad regulirdeba valdebulebis dar-
RvevisaTvis zianis anazRaurebis sakiTxi. kontrahentebs SeuZliaT, xelekrulebis
calkeuli pirobis dacva TavianTi valdebulebis sferodan gamoricxon. dauS-
vebelia msgavsi SeTanxmeba xelSekrulebis arsebiT pirobaze, romlis Seusru-
lebloba arsebiT darRvevas afuZnebs. mxareTa mier gansazRvruli an kanoniT dad-
genili arsebiTi pirobebis dacva xelSekrulebis monawileTa ZiriTadi valdebu-
lebaa. amdenad, aRniSnul pirobebze SeTanxmebis gareSe xelSekruleba dadebulad
ar CaiTvleba.49
garemoebebi, romelTa arsebobisas valdebulebis Seusrulebloba dar-
Rvevad ar ganixileba, SesaZlebelia, mxareebma winaswar gaiTvaliswinon xelSekru-
lebaSi. aseTi saxelSekrulebo daTqmebi emijneba `daTqmebs pasuxismgeblobisagan
ganTavisuflebis" Sesaxeb. pirveli kategoriis saxelSekrulebo SeTanxmebebi
emsaxureba im faqtobrivi garemoebebis dadgenas, romelTa warmoSobis pirobebSi
valdebulebis Seusrulebloba darRvevad ar ganixileba, xolo meore saxis
daTqmebi gamoiyeneba saxelSekrulebo urTierTobis im etapze, rodesac valdebu-
leba darRveulia, magram maTi gansazRvra emsaxureba mxareTa pasuxismgeblo-
bisagan ganTavisuflebas ukve darRveuli valdebulebis pirobebSi. pirvel Sem-
TxvevaSi, Tu damabrkolebeli garemoebis warmoSoba mxaris kontrolis sferos ar
ganekuTvneba da misi dadgoma movalis braleuli qmedebis Sedegi ar aris, maSin
valdebulebis darRvevis dasrulebuli Semadgenloba ar fuZndeba. mxareTa am-
45
ix. iqve, §1359.
46
ix. iqve, §1664.
47
ix. iqve, §277.
48
Lando O., Beale H., Principles of European Contract Law, part I and II, Kluwer Law International, The Hague/Lon-
don/Boston, 2000, 385.
49
ix. iqve, 385.
153
gvari Sinaarsis SeTanxmebis arsebobisas xelSekrulebis monawilis brali

gansazRvravs valdebulebis darRvevis arsebobas.50
pasuxismgeblobis gamomricxav daTqmebs ganamtkicebs rogorc gsk, ise essp,
Tumca orive sakanonmdeblo aqti problemis gansxvavebul gadawyvetas iTvalis-
winebs.
germanul samarTalSi mxareebs ufleba aqvT, winaswari saxelSekrulebo
SeTanxmebiT Seamciron valdebulebis SesrulebisaTvis aucilebeli windaxedu-
lebis xarisxi, an gamoricxon pasuxismgebloba iseTi moqmedebisaTvis, rac msgavsi
saxelSekrulebo danawesis ararsebobis SemTxvevaSi valdebulebis darRvevad
ganixileba. Tumca es ufleba izRudeba gsk-is 276-e III paragrafiT, romelic
krZalavs saxelSekrulebo pasuxismgeblobis winaswar gamoricxvas valdebulebis
ganzrax darRvevisaTvis.51
samomxmareblo xelSekrulebiT gaTvaliswinebuli valdebulebis mimarT
gsk gacilebiT mkacr danawesebs ganamtkicebs. kerZod, gsk-is 309-e VII (a) parag-
rafis ZaliT, baTilad iTvleba saxelSekrulebo piroba, momxmareblis an misi war-
momadgenlis iseTi ganzraxi an gaufrTxilebeli (rogorc uxeSi, aseve martivi)
moqmedebisaTvis pasuxismgeblobis SezRudvis, Tu misgan ganTavisuflebis Sesaxeb,
rac xelyofs adamianis sicocxles, janmrTelobas an sxeulis mTlianobas. rac
Seexeba pasuxismgeblobis gamoricxvas an SezRudvas martivi gaufrTxileblobiT
miyenebuli zianisaTvis, mas gsk dasaSvebad miiCnevs. es daskvna gamomdinareobs gsk-
is 309-e VII (b) paragrafidan: baTilia SeTanxmeba momxmareblis an misi warmomad-
genlis ganzraxi an uxeSi gaufrTxileblobiT miyenebuli zianisaTvis pasuxis-
mgeblobis SezRudvisa Tu misgan ganTavisuflebis Sesaxeb. dauSvebelia aseve,
mxareTa SeTanxmebiT gamoiricxos xelSekrulebaze uaris ufleba momxmareblis
mier valdebulebis braleuli darRvevis SemTxvevaSi, Tuki es gamowveuli araa
Sesyiduli saqonlis an Sesrulebuli samuSaos nakliT.
rac Seexeba evrosabWos 1994 wlis 31 dekembris direqtivas `momxmarebelTan
dadebuli xelSekrulebis arakeTilsindisieri pirobebis Sesaxeb~52, igi krZalavs
saxelSekrulebo daTqmebs ganzraxi an uxeSi gaufrTxileblobisaTvis mxareTa
pasuxismgeblobisagan ganTavisuflebis Sesaxeb.53 analogiurad, ssk-is 348-e (v)
muxlis ZaliT, baTilad iTvleba xelSekrulebis standartuli piroba, romelic
gamoricxavs an zRudavs pasuxismgeblobas im zianisaTvis, rac gamowveulia SemTa-
vazeblis an misi warmomadgenlis mier uxeSi gaufrTxileblobiT valdebulebis
darRvevis gamo.
pasuxismgeblobisagan ganTavisuflebis sakiTxis regulireba ssk-Si mniS-
vnelovan xarvezebs moicavs. kerZod, ssk-is 410-e muxli krZalavs valdebulebis
darRvevis gamo zianis anazRaurebis moTxovnis uflebaze uaris Tqmas winaswari
SeTanxmebiT. msgavsi sakanonmdeblo danawesiT `samoqalaqo kodeqsi brunvis
50
ix. Treitel G.H., The Law of Contract, 9th ed., Sweet and Maxwell, London, 1995, 755.
51
analogiurad inglisur samarTalSi baTilad iTvleba SeTanxmeba ganzraxi darRvevisaTvis
pasuxismgeblobisagan ganTavisuflebis Sesaxeb. ix. Unfair Contract Terms Act, 1977, http://www.opsi.gov.uk/
RevisedStatutes/Acts/ukpga/1977/cukpga_19770050_en_1, (22.09.2008).
52
The EC Directive on Unfair Terms in Consumer Contracts 93/13/EEC: L 95/29, http://webjcli.ncl.ac.uk/articles3/kaye3.rtf,
(15.05.08).
53
pasuxismgeblobisagan ganTavisuflebis an SezRudvis Sesaxeb saxelSekrulebo daTqmebis baTiloba
gaTvaliswinebulia ssk-is (saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsi, saqarTvelos parlamentis oficialuri
gamocema, ùwyebani~, sakanonmdeblo damateba, 31, 1997) araerTi muxliT, magaliTad, 497-e, 539-e, 697-e
da sxva.
154
monawiles icavs usamarTlo daTqmebisagan.~54 aseTi SeTanxmeba keTilsindisierebis

principis sawinaaRmdegoa, vinaidan igi gaumarTlebel upiratesobas aniWebs
valdebulebis damrRvev mxares, amasTan, mniSvnelovan safrTxes uqmnis samoqalaqo
brunvis stabilurobasa da saxelSekrulebo wonasworobas.
Tu 410-e muxlis ZaliT dauSveblad cxaddeba mxareTa SeTanxmebiT zianis
anazRaurebis moTxovnis uflebis gamoricxva nebismieri formis bralisaTvis, ssk-
is 395-e II muxlis safuZvelze ikrZaleba movalis mier mxolod ganzraxi moqmedebiT
valdebulebis darRvevisas pasuxismgeblobisagan ganTavisufleba. ganzraxi
darRvevisaTvis movalis pasuxismgeblobisagan ganTavisuflebis Sesaxeb SeTan-
xmeba ewinaaRmdegeba valdebulebis daurRvevlobis princips (pacta sunt servanda),
aseve mniSvnelovnad zrdis xelSekrulebis Seusruleblobis risks, riTac safrTxe
eqmneba mxareTa legitimuri interesebis samarTlian uzrunvelyofas.
aRsaniSnavia, rom ssk-is 395-e II da 410-e muxlebi Tavisi SinaarsiT winaaRmde-
gobrivia, radgan zianis anazRaurebis ufleba SeiZleba aRmocendes valdebulebis
rogorc ganzraxi, ise gaufrTxilebeli darRvevis Sedegad. amis gaTvaliswinebiT,
mxareTa nebismieri SeTanxmeba, romelic gamoricxavs mxaris pasuxismgeblobas
rogorc ganzraxi, ise gaufrTxilebeli moqmedebisaTvis, SeiZleba ganxilul iqnes
ssk-is 410-e muxlis darRvevad, maSin, rodesac 395-e II muxli, 410-e muxlis
sapirispirod, dasaSvebad miiCnevs SeTanxmebas gaufrTxileblobiT valdebulebis
darRvevisas pasuxismgeblobisagan ganTavisuflebis Sesaxeb.
mxareTa winaswari SeTanxmebis safuZvelze pasuxismgeblobisgan ganTavi-
suflebis sakiTxis metad saintereso gadawyvetas iTvaliswinebs essp. kerZod,
essp-is 8:109 muxlis Tanaxmad, saxelSekrulebo SeTanxmebiT SeiZleba SeizRudos an
gamoiricxos mxareTa pasuxismgebloba valdebulebis SeusruleblobisaTvis, im
pirobiT, Tu amgvari saxelSekrulebo daTqma ar xelyofs keTilsindisierebisa da
gulisxmierebis principebs. pasuxismgeblobisagan ganTavisuflebisaTvis au-
cilebelia, rom Tavad pirveladi valdebulebis Sesruleba afuZnebdes mxa-
reTaTvis uaryofiT samarTlebriv Sedegs keTilsindisierebisa da samarTlia-
nobis principis gaTvaliswinebiT. erTi SexedviT, mxareTa SeTanxmebiT dadgenili
pirobebi, rogorc xelSekrulebis monawileTa urTierTmfaravi nebis gamo-
xatuleba, ar SeiZleba iyos keTilsindisierebisa da gulisxmierebis principebis
sawinaaRmdego. magram im SemTxvevaSi, Tu mxarem gacnobierebulad ganaxorciela
xelSekrulebis pirobis ignorireba, Tundac kontrahentisaTvis zianis miyenebis
ganzraxvis gareSe, pasuxismgeblobis gamomricxavi pirobac Zalas kargavs. misi
gamoyeneba, miuxedavad mxareTa SeTanxmebis arsebobisa, keTilsindisierebisa da
gulisxmierebis principebis sawinaaRmdegoa.55
am kuTxiT sayuradReboa essp-is 1:201 II muxli, romelic dauSveblad miiCnevs
keTilsindisierebis principis yovelgvar SezRudvas an gamoricxvas saxel-
Sekrulebo SeTanxmebiT. aRniSnuli norma imperatiuli xasiaTisaa da saxelSek-
rulebo pirobiT SezRudvas ar eqvemdebareba. xolo mxareTa SeTanxmeba, val-
debulebis gaufrTxileblobiT darRvevisaTvis pasuxismgeblobisagan gan-
Tavisuflebis Taobaze, mniSvnelovnad ewinaaRmdegeba keTilsindisierebis dacvis
imperatiul wess, vinaidan amgvari saxelSekrulebo daTqmis arsebobis SemTxvevaSi
54
55
ix. Lando O., Beale H., Principles of European Contract Law, part I and II, Kluwer Law International, The Hague/Lon-
155
valdebulebis Sesrulebisas mxarisagan mosalodneli windaxedulebis xarisxi da

keTilgonierebis standarti mniSvnelovnad mcirdeba, rac zrdis gaufr-
TxileblobiT valdebulebis darRvevis risks. Tu xelSekrulebis monawile ac-
nobierebs gaufrTxileblobisas pasuxismgeblobisagan ganTavisuflebis SesaZ-
leblobas, misi mxridan saxelSekrulebo urTierTobaSi aucilebeli gulis-
xmierebis dacva naklebad mosalodnelia, rac valdebulebis gaufrTxileblobiT
darRvevis saSiSroebas afuZnebs, es ki mniSvnelovnad ewinaaRmdegeba pacta sunt ser-
vanda-s fuZemdeblur princips, safrTxes uqmnis kreditoris mimarT valdebulebis
Sesrulebis legitimur saxelSekrulebo interess da amiT mxareebs araTanabar
pirobebSi ayenebs. aRniSnuli TavisTavad keTilsindisierebis principis darRvevas
gulisxmobs.
amdenad, mxareTa SeTanxmeba gaufrTxileblobisaTvis pasuxismgeblobisgan
ganTavisuflebis Sesaxeb, keTilsindisierebis principis gaTvaliswinebiT,
dauSveblad unda iqnes miCneuli.
mxareTa kanonieri interesebisa da Tanasworuflebianobis dacvis mizniT sa-
kanonmdeblo doneze mkacrad unda gakontroldes pasuxismgeblobis gamomricxavi
an SemzRudavi SeTanxmebebis moqmedeba.
IV. bralTan mimarTebiT arsebuli saxelSekrulebo pasuxismgeblobis

principebi
`romis klasikuri epoqidan dRemde samoqalaqo samarTalSi moqmedebs

universaluri formula: TiToeuli pasuxs agebs mxolod Tavisi braliT miye-
nebuli zianisaTvis. braleuli pasuxismgeblobis principi, romelic Tavisi ar-
siT bunebiTi samarTlianobis gamoxatulebaa, sayovelTaod aRiarebulia ro-
gorc saxelSekrulebo, ise deliqtur samarTalSi.~56 rac Seexeba mkacri (bralis
gareSe) pasuxismgeblobis princips, igi ZiriTad samarTlebriv sistemebSi
mxolod gamonaklisis saxiT arsebobs.
winamdebare TavSi ganxilulia braleuli da mkacri pasuxismgeblobis
principTa urTierTmimarTeba da warmoCenilia maTi mniSvneloba valdebulebis
calkeuli saxis darRvevis samarTlebriv reJimSi.
1. braleuli pasuxismgeblobis principis kombinireba mkacri

pasuxismgeblobis principTan
kontinenturi samarTlis sistemis qveynebSi saxelSekrulebo pasuxismgeb-

loba efuZneba bralis kategorias. braleuli pasuxismgeblobis principis arsSi
gasarkvevad aucilebelia mkacri pasuxismgeblobis principis analizi. bralis
koncefciisadmi kontinenturi da saerTo samarTlis sistemebi Zireulad
gansxvavebul midgomas iTvaliswineben. amis mizezad TiToeul samarTlebriv
sistemaSi arsebuli saxelSekrulebo valdebulebis gansxvavebuli struqtura
56
Варкалло В., Об ответственности по гражданскому праву, М., Прогресс, 1978, 100, miTiTebulia: qoCaSvili q.,
brali rogorc samoqalaqosamarTlebrivi pasuxismgeblobis piroba, Tsu-is iuridiuli fakul-
tetis doqtorantis saseminaro naSromi, Tb., 2007, 10.
156
saxeldeba: kontinenturi samarTlis sistema xelSekrulebas ormxriv pirobad

ganixilavs, maSin rodesac saerTo samarTlis qveynebSi kontraqti saxel-
Sekrulebo valdebulebis Sesrulebis garantad iTvleba.57
samarTlebrivi kulturis ganviTarebis adreul etapze moqmedi obieqturi
Seracxvis principi pasuxismgeblobis winapirobad qmedebis materialur, garegan
Sedegs ganixilavda. bralis samarTlebrivi kategoriis damkvidreba iusitinianes
periodis romaul samarTalSi sazogadoebis iuridiuli azrovnebis ganviTarebas
ukavSirdeba. romauli samarTlis mier aRiarebuli braleuli pasuxismgeblobis
principi mogvianebiT ZiriTadi samarTlebrivi sistemebis samoqalaqo kodi-
fikaciebSi ganmtkicda.
braleuli pasuxismgeblobis princips bunebiTi samarTlis skolis warmo-
madgenlebi liberaluri individualizmis koncefciidan gamomdinare asabu-
Tebdnen: individis Tavisufleba SeiZleba SeizRudos mxolod braleuli moq-
medebis safuZvelze pasuxismgeblobis dakisrebiT.58
germanuli samarTlis modeli mTlianad braleuli pasuxismgeblobis
principzea59 damyarebuli. movale pasuxs agebs ganzraxvisa da gaufrTxilebeli
moqmedebisaTvis, garda im SemTxvevisa, rodesac mkacri pasuxismgebloba pir-
dapiraa gaTvaliswinebuli (SeTanxmebuli) an gamomdinareobs valdebulebis ar-
sidan, saxelSekrulebo riskis an Sesrulebis garantiis xelSekrulebis mona-
wileze gadakisrebidan.60 valdebulebis Sesrulebisas, windaxedulebis maRali xa-
risxis uzrunvelyofis mizniT, mxareebi Tavisufalni arian, ganamtkicon
xelSekrulebaSi mkacri pasuxismgeblobis ganmsazRvreli piroba gsk-is 276-e I pa-
ragrafis safuZvelze, ris Sedegadac mxaris pasuxismgebloba im debulebis
Sinaarsze xdeba damokidebuli, romelic adgens sagarantio pasuxismgeblobas.
gsk-is mixedviT, brali ganxilulia rogorc saxelSekrulebo pasuxis-
mgeblobis zogadi winapiroba61, xolo gsk-is 278-e paragrafi (pasuxismgebloba
mesame pirTa braleuli moqmedebisaTvis) ganxilul unda iqnes rogorc gamonak-
lisi zogadi wesidan.
kontinenturi samarTlis sistemis qveynebSi moqmedi braleuli pasuxis-
mgeblobis principi mowodebulia, daicvas, upiratesad, movalis uflebebi. ara-
braleuli darRveviT miyenebuli ziani kreditors ar aunazRaurdeba, rac ver
aRudgens dazaralebul mxares darRveul uflebebs. miuxedavad amisa, kon-
tinentur samarTalSi saTanadod uzrunvelyofilia uflebamosili mxaris
57
ix. Basedow J., Towards a Universal Doctrine of Breach of Contract: The Impact of the CISG, International Review of Law
and Economics, September 2005, http://www.cisg.law.pace.edu/cisg/biblio/basedow.html#i, (09.11.2006).
58
ix. Цваигерт K., Кётц X., Введение в сравнительное правоведение в сфере частного права, т. 2, М., Международные
oтношения, 1998, 388, miTiTebulia: qoCaSvili q., brali rogorc samoqalaqosamarTlebrivi pasuxis-
mgeblobis piroba, Tsu-is iuridiuli fakultetis doqtorantis saseminaro naSromi, Tb., 2007, 12.
59
Verschuldensprinzip - Fault principle.
60
gsk-is (German Civil Code - Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch, Bundesministerium der Justiz, Juris GmbH, Saarbrücken, 2005)
§276.
61
analogiurad niderlandebis samoqalaqo kodeqsis (New Netherlands Civil Code, Translated by Haanappel P.C.,
Mackaay E., Under the Auspices of the Ministry of Justice of the Netherlands, Quebec Centre of Private and Comparative Law,
Boston) 6.74 da 6.75 muxlebi movales akisrebs SeusruleblobiT miyenebuli zianis anazRaurebis val-
debulebas, Tu mas Seusrulebloba miewereba. amgvari miweris [Seracxvis] winapiroba aris braleuloba,
Tu kanonidan, garigebidan an zogadad aRiarebuli Sexedulebidan sxva ram ar gamomdinareobs, ix. Fok-
kema D.C., Hartkamp A.S., Law of Obligations, in: Introduction to Dutch Law, Chorus u.a. (Hrsg.), 99, miTiTebulia: pe-
legrino m., subieqturi Tu obieqturi saxelSekrulebo pasuxismgebloba? saiubileo krebuli `sergo
jorbenaZe — 70~, Tb., 1996, 153.
157
interesic, magram ara sagarantio pasuxismgeblobis ganmtkicebiT: kerZod, kre-

ditoris saxelSekrulebo interesis ganxorcieleba Tavdapirvelad SeTanxme-
buli formiT (naturiT — in specie) gsk-Si miiRweva damatebiTi Sesrulebis samar-
Tlebrivi meqanizmis gamoyenebiT, riTac uzrunvelyofilia, upiratesad, kre-
ditoris interesi. damatebiTi Sesrulebis moTxovnas imperatiuli xasiaTi aqvs
da xelSekrulebis gadarCenas emsaxureba.
amrigad, meoradi moTxovnis uflebebis aRmocenebis umTavresi warmmar-
Tveli principia xelSekrulebis Sesrulebis legitimuri interesi.
ssk ganamtkicebs braleuli pasuxismgeblobis princips, rogorc saxel-
Sekrulebo,62 ise deliqtur samarTalSi.63 Tumca mkacri pasuxismgeblobis principi
moqmedebs fuladi da gvarovnuli nivTiT gansazRvruli valdebulebebis mimarT.
mkacri pasuxismgeblobis principi moqmedebda angloamerikul samar-
Tlebriv sivrceSi da iTvaliswinebda movalis saxelSekrulebo pasuxismgeblobas
braleulobis miuxedavad. mkacri pasuxismgeblobis ZaliT xelSekruleba gan-
sazRvruli samarTlebrivi Sedegis upirobo ganxorcielebis garantad da qmediT
samarTlebriv meqanizmad ganixileba. igi iTvaliswinebs valdebulebis mkacri
sizustiT, xelSekrulebis Sesatyvis, Sesrulebas. xelSekrulebiT gaTvalis-
winebuli Sedegis miuRwevloba valdebulebis darRvevas afuZnebs saTanado pasu-
xismgeblobiT.64 xelSekrulebis yvela arsebiTi pirobis ganuxreli dacva mxareTa
nagulisxmevi valdebulebaa, romlis darRveva iwvevs samoqalaqosamarTlebriv
pasuxismgeblobas.65
SemdgomSi mkacri pasuxismgeblobis principi angloamerikul samarTalSi
SeizRuda kontinenturi evropisaTvis niSandoblivi braleuli pasuxismgeblobis
samarTlebrivi konstruqciiT. kontinenturi samarTlis msgavsad, angloame-
rikuli samarTlis ZaliT, mxare SesaZlebelia ganTavisufldes pasuxismgeb-
lobisagan, Tu daamtkicebs, rom Seqmnil garemoebaTa pirobebSi valdebulebis
darRvevis Tavidan asacileblad mis mier yvela aucilebeli, gonivruli da ka-
nonieri saSualeba iqna gamoyenebuli.66
braleuli pasuxismgeblobis principi naTlad aisaxeba iseT xelSekru-
lebebSi, romlebic anazRaurebadi momsaxurebis gawevisas garkveuli xarisxis gu-
lisxmierebis valdebulebas akisreben mxareebs. magaliTad, iuridiuli Tu sa-
medicino momsaxurebis specifikidan gamomdinare, SeuZlebelia, msgavsi xel-
Sekrulebebi iTvaliswinebdnen sagarantio pasuxismgeblobas, radgan yovelTvis
sasurveli Sedegis uzrunvelyofa SeuZlebelia.67 braleuli pasuxismgeblobis
dadasturebaa aseve snmSk-is me-13 muxli: Tu mxare moqmedebs samewarmeo saq-
mianobis farglebSi, momsaxurebis gaweva gonivruli windaxedulebiTa da codniT
xelSekrulebis nagulisxmevi pirobaa. amasTan, kanonis me-16 III (3) muxli ar
62
ix. ssk-is (saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsi, saqarTvelos parlamentis oficialuri gamocema,
ùwyebani~, sakanonmdeblo damateba, 31, 1997) 395-e muxli.
63
ix. iqve, 992-e muxli.
64
ix. Zweigert K., Kötz H., Introduction to Comparative Law, Volume II-The Institutions of Private Law, 2nd Revised ed.,
Translated from German by Weir T., Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1987,187.
65
ix. Reimann M., Zimmermann R., eds., The Oxford Handbook of Comparative Law, Farnsworth A., Comparative Contract
Law, Part III, Published in the United States by Oxford University Press Inc., New York, 2006, 922.
66
ix. iqve, 922.
67
ix. Markesinis S.B., Unberath H., Johnston A., The German Law of Contract – A Comparative Treatise, 2nd ed., Hart
158
gamoricxavs samarTlis sxva danawesis moqmedebas, romelic mxares ufro mkacr

pasuxismgeblobas akisrebs.68
angloamerikuli samarTali, kontinenturi samarTlis msgavsad, inarCunebs
mkacri pasuxismgeblobis princips calkeuli saxis darRvevebis mimarT. maga-
liTad, msgavsad kontinenturi samarTlisa, pasuxismgebloba kvlav mkacria
fuladi, gvarovnuli da unaklo nivTis miwodebis valdebulebebis darRvevis
SemTxvevaSi. marTalia, angloamerikul samarTalSi ganxorcielda mkacri pa-
suxismgeblobis kombinireba braleuli pasuxismgeblobis principTan, Tumca mxa-
reebs SeuZliaT, saxelSekrulebo SeTanxmebiT TavianTi pasuxismgebloba kvlav
bralze damokidebuli gaxadon, kerZod, mkacri pasuxismgeblobis principi SeiZ-
leba Seicvalos mxareTa forsmaJoruli daTqmebiT. am SemTxvevaSi `xelSekrulebis
monawileebi TviT xelSekrulebaSi uTiTeben im garemoebaTa Sesaxeb, romlebic
iwvevs maT pasuxismgeblobisagan ganTavisuflebas.~69 sanam aseTi SeTanxmeba
miiRweva mxareebs Soris, pasuxismgebloba isev mkacria zemoaRniSnul SemTxvevebSi.
amrigad, angloamerikul da kontinentur samarTalSi braleuli pasuxis-
mgebloba srulad ar auqmebs sagarantio pasuxismgeblobis princips.
2. subieqturi da obieqturi saxelSekrulebo pasuxismgebloba
iuridiul doqtrinaSi ganasxvaveben subieqturi da obieqturi saxel-

Sekrulebo pasuxismgeblobis koncefciebs. subieqturi saxelSekrulebo pa-
suxismgebloba eyrdnoba konkretuli individis braleulobis princips70 da gu-
lisxmobs mxarisaTvis braleulobis Seracxvas misi pirovnebis gaTvaliswinebiT
da ara braleulobis zogadi kriteriumis safuZvelze. subieqturi saxel-
Sekrulebo pasuxismgeblobisas `movale pasuxs agebs im qmedebebze, romlebic
mas Tavisi unarisa da codnis safuZvelze SeeZlo Tavidan aecilebina.~71 Tumca
`moqmedi pirebis unarisa da codnis gaTvaliswineba Zalze daabrkolebda ur-
TierTobebs iseTi ekonomikis pirobebSi, romelic eyrdnoba saqonlis gacvla-
gamocvlas xelSekrulebis safuZvelze.~72 amis sapirispirod germaniis samo-
qalaqo kodeqsma daamkvidra braleulobis obieqturi kategoria. swored amitom
`mizanSewonilia subieqturi saxelSekrulebo pasuxismgeblobis miReba, Tu
braleulobis cneba, am TvalsazrisiT, gaobieqturebulia.~73
68
ix. iqve, 445.
69
Wanturia l., zoiZe b., niniZe T., Sengelia r., xecuriani j., saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis ko-
mentari, wigni III, valdebulebiTi samarTali, zogadi nawili, Tb., 2001, 374.
70
Sead. Frossard, La distinction des obligations de moyens et des obligations de résultat, Paris, 1965, S.3 ff. miTiTebulia:
pelegrino m., subieqturi Tu obieqturi saxelSekrulebo pasuxismgebloba? saiubileo krebuli `ser-
go jorbenaZe — 70~, Tb., 1996, 151.
71
Larenz K., Schuldrecht, Bd. 1, Allgemeiner Yeil, 14. Aufl., München, 1987, §20 I, miTiTebulia: pelegrino m., su-
bieqturi Tu obieqturi saxelSekrulebo pasuxismgebloba? saiubileo krebuli `sergo jorbenaZe —
70~, Tb., 1996, 152.
72
Constantinesco E., Inexécution et faute contractuelle en droit comparé, Bruxelles 1960, Nr. 203, miTiTebulia: pe-
legrino m., subieqturi Tu obieqturi saxelSekrulebo pasuxismgebloba? saiubileo krebuli `sergo
jorbenaZe — 70~, Tb., 1996, 152.
73
Constantinesco E., (Fr.6); Hübner H., Subjektivismus in der Entwicklung des Privatrechts, in FS Kaser, München, 1976,der
auf Ausnahmen bei den Rechtsverhältnissen in der Familie und unter den Mitgliedern einer bürgerlich-rechtlichten Gesellschaft
verweist, S. 715.732; siehe zur Entwicklung des Schuldbegriffs, Meder, Schuld, Zufall, Risiko, Frankfurt am Main 1993, miTi-
Tebulia: pelegrino m., subieqturi Tu obieqturi saxelSekrulebo pasuxismgebloba? saiubileo kre-
buli `sergo jorbenaZe — 70~, Tb., 1996, 152.
159
obieqturi saxelSekrulebo pasuxismgebloba gamoricxavs mxaris bra-

leulobis gaTvaliswinebas, ramdenadac valdebulebis darRvevisTvis pasuxis-
mgeblobis gansazRvrisas mxedvelobaSi miiReba qmedebis garegani materialuri
Sedegi.
amrigad, subieqturi da obieqturi saxelSekrulebo pasuxismgebloba ori
urTierTsapirispiro kategoriaa, romelTac valdebulebis darRvevisas ar-
sebiTad gansxvavebuli samarTlebrivi Sedegisaken miyavs samoqalaqosamarTleb-
rivi urTierToba.
3. braleul pasuxismgeblobaze dafuZnebuli saxelSekrulebo

valdebulebani
iuridiul doqtrinaSi gamoyofen Sedegis, qcevisa da dacvis saxel-

Sekrulebo valdebulebebs. samarTlebrivi mniSvnelobisaa sakiTxi — mimarTavs
Tu ara saxelSekrulebo pasuxismgeblobis sistema am valdebulebebis Seus-
ruleblobis dros braleulobis princips. winamdebare Tavi swored am sakiTxis
analizs eTmoba.
3.1. Sedegis valdebuleba
safrangeTSi `saxelSekrulebo pasuxismgeblobis zogadi Teoria gana-

viTara Demogue-m~74, romelmac ganasxvava gansazRvruli Sedegis miRwevis val-
debuleba (obligation de résultat) SesrulebisaTvis aucilebeli da gonivruli zomebis
miRebis movaleobisagan (obligation de moyens). amis mixedviT, gamoyofen Sedegisa da
qcevis valdebulebebs. franguli doqtrinis mier ganviTarebuli aRniSnuli
koncefciebi ganmtkicda ama Tu im samarTlebriv sistemaSi, aseve, saerTaSoriso
samarTlis iseT instrumentSi, rogoricaa saerTaSoriso komerciul xel-
SekrulebaTa principebi.75 pirvel SemTxvevaSi samoqalaqosamarTlebrivi pasu-
xismgeblobisaTvis sakmarisia kreditoris mier valdebulebis Seusruleblobis
faqtis, rogorc Sedegis, dasabuTeba, xolo pasuxismgeblobisagan ganTavi-
suflebis safuZvlis (cause étrangére) mtkicebis tvirTi valdebulebis damrRvev
mxares akisria; meore SemTxvevaSi ki, pasuxismgeblobis winapirobaa valdebulebis
braleuli Seusrulebloba76, radgan xelSekrulebis darRveva gamoixateba
valdebulebis SesrulebisaTvis aucilebeli RonisZiebebis ganuxorcieleblobiT,
`saTanado meTodebis gamouyeneblobiTa da qcevis gansazRvruli standartis~77
74
Traité des obligations, Bd. 5, Paris 1925, Nr. 1237, miTiTebulia: pelegrino m., subieqturi Tu obieqturi
saxelSekrulebo pasuxismgebloba? saiubileo krebuli `sergo jorbenaZe — 70~, Tb., 1996, 153.
75
ix. Schmidt-Kessel M., Osnabrück, Remedies for Breach of Contract in European Private Law- Principles of European
Contract Law, Acquis Communautaire and Common and Frame of Reference, Schulze R., ed., New Features in Contract Law,
Sellier, European Law Publishers, 2007, 185.
76
ix. Reimann M., Zimmermann R., eds., The Oxford Handbook of Comparative Law, Farnsworth A., Comparative Contract
Law, Part III, Published in the United States by Oxford University Press Inc., New York, 2006, 923.
77
Schmidt-Kessel M., Osnabrück, Remedies for Breach of Contract in European Private Law - Principles of European Contract
Law, Acquis Communautaire and Common and Frame of Reference, Schulze R., ed., New Features in Contract Law, Sellier,
European Law Publishers, 2007, 185.
160
daucvelobiT. `cause etrangere-s cneba aerTianebs rogorc force majeure-s, ise mesame
piris an mevalis qmedebebs, romlebic zianis warmoqmnas uwyoben xels~.78
im SemTxvevaSi, Tu xelSekruleba mxolod aucilebeli da gonivruli
windaxedulebis gamoCenas avaldebulebs mxares, maSin pasuxismgebloba swored
aRniSnuli valdebulebis darRvevisTvis dadgeba da ara Sedegis miuRwevlo-
bisTvis.79
obligation de résultat-is safuZvelze movale iZleva xelSekrulebiT dasaxuli
miznis Sesrulebis sagarantio pirobas. aseTi saxis valdebulebis xelSek-
rulebiT ganmtkiceba gamarTlebulia im SemTxvevaSi, Tu, mosalodneli riskis
gaTvaliswinebiT, movales valdebulebis Sesrulebis uzrunvelyofisaTvis
meti garantiebi aqvs. obieqturi saxelSekrulebo pasuxismgebloba umTavresad
Sedegis valdebulebebs aerTianebs, vinaidan igi gamoricxavs subieqturi
mosazrebebis gaTvaliswinebas Sedegis miuRwevlobis SemTxvevaSi.80 qcevisa da
dacvis valdebulebebi ki, ZiriTadad, braleulobis princips emyareba.
èssp-is 8:108 muxli Seicavs daTqmas klasikuri forsmaJoruli garemoebis
Sesaxeb. aRniSnuli muxlis ZaliT izRudeba pasuxismgebloba xelSekrulebiT
gaTvaliswinebuli Sedegis miRwevis valdebulebis (obligations de résultat) darRve-
visaTvis~81, vinaidan saxelSekrulebo urTierTobaSi warmoSobili dauZleveli ga-
remoeba SeuZlebels xdis Sesrulebas da pasuxismgeblobisagan ganTavisuflebis
safuZvels qmnis.82 `Tu xelSekruleba iTvaliswinebs gansazRvruli Sedegis miR-
wevis valdebulebas, maSin pasuxismgeblobisagan ganTavisuflebis winapirobaa mxa-
ris kontrols miRma arsebuli damabrkolebeli garemoeba, romelic SeuZlebels
xdis Sesrulebas.~83 Tu xelSekrulebiT ganmtkicebulia obligations de moyens, maSin
movalis pasuxismgeblobas gamoricxavs ara forsmaJoruli garemoeba, aramed
mis mier valdebulebis SesrulebisaTvis aucilebeli windaxedulebisa da go-
nierebis standartis dacva.84
Sedegis valdebulebebs ganekuTvneba pasuxismgebloba fuladi da gva-
rovnuli nivTebisaTvis, aseve sagarantio pasuxismgebloba nivTis naklis gamo.
78
Weill A., Terré F., Fn. 8, Nr. 411 ff.; Malaurie P., Aynés L., Fn.15, Nr. 827 ff., miTiTebulia: pelegrino m., su-
bieqturi Tu obieqturi saxelSekrulebo pasuxismgebloba? saiubileo krebuli `sergo jorbenaZe —
70~, Tb., 1996, 154.
79
80
Sead. Mazeaud, Essai de classificatiob des obligations, RTDC 1936, 1; Tunc A., La Distinction des obligations de résultat et
des obligations de diligence, JCP, 1945, 1,449; Unter welchen Umständen eine Erfolgspflicht angemessen ist, ist insbesondere
im französischen Recht diskutiert worden, dad ort eine Abgrenzung zwischen obligations de moyens und obligations de résultat
notwending ist, siehe dazu auch Crépeau (Fn.8), Nr. 63 ff.; vgl. zudem im deutschen Recht etwa Esser J., Schmidt E.,
Schuldrecht, Bd.1 1, Allgemeiner Teil, Teilbd. 1,7. Aufl., Heidelberg 1992, §6 I, miTiTebulia: pelegrino m.,
subieqturi Tu obieqturi saxelSekrulebo pasuxismgebloba? saiubileo krebuli `sergo jorbenaZe —
70~, Tb., 1996, 154.
81
82
fsk-is (French Civil Code, Translated by Rouhette G. with the assistance of Rouhette-Berton A., 2006) 1147-e muxlis
Tanaxmad, Sesrulebis valdebulebisagan Tavisufldeba movale, Tu Seusrulebloba gamowveulia ga-
regani mizeziT, rac keTilsindisier movales bralad ar Seeracxeba.
83
84
ix. iqve, 185.
161
fuladi valdebulebebis SemTxvevaSi `movales ar SeuZlia ganTavisufldes

pasuxismgeblobisagan im safuZvliT, rom valis gareSe igi gadaxdis sirTuleebs
awydeba.~85
3.2 qcevis valdebuleba
`saxelSekrulebo samarTali ar ifargleba saxelSekrulebo valdebule-

bebiT, romelTa sagani valdebulebis Sesrulebis Sedegia, aramed SesaZloa,
mxolod saxelSekrulebo valdebulebebis Sesasrulebeli qmedebis aucileb-
loba arsebobdes.~86 iseT urTierTobebSi, romlebic gulisxmobs sxvadasxva
momsaxurebis gawevas (iuridiuli Tu samedicino), Sedegi yovelTvis garanti-
rebuli ar SeiZleba iyos, vinaidan misi dadgoma nawilobriv movalisagan damou-
kidebel garemoebebzea dafuZnebuli. Sedegis valdebulebebi ki, rogorc zemoT
aRiniSna, umTavresad iseT Sesrulebaze SeiZleba gavrceldes, romelic, Ziri-
Tadad, movalis Zalisxmevasa da obieqtur SesaZleblobazea damokidebuli.
qcevis valdebulebis darRvevisas fasdeba, Tu ramdenad saTanadoa mova-
lis mier ganxorcielebuli yvela qmedeba xelSekrulebiT gaTvaliswinebuli
Sedegis misaRwevad. imis mixedviT, gamoyenebul iqna Tu ara valdebulebis
SesrulebisaTvis aucilebeli yvela xelmisawvdomi saSualeba, dgindeba mxaris
braleuloba, rogorc pasuxismgeblobis gansazRvris ZiriTadi kriteriumi.
amitom `garkveuli Sedegi qcevis valdebulebis SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba saxel-
Sekrulebo valdebulebis Sesrulebis... mizani iyos, magram ara saxelSekrulebo
valdebulebis sagani.~87
`Tu qcevis valdebulebebi qmnian xelSekrulebis sagans, maSin braleu-
lobis principi iwyebs srulad amoqmedebas, ramdenadac movalis braleulobis
gaTvaliswineba maSin xdeba, Tu igi saxelSekrulebo valdebulebebs Cveuli
sizustiT (gulmodginebiT) ar asrulebs.~88 xelSekrulebiT SeTanxmebuli qce-
vis moTxovnebis gauTvaliswinebloba Seesatyviseba saxelSekrulebo valdebu-
lebis braleul Seusruleblobas.89
germanuli samarTliT ganmtkicebuli mxarisaTvis savaldebulo qcevis
wesi, romliTac dgindeba saxelSekrulebo pasuxismgeblobis farglebi, obieq-
turad gansazRvradi kriteriumia. germanul samarTalSi qcevis valdebulebaTa
obieqturi masStabi ganmtkicda gsk-is 276-e II paragrafis saxiT gaufrTxileb-
lobis samarTlebriv kategoriaSi.90
85
Treitel G.H., Remedies for Breach of Contract, Oxford, 1988, Nr. 17. damatebiT ix. Fault in the Common Law of Contract,
in: Liber Amicorum for Lord Wilberforce, M. Bos/I. Brownlie (Hrsg.), 185, miTiTebulia: pelegrino m., subieqturi
Tu obieqturi saxelSekrulebo pasuxismgebloba? saiubileo krebuli `sergo jorbenaZe — 70~, Tb.,
1996, 158.
86
Wieacker F., Leistungshandlung und Leistungserfolg im Bürgerlichen Schuldrecht, in: FS Nipperdey, München, 1965, S. 783
ff., miTiTebulia: pelegrino m., subieqturi Tu obieqturi saxelSekrulebo pasuxismgebloba? saiubi-
leo krebuli `sergo jorbenaZe — 70~, Tb., 1996, 163.
87
pelegrino m., subieqturi Tu obieqturi saxelSekrulebo pasuxismgebloba? saiubileo krebuli
`sergo jorbenaZe — 70~, Tb., 1996, 163.
88
iqve, 158.
89
ix. iqve, 163.
90
italiis samoqalaqo kodeqsis 1176-e muxlis Tanaxmad, movalem Tavisi valdebulebebis Sesrulebisas
,,mzrunveli meojaxis~ (Buon padre di famiglia) gulmodgineba unda gamoiCinos, iqve, 156.
162
nebismieri qveynis saxelSekrulebo samarTlis sistemaSi, sadac qcevis

valdebulebebs gansakuTrebuli adgili eTmoba, braleulobis kategoriis ar-
seboba aucilebelia. qcevis valdebulebis Sinaarsis gansazRvra subieqtur kri-
teriumebze dayrdnobiT xorcieldeba. ramdenadac qcevis valdebulebebi arse-
biT mniSvnelobas iZens germanul samarTalSi da pasuxismgeblobis ganmsazR-
vrel umTavres kriteriumad ganixileba, amitomacaa, rom gsk-ma farTo sivrce
dauTmo braleulobis dogmatur kategorias.
3.3 dacvis valdebuleba
dacvis valdebulebani, umTavresad, qcevis valdebulebebad ganixile-

bian, ris gamoc maTi darRvevisas saxelSekrulebo pasuxismgebloba mxolod
zogadi braleulobis principis safuZvelzea gansazRvradi.91 es dogmaturi mov-
lena germanuli samarTlis mtkice Semadgenelia. valdebulebiTi samarTlis re-
formis Sedegad Camoyalibebuli institutebis, maT Soris, dacvis val-
debulebebis, gareSe bralis samarTlis dogmatika warmoudgenelia.92
Sesrulebis valdebulebisagan (Leistungspflichten) damoukideblad arsebobs
kontrahentis uflebebis, samarTlebrivi sikeTisa da interesebis dacvis —
gulisxmierebis (Schutzpflichten) valdebuleba93 (gsk-is 241-e II paragrafi), romelsac
ssk-Si Seesabameba 316-e II muxli: `Sinaarsisa da xasiaTis gaTvaliswinebiT, val-
debuleba SeiZleba yovel mxares akisrebdes meore mxaris uflebebisa da qonebi-
sadmi gansakuTrebul gulisxmierebas~. bralis koncefcia gasaTvaliswinebelia
rogorc Sesrulebis, aseve dacvis valdebulebis darRvevis konteqstSi. `dacvis
valdebuleba damatebiTi da damxmare xasiaTisaa, vinaidan igi arasdros aerTianebs
sakuTar SinaarsSi xelSekrulebis dadebis mizans.~94 dacvis valdebulebis
braleuli darRveva afuZnebs movalis pasuxismgeblobas: gsk-is 282-e, 280-e I da 241-
e II paragrafebis erTobliobiT dacvis valdebulebis Seusruleblobisas
kreditori uflebamosilia, moiTxovos zianis anazRaureba, Tuki daculia 280-e
paragrafis I abzacis winapirobebi (maT Soris, saxezea valdebulebis braleuli
darRveva) da SeuZlebelia, movales moeTxovos valdebulebis Sesruleba. `cal-
keul SemTxvevaSi dacvis valdebulebis darRvevam SesaZlebelia, valdebulebis
jerovnad Sesrulebazec iqonios gavlena.~95
91
ix. pelegrino m., subieqturi Tu obieqturi saxelSekrulebo pasuxismgebloba? saiubileo krebuli
92
Ob eine Beseitigung der sogenannten ,,Schwächen” des Deliktsrechts geegnet ist, daran etwas zu ändern, muß angesichts des
Bestehens von Schutzpflichten in anderen Rechtsordnungen bei insoweit günstigerer normativer Ausgangslage im Deliktrecht
often bleiben. Siehe einerseits die folgenden ausführungen zum französischen und italienischen Recht und andererseits Gotthard,
Landesbericht Frankreich sowie Busnelli, Landesbericht Italien, in: Deliktsrecht n Europa, v. Bar (Hrsg.), München, 1993;
ablehnend auch Larenz K., (Fn.5), §9 I c, miTiTebulia: pelegrino m., subieqturi Tu obieqturi saxelSek-
rulebo pasuxismgebloba? saiubileo krebuli `sergo jorbenaZe — 70~, Tb., 1996, 167.
93
ix. Schmidt-Kessel M., Osnabrück, Remedies for Breach of Contract in European Private Law - Principles of European
Contract Law, Acquis Communautaire and Common and Frame of Reference, Schulze R., ed., New Features in Contract Law,
Sellier, European Law Publishers, 2007, 184.
94
iqve, 386.
95
Markesinis S. B., Unberath H., Johnston A., The German Law of Contract – A Comparative Treatise, 2nd ed., Hart Publishing,
163
dacvis valdebulebis gamoxatulebaa essp-is 7:110 muxliT ganmtkicebuli

movalis valdebuleba, kreditoris mier Sesrulebis miRebis dayovnebis Sem-
TxvevaSi ganaxorcielos qonebis Senaxvisa da dacvisaTvis aucilebeli da go-
nivruli RonisZiebebi. am valdebulebis darRveva movalis pasuxismgeblobaze ai-
saxeba. amdenad, dacvis valdebulebis standartic òbieqturi gonivrulobiT~ ga-
nisazRvreba. `TviT SedeggansazRvruli xelSekrulebebis tipSi, rogoricaa
nasyidobis xelSekruleba, arsebobs qcevis valdebulebani.~96 nasyidobis xel-
SekrulebaSi dacvis valdebulebebis ZaliT saxelSekrulebo valdebulebebi ar
daiyvaneba ubralo gacvla-gamocvlaze. masSi konkretdeba erTgulebisa da ndobis
moTxovna (cneba), romelic moicavs zusti qmedebis valdebulebas saxelSekrulebo
mxareebis qonebis sferoSi xelSekrulebis Sesrulebis sagnis gacvla-gamocvlis
ganxorcielebisas.97
amrigad, dacvis valdebulebani umetesad qcevis valdebulebania, radgan
maTi Sesruleba gonivruli qcevis wesis safuZvelze xorcieldeba.98
4. braleuli da mkacri pasuxismgeblobis principTa moqmedeba

valdebulebis calkeuli saxis darRvevis samarTlebriv reJimSi
kontinenturi evropis samarTalSi bralis gareSe pasuxismgebloba gamo-

naklisia zogadi wesidan, maSin, rodesac saerTo samarTalSi brali mxolod
deliqturi pasuxismgeblobis winapirobad ganixileba, xolo saxelSekrulebo pa-
suxismgeblobisaTvis bralze miTiTeba savaldebulo ar aris.99 bralis gareSe
pasuxismgebloba saxelSekrulebo samarTalSi umTavresad ukavSirdeba kredito-
risa da movalis mier vadis gadacilebas, gvarovnuli nivTis miwodebisa da fulad
valdebulebebs, aseve nakliani Sesrulebisas movalis pasuxismgeblobas.
winamdebare Tavis Sesabamis qveTavebSi ganxilulia braleuli da mkacri
pasuxismgeblobis principebis moqmedeba valdebulebis calkeuli saxis darRvevis
SemTxvevebSi.
4.1 valdebulebis darRvevis cneba da saxeebi
`germaniaSi 2002 wels ganxorcielebuli valdebulebiTi samarTlis re-

forma germanuli kodifikaciis miRebis dRidan kodeqsis yvelaze fundamentur
96
97
ix. Stoll H., Abschied von Lehre von der positive Vetragsverletzung, AcP 136, (1932), 257,298 ff. Esser J., Schmidt E., (Fn.
38), §29 und ders. (Fn.56), §§ 5 II, 6 II-IV.; Larenz K., (Fn.5), § 9 II, Canaris, Ansprüche wegen ,,positiver Vertragsvertzung”
und ,,schutzwirking für Dritte” bei nichtigen VerTrägen, JZ, 1965, 475 ff.; Castrobovo (Fn.75), Nr.3.2; Nr.3.2;Visintini (Fn.28),
S. 239 ff, miTiTebulia: pelegrino m., subieqturi Tu obieqturi saxelSekrulebo pasuxismgebloba?
saiubileo krebuli `sergo jorbenaZe — 70~, Tb., 1996, 167.
98
(08.12.07.)) 7:110 muxli.
99
ix. Wanturia l., korporaciuli marTva da xelmZRvanelTa pasuxismgebloba sakorporacio samar-
TalSi, Tb., 2006, 373.
164
reformad iTvleba.~100 igi dasrulda 2001 wlis 26 noembers valdebulebiTi sa-

marTlis modernizebis Sesaxeb kanonis101 miRebiT, romelic ZalaSi 2002 wlis 1-l
ianvars, gsk-is miRebidan 102-e wels, Sevida.
`valdebulebiTi samarTlis reformis mizani sasamarTlos mier kodeqsi-
sagan damoukideblad ganviTarebuli samarTlebrivi institutebis kodifikaciaSi
asaxva iyo.~102 aRniSnuli reformis Sedegad gsk-is 241-e II paragrafSi ganmtkicda
dacvis valdebulebis koncefcia, aseve mowesrigda winasaxelSekrulebo ur-
TierTobidan gamomdinare valdebulebis sakiTxi. reformam sxva mniSvnelovani
samarTlebrivi problemebis regulirebac moicva.
`germaniis valdebulebiTi samarTlis uaxlesi reformis Sedegad zianis
anazRaurebis moTxovnis uflebam sruli transformacia ganicada.~103 `valdebu-
lebis darRvevis Semdgom aRmocenebuli samarTlebrivi dacvis saSualebebs Soris
erTianobis uzrunvelyofis mizniT, zianis anazRaurebis moTxovnis uflebis
gamoyenebis winapirobebi, erTi mniSvnelovani gamonaklisis — bralis garda, Se-
sabamisobaSi iqna moyvanili xelSekrulebaze uaris Tqmisa da fasis Semcirebis
meoradi moTxovnis uflebis winapirobebTan.~104 reformisdroindeli fragmen-
tuli mowesrigebisagan gansxvavebiT, moqmedi regulirebis sistema gacilebiT
zustia da kanonmdeblis mizani ramdenime muxlis kombinaciiT miiRweva.
`reformis Semdeg damkvidrda valdebulebis darRvevis erTiani cneba da
uari iTqva bralze, rogorc xelSekrulebidan gasvlis aucilebel winapirobaze.
Tumca reformis komisiam ucvlelad SeinarCuna braleuloba zianis anazRaurebis
moTxovnis safuZvlad.~105
amrigad, reformis Sedegad damkvidrda midgoma, romelic erTsa da imave
dros icavs braleuli pasuxismgeblobis princips zianis anazRaurebis moTxovnis
uflebasTan mimarTebiT da, amasTanave, aRiarebs naturiT Sesrulebis (performance
in specie) moTxovnis primats.106 àm ori niSandoblivi elementis kombinacia ger-
manul samarTals doqtrinul doneze angloamerikuli sistemisagan diametrulad
gansxvavebul poziciaSi ayenebs.~107
valdebulebis Sesrulebis dabrkoleba (Leistungsstörungen) germanul samar-
TalSi saerTo samarTlis sistemisaTvis cnobili kategoriis — valdebulebis
darRvevis (Breach of Contract) sinonimuri mniSvnelobiT gamoiyeneba. igi aerTianebs
valdebulebis Seusruleblobis yvela saxes valdebulebis darRvevaTa erTian
sistemaSi da moicavs yvela cnobil da SesaZlo gadaxvevas saxelSekrulebo val-
debulebis reJimidan.108
100
Zimmermann R., Breach of Contract and Remedies Under the New German Law of Obligations, Saggi, Conferenze e
Seminari 48, Roma, 2002, 1.
101
Gesetz zur Modernisierung des Sculdrechts, Vom 26.11.2001, verkündet in Jahrgang 2001 Nr. 61 vom 29.11.2001,
http://www.rechtliches.de/info_Gesetz_zur_Modernisierung_des_Schuldrechts.html, (24.07.08.).
102
103
iqve, 438.
104
iqve, 438.
105
Seminari 48, Roma, 2002, 7-8.
106
Markesinis S. B., Unberath H., Johnston A., The German Law of Contract – A Comparative Treatise, 2nd ed., Hart
107
iqve, 438.
108
ix. iqve, 379.
165
`valdebulebis darRveva germanul samarTalSi ganimarteba rogorc

xelSekrulebiT gaTvaliswinebuli Sesrulebis ganuxorcielebloba mTlianad
an nawilobriv.~109 amrigad, valdebulebis darRvevis arseboba dgindeba
obieqturi kriteriumis safuZvelze — darRveva saxezea im SemTxvevaSi, Tu xel-
SekrulebiT nakisri valdebulebis Seusrulebloba, rogorc obieqturi faqti,
dadasturdeba.
amrigad, Zveli kodeqsisagan gansxvavebiT, valdebulebis yovelgvari
Seusrulebloba gaerTianda saerTo cnebis — `valdebulebis darRvevis~110 — qveS,
romelmac moicva oTxi saxis Seusrulebloba: 1) movalis mier vadis gadacileba; 2)
valdebulebis Sesrulebis SeuZlebloba; 3) nakliani Sesruleba; 4) dacvis
valdebulebis111 darRveva.
essp ganamtkicebs valdebulebis darRvevis erTian koncefcias, romelic
aerTianebs Sesrulebis, rogorc braleuli, ise arabraleuli, SeuZleblobis,
vadis gadacilebis, nakliani Sesrulebisa da valdebulebis ganxorcielebisaTvis
aucilebeli Tanaqmedebis valdebulebis darRvevis saxeebs.112 rac mTavaria,
darRvevis dafuZnebisaTvis braleuli Seusrulebloba winapiroba ar aris. am
nawilSi essp germanuli samarTlis moziarea.
qarTul samarTlebriv sivrceSi ar arsebobs valdebulebis darRvevis
erTiani koncefcia. amasTan, ssk ar iTvaliswinebs darRvevis calkeuli kategoriis
damoukidebeli muxliT regulirebas. samarTlebrivi gansazRvrulobisaTvis
aucilebelia, kodeqsma detalurad asaxos Seusruleblobis kategoriebi dar-
Rvevis saxeTa specifikis gaTvaliswinebiT da gansazRvros bralis mniSvneloba
calkeuli darRvevis samarTlebriv reJimSi.
4.2 movalis mier vadis gadacileba
zogadi wesis Tanaxmad, brali valdebulebis darRvevis dafuZnebisaTvis

aucilebel winapirobad ar ganixileba. valdebulebis Seusrulebloba bralis
gareSec xelSekrulebis darRvevis dasrulebul Semadgenlobas afuZnebs, garda
movalis mier vadis gadacilebisa, romlis samarTlebriv konstruqciaSi bralis
arseboba gansakuTrebul iuridiul mniSvnelobas iZens.
4.2.1 movalis mier vadis gadacileba, rogorc valdebulebis braleuli

darRveva
ssk-is 401-e muxlis formulirebiT, vada gadacilebulad ar CaiTvleba,

Tuki valdebuleba ar Sesrulda iseT garemoebaTa gamo, romlebic movalis braliT
ar aris gamowveuli. am muxlidan gamomdinareobs Teza, rom vadis gadacileba
yovelTvis braleul qmedebas gulisxmobs. Tu movale ar aris pasuxismgebeli
valdebulebis Sesrulebis dayovnebisaTvis, maSin SesaZloa, saxeze iyos
109
iqve, 387.
110
Pflichtverletzung.
111
Schutzpflichten.
112
(08.12.07.)) 1:103 IV muxli.
166
kreditoris mxridan vadis gadacileba an dauZleveli Zala, rac vadamosuli

valdebulebis Sesrulebas SeuZlebels xdis.
sainteresoa, ratom ganixilavs kanonmdebeli brals vadis gadacilebis
dafuZnebisaTvis aucilebel pirobad. rogorc ssk-is 401-e muxlis analizidan
irkveva, vadis gadacilebis arsebobaze mxolod maSin SeiZleba msjeloba, Tuki
Sesruleba jer kidev movalis SesaZleblobis sferos ganekuTvneba. vinaidan
Sesrulebis SesaZleblobis pirobebSi valdebuleba droulad ar sruldeba,
saxezea movalis brali vadamosuli valdebulebis Seusruleblobis mimarT.
swored amitom Sesrulebis SeuZleblobis pirobebSi gaumarTlebelia saubari
vadis gadacilebaze. analogiuri midgoma gaziarebulia gsk-Si, romlis Tanaxmad,
vadis gadacileba exeba mxolod im valdebulebebs, romlebic jer kidev
ganxorcielebadia vadamosulobis momentSi da misi droulad
SeusruleblobisaTvis Tavad movale aris pasuxismgebeli.113
4.2.2 movalis mier vadis gadacilebis winapirobebi da gafrTxilebis

mniSvneloba vadis gadacilebis braleul darRvevad gansazRvrisaTvis
vadis gadacilebis dafuZnebisaTvis gsk-is 286-e I paragrafi winapirobebad

ganixilavs namdvili uflebis arsebobas, vadamosuli valdebulebis Seusruleb-
lobasa da vadis gadacilebis momentisaTvis movalis mxridan valdebulebis
Sesrulebis obieqtur SesaZleblobas. aRniSnul winapirobebTan erTad
aucilebelia aseve kreditoris mier movalis gafrTxileba an gafrTxilebasTan
gaTanabrebuli sxva samarTlebrivi moqmedebis Sesruleba.
ssk-is me-400 II muxli da gsk-is 286-e I paragrafi identuri Sinaarsis nor-
mas ganamtkicebs: Tu movale valdebulebas ar asrulebs, kreditoris mier vada-
mosuli valdebulebis Sesaxeb ganxorcielebuli saTanado gafrTxilebis miuxe-
davad, maSin vadis gadacilebis dasrulebuli Semadgenloba mxolod gafrTxi-
lebis uSedegod gancxadebis Semdgom fuZndeba.
sainteresoa, ratom ganixilavs kanonmdebeli movalis gafrTxilebas vadis
gadacilebis dasrulebuli SemadgenlobisTvis aucilebel winapirobad. gafrTxi-
lebiT kidev erTxel xdeba movalis gacnobiereba xelSekrulebis SinaarsSi,
sakuTar ufleba-movaleobebSi, raTa gamoiricxos xelSekrulebis gaufrTxi-
leblobiT darRvevis SesaZlebloba. `gafrTxileba garkveul pirobebs unda
akmayofilebdes. pirvel rigSi, moTxovna unda iyos erTmniSvnelovani. mova-
lisaTvis naTeli da gasagebi unda iyos, rom kreditori moiTxovs vadamosuli
valdebulebis Sesrulebas. SeiZleba movale valdebuli iyos kreditoris winaSe
ramdenime Sesrulebaze, aseT SemTxvevaSi kreditori valdebulia gansazRvros, Tu
romel Sesrulebas ukavSirdeba gafrTxileba. ase rom, gafrTxileba unda iyos
rogorc gasagebi da erTmniSvnelovani, aseve gansazRvruli.~114
113
§ 286 IV.
114
Palandt O., Heinrichs H., 2003, BGB $286, Rn.5, miTiTebulia: maCalaZe s., zianis anazRaureba valdebulebis
darRvevisas (saqarTvelosa da germaniis kanonmdeblobaTa analizi), qarTuli samarTlis mimoxilva,
specialuri gamocema, 2004, 77.
167
aRsaniSnavia, rom movalis gafrTxileba ar aris damatebiTi vadis identuri,

romelic mxares damatebiTi Sesrulebis mizniT ganesazRvreba. gafrTxilebis
Sinaarsidan naTlad unda vlindebodes movalis valdebulebis Sinaarsi. àraa
aucilebeli Sesrulebis vadis gansazRvra, arc misi Sesrulebis konkretul
Sedegze miTiTeba, mTavaria, masSi cxadad ikveTebodes kreditoris survili —
movalem Seasrulos nakisri valdebuleba.~115 movale vadis gadamcileblad
CaiTvleba mas Semdeg, rac valdebulebis Sesrulebis moTxovniT gafrTxilebis
miuxedavad valdebuleba kvlav ar sruldeba.116
kreditoris mier ganxorcielebuli saTanado gafrTxileba vadamosuli
valdebulebis Sesrulebis Sesaxeb vadis gadacilebis erT-erT winapirobas
qmnida romaul samarTalSic. aseve mniSvnelovani winapiroba vadis gadacilebis
darRvevad saxeldebisaTvis iyo movalis brali Tavad vadis gadacilebis
faqtTan mimarTebiT an vadis gadacilebis gamomwvevi garemoebis warmoSobaSi.
romaul samarTalSi movalis bralis identificirebis saukeTeso sa-
Sualeba iyo movalis mimarT specialuri gafrTxilebis — interpellatio117 — gancxa-
deba, romelic gamoricxavda movalis mier sakuTari valdebulebebis arcodnis
SesaZleblobas. amis Sedegad ki vadamosuli da gacnobierebuli movaleobebis
Seusruleblobis borot ganzraxvad (dolus malus118) dakvalificireba sirTules
aRar qmnida.119 gafrTxilebis micemis Semdgom movalis braleulobis sakiTxi
calke msjelobis sagani ar xdeboda, aramed ìnterpellatio ganixileboda braleu-
lobis indikatorad.~120 pasuxismgeblobisaTvis aucilebeli kriteriumTagani iyo
brali, rogorc subieqturi elementi da gafrTxileba, rogorc obieqturi
winapiroba.121 amitomac xSirad gafrTxileba (interpellatio) da movalis braleuloba
(in mora) sinonimuri mniSvnelobiT ganixileboda.122
amasTan, movalis braleuloba TavisTavad igulisxmeboda, Tu vadis gada-
cilebis yvela kriteriumi saxeze iyo warmodgenili.123
gafrTxilebis Semdeg valdebulebis Seusrulebloba SesaZlebelia, mxolod
movalis braleuli qmedebiT ganxorcieldes im SemTxvevaSi, Tu ar arsebobs
pasuxismgeblobisagan ganTavisuflebis pativsadebi safuZvlebi. gafrTxilebiT
movale kidev erTxel acnobierebs valdebulebis darRvevis mosalodnel samar-
Tlebriv Sedegs, swored amitom vadis gadacileba yovelTvis braleul darRvevad
ganixileba.
115
116
gsk-is (German Civil Code - Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch, Bundesministerium der Justiz, Juris GmbH, Saarbrücken, 2005)
286-e II paragrafi gansazRvravs SemTxvevebs, rodesac vada gadacilebulad iTvleba saTanado
gafrTxilebis gareSe.
117
Zimmermann R., The Law of Obligations - Roman Foundations of the Civilian Tradition, Breach of Contract, Chapter 25,
Clarendon, Oxford University Press, 1996, 792.
118
iqve, 792.
119
ix. iqve ,793.
120
iqve , 793.
121
ix. iqve, 792.
122
ix. iqve, 792.
123
ix. iqve, 794.
168
4.2.3 vadis gadacilebis gavlena movalis pasuxismgeblobis farglebze
rogorc wesi, samoqalaqosamarTlebriv pasuxismgeblobas afuZnebs gan-

zraxi an gaufrTxilebeli brali valdebulebis darRvevaSi,124 magram vadis
gadacilebis konteqstSi movalis pasuxismgeblobis farglebi gafarToebulia.
ssk-is 402-e muxlis formulirebiT, movale vadis gadacilebisas pasuxs agebs
yovelgvari gaufrTxileblobisaTvis, igi pasuxs agebs SemTxveviTobisTvisac, Tu
ar daamtkicebs, rom ziani SeiZleboda damdgariyo valdebulebis drouli
Sesrulebis pirobebSic. movalis mier vadis gadacilebisTvis pasuxismgeblobis
sakiTxi analogiuradaa mowesrigebuli gsk-Si.125 `maSin, roca martivi gauf-
rTxilebloba yovelTvis ar iwvevs movalis pasuxismgeblobas valdebulebis
SeusruleblobisaTvis, vadis gadacilebis SemTxvevaSi mas yovelTvis pasuxis-
mgebloba mohyveba xolme.~126 `martivi gaufrTxileblobisaTvis pasuxismgebloba
gamoiricxeba, Tu mxareTa SeTanxmebiT an xelSekrulebis standartuli piro-
bebiTaa igi gaTvaliswinebuli.~127 amasTan, àucilebelia SemTxveviTi garemoebis
arseboba vadis gadacilebis procesSi.~128
vadis gadacilebis dros movale pasuxismgebelia yovelgvari Seusruleb-
lobisaTvis (`SedegisaTvis pasuxismgebloba~129), Tumca `garantiis dros movale
vadis gadamcileblad iTvleba bralis gareSec~.130
ssk-is 402-e muxlSi saubaria bralis gareSe pasuxismgeblobaze, Tumca
realurad pasuxismgeblobis dakisreba xorcieldeba ara SemTxveviTobisaTvis,
aramed movalis im bralisaTvis, romelic arsebobda vadis gadacilebis etapze,
vinaidan Sesrulebis SeuZleblobis gamomwvevi garemoeba Sesrulebis dayovnebamde
(Sesabamisad, movalis bralis gareSe) ar warmoiSoboda. imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom
vadis gadacilebis dros valdebulebis Sesruleba movalis SesaZleblobis sferos
ganekuTvneboda da man braleuli qmedebiT vadamosuli valdebuleba ar gana-
xorciela, naTeli xdeba SemTxveviTobisaTvis pasuxismgeblobis dakisrebis samar-
Tlebrivi dasabuTeba. movalis brals vadis gadacilebaSi Sesrulebis SeuZ-
leblobis (SemTxveviTobis) warmoSobis riski valdebulebis damrRvev mxareze ga-
daaqvs. Sesabamisad, arakeTilsindisieri mxare pasuxismgeblobisagan ganTa-
visuflebis upiratesobiT ver isargeblebs da Seusruleblobis tvirTi mas
daekisreba.
124
ùwyebani~, sakanonmdeblo damateba, 31, 1997) 395-e muxli; gsk-is (German Civil Code - Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch,
Bundesministerium der Justiz, Juris GmbH, Saarbrücken, 2005) § 276.
125
ix. gsk-is §287.
126
Wanturia l., zoiZe b., niniZe T., Sengelia r., xecuriani j., saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis komen-
tari, wigni III, valdebulebiTi samarTali, zogadi nawili, Tb., 2001, 424.
127
Thode R. in Münchener Kommentar zum BGB, §287, Rn.1, miTiTebulia: Wanturia l., zoiZe b., niniZe T.,
Sengelia r., xecuriani j., saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis komentari, wigni III, valdebulebiTi
128
Schenker F., Die Voraussetzungen, die Folgen des Schuldnerverzugs im Schweizerischen Obligazionenrecht, Univer-
sitätsverlag, Schweiz, 1988, 116, miTiTebulia: Wanturia l., zoiZe b., niniZe T., Sengelia r., xecuriani j.,
saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis komentari, wigni III, valdebulebiTi samarTali, zogadi nawili, Tb.,
2001, 425.
129
Thode R. in Münchener Kommentar zum BGB, §287, Rn.1-4, miTiTebulia: Wanturia l., zoiZe b., niniZe T., Sen-
gelia r., xecuriani j., saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis komentari, wigni III, valdebulebiTi samar-
Tali, zogadi nawili, Tb., 2001, 424.
130
maCalaZe s., zianis anazRaureba valdebulebis darRvevisas (saqarTvelosa da germaniis kanon-
mdeblobaTa analizi), qarTuli samarTlis mimoxilva, specialuri gamocema, 2004, 76.
169
Tu vadamosuli valdebuleba ar Sesrulda pativsadebi safuZvliT, amiT

movalis mier vadis gadacileba ar fuZndeba.131 am SemTxvevaSi saxeze gvaqvs
arabraleuli Sesrulebis SeuZlebloba, rasac ssk-Si Seesabameba 401-e muxli: vada
gadacilebulad ar CaiTvleba iseT garemoebaTa gamo, romelnic movalis braliT
ar aris gamowveuli.132 rogorc wesi, Sesrulebis xangrZlivi SeuZlebloba
gamoricxavs vadis gadacilebis arsebobas. Tu saxelSekrulebo urTierTobaSi
movalis braliT warmoiSva droebiTi xasiaTis dabrkolebebi, romlebic xels
uSlian valdebulebis Sesrulebas, maSin fuZndeba valdebulebis darRveva vadis
gadacilebis saxiT.133 sanam ar dafuZndeba valdebulebis Sesrulebis SeuZleblo-
ba, mxare moklebulia uflebas, amtkicos misi arabraleuloba vadis gadacilebas-
Tan mimarTebiT. magram, Tu Sesrulebis arabraleuli SeuZlebloba vadis gada-
cilebis Semdgom dadga, maSin movale ar Tavisufldeba im zianisaTvis pasuxis-
mgeblobisagan, romelic ar warmoiSoboda, valdebuleba droulad rom Sesru-
lebuliyo.
amrigad, gsk-is mixedviT, movalis mier vadis gadacileba SeiZleba dafuZ-
ndes mxolod ganzraxi an gaufrTxilebeli moqmedebiT (saxeze unda iyos gsk-is
276-e paragrafis winapirobebi). vadis gadacilebis, rogorc braleuli darRvevis,
Sedegad warmoSobili ziani gsk-is 280-e I paragrafisa da 286-e paragrafis
kombinaciiT yovelTvis eqvemdebareba anazRaurebas. ssk-is Tanaxmad, vadis
gadacilebis SemTxvevaSi zianis anazRaurebis moTxovna efuZneba ssk-is 404-e
muxls, romelic specialuria ssk-is 394-e muxlTan mimarTebiT da upiratesad
gamoiyeneba zianis anazRaurebis moTxovnis safuZvlad uSualod vadis gada-
cilebis pirobebSi. mniSvnelovania, rom 404-e muxli damatebiT ar ganamtkicebs
daTqmas movalis braleulobaze. aRniSnuliT kidev erTxel dasturdeba, rom vadis
gadacileba yovelTvis braleuli qmedebis Sedegia, ris gamoc kanonmdebeli aRar
uTiTebs bralze, rogorc zianis anazRaurebis moTxovnis uflebis aucilebel
winapirobaze.
4.3. kreditoris mier vadis gadacileba
qarTul da germanul samarTalSi kreditoris mier vadis gadacileba val-

debulebis darRvevis damoukidebel kategorias ar qmnis, Tumca problemis
gansxvavebul gadawyvetas iTvaliswinebs essp, sadac kreditoris mier vadis ga-
dacileba valdebulebis darRvevad ganixileba da meoradi moTxovnis uflebebis
gamoyenebis winapirobas afuZnebs.
mocemul TavSi warmoCenilia bralis mniSvneloba kreditoris mier vadis
gadacilebis samarTlebriv reJimSi, misi gavlena mxareTa pasuxismgeblobis
farglebze da meoradi moTxovnis uflebebis, kerZod zianis anazRaurebis
uflebis, gamoyenebis SesaZleblobaze.
131
§ 286 IV.
132
fsk-is (French Civil Code, Translated by Rouhette G. with the assistance of Rouhette-Berton A., 2006) 1138-e muxlis
Tanaxmad, myidvels sakuTrebis ufleba nivTze warmoeSoba xelSekrulebis dadebis momentidan, magram
movalis mier vadis gadacilebisas kreditors ar daekisreba nivTis SemTxveviTi daRupvisa da ganad-
gurebis riski.
133
ix. maCalaZe s., zianis anazRaureba valdebulebis darRvevisas (saqarTvelosa da germaniis kanon-
mdeblobaTa analizi), qarTuli samarTlis mimoxilva, specialuri gamocema, 2004, 77.
170
4.3.1 kreditoris mier vadis gadacileba, rogorc Tanaqmedebis

valdebulebis darRveva
essp-is 1:202 muxlis ZaliT xelSekrulebis TiToeul mxares ekisreba

Tanaqmedebis valdebulebis ganxorcieleba xelSekrulebis Sesrulebis uzrun-
velyofis mizniT. `magaliTad, xelSekrulebis mxaris uari valdebulebis
Sesrulebis miRebaze iwvevs Tanaqmedebis valdebulebis darRvevas, Tu meore
kontrahents aqvs valdebulebis Sesrulebis interesi.~134 essp-is 1:301 IV muxlis
ZaliT Tanaqmedebis valdebulebis Seusrulebloba xelSekrulebis darRvevis
damoukidebel saxed ganixileba da `qmnis valdebulebis darRvevisaTvis gaTva-
liswinebuli meoradi moTxovnis uflebebis gamoyenebis winapirobas.~135
`kontinenturi samarTlis qveynebSi Tanaqmedebis valdebuleba keTil-
sindisierebisa da gulisxmierebis principebisgan warmoiSva.~136 magaliTad, gsk-is
242-e paragrafiT ganmtkicebuli keTilsindisierebis principi imTaviTve
moiazrebs Tanaqmedebis valdebulebis arsebobas xelSekrulebis Sesrulebis
uzrunvelyofis mizniT. inglisur samarTalSi Tanaqmedebis valdebuleba xel-
Sekrulebis nagulisxmev pirobas warmoadgens.137 kontinentur samarTalSi mevale
pasuxismgebelia mxolod ormxrivi sapasuxo valdebulebis SesrulebisaTvis, maSin,
rodesac Sesrulebis miReba mis uflebad ganixileba da ara saxelSekrulebo
movaleobad.138
ssk-Si Tanaqmedebis valdebulebis cneba damoukidebeli muxliT ar aris
formulirebuli, aramed keTilsindisierebis uzogadesi principidan gamomdi-
nareobs. Tanaqmedebis valdebuleba, rogorc valdebulebis SesrulebisaTvis
aucilebeli winapiroba, vlindeba ssk-is 390-e muxlis SinaarsSi: 1) kreditoris
mier vadis gadacilebad CaiTvleba, Tu igi ar iRebs misTvis SemoTavazebul
Sesrulebas, romlis vadac damdgaria; 2) Tu valdebulebis Sesasruleblad
saWiroa kreditoris esa Tu is moqmedeba da igi am moqmedebas ar asrulebs, esec
vadis gadacilebad CaiTvleba. rogorc muxlis Sinaarsidan Cans, Tanaqmedebis
valdebulebis darRveva gamoixateba SesrulebisaTvis aucilebeli moqmedebis
ganuxorcieleblobiT.
amrigad, essp-isgan gansxvavebiT, ssk da gsk kreditoris rogorc braleul,
ise arabraleul uars valdebulebis Sesrulebis miRebaze valdebulebis dar-
Rvevad ar ganixilavs. kreditoris mier vadis gadacilebis SemTxvevaSi movalis
winaSe — vis a vis — ar irRveva kreditoris saxelSekrulebo valdebuleba. kredi-
toris mier Sesrulebaze uaris gancxadebiT mxolod uaresdeba misi samar-
Tlebrivi mdgomareoba xelSekrulebaSi.139 amas kidev erTxel adasturebs kre-
ditoris mier vadis gadacilebis momwesrigebeli Tavis struqturulad ssk-is Ses-
rulebis karSi gaerTianeba.
134
Lando O., Beale H., Principles of European Contract Law, part I and II, Kluwer Law International, The
135
iqve, 120.
136
iqve, 121.
137
ix. iqve, 121.
138
ix. kandelhardi r., realuri Sesruleba Tu zianis anazRaureba: saerTaSoriso konsensusi?
139
ix. Zimmermann R., Roman Law and European Culture, New Zealand Law Review 341, 2007,4.
171
4.3.2 kreditoris mier vadis gadacilebis winapirobebi
kreditoris mier vadis gadacilebis dafuZnebisaTvis aucilebelia Semdegi

winapirobebis arseboba:
1) saxeze unda iyos namdvili valdebulebiTsamarTlebrivi urTierToba da
vadamosuli valdebulebis Sesrulebis obieqturi SesaZlebloba;
2) valdebulebis Sesruleba jerovnad, daTqmul drosa da adgilas
(xelSekrulebis Sesatyvisi Sesruleba) movalis SesaZleblobisa da survilis
sferos unda ganekuTvnebodes;
3) Sesruleba, romelic akmayofilebs kanoniTa da xelSekrulebiT dadgenil
moTxovnebs, movalis mier SeTavazebuli unda iyos kreditorisaTvis. val-
debulebis Sesrulebis SeTavazebad CaiTvleba sityvieri gancxadebac val-
debulebis Sesrulebis mzadyofnis Sesaxeb im SemTxvevaSi, Tu kreditorma manamde
uari ganacxada Sesrulebis miRebaze an misi mxridan aqtiuri qmedebaa saWiro
movalis mier valdebulebis Sesrulebis uzrunvelyofis mizniT; SeTavazebis dros
Tu movale moklebulia valdebulebis ganxorcielebis SesaZleblobas, maSin vadis
gadacileba ar fuZndeba;
4) kreditori uars unda acxadebdes: a) valdebulebis Sesrulebis miRebaze,
an b) valdebulebis SesrulebisaTvis aucilebeli Tanaqmedebis valdebulebis
ganxorcielebaze, anda g) ormxriv xelSekrulebaSi misi kuTvnili valdebulebis
Sesrulebaze.
4.3.3 kreditoris mier vadis gadacilebis samarTlebrivi Sedegebi
kreditoris mier vadis gadacileba gavlenas axdens valdebulebis

Sesrulebis saxelSekrulebo riskis ganawilebaze. kreditoris mier vadis
gadacilebas aqvs iuridiuli faqtis mniSvneloba, romelic iwvevs saqonlis
SemTxveviTi daRupvis an ganadgurebis riskis gadanacvlebas kreditorze,
miuxedavad imisa, movalis mflobelobaSia xelSekrulebis sagani Tu kreditoris
sadepozito angariSze. valdebulebis Sesrulebis riski kreditorze gadadis im
momentidan, rodesac Sesrulebis miRebaze uaris TqmiT realurad fuZndeba vadis
gadacileba.
ssk-is 482-e muxlis Tanaxmad, nasyidobis xelSekrulebaSi nivTis
SemZenisaTvis gadacemamde misi SemTxveviTi daRupvis riski gamyidvels ekisreba.
analogiurad wydeba sakiTxi nardobis xelSekrulebaSi. vadis gadacilebisas ki
nivTis gadacemas uTanabrdeba SemkveTis mxridan miRebis dayovneba, rac iwvevs
riskis Sesabamis gadanacvlebas.140 kreditoris mier Sesrulebis miRebis
arabraleuli dayovnebac ar aTavisuflebs mas nivTis SemTxveviTi daRupvis
riskisagan. am dros vadis gadacilebis uaryofiTi Sedegebi arabraleuli
kreditoris mimarT dgeba, riTac kanoni aseve arabraleuli movalis interesebs
icavs.141
140
141
172
4.3.4 kreditoris mier vadis gadacilebis gavlena mxareTa pasuxismgeblobis

farglebze
kreditoris mier vadis gadacilebis nawilSi ssk xarveziT xasiaTdeba.

kerZod, ssk-is 392-e muxlis Tanaxmad, kreditoris mier vadis gadacilebisas
movale mxolod maSin aris pasuxismgebeli valdebulebis SeusruleblobisaTvis,
Tuki Sesruleba SeuZlebeli aRmoCnda movalis ganzraxvis an uxeSi
gaufrTxileblobis gamo. analogiuri Sinaarsis normaa ganmtkicebuli gsk-Si.142
aRniSnuli muxlis analizidan irkveva, rom movalis pasuxismgebloba martivi
gaufrTxileblobiT valdebulebis darRvevisaTvis gamoiricxeba, rac niSnavs imas,
rom movalis mier valdebulebis martivi gaufrTxileblobiT darRvevis riski
kreditors ekisreba, rogorc vadis gadamcilebel mxares. amasTan mniSvnelovania,
rom ssk-is 392-e muxli moicavs kreditoris mier vadis rogorc braleuli, ise
arabraleuli gadacilebis SemTxvevebs, vinaidan kanonmdebeli muxlis
formulirebaSi ar akonkretebs kreditoris braleulobis sakiTxs. amdenad, 392-e
muxlis Sinaarsidan ikveTeba, rom, kreditoris braleulobis miuxedavad, movalis
mier valdebulebis martivi gaufrTxileblobiT darRvevisas pasuxismgebeli
kreditoria, maSin, rodesac ssk-is 393-e (b) muxlis ZaliT kreditors
pasuxismgebloba, braleulobis miuxedavad, daekisreba mxolod
SemTxveviTobisaTvis. kerZod, ssk-is 393-e muxlis Tanaxmad, kreditoris mier vadis
gadacilebisas, misi bralis miuxedavad: a) igi valdebulia, aunazRauros movales
xelSekrulebis sagnis Senaxvis gamo warmoSobili zedmeti xarjebi; 2) mas ekisreba
nivTis SemTxveviTi gafuWebis an daRupvis riski; 3) mas aRar aqvs fuladi
valdebulebisTvis procentis miRebis ufleba. amrigad, ssk-is 392-e da 393-e
muxlebi Tavisi SinaarsiT winaaRmdegobrivia.
iuridiul literaturaSi arsebuli mosazrebis Tanaxmad, `kreditoris mier
vadis gadacileba movales Sesrulebisagan ki ar aTavisuflebs, aramed
Seusruleblobis SemTxvevaSi pasuxismgeblobisgan ixsnis mas.~143 aRsaniSnavia, rom
kreditoris mier vadis gadacileba mxolod Sesrulebis arabraleuli
SeuZleblobisas da martivi gaufrTxileblobiT valdebulebis darRvevisas iwvevs
movalis pasuxismgeblobisagan ganTavisuflebas. movalis mxridan Sesrulebis
arabraleuli SeuZleblobis pirobebSi Sesrulebis valdebulebisagan
ganTavisufleba samarTlebrivad udavo SemTxvevaa.
4.3.5 kreditoris mier vadis gadacileba, rogorc zianis anazRaurebis

moTxovnis uflebis winapiroba?
ssk-is 391-e da 393-e muxlebi ganasxvavebs kreditoris mier vadis rogorc

braleul, ise arabraleul gadacilebas. amasTan, ssk dasaSvebad miiCnevs
kreditoris mier vadis braleuli gadacilebis Sedegad damdgari zianis
anazRaurebas.144 ssk-is 394-e I muxlis I winadadebis Tanaxmad, movalis mier
142
§300.
143
144
173
valdebulebis darRvevisas kreditors SeuZlia moiTxovos amiT gamowveuli zianis

anazRaureba. aRniSnuli muxlis Sinaarsidan vlindeba, rom zianis anazRaureba aris
meoradi moTxovnis ufleba, romelic gamoiyeneba pirveladi valdebulebis
darRvevis SemTxvevaSi. kreditori arRvevs Sesrulebis miRebis movaleobas,
rogorc Tanaqmedebis valdebulebas, magram ara ZiriTad saxelSekrulebo
valdebulebas. xelSekrulebidan gasvla aRniSnulis safuZvelze ar xorcieldeba,
xelSekruleba ZalaSi rCeba, vinaidan movales pirveladi valdebulebis Sesruleba
kvlav moeTxoveba.
germanuli kodifikaciisaTvis ucxoa ssk-is 391-e muxlis Sinaarsis
amsaxveli paragrafis arseboba. ssk-is 391-e muxli, marTalia, icavs movalis
darRveul interess, magram misi gamoyeneba usafuZvloa, radgan, Tu Sesrulebis
miReba kreditoris valdebulebas ar ganekuTvneba, maSin am uflebis
ganuxorcielebloba ar afuZnebs valdebulebis darRvevas da, Sesabamisad, zianis
anazRaurebis moTxovnis uflebas. Tu kreditoris uars Sesrulebis miRebaze
valdebulebis darRvevad ganvixilavT, am logikiT movale unda Tavisufldebodes
sanacvlo Sesrulebis movaleobisagan. ssk-is 434-e II muxlis ZaliT, kreditoris
mier vadis gadacilebisas movale mxolod deponirebis safuZvelze Tavisufldeba
kreditoris winaSe valdebulebisagan. vinaidan movale Sesrulebis valdebulebas
kvlav inarCunebs, Sesabamisad, kreditoris mier vadis gadacilebis dros dar-
RvevasTan ar unda gvqondes saqme. rac Seexeba kreditoris mier vadis gadacilebis
Sedegad movalisaTvis miyenebul zians, misi anazRaureba SeiZleba ganxorcieldes
mxolod 393-e I muxlis safuZvelze, xelSekrulebis sagnis Senaxvis gamo war-
moSobili xarjebis anazRaurebis moTxovnis saxiT da ara zianis anazRaurebis meo-
radi moTxovnis uflebis ZaliT, romelic am urTierTobaSi ar aRmocendeba
valdebulebis darRvevis ararsebobis gamo. marTalia, kreditori Tavisufalia
arCevanSi — ganaxorcielebs Tu ara Sesrulebis miRebis uflebas, magram, amave
dros, unda acnobierebdes mis mimarT zianis dadgomis SesaZleblobas.145
zemoaRniSnuli adasturebs, rom 391-e muxlis arseboba ssk-Si gaumar-
Tlebelia.
4.4 bralis mniSvneloba Sesrulebis SeuZleblobis konteqstSi
Sesrulebis SeuZlebloba valdebulebis darRvevis damoukidebeli kate-

goriaa, romlis mimarT bralis koncefcia gansakuTrebul samarTlebriv
datvirTvas iZens.
Sesrulebis SeuZleblobis pirobebSi kontinentur samarTalSi upiratesad
gamosayenebeli damatebiTi Sesrulebis meoradi moTxovnis ufleba azrs kargavs146
da kreditorisaTvis xelSekrulebidan gasvlisa da zianis anazRaurebis moTxovnis
uflebebia prioritetuli. xelSekrulebidan gasvlis meoradi moTxovnis ufleba
centralur adgils ikavebs, ramdenadac xsenebul SemTxvevaSi damatebiTi
145
ix. kandelhardi r., realuri Sesruleba Tu zianis anazRaureba: saerTaSoriso konsensusi?
146
§ 326 V.
174
Sesrulebis moTxovna ubralo formalobad iqceva147 da misi gamoyeneba yovelgvar

mizans moklebulia samarTlebrivi Sedegis TvalsazrisiT.
marTalia, zianis anazRaureba, angloamerikuli samarTlisagan gansxvave-
biT, kontinenturi samarTlis sistemis qveynebSi centraluri meoradi moTxovnis
ufleba ar aris, magram calkeul SemTxvevaSi igi mainc prioritetuli samar-
Tlebrivi dacvis saSualebad gvevlineba, romelic SeiZleba Sesrulebisa148 da
xelSekrulebidan gasvlis149 meoradi moTxovnis uflebasTan kombinaciiTac iqnes
amoqmedebuli. vinaidan zianis anazRaurebis winapirobad kanonmdebeli brals
asaxelebs, swored amitom bralis koncefciis analizi Sesrulebis SeuZleblobis
pirobebSi gansakuTrebuli datvirTvis matarebelia.
4.4.1 Sesrulebis SeuZleblobis saxeebi da maTi samarTlebrivi Sedegebi bralis

koncefciis gaTvaliswinebiT
samoqalaqo brunvis stabiluroba da wesrigi emyareba fuZemdeblur

kerZosamarTlebriv princips — xelSekruleba unda Sesruldes — pacta sunt servanda.
valdebuleba unda Sesruldes im sirTuleebis gaTvaliswinebiT, romelnic
SeiZleba warmoeSvas Semsrulebel mxares. Sesrulebis procesSi garkveuli
obieqturi damabrkolebeli garemoebani zegavlenas axdenen valdebulebis mboWav
xasiaTze, aseve mxareTa pasuxismgeblobis farglebze.150 amitomac Sesrulebis
SeuZleblobis pirobebSi principi — pacta sunt servanda — Zireul saxecvlilebas
ganicdis.
doqtrinas Sesrulebis SeuZleblobis Sesaxeb didi xnis istoriuli
tradiciebi aqvs. igi sruli saxiT warmodgeba romauli samarTlisagan da
Seesatyviseba filosofiis fuZemdeblur debulebas — valdebuleba yovelTvis
gulisxmobs SesaZleblobas.~151 `cnobili romauli samarTlebrivi principis
Tanaxmad, ar arsebobs SeuZleblobis Sesrulebis valdebuleba — impossibilium nulla
est obligatio.~152 romauli samarTlis mixedviT, `pasuxismgebloba ar fuZndeba im
SemTxvevisaTvis (vis maior), romlis Tavidan acileba yvelasTvis Tanabrad
SeuZlebelia.~153 Sua saukuneebis kanonikuri samarTlis iuristebis mier
SeuZlebloba da brali moraluri pasuxismgeblobis mTavar principebad
ganisazRvra. maTi mtkicebiT, mxares ar SeiZleba daekisros SeuZleblobis
147
148
149
150
151
Seminari 48, Roma, 2002, 10.
152
Dig.50.17.185, miTiTebulia: Gordley J., Foundations of Private Law: Property, Tort, Contract, Unjust Enrichment,
Oxford University Press, New York, 2006, 336.
153
Zimmermann R., The Law of Obligations - Roman Foundations of the Civilian Tradition, CapeTown, 1990, 192-7,
miTiTebulia: Gordley J., Foundations of Private Law: Property, Tort, Contract, Unjust Enrichment, Oxford University Press,
New York, 2006, 337.
175
Sesrulebis moraluri valdebuleba.~154 `SeuZleblobis Sesrulebis dapirebas

ar gaaCnia mboWavi Zala.~155
me-19 saukunis germaneli konceptualistebis mtkicebiT, pirisaTvis
SeuZleblobis Sesrulebis dakisreba qmnis logikur winaaRmdegobas156:
`Sesrulebis valdebuleba unda gulisxmobdes Sesrulebis SesaZleblobasac.~157
Sesrulebis SeuZleblobis samarTlebrivi konstruqcia fundamenturad
aris damuSavebuli germanul samarTalSi, rogorc sakanonmdeblo, ise doqtrinul
doneze.158 gsk Sesrulebis SeuZleblobis calkeul saxeebTan mimarTebiT detalur
reglamentacias iTvaliswinebs.
gsk-is 275-e I paragrafiT daregulirebulia Sesrulebis absoluturi
SeuZleblobis SemTxveva, romelic aerTianebs rogorc obieqturi, ise subieqturi
SeuZleblobis saxeebs. xsenebuli paragrafis Tanaxmad, Sesrulebis moTxovna
gamoricxulia, Tu Sesruleba SeuZlebelia konkretulad movalis an nebismieri
sxva pirisaTvis. amis mixedviT, ganasxvaveben obieqtur, anu absolutur, da
subieqtur, anu individualur, SeuZleblobas.159 subieqturi SeuZlebloba,
obieqturisagan gansxvavebiT, miemarTeba mxolod konkretuli xelSekrulebis
movales. romis samarTalSi pasuxismgeblobisagan ganTavisuflebis safuZvels
qmnida valdebulebis Sesrulebis SeuZlebloba zogadad nebismieri pirisaTvis
da ara mxolod xelSekrulebis konkretuli subieqtisaTvis.160 gsk-is 275-e I
paragrafi `gamoiyeneba valdebulebis Sesrulebis absoluturi SeuZleblobis
pirobebSi movalis pasuxismgeblobisagan ganTavisuflebis safuZvlad~161 da misi
moqmedeba vrceldeba obieqtur da subieqtur162, srul da nawilobriv, aseve
xelSekrulebis dadebis Semdgom warmoSobil SeuZleblobaze. SeuZlebloba
SesaZlebelia iyos moraluri, sawyisi an Semdgomi, droebiTi an mudmivi xasiaTis.
obieqturi SeuZleblobis arsebobisas movale upirobod Tavisufldeba
pirveladi valdebulebis Sesrulebisagan, miuxedavad imisa, miuZRvis Tu ara mas
154
2006, 337.
155
Aquinas T., Summamtheologiae II –II. Q. 88, a.2 (How to do impossible not binding); 89,a.7 (Oath to do the impossible not
binding), miTiTebulia: Gordley J., Foundations of Private Law: Property, Tort, Contract, Unjust Enrichment, Oxford
156
ix. Gordley J., Foundations of Private Law: Property, Tort, Contract, Unjust Enrichment, Oxford University Press, New
York, 2006, 341.
157
Brinz A., Lotmar P., Lehrbuch der Pandekten 3, 2nd edn., Erlangen, 1892, §245; Dernburg H., Pandekten 2, 4th edn., Berlin,
1894, §16; Puchta G.F., Pandekten, 2nd edn., Leipzig, 1844, §302; Windscheid B., Book review of Mommsen T., I Kritishe
Zeitschrift für die gesammte Rechtswissenschaft 2,1855, 106-45, 118, miTiTebulia: Gordley J., Foundations of Private Law:
Property, Tort, Contract, Unjust Enrichment, Oxford University Press, New York, 2006, 341.
158
rac Seexeba amerikul samarTals, aq damkvidrebulia arabraleuli Sesrulebis SeuZleblobis
gamomxatveli ori termini: Sesrulebis arapraqtikuloba da xelSekrulebis miznis xelyofa. ix.
"Impracticability" and "Frustration of Contract" in Burton S.J., Contract Law: Selected Source Materials, Restatement of Law,
West Publishing Co., St. Paul, Minn., Chapter 11, 1995, 233-236.
159
York, 2006, 337.
160
Dig 15.1.137, miTiTebulia: Gordley J., Foundations of Private Law: Property, Tort, Contract, Unjust Enrichment, Oxford
161
162
ix. Medicus D., Grudnwissen zum Bürgerlichen Recht, 2002, Rn.150, miTiTebulia: maCalaZe s., zianis
anazRaureba valdebulebis darRvevisas (saqarTvelosa da germaniis kanonmdeblobaTa analizi),
qarTuli samarTlis mimoxilva, specialuri gamocema, 2004, 86.
176
brali Sesrulebis SeuZleblobis dadgomaSi163, vinaidan SeuZleblis Sesruleba

aravis avaldebulebs.164 subieqturi SeuZlebloba, Tu igi movalis braliTaa
gamowveuli, marTalia, gamoricxavs Sesrulebis valdebulebas, magram kreditors
aniWebs zianis anazRaurebis moTxovnis uflebas. amdenad, gsk, pasuxismgeblobis
TvalsazrisiT, ganasxvavebs braleuli da arabraleuli Sesrulebis SeuZleblobis
saxeebs.
gsk-is 275-e III paragrafi aregulirebs e.w. moraluri SeuZleblobis
SemTxvevas, romlis drosac Sesruleba obieqturad SeuZlebeli ar aris, magram
saxelSekrulebo urTierTobaSi warmoSobili dabrkolebisa da kreditoris
interesebis urTierTmimarTebis gaTvaliswinebiT, movales Sesruleba ar SeiZleba
moeTxovos.
moqmedi gsk-is 311 (a) I paragrafis Tanaxmad, xelSekrulebis namdvilobas ar
ewinaaRmdegeba Sesrulebis SeuZleblobisas movalis ganTavisufleba pirveladi
valdebulebisagan (mxolod absoluturi da moraluri SeuZleblobis SemTxvevaSi),
romelic xelSekrulebis dadebis etapisTvis ukve arsebobda. aRniSnul paragrafSi
saubaria valdebulebis sawyis SeuZleblobaze, romelic ar xelyofs xel-
Sekrulebis iuridiul Zalas. am SemTxvevaSi kreditors SeuZlia, Sesrulebis
nacvlad moiTxovos saTanado kompensacia an im xarjebis anazRaureba, romelic
gaswia Sesrulebis miRebis mizniT, garda im SemTxvevisa, rodesac kreditoris
saxelSekrulebo interesi movalis mier valdebulebis darRvevis gareSec ar
dakmayofildeboda. kreditoris xsenebuli uflebis warmoSobis winapirobaa
movalis brali sawyisi Sesrulebis SeuZleblobis arsebobis arcodnaSi. Semdgomi
Sesrulebis SeuZleblobis SemTxvevaSi165 ki kreditoris zianis anazRaurebis
moTxovnis safuZvelia movalis brali Sesrulebis SeuZleblobis warmoSobaSi.
essp-is 8:108 muxli aregulirebs pasuxismgeblobis sakiTxs Sesrulebis
droebiTi SeuZleblobisas: Tu dabrkoleba droebiTi xasiaTisaa, maSin movale
pasuxismgeblobisgan Tavisufldeba mxolod damabrkolebeli garemoebis arse-
bobis periodSi. misi aRmofxvris Semdeg Sesrulebis valdebuleba ZalaSi rCeba,
garda im SemTxvevisa, Tu valdebulebis drouli Sesruleba, xelSekrulebis
Sinaarsidan gamomdinare, arsebiTi pirobaa. am SemTxvevaSi vadis gadacileba
arsebiT darRvevas afuZnebs.
`Tu xelSekrulebis mxolod nawilis Sesrulebaa SeuZlebeli, maSin mxaris
pasuxismgeblobisagan ganTavisufleba xorcieldeba mxolod SeuZlebeli Sesru-
lebis nawilSi, xolo Seusrulebeli valdebulebisaTvis movalis pasuxismgebloba
ZalaSi rCeba.~166
`xelSekrulebis Seusruleblobisas pirveladi valdebulebisagan ganTavi-
sufleba ar gulisxmobs movalis pasuxismgeblobis srul gamoricxvas, ramdenadac
damrRvevi mxaris mimarT kreditoris sasargeblod aRmocendeba meoradi
163
ix. Mattheus D., Schuldrechtsmodernisierung 2001/2002, Die Neuordnung des allgemeinen Leistungsstörungs – rechts, JuS,
2002, 212, miTiTebulia: maCalaZe s., zianis anazRaureba valdebulebis darRvevisas (saqarTvelosa da
germaniis kanonmdeblobaTa analizi), qarTuli samarTlis mimoxilva, specialuri gamocema, 2004, 86.
164
165
§275 I, III.
166
Lando O., Beale H., Principles of European Contract Law, part I and II, Kluwer Law International, The Hague/Lon-
177
moTxovnis uflebebi.~167 magaliTad, absoluturi da moraluri SeuZleblobisas

naturiT Sesrulebis valdebulebisagan ganTavisuflebis paralelurad braleul
movales ekisreba zianis anazRaurebis valdebuleba xelSekrulebidan gasvlis
samarTlebriv reJimSi.
`pasuxismgeblobisagan ganTavisuflebisaTvis movale ver miuTiTebs
finansur gadaxdisuunarobaze. am saxis pasuxismgeblobisagan ganTavisuflebis
safuZvels germanuli samarTali ar icnobs. erTaderTi damcavi argumenti SeiZ-
leba iyos mxolod Secdoma kanonSi, Tumca, sasamarTloebis poziciis Tanaxmad,
aRniSnuli Secdomis daZleva xSirad mxaris SesaZleblobis sferos ganekuTvneba.
amrigad, germaniis e.w. braleulobaze dafuZnebuli pasuxismgeblobis reJimi
mniSvnelovnad uaxlovdeba angloamerikul sagarantio pasuxismgeblobas.~168
essp-is 9:501 I muxlis Tanaxmad, anazRaurebas eqvemdebareba mxolod val-
debulebis braleuli darRvevis Sedegad miyenebuli ziani. valdebulebis dar-
Rveva, Sesrulebis arabraleuli SeuZleblobis saxiT, pasuxismgeblobisgan gan-
Tavisuflebis safuZvelia da, Sesabamisad, gamoricxavs zianis anazRaurebis
moTxovnis uflebis arsebobas.
principebis 9:103 muxlis ZaliT, Sesrulebis valdebulebisgan ganTavisuf-
leba ar abrkolebs zianis anazRaurebis moTxovnis uflebis ganxorcielebas.
principebis 8:108 III muxlis analizidan irkveva, rom movale valdebulia,
gonivrul vadaSi Seatyobinos kreditors im garemoebis Sesaxeb, romelic safr-
Txes uqmnis valdebulebis Sesrulebas. gonivruli vada aiTvleba im momentidan,
rodesac movalisaTvis cnobili gaxda, an obieqturi SesaZlebloba hqonda, Seetyo
aRniSnuli garemoebis Sesaxeb. `saqmis konkretuli garemoebebis gaTvaliswinebiT,
valdebulebiTsamarTlebrivi urTierTobis specifikam SesaZlebelia warmoSvas
dauyovneblivi Setyobinebis valdebuleba, im SemTxvevaSic ki, rodesac mova-
lisaTvis araa cnobili dabrkolebis SesaZlo samarTlebrivi Sedegebi.~169
xsenebuli muxli movales akisrebs valdebulebas, warmoSobili dabrko-
lebis Sesaxeb SetyobinebiT, kreditors misces misi uaryofiTi Sedegebis Tavidan
acilebis SesaZlebloba. `Setyobinebis valdebulebis drouli ganuxor-
cielebloba (braleuli umoqmedoba), ramac kreditoris mier dabrkolebis Tavidan
acileba SeuZlebeli gaxada, afuZnebs movalis brals kreditoris mimarT damdgar
zianSi. Sesabamisad, kreditori uflebamosilia, moiTxovos dabrkolebis
Seutyobineblobis Sedegad miyenebuli zianis anazRaureba.170 am SemTxvevaSi
movalis brali gamoixateba ara Sesrulebis SeuZleblobis warmoSobiT, aramed
kontrahentisaTvis mosalodneli dabrkolebis Sesaxeb SeutyobineblobiT, rac
TavisTavad pasuxismgeblobis winapirobad ganixileba.
principebis 1:303 muxlis Tanaxmad, nebismieri gancxadeba namdvilad
iTvleba im momentidan, rodesac is meore mxares miuva. Tu mxarisaTvis gagzavnili
Setyobineba Seexeba Setyobinebis adresatis mier valdebulebis darRvevis faqts,
an mosalodnel darRvevas movalis mxridan, aseve im pirobiT, Tu Setyobineba
saTanadod aris gagzavnili, misi dayovneba ar aferxebs gancxadebis moqmedebas.
167
168
iqve, 415.
169
170
ix. iqve, 383.
178
gancxadebas iuridiuli Zala eniWeba im momentidan, rodesac igi Cveulebriv

pirobebSi unda misvloda adresats. ramdenadac saxelSekrulebo urTierTobaSi
warmoSobili dabrkolebis Setyobinebisas sakiTxi ar Seexeba kreditoris mier
valdebulebis darRvevas, aseve kreditorisaTvisac ucnobia movalis SesaZlo
darRvevis faqti, amdenad, Setyobinebis adresatamde miusvlelobis uaryofiTi
Sedegebis riski movales akisria.
4.4.2 Sesrulebis SeuZleblobis dafuZnebamde movalis mier gancxadebuli

braleuli uari valdebulebis Sesrulebaze da zianis anazRaurebis
problema
gansakuTrebul iuridiul mniSvnelobas iZens movalis mier gancxadebuli

braleuli uari im valdebulebis Sesrulebaze, romelic obieqturad ganxor-
cielebadia, magram ar aris vadamosuli. aseve SemTxveva, rodesac movale ar uar-
yofs valdebulebas, magram braleulad ar axorcielebs SesrulebisaTvis auci-
lebel moqmedebebs, ris safuZvelzec dasturdeba valdebulebis mosalodneli
darRvevis arseboba. Tu am pirobebSi vadamosuli valdebulebis mimarT, mova-
lisagan damoukidebeli mizeziT, dadgeba Sesrulebis SeuZlebloba, romlis
dadgomaSic movale arabraleulia, saxelSekrulebo pasuxismgeblobis sakiTxi
mniSvnelovnad saintereso xdeba.
ssk ar iTvaliswinebs mosalodneli darRvevis samarTlebrivi kategoriis
regulirebas, is mxolod 405-e II (a) muxlis SinaarsSi igulisxmeba: ar aris au-
cilebeli damatebiTi vadis daweseba an gafrTxileba, Tu aSkaraa, rom mas Sedegi ar
mohyveba. normis ganmartebidan gamomdinare, aq unda igulisxmebodes mosa-
lodneli darRvevisa da Sesrulebis SeuZleblobis samarTlebrivi koncefciebi,
rodesac damatebiTi vadis daweseba ubralo formalobad iqceva. Sesabamisad,
mocemul TavSi wamoWrili problemac ar aris moqmedi samoqalaqo kodeqsiT
mowesrigebuli, Tumca pasuxismgeblobis gansazRvrisaTvis gansakuTrebiT sa-
gulisxmoa.
gansaxilvel SemTxvevaSi movales, romelic valdebulebis vadamosulo-
bamde uars acxadebs Sesrulebaze, brali ar unda miuZRodes Sesrulebis SeuZ-
leblobis warmoSobaSi, rac valdebulebis darRvevaa da iwvevs kreditorisaTvis
zianis miyenebas.
am SemTxvevaSi ar arsebobs mizezobrivi kavSiri, rogorc valdebulebis
darRvevis erT-erTi aucilebeli elementi, movalis qmedebasa da damdgar Sedegs
Soris, vinaidan SeusruleblobiT gamowveuli ziani ar aris movalis braleuli
qmedebis uSualo samarTlebrivi Sedegi171 da Sesrulebis SeuZlebloba mova-
lisagan damoukidebelma garemoebam ganapiroba. am SemTxvevaSi gasaTvaliswi-
nebelia movalis mier valdebulebis mosalodneli braleuli darRveva, romlis sa-
fuZvelzec Sesrulebis SeuZleblobis ararsebobis pirobebSi ziani mainc
dadgeboda.
ssk Sesrulebis arabraleuli SeuZleblobisas iTvaliswinebs movalis
ganTavisuflebas zianis anazRaurebis valdebulebisagan, romelic aseve ara-
braleuli kreditoris mimarT warmoSobs valdebulebis darRvevis uaryofiT
171
179
Sedegebs — misTvis miyenebuli zianis anazRaurebis gamoricxviT. am SemTxvevaSi

kanonmdebeli arabraleuli movalis interesebs icavs Tanabrad arabraleuli
kreditoris interesebTan mimarTebiT. Tumca, rodesac saxezea movalis mier
valdebulebis mosalodneli braleuli darRveva, kanonmdebelma arCevani ara-
braleuli kreditoris interesebis sasargeblod unda gaakeTos da movales zianis
anazRaurebis valdebuleba daakisros, miuxedavad imisa, rom valdebulebis
Seusrulebloba Sesrulebis SeuZleblobam ganapiroba da ara movalis mier val-
debulebis mosalodnelma braleulma darRvevam.
4.4.3 ukiduresad garTulebuli Sesrulebis pirobebSi braleuli movalis

mier pirveladi valdebulebis naturiT Sesruleba Tu xelSekrulebidan
gasvlis samarTlebriv reJimSi kreditorisaTvis zianis anazRaurebis
valdebuleba?
gsk-is 275-e II paragrafiT ganmtkicebulia e.w. praqtikuli (fardobiTi)

Sesrulebis SeuZleblobis samarTlebrivi kategoria, rodesac aragonivrulia,
movales moeTxovos valdebulebis Sesruleba, misi ganxorcielebadobis
miuxedavad. am SemTxvevaSi `valdebulebis Sesruleba martooden rTuldeba, xolo
obieqturad igi mainc Sesrulebadia.~172 kerZod, aRniSnuli paragrafis formu-
lirebiT: movales SeuZlia, uari Tqvas valdebulebis Sesrulebaze, Tu es ara-
gonivrulad did xarjebs ukavSirdeba, rac mniSvnelovnad Seusabamoa kreditoris
Sesrulebis interesTan, valdebulebiTi urTierTobis Sinaarssa da keTil-
sindisierebis principTan. am SemTxvevaSi gasaTvaliswinebelia movalis brali
saxelSekrulebo dabrkolebis warmoSobaSi. ukiduresad garTulebuli val-
debulebis Sesruleba gamoiwvevda `samarTlisa da samarTlianobis cnebebisadmi
aSkara Seusabamobas~173 da daarRvevda urTierTvaldebulebaTa balanss.
arsebiTi mniSvnelobisaa sakiTxi, Tu ra Zalisxmeva moeTxoveba movales val-
debulebis Sesrulebis uzrunvelyofis mizniT, Sesrulebis SeuZleblobisaTvis
pasuxismgeblobisagan ganTavisuflebamde.174 am muxlis ZaliT, `movale ufle-
bamosilia, moiTxovos Sesrulebis valdebulebisagan ganTavisufleba, Tu Ses-
ruleba misgan aragonivrulad did finansur Zalisxmevas moiTxovs.~175 Tu sa-
samarTlo valdebulad CaTvlis movales, daZlios saxelSekrulebo urTierTobaSi
warmoSobili damabrkolebeli garemoeba, maSin movales warmoeSoba sanacvlo
Sesrulebis moTxovnis ufleba kontrahentisagan, xolo Tavad valdebuli iqneba,
gamoiyenos yvela aucilebeli saSualeba valdebulebis naturiT Sesrulebis
uzrunvelsayofad.
172
173
Zweigert K., Kötz H., Introduction to Comparative Law, Volume II-The Institutions of Private Law, 2nd Revised ed.,
Translated from German by Weir T., Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1987, 521, miTiTebulia: Wanturia l., zoiZe b., niniZe
T., Sengelia r., xecuriani j., saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis komentari, wigni III, valdebulebiTi
174
Tu xelSekrulebis sagani individualuri niSniT gansazRvruli nivTia, maSin valdebulebiTsamar-
Tlebriv urTierTobaSi warmoSobili dabrkolebis daZlevisaTvis movales ar akisria finansuri
saxsrebis gaRebis movaleoba im odenobiT, rac aRemateba saxelSekrulebo fass. ix. Markesinis S.B.,
Unberath H., Johnston A., The German Law of Contract – A Comparative Treatise, 2nd ed., Hart Publishing, Oxford and
Portland, Oregon, 415.
175
180
sainteresoa, kanonmdeblis ra mizani ikveTeba 275-e II paragrafis bolo

winadadebaSi, kerZod, movalis brali zegavlenas axdens naturiT Sesrulebis
savaldebuloobaze, Tu zianis anazRaurebis moTxovnis uflebis arsebobaze.
xsenebuli paragrafis teleologiuri ganmartebidan gamomdinare, brali mniS-
vnelobas iZens imis gansazRvrisaTvis, Tu ramdenad SeiZleba moeTxovos movales
realuri Sesruleba, vinaidan muxlis dasawyisSi saubaria Sesrulebis val-
debulebisgan ganTavisuflebaze da, dasasruls, kanonmdebeli aRniSnavs, rom àm
SemTxvevaSi gasaTvaliswinebelia movalis brali saxelSekrulebo dabrkolebis
warmoSobaSi.~ xsenebuli paragrafiT ganxiluli SemTxveva ki swored pirveladi
valdebulebisagan ganTavisuflebis sakiTxs ukavSirdeba. am principiT, Tu
movalem sakuTari braleuli qmedebiT ganapiroba Sesrulebis ukiduresad dam-
Zimeba, maSin Sesrulebis valdebulebisagan ganTavisuflebis privilegiiT ver
isargeblebs da, Sesabamisad, valdebuli iqneba, ganaxorcielos aragonivrulad
didi xarjebis fasad xelSekrulebiT SeTanxmebuli pirveladi valdebuleba.
is faqti, rom fardobiTi SeuZleblobis pirobebSi gsk braleul movales
Sesrulebis valdebulebisagan ar aTavisuflebs, dasturdeba gsk-is 283-e parag-
rafis formulirebiT: Tuki movale 275-e I da III paragrafis mixedviT Tavisufalia
Sesrulebis valdebulebisagan da, amasTanave, brali miuZRvis SesrulebisaTvis
dabrkolebis SeqmnaSi (daculia 280-e I paragrafis erT-erTi winapiroba movalis
braleulobis saxiT), maSin kreditors SeuZlia, mosTxovos movales zianis
anazRaureba valdebulebis SesrulebisaTvis damatebiTi vadis dawesebis gareSe.
vinaidan 283-e paragrafSi saubaria braleuli movalis zianis anazRaurebis val-
debulebaze mxolod absoluturi176 da moraluri Sesrulebis SeuZleblobis177 pi-
robebSi, Sesabamisad igulisxmeba, rom Sesrulebis fardobiTi SeuZleblobisas178
Sesrulebis dabrkolebisaTvis pasuxismgebeli movale ar Tavisufldeba Ses-
rulebis valdebulebisagan da, Sesabamisad, zianis anazRaurebis valdebuleba ar
ekisreba, vinaidan saxelSekrulebo urTierToba xelSekrulebidan gasvlis sa-
marTlebriv reJimSi ar transformirdeba.
mniSvnelovania, rom kanonmdebeli bralis formas angariSs ar uwevs imis
gansazRvrisaTvis, Tu ramdenad SesaZlebelia, mxares moeTxovos Sesruleba,
romelic aragonivrulad did xarjebs ukavSirdeba. ganzraxi bralis SemTxvevaSi,
romelic moicavs marTlsawinaaRmdego Sedegis codnasa da survils, movalisaTvis
Sesrulebis valdebulebis dakisreba, erTi SexedviT, sadavo ar SeiZleba gaxdes,
vinaidan movalis Sesrulebisagan ganTavisufleba 275-e II paragrafiT gaTva-
liswinebul SemTxvevaSi xorcieldeba maSin, rodesac keTilsindisierebisa da
saxelSekrulebo wonasworobis, aseve interesTa balansis gaTvaliswinebiT ara-
gonivrulia, mxares moeTxovos valdebulebis Sesruleba. ganzraxi bralis Sem-
TxvevaSi ki, keTilsindisierebis uzrunvelyofis mizniT, ver ganxorcieldeba
Tavad arakeTilsindisieri movalis Sesrulebis valdebulebisagan ganTavisuf-
leba, romelmac ganzraxi braliT gamoiwvia Sesrulebis dabrkoleba. Sesabamisad,
igi valdebuli iqneba, aragonivrulad didi xarjebis miuxedavad, ganaxorcielos
Sesruleba, magram realurad warmoiSoba interesTa winaaRmdegoba. kerZod, gsk
braleul movales akisrebs Sesrulebis valdebulebas, miuxedavad imisa, rom igi
gaumarTlebel xarjebs ukavSirdeba. am SemTxvevaSi kanonmdebeli keTilsindisieri
kreditoris poziciaze dgas da misi naturiT Sesrulebis miRebis interess icavs.
176
§275 I.
177
ix. iqve, §275 III.
178
ix. iqve, §275 II.
181
sapirispirod ki movales aragonivrulad didi xarjebis gaRebas avaldebulebs

SesrulebisaTvis. amrigad, gsk upiratesobas aniWebs kreditoris Sesrulebis
interess braleuli movalis interesebTan SedarebiT. mocemul SemTxvevaSi moq-
medebs principi — Tu movale braleulia Sesrulebis damabrkolebeli garemoebis
warmoSobis mimarT, maSin igi valdebulia, aragonivruli xarjebis miuxedavad,
Seasrulos valdebuleba.
mxareTa ormxrivi interesebis balansis uzrunvelyofis mizniT ufro ga-
marTlebuli iqneboda braleuli movalis ganTavisufleba Sesrulebis valde-
bulebisagan da xelSekrulebidan gasvlis samarTlebriv reJimSi movalisaTvis
zianis anazRaurebis moTxovnis uflebis dakisreba. kreditorisaTvis Sesrulebis
interesis Sesabamisi kompensaciis gadaxda ufro mizanSewonilad unda CaiTvalos,
vidre, Tundac, braleuli movalisaTvis aragonivruli xarjebis safasurad
valdebulebis Sesrulebis dakisreba, vinaidan kanonmdeblobis mizania ara bra-
leuli movalis dasja, aramed xelSekrulebis monawileebis interesTa balansis
uzrunvelyofa. marTalia, germanuli samarTlis sistema orientirebulia
valdebulebis naturiT Sesrulebaze, magram amasTan gaTvaliswinebuli unda iqnes
is principi, rom zianis anazRaurebisas upiratesia kreditoris darRveuli
interesis kompensacia da ara braleuli mxaris dasja. amitomac, gsk-is 275-e II
paragrafis ZaliT, braleuli movalisaTvis pirveladi valdebulebis Sesrulebis
dakisreba, aragonivrulad didi xarjebis sanacvlod, kreditoris Sesrulebis
interesis uzrunvelyofis mizniT, gaumarTleblad unda CaiTvalos, rac kidev
ufro naTeli da udavoa gaufrTxileblobiT valdebulebis darRvevis Sem-
TxvevaSi. interesTa winaaRmdegobis aseT viTarebaSi Sefasebis sakiTxia: kredi-
toris Sesrulebis interesia upiratesi Tu movalis ekonomikuri mdgomareobis
gauaresebis Tavidan acileba. Tu 275-e II paragrafiT ganmtkicebuli iqneboda
braleuli movalis mier zianis anazRaurebis, da ara naturiT Sesrulebis,
valdebuleba, maSin orive xelSemkvreli mxaris ekonomikuri mdgomareoba iqneboda
daculi, — erTi mxriv, kreditorisaTvis Sesrulebis ekvivalenturi kompensaciis
gadaxdiT da, meore mxriv, movalis aragonivrulad did xarjebTan dakavSirebuli
Sesrulebis valdebulebisgan ganTavisuflebiT.
4.4.4 pasuxismgeblobisagan ganTavisuflebis winapirobebi Sesrulebis

SeuZleblobis arsebobisas
essp-is 6:111 muxli iTvaliswinebs xelSekrulebis pirobebis gadasinjvas im

SemTxvevaSi, Tuki winaswar gauTvaliswinebeli damabrkolebeli garemoebebis
warmoSobis Sedegad valdebulebis Sesruleba gansakuTrebiT rTuldeba. misgan
gansxvavebiT, 8:108 muxli mxolod im SemTxvevas aregulirebs, rodesac damab-
rkolebeli garemoebebi araTu arTulebs valdebulebis Sesrulebas, aramed SeuZ-
lebels xdis mas. pirvel SemTxvevaSi xelSekruleba ZalaSi rCeba mxolod Sec-
vlili pirobebiT, xolo Sesrulebis SeuZlebloba 8:108 muxlis ZaliT Sesrulebis
valdebulebas aqarwylebs. `Sesrulebis SeuZleblobis pirobebSi xelSekrulebiT
gaTvaliswinebuli moqmedebis Sesrulebaa SeuZlebeli an kanoniT akrZaluli.~179
179
182
`principebis 8:108 muxli imperatiuli ar aris — mxareebs SeuZliaT, gaiT-

valiswinon riskis sxvagvari gadanawileba da pasuxismgeblobis sakiTxi gan-
sxvavebulad moawesrigon nebismieri dabrkolebis warmoSobis SemTxvevaSi an kon-
kretuli damabrkolebeli garemoebis arsebobis pirobebSi.~180
valdebulebis darRvevisas movalis pasuxismgeblobisagan ganTavisufleba
xorcieldeba im Secvlil garemoebebze dayrdnobiT, romlebic movalis kontro-
lis sferos ar ganekuTvneba da mxares brali ar miuZRvis maT warmoSobaSi. Tuki
dabrkolebis gadalaxva SeuZlebelia, maSin movalis pasuxismgeblobisagan gan-
TavisuflebisaTvis unda damtkicdes misi arabraleuloba Sesrulebis SeuZ-
leblobis dadgomaSi, xolo Tuki Secvlili garemoebis Tavidan acileba obieq-
turad SesaZlebeli iyo, maSin mxarem unda miuTiTos valdebulebis Sesrulebaze
uaris Tqmis pativsadebi safuZveli.181
saqonlis saerTaSoriso nasyidobis xelSekrulebaTa Sesaxeb gaerTianebuli
erebis organizaciis 1980 wlis 11 aprilis konvenciis182 (SemdgomSi — nasyidobis
konvencia) 79-e muxliT movale Tavisufldeba pasuxismgeblobisagan (masTan, Ses-
rulebis movaleobisgan), Tuki garemoeba, romelmac valdebulebis Seusruleb-
loba ganapiroba, movalis kontrolis sferos ar ganekuTvneba da am garemoebis
gaTvaliswineba da misi Sedegebis Tavidan acileba SeuZlebeli iyo xelSekrulebis
dadebis etapze. am TvalsazrisiT, unda gaimijnos garemoebebi, romlebic gamo-
ricxaven pasuxismgeblobas iseTi garemoebebisagan, romlebic pasuxismgeblobis
dakisrebis safuZvels qmnis.183
principebis 8:108 I muxli gansazRvravs Sesrulebis arabraleuli SeuZleb-
lobisas movalis pasuxismgeblobisagan ganTavisuflebis winapirobebs: val-
debulebis darRvevisas mxare SeiZleba ganTavisufldes pasuxismgeblobisagan, Tu
daamtkicebs, rom xelSekrulebis dadebis etapze damabrkolebeli garemoebis war-
moSobis gaTvaliswineba, dabrkolebis daZleva da misi samarTlebrivi Sedegebis
acileba movalis kontrolis sferos ar ganekuTvneboda.
movale, romelic pasuxismgeblobisgan ganTavisuflebas iTxovs, valde-
bulia amtkicos 8:108 muxlis winapirobebi:
1. dabrkoleba, rogorc movalis kontrolis miRma arsebuli garemoeba.
movales sakuTar qmedebebze pasuxismgebloba Tavad ekisreba. dabrkoleba pasu-
xismgeblobisagan ganTavisuflebis safuZvels qmnis, Tu misi warmoSoba mova-
lisagan damoukideblad xorcieldeba; da Tu dabrkoleba vadis gadacilebis (bra-
leuli moqmedebis) Semdgom aRmocenda, is pasuxismgeblobisagan ganTavisuflebis
safuZvlad ar ganixileba, vinaidan Sesrulebis SeuZlebloba ar warmoiSoboda,
valdebuleba droulad rom Sesrulebuliyo da movales braleuli qmedebiT vada
ar gadaecilebina.
2. xelSekrulebis dadebis etapze damabrkolebeli garemoebis gaTvalis-
winebis SeuZlebloba. Tu xelSekrulebis dadebis etapze mxares winaswar SeeZlo,
dabrkolebis warmoSoba evarauda, maSin masve ekisreba aRniSnuli garemoebis
dadgomis riskic. misi brali gamoixateba garemoebis gauTvaliswineblobaSi.
180
iqve, 379.
181
ix. Markesinis S.B., Unberath H., Johnston A., The German Law of Contract - A Comparative Treatise, 2nd ed., Hart
182
Schlechtriem P., Uniform Sales Law-The UN-Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods,
www.law.pace.edu/cisg/text/treaty, (20.07.08.).
183
183
dabrkolebis gaTvaliswinebis moTxovna moqmedebs Secvlili garemoebebisadmi

xelSekrulebis misadagebis SemTxvevaSic (6:111).184
3. dauZleveli garemo. pasuxismgeblobisgan ganTavisuflebis erT-erTi
winapiroba saxezea, Tu mxare saxelSekrulebo urTierTobaSi warmoSobil
dabrkolebaze zemoqmedebis SesaZleblobas moklebulia. `pasuxismgeblobisgan
ganTavisuflebisaTvis aucilebelia zemoxsenebuli winapirobebis kumulaciuri
arseboba — SeuZlebeli unda iyos mxaris kontrols miRma arsebuli dabrkolebis
rogorc Tavidan acileba, aseve misi uaryofiTi Sedegebis aRmofxvrac.~185 àR-
saniSnavia, rom movales ar moeTxoveba damabrkolebeli garemoebis aRmofxvra ise-
Ti moqmedebiT, romelic valdebulebis Seusruleblobis riskis Seusabamo,
araproporciuli an ukanonoa.~186
`dabrkolebas, rogorc pasuxismgeblobisagan ganTavisuflebis safuZvels,
ganekuTvneba bunebrivi movlenebi, sakanonmdeblo akrZalvebi, mesame pirTa qme-
debebi da sxva. aRsaniSnavia, rom gakotreba ar gamoricxavs pasuxismgeblobas,
vinaidan is piris kontrolis miRma arsebul garemoebad ver CaiTvleba, Tumca,
rodesac subieqtis gadaxdisuunaroba ganpirobebulia saxelmwifos mier
ganxorcielebuli SezRudviT, maSin gakotreba piris pasuxismgeblobisgan
ganTavisuflebis safuZvels qmnis.~187
amrigad, pasuxismgeblobisagan ganTavisuflebis safuZvels qmnis movalis
an, sazogadod, yvela adamianisaTvis winaswar gauTvaliswinebeli, aucdeneli da
garduvali, movalisgan damoukideblad arsebuli obieqturi garemoeba, romelic
Sesrulebis SeuZleblobis garegan mizezad ganixileba.188
movales moeTxoveba Zalisxmeva, raTa Seaferxos Sesrulebis obieqturi
SeuZlebloba, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi mas daekisreba pasuxismgebloba Seus-
ruleblobis ganmapirobebel mizezze. im SemTxvevaSi, Tu arsebobs pasuxis-
mgeblobisagan ganTavisuflebis 8:108 muxliT gaTvaliswinebuli winapirobebi,
maSin kreditori uflebamosilia, mimarTos samarTlebrivi dacvis saSualebebs,
valdebulebis Sesrulebisa da zianis anazRaurebis moTxovnis uflebis garda.
4.4.5 Sesrulebis SeuZleblobis reglamentaciis problema moqmed

samoqalaqo samarTalSi
qarTul samarTlebriv sivrceSi ar arsebobs valdebulebis darRvevis

erTiani cneba. amasTan, ssk, germanuli samarTlisagan gansxvavebiT, ar iTva-
liswinebs valdebulebis darRvevis calkeuli kategoriis damoukidebeli muxliT
regulirebas, mxolod movalis mier vadis gadacilebaa calke reglamentaciis
sagani, xolo misTvis kuTvnil TavSi Sesrulebis SeuZleblobas erTaderTi muxli
aqvs daTmobili, isic vadis gadacilebasTan kavSirSi, im SemTxvevis gamosaxatavad,
Tu rodis ar CaiTvleba vada gadacilebulad. nakliani Sesrulebis maregu-
184
185
iqve, 381.
186
iqve, 381.
187
iqve,379.
188
184
lirebeli danawesebi ki nasyidobis xelSekrulebis momwesrigebel normebSia

gabneuli.
valdebulebis Sesrulebis SeuZlebloba kontinenturi samarTlis
sistemaSi xelSekrulebis darRvevis erT-erT ZiriTad da damoukidebel saxed
ganixileba, Tumca ssk-Si, Sesrulebis SeuZleblobis reglamentaciis Tval-
sazrisiT, mniSvnelovani vakuumia. kerZod, igi vadis gadacilebis kategoriaSia
zedapirulad ganxiluli da valdebulebis darRvevis am damoukidebel saxes
moqmed kodeqsSi samarTlebrivi regulireba realurad arc eTmoba, rac samar-
TalSefardebis TvalsazrisiT praqtikuli problemebis arsebobas ganapirobebs.
magaliTad, sasamarTlo 401-e muxls mxolod Sesrulebis SeuZleblobis iseTi
SemTxvevis mosawesrigeblad iyenebs, romelic movalis braleul qmedebas ar
miewereba.189 xolo Sesrulebis SeuZleblobisas meoradi moTxovnis uflebebze
xelmisawvdomobis, mxareTa pasuxismgeblobis, Semxvedri valdebulebisagan gan-
Tavisuflebis, braleuli da arabraleuli, kreditorisa Tu movalis qmedebiT
gamowveuli, droebiTi da mudmivi, obieqturi Tu subieqturi, absoluturi Tu
keTilsindisierebis principiT gamarTlebuli fardobiTi Sesrulebis SeuZ-
leblobis sakiTxebi sakanonmdeblo doneze araa gadawyvetili, riTac qarTul
samarTlebriv sivrceSi mniSvnelovani vakuumi iqmneba da rogorc doqtrinul, ise
samarTalSefardebis doneze arsebiT sirTuleebs ganapirobebs.
xarveziT xasiaTdeba ssk-is 401-e muxlis formulireba, saidanac irkveva,
rom vadis gadacilebad, Sesabamisad valdebulebis darRvevad, ar iTvleba
valdebulebis Seusrulebloba iseT garemoebaTa gamo, romelnic movalis braliT
ar aris gamowveuli.190 am muxlis Sinaarsze dayrdnobiT movalis braleulobazea
damokidebuli valdebulebis darRvevis arseboba da darRvevis, rogorc
obieqturi Seusruleblobis faqtis aRiareba, aRniSnuli normidan ar ikveTeba.
vinaidan arabraleuli Sesrulebis SeuZleblobas kodeqsi valdebulebis
darRvevad ar ganixilavs (miuxedavad imisa, rom valdebulebis darRvevis karSia
mocemuli), SeuZlebelia arsebobdes meoradi moTxovnis uflebebisadmi mimarTeba.
ssk-is 401-e muxli srulyofilad ver asaxavs Sesrulebis SeuZleblobis
iuridiul Sinaarss, vinaidan mas asaxelebs mxolod vadis gadacilebis gamomricxav
garemoebad. 401-e muxlSi Sesrulebis SeuZleblobis mxolod erT-erTi saxe — ara-
braleuli SeuZleblobaa mowesrigebuli, romelic ar warmoadgens am samar-
Tlebrivi konstruqciis erTaderT klasikur SemTxvevas. realurad, Sesrulebis
SeuZleblobas SeiZleba rogorc movalis, ise kreditoris braleuli qmedeba
(umoqmedoba) edos safuZvlad.
401-e muxlis saTauris formulirebidanac naTlad ikveTeba, rom kodeqsi
valdebulebis yvela saxis Seusruleblobas, romelic movalis braliT araa
gamowveuli, Sesrulebis arabraleul SeuZleblobad ganixilavs, rac ara-
marTebulia. magaliTad, kreditoris mier vadis gadacilebisas valdebuleba
movalis bralisagan damoukideblad ver sruldeba, Tumca amiT calsaxad ar
fuZndeba Sesrulebis SeuZlebloba, radganac movale kvlav valdebuli rCeba,
189
saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos samoqalaqo, samewarmeo da gakotrebis saqmeTa palatis
ganCineba (02.03.06.) as-853-1122-05, http://www.supremecourt.ge/default.aspx?sec_id=133&lang=1, (15.07.08.).
190
mniSvnelovania, rom angloamerikul samarTlebriv sistemaSi valdebulebis arabraleuli Seus-
rulebloba darRvevad ar ganixileba. Tumca ssk-is 401-e muxlSi es wesi ar igulisxmeba, vinaidan qar-
Tuli samarTali valdebulebis darRvevis sakiTxis regulirebisas ZiriTad principebSi germanuli
samarTlis moziarea.
185
ganaxorcielos Sesruleba (magaliTad, deponirebiT). amasTan, Sesrulebis SeuZ-

lebloba saxezea ara mxolod maSin, rodesac movalisgan damoukidebeli gare-
moebebiT valdebuleba ar sruldeba, aramed, rodesac Sesrulebis SeuZleblobas
kreditoris an Tavad movalis braleulma qmedebam Seuwyo xeli. amrigad, kodeqsis
401-e muxlSi mxolod bundovnad ikveTeba Sesrulebis SeuZleblobis mxolod erTi
— arabraleuli SeuZleblobis kategoria. rac Seexeba SeuZleblobis iseT saxeebs,
romlebic kreditoris an movalis braleuli qmedebis Sedegad fuZndeba, isini
samoqalaqo kodeqsis mier reglamentebuli saerTod ar aris.
amrigad, ssk-is 401-e muxlSi mxolod movalis bralisagan damoukidebeli
Sesrulebis SeuZleblobis koncefciaa gadmocemuli, isic arasrulyofili da
gaumarTavi formulirebiT.
ssk-is 399-e muxli ganamtkicebs xelSekrulebis moSlis samarTlebriv re-
Jims, romelic mxolod grZelvadiani saxelSekrulebo valdebulebiTsamar-
Tlebrivi urTierTobis mimarT gamoiyeneba. 399-e I muxlis Tanaxmad, xelSek-
rulebis nebismier mxares SeuZlia, pativsadebi safuZvlidan gamomdinare, uari
Tqvas grZelvadian valdebulebiT urTierTobaze xelSekrulebis moSlisaTvis
dawesebuli vadis daucvelad. pativsadebi safuZvlis arsebobis gansazRvra
obieqtur kriteriums ukavSirdeba. kerZod, pativsadebia safuZveli, roca
xelSekrulebis momSlel mxares konkretuli viTarebis, maT Soris dauZleveli
Zalisa da ormxrivi interesebis gaTvaliswinebiT, ar SeiZleba moeTxovos saxel-
Sekrulebo urTierTobis gagrZeleba SeTanxmebuli vadis an xelSekrulebis moS-
lisaTvis dawesebuli vadis gasvlamde.191 mniSvnelovania, rom xsenebuli muxli
dauZlevel Zalas, rogorc Sesrulebis arabraleul SeuZleblobas, xelSekru-
lebis moSlis winapirobad acxadebs, romlis arsebobisas xelSekrulebis dauyov-
neblivi moSlis uflebamosileba fuZndeba. msgavsi Sinaarsis normas ganamtkicebs
gsk-is 314-e I paragrafi, romelic dasaSvebad miiCnevs grZelvadiani valdebu-
lebiTsamarTlebrivi urTierTobis moSlas pativsadebi safuZvliT, mxareTa
SeTanxmebiT an kanoniT, xelSekrulebis moSlisaTvis dadgenili specialuri va-
debis daucvelad, Tumca, ssk-is 399-e I muxlisagan gansxvavebiT, gsk-is 314-e I parag-
rafi ar moicavs miTiTebas Sesrulebis SeuZleblobaze, rogorc xelSekrulebis
dauyovneblivi moSlis safuZvelze. samagierod, gsk-is 323-e II paragrafi ga-
namtkicebs valdebulebis Seusruleblobis calkeul SemTxvevebs (maT Soris
moiazreba Sesrulebis SeuZleblobac), rodesac damatebiTi vadis samarTlebrivi
instrumenti ar gamoiyeneba. swored es aris gsk-is 314-e I paragrafSi Sesrulebis
SeuZleblobis miuTiTeblobis mizezi. amasTan, gsk-is 314-e II paragrafis ZaliT
valdebulebis darRveva xelSekrulebis moSlis damoukidebel safuZvlad
ganixileba. am dros erTveba xelSekrulebidan gasvlis samarTlebrivi reJimi,
rodesac damatebiTi vadis koncefcia iwyebs sruli datvirTviT amoqmedebas.
ssk-Tan mimarTebiT unda iTqvas, rom ssk-is 399-e I muxlSi dauZleveli Zala,
rogorc Sesrulebis arabraleuli SeuZlebloba, xelSekrulebis dauyovneblivi
moSlis samarTlebriv safuZvlad ganixileba, 399-e II muxli ki xelSekrulebis
moSlis damoukidebel winapirobad valdebulebis darRvevas acxadebs. kerZod, Tu
safuZveli saxelSekrulebo valdebulebaTa darRvevacaa, xelSekrulebis moSla
dasaSvebia mxolod naklovanebaTa aRmofxvrisaTvis dadgenili vadis uSedegod
gasvlis an uSedego gafrTxilebis Semdeg. Sesabamisad gamoiyeneba 405-e II muxli. am
191
ùwyebani~, sakanonmdeblo damateba, 31, 1997) 399-e I muxli.
186
logikiT ssk Sesrulebis arabraleul SeuZleblobas valdebulebis darRvevad ar

ganixilavs, vinaidan Sesrulebis arabraleuli SeuZleblobisas xelSekrulebis
moSlis sakiTxs calke regulirebas uTmobs, xolo valdebulebis darRvevisas
xelSekrulebis moSlis SemTxveva damoukidebeli 399-e II muxliT wesrigdeba.
amrigad, Sesrulebis SeuZlebloba, rogorc valdebulebis darRvevis erT-erTi
damoukidebeli saxe, swored 399-e II muxlis regulirebas unda daeqvemdebaros.
marTalia, Sesrulebis SeuZleblobis pirobebSi damatebiTi vadis daweseba,
Sedegis TvalsazrisiT, samarTlebriv azrs moklebulia, magram SemTxvevebs,
rodesac xelSekrulebidan dauyovneblivi gasvlis uflebamosileba fuZndeba, ssk-
is 405-e II muxli gansazRvravs. 405-e II (a) muxlSi saubaria swored im pirobebze,
rodesac damatebiTi vadis daweseba gamoiricxeba, radgan aSkaraa, rom mas
araviTari Sedegi ar mohyveba. normis ganmartebidan gamomdinare, aq unda igu-
lisxmebodes mosalodneli darRvevisa da Sesrulebis SeuZleblobis samar-
Tlebrivi kategoriebi, rodesac damatebiTi vadis daweseba ubralo formalobad
iqceva. swored amitom dauZlevel Zalaze 399-e I muxlSi miTiTeba samarTlebrivad
gaumarTlebelia.
marTalia, Sesrulebis arabraleuli SeuZleblobis SemTxvevaSi ssk-is 399-e I
muxliT uzrunvelyofilia saxelSekrulebo urTierTobis damTavreba xelSekru-
lebis moSlis samarTlebrivi konstruqciiT, Tumca gaugebaria Sesrulebis
arabraleuli SeuZleblobis, romelic valdebulebis darRvevad ar aris kodeqsSi
warmodgenili, da xelSekrulebis moSlis urTierTmimarTeba, vinaidan xelSek-
rulebidan gasvlis ufleba, angloamerikuli samarTlisagan gansxvavebiT, kon-
tinentur samarTalSi mxolod valdebulebis darRvevis safuZvelze aRmocendeba.
mniSvnelovania, rom kodeqsi Sesrulebis SeuZleblobisas saxelSekrulebo
urTierTobis dasrulebis samarTlebriv reJims iTvaliswinebs mxolod grZelva-
diani urTierTobis arsebobisas, xolo yvela sxva valdebulebiTsamarTlebriv ur-
TierTobaSi, romelic mravaljeradad gansaxorcielebel Sesrulebas ar iT-
valiswinebs, Sesrulebis SeuZleblobisas xelSekrulebidan gasvlis sakiTxi mou-
wesrigebeli rCeba. amasTan, xelSekrulebis moSlis instituti, Tavisi iuridiuli
arsiT, mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdeba xelSekrulebidan gasvlis samarTlebrivi
kategoriisagan, romlisTvisac arsebiTi maxasiaTebeli swored Tavdapirveli
mdgomareobis aRdgena-restituciaa, rac moSlis SemTxvevaSi — grZelvadiani val-
debulebiTsamarTlebrivi urTierTobis pirobebSi — realurad warmoudgenelia.
amrigad, ssk ar cnobs samarTlebriv konstruqcias — Sesrulebis
SeuZleblobis safuZvliT xelSekrulebidan gasvlis Sesaxeb, rac kidev erTxel
adasturebs, rom Sesrulebis SeuZlebloba valdebulebis darRvevis saxed ar aris
kodeqsSi warmodgenili.
saxelSekrulebo urTierTobis damTavrebis SesaZleblobas kodeqsi iTva-
liswinebs mxolod xelSekrulebis moSlis samarTlebrivi meqanizmiT, isic mxolod
arabraleuli Sesrulebis SeuZleblobis pirobebSi da mxolod grZelvadian
valdebulebiT urTierTobaSi. Sesabamisad, regulirebis miRma rCeba braleuli
Sesrulebis SeuZleblobisas xelSekrulebis samarTlebrivi bedis, mxareTa
ufleba-movaleobebis, aseve maTi pasuxismgeblobis sakiTxi. amasTan, ara marto
grZelvadian, aramed moklevadian urTierTobebSi.
ramdenadac ssk Sesrulebis SeuZleblobas valdebulebis darRvevis saxed
ar ganmartavs, Sesabamisad gamoricxulia kreditoris zianis anazRaurebis uf-
lebisadmi xelmisawvdomobis arseboba, vinaidan ssk-is 394-e I muxlis Tanaxmad,
187
movales pasuxismgebloba zianis anazRaurebis saxiT daekisreba mxolod braleuli

darRvevis SemTxvevaSi. amrigad, Tu Sesrulebis SeuZlebloba kodeqsis mier
naTlad ar ganisazRvra valdebulebis darRvevis saxed, SeuZlebeli iqneba
kreditorisaTvis zianis anazRaurebis moTxovnis uflebis miniWeba.
daskvnisaTvis unda iTqvas, rom sakanonmdeblo aqtis doneze saWiroa,
Sesrulebis SeuZlebloba ganmtkicdes valdebulebis darRvevis damoukidebel
kategoriad, raTa uzrunvelyofil iqnes xelSekrulebidan gasvlisa da zianis
anazRaurebis moTxovnis uflebebisadmi xelmisawvdomoba. samarTlebrivi gan-
sazRvrulobisaTvis aucilebelia aseve, detalurad mowesrigdes Sesrulebis
SeuZleblobis saxeebi da movalis pasuxismgeblobis farglebi ganisazRvros
Sesrulebis SeuZleblobis warmoSobis mimarT movalis braleulobis gaTva-
liswinebiT.
4.5 bralis koncefcia nakliani Sesrulebis samarTlebriv konstruqciaSi
naklian SesrulebasTan dakavSirebuli saxelSekrulebo pasuxismgebloba

TaviseburebiT xasiaTdeba, vinaidan am dros braleuli pasuxismgeblobis prin-
cipi mniSvnelovan saxecvlilebas ganicdis.
sagarantio pasuxismgebloba nivTis naklis gamo, gansakuTrebiT, angloa-me-
rikuli samarTlisTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli, sadac unaklo nivTis miwodeba mxareTa
SeTanxmebis gareSea xelSekrulebis nagulisxmevi da arsebiTi piroba. magaliTad,
saqonlis nasyidobis Sesaxeb 1979 wlis kanonis192 (SemdgomSi — snSk) Tanaxmad,
saqoneli unda Seesabamebodes aRwerilobasa193 da SeTanxmebul nimuSs,194 iyos
damakmayofilebeli xarisxisa da xelSekrulebiT gansazRvruli miznisTvis gamosa-
degi.195 es aris klasikuri magaliTi imisa, Tu rogor asaxelebs statuti konkre-
tul saxelSekrulebo pirobebs arsebiTad, ise, rom es pirobebi imTaviTve nagu-
lisxmevia xelSekrulebis SinaarsSi, mxareTa SeTanxmebis miuxedavad. gamyidvelis
pasuxismgebloba ar gamoiricxeba im safuZvliT, rom man ar icoda da arc SeeZlo
scodnoda Tvisebrivi naklis Sesaxeb. am regulirebas iTvaliswinebs 1979 wlis
snSk-is me-14 muxli, SemdgomSi 1994 wlis saqonlis nasyidobisa da miwodebis Sesaxeb
kanonis 1-li da me-7 muxlebi, aseve me-2 Tavis me-5 paragrafi.~196 Tumca snSk-is me-14
2(E)(a) muxli angariSs uwevs gamyidvelis brals valdebulebiTsamarTlebriv
urTierTobaSi: rodesac nasyidobis xelSekrulebaSi myidvelad gvevlineba mom-
xmarebeli da nivTis konkretuli Tvisebebi mwarmoeblisa Tu misi warmomadgenlis
mier aRwerilia sajaro gancxadebaSi an reklamaSi, mxarem pasuxismgeblobisgan
dasacavad unda amtkicos, rom mas ar SeeZlo scodnoda am gancxadebis Sesaxeb
xelSekrulebis dadebis etapze. am SemTxvevaSi gancxadeba mxaris mier nakisri
sagarantio pirobaa nivTis naklis ararsebobis Sesaxeb. swored amitom aRniSnuli
gancxadebis arsebobis Taobaze arcodna mxaris pasuxismgeblobisagan ganTavisuf-
lebis safuZvelia.
192
Sale of Goods Act, 1979 – This act is Reproduced with amendments as at 1st October 2003. Crown Copyright Material is
reproduced with the Permission of the Contoller of HMSO and the Queen‘s Printer for Scotland. http://www.jus.uio.no/lm/en-
gland.sale.of.goods.act.1979/doc#3 , (20.09.2008).
193
ix. snSk-is me-13 muxli.
194
iqve, me-15 muxli.
195
iqve, me-14 muxli.
196
Treitel G.H., The Law of Contract, 9th ed., Sweet and Maxwell, London, 1995, 752.
188
gsk-is 437-e paragrafis Tanaxmad, nakliani Sesrulebis SemTxvevaSi myid-

vels ufleba aqvs moiTxovos: naklis gamosworeba, xelSekrulebidan gasvla, fa-
sis Semcireba zianis an gaweuli xarjebis anazRaureba. Tumca, nivTis naklidan
gamomdinare, meoradi moTxovnis uflebebis ganxorcieleba gansazRvruli dro-
is periodiTaa zRvardadebuli.197 marTalia, nakliani Sesrulebidan gamom-
dinare, myidvelisaTvis samarTlebrivi dacvis saSualebebis mTeli speqtria
xelmisawvdomi, magram myidvelis informirebuloba nivTis naklis Sesaxeb uar-
yofiTad aisaxeba mis samarTlebriv mdgomareobaze, meoradi moTxovnis uf-
lebebis gamoyenebis TvalsazrisiT. gsk-is 442-e I paragrafis Tanaxmad, xel-
Sekrulebis dadebis etapze nivTis naklis Sesaxeb myidvelis informirebuloba
gamoricxavs 437-e paragrafiT ganmtkicebuli meoradi moTxovnis uflebebis
gamoyenebis SesaZleblobas. myidvelis ufleba, mimarTos meoradi moTxovnis
samarTlebrivi dacvis saSualebebs, ZalaSi rCeba, Tu nivTis naklis arcodna
misi uxeSi gaufrTxileblobis Sedegia da amasTan, gamyidveli Segnebulad
dumda nivTis naklis Sesaxeb, an gamyidvelma xelSekrulebiT ikisra udefeqto
nivTis miwodebis garantia.
mniSvnelovania aseve gsk-is 444-e paragrafiT ganmtkicebuli norma, rom-
lis Tanaxmad, myidveli ver miuTiTebs mxareTa Soris arsebul myidvelis uf-
lebebis SemzRudav an gamomricxav SeTanxmebaze, Tu gamyidveli Segnebulad
dumda nivTis naklis Sesaxeb an xelSekrulebiT ikisra unaklo nivTis miwodebis
garantia. Tu gamyidvelma ikisra nivTis vargisianobis garantia gansazRvruli
periodis ganmavlobaSi, maSin am sagarantio periodis manZilze aRmocenebuli
nivTis naklisaTvis pasuxismgebloba gamyidvels daekisreba.
sainteresoa franguli samarTlis midgoma: fsk-is 1641-e muxlis safuZ-
velze gamyidvels ekisreba sagarantio pasuxismgebloba nivTis faruli nak-
lisaTvis. aRniSnuli muxli moqmedebs im saxis defeqtis mimarT, romelic nivTs
xelSekrulebiT gamiznuli an Cveulebrivi sargeblobisaTvis gamousadegars xdis
da aseTi naklis codnis SemTxvevaSi myidveli saerTod ar SeiZenda nivTs, an
SeiZenda mas nakleb fasad.198
mniSvnelovania, rom gamyidveli pasuxismgebelia nivTis naklisaTvis, miu-
xedavad imisa, icoda Tu ara man naklis arsebobis Sesaxeb, garda im SemTxvevisa, ro-
desac arsebobs SeTanxmeba sagarantio pasuxismgeblobis gamoricxvis Taobaze.199
sagarantio pasuxismgebloba gulisxmobs myidvelis uflebas nakliani nivTis
miRebis Semdgom sakuTari arCevaniT (sasamarTlos Sefasebis gareSe) mimarTos
xelSekrulebidan gasvlis an fasis Semcirebis moTxovnis uflebas. xolo xel-
Sekrulebis dadebis etapze gamyidvelis informirebuloba faruli naklis ar-
sebobis Sesaxeb myidvels gadaxdili saxelSekrulebo fasis ukan dabrunebisa da
zianis anazRaurebis moTxovnis uflebas aniWebs.200 amrigad, gamyidvelis pasu-
xismgebloba, zianis anazRaurebis saxiT, nivTis faruli naklisaTvis kvlav
gamyidvelis bralze damokidebuli rCeba. gamyidvelis braleuloba dgindeba imis
mixedviT, Tu ramdenad icoda man nivTis naklis arsebobis Sesaxeb. Tu gamyidvels
ar miuZRvis brali nivTis faruli defeqtis codnaSi, igi mxolod fasis Semcirebis
197
§438.
198
ix. Beale H., Kötz H., Hartkamp A., Tallon D., eds., Casebooks on the Common Law of Europe, Hart Publishing, Oxford
and Portland, Oregon, 2002, 756.
199
ix. fsk-is (French Civil Code, Translated by Rouhette G. with the assistance of Rouhette-Berton A., 2006) 1643-e muxli.
200
189
an nivTis safasuris dabrunebis, aseve gaweuli gonivruli xarjebisTvis iqneba

pasuxismgebeli. amasTan, mniSvnelovania, rom sagarantio pasuxismgeblobis
principi ar moqmedebs xiluli defeqtebis mimarT, romelic myidvels Zalisxmevis
gareSe SeeZlo gamoevlina.201
faruli naklis gamo zianis anazRaurebis moTxovnis ufleba frangul sa-
marTalSi gonivruli vadiT ifargleba. gonivruli vadis aTvla iwyeba im
momentidan, rodesac myidvelma aRmoaCina an SeeZlo aRmoeCina nivTis faruli
nakli. naklis arsebobis Sesaxeb gonivrul vadaSi ganucxadeblobiT qarwyldeba
xelSekrulebidan gasvlisa da zianis anazRaurebis moTxovnis uflebebi.202
ssk-is 494-e I muxlis Tanaxmad, nivTis nakliT an xelSekrulebiT gan-
sazRvruli sxva pirobebis darRveviT miyenebuli ziani anazRaurdeba zogadi wesis
safuZvelze. `zogad wesSi~ igulisxmeba ssk-is 394-e I muxliT dadgenili braleuli
pasuxismgeblobis principi. amrigad, gamyidvelis brali nivTis naklis codnaSi
myidvelis zianis anazRaurebis uflebas warmoSobs. amasTan, myidvelis Semxvedri
brali gamoricxavs nakliani nivTis mowodebidan gamomdinare yovelgvari uflebis
ganxorcielebis SesaZleblobas. kerZod, ssk-is 494-e II muxlis ZaliT, myidvels ar
warmoeSoba uflebebi nivTis naklis gamo, Tu xelSekrulebis dadebis momentSi man
icoda aRniSnulis Sesaxeb.
ssk nivTis naklis dauyovneblivi aRmoCenis valdebulebas mewarme myid-
velis mimarT awesebs. kerZod, mewarme myidvelis mier naklis aRmoCenidan go-
nivrul vadaSi gamyidvelisaTvis pretenziis ganucxadebloba ukargavs mas nivTis
naklis safuZvelze yvela SesaZlo moTxovnis wardgenis uflebas. Tu mewarmes
obieqturad SeeZlo naklis aRmoCena, is veRar gamoiTxovs Sesrulebis miRebas da
verc sxva meoradi moTxovnis uflebebiT isargeblebs, magram, Tu mewarme su-
bieqtis brals upirispirdeba gamyidvelis ganzraxi brali nivTis naklis codnaSi,
maSin mewarmes nivTis naklis gamo uflebebi SeuzRudavad warmoeSoba; rac Seexeba
aramewarme myidvels, ssk-is 495-e II muxlis analizidan irkveva, rom mas naklis
aRmoCenidan nebismier dros aqvs nivTis naklis gamo meoradi moTxovnis uflebebis
ganxorcielebis SesaZlebloba. Tu gamyidveli daadgens nivTis vargisianobis
vadas, maSin myidvelis mier meoradi moTxovnis uflebebis gamoyenebac am vadiT
iqneba Semofargluli.
5. pasuxismgebloba valdebulebis Semsrulebel mesame pirTa

braleuli qmedebisTvis, rogorc sakuTari bralisaTvis
pasuxismgeblobis principis SezRudva
arsebuli samoqalaqo brunvis pirobebSi valdebulebis Sesrulebis

interesebisaTvis xSirad aucilebelia Sesrulebis gadandoba Sesatyvisi da
saTanado profesiuli gamocdilebis mqone pirTaTvis.203 amitomac valdebulebaTa
ZiriTadi nawili mesame piris meSveobiT sruldeba da ara piradad xelSekrulebis
monawileTa mier. mxare valdebulebis sxva pirze delegirebiT ar Tavisufldeba
201
202
mniSvnelovania, rom saqonlis nasyidobis Sesaxeb kanoni (35.2 muxli) gonivrul vadas uwesebs myid-
vels xiluli defeqtis aRmosaCenad, sanam Sesruleba miRebulad CaiTvlebodes samarTlebrivi mniS-
vnelobiT.
203
ix. ZlieriSvili z., valdebulebis Sesruleba, Tb., 2006, 15.
190
SeusruleblobisaTvis pasuxismgeblobisagan.204 mesame piris braleuli qmedeba

miewereba mxares, visTvisac ideba xelSekruleba, an sruldeba xelSekrulebiT
gaTvaliswinebuli valdebuleba.205 amasTan, mniSvnelovania, rom sxvisi brali-
saTvis pasuxismgebloba ar warmoadgens mkacri pasuxismgeblobis saxes.
essp-is 1:305 muxlis Tanaxmad, Tu pirma, romelsac saxelSekrulebo
urTierTobis monawile mxarem miando xelSekrulebis dadeba an valdebulebis
Sesruleba:
a) icoda an iTvaliswinebda garkveuli faqtis arsebobas, an valdebuli iyo
scodnoda an gaeTvaliswinebina;
b) moqmedebda ganzraxviT an uxeSi gaufrTxileblobiT, an keTilsindi-
sierebisa da gulisxmierebis principebis sawinaaRmdegod, maSin aRniSnuli gare-
moebis codnis, gaTvaliswinebisa da braleuli qmedebisaTvis pasuxismgebloba
xelSekrulebis mxares daekisreba.
essp-is 7:106 muxli aregulirebs mesame piris mier valdebulebis Ses-
rulebis sakiTxs, sadac gamoiyofa ori SemTxveva:
1) im SemTxvevis garda, rodesac movalis mier valdebulebis piradad
Sesruleba xelSekrulebidan gamomdinareobs, kreditors ar SeuZlia uari Tqvas
valdebulebis mesame piris mier Sesrulebaze, Tu:
a) mesame piri moqmedebs movalis TanxmobiT;
b) mesame pirs aqvs xelSekrulebis Sesrulebis legitimuri interesi, amas-
Tan, movale valdebulebas ver asrulebs, an momavalSi mosalodnelia mis mier va-
damosuli valdebulebis darRvevis faqti;
2) aRniSnuli muxlis pirveli nawilis safuZvelze mesame piris mier
valdebulebis jerovani Sesruleba aTavisuflebs movales Sesrulebis valde-
bulebisgan.
Tu mesame piris mier valdebulebis jerovani Sesruleba essp-is 7:106 II
muxlis ZaliT aTavisuflebs movales saxelSekrulebo valdebulebisagan,
Sesabamisad, mesame piris mier valdebulebis darRvevis SemTxvevaSi movale pa-
suxismgebeli rCeba kreditoris winaSe da am ukanasknels meoradi moTxovnis
uflebebi warmoeSoba Tavdapirveli movalis mimarT.
kreditorTan valdebulebiTsamarTlebrivi urTierTobis mxarea valdebu-
lebis mesame pirze gadamndobi subieqti da, Sesabamisad, valdebulebis Seus-
ruleblobisaTvis pirdapiri pasuxismgebloba kreditoris winaSe mas daekisreba.
`mesame piris mier valdebulebis Sesrulebis procesSi warmoSobili dabrkoleba,
romelic akmayofilebs Sesrulebis arabraleuli SeuZleblobis206 winapirobebs,
aris Tavdapirveli movalis pasuxismgeblobisagan ganTavisuflebis safuZveli.~207
germanuli samarTali cnobs movalis pasuxismgeblobas im piris brali-
saTvis, romelsac Tavad iyenebs sakuTari valdebulebis Sesasruleblad. gsk-is
278-e paragrafi ganamtkicebs pasuxismgeblobas sxvisi bralisaTvis: movale Tavisi
kanonieri warmomadgenlis, aseve im pirTa braleuli moqmedebisaTvis, romelTac
iyenebs sakuTari valdebulebis Sesasruleblad, iseTive moculobiT agebs pasuxs,
204
ix. Lando O., Beale H., Principles of European Contract Law, part I and II, Kluwer Law International, The
205
ix. iqve, 135.
206
(08.12.07.)) 8:108 I muxli.
207
191
rogoriTac sakuTari braleuli moqmedebisaTvis. am SemTxvevaSi ar gamoiyeneba

gsk-is 276-e III paragrafi: dauSvebelia mxareTa winaswari SeTanxmeba movalis mier
ganzraxi moqmedebiT valdebulebis darRvevisas zianis anazRaurebisgan misi
ganTavisuflebis Sesaxeb.
gsk-is 179-e I paragrafis ZaliT, warmomadgenlobiTi uflebamosilebis
armqone piri, an warmomadgeneli, romlis uflebamosilebac ar mtkicdeba,
valdebulia, ganaxorcielos Sesruleba an aanazRauros damdgari ziani, im Sem-
TxvevaSi, Tu principali ar moiwonebs xelSekrulebas. Tuki pirma ar icoda war-
momadgenlobiTi uflebamosilebis arqonis Sesaxeb, maSin igi pasuxismgebelia im
zianisaTvis, rac meore xelSemkvrel mxares miadga arauflebamosili warmomad-
genlis mimarT arsebuli mcdari ndobis Sedegad. anazRaurebas eqvemdebareba
ziani, romelic ar aRemateba kreditoris saxelSekrulebo interess val-
debulebiTsamarTlebriv urTierTobaSi. arauflebamosili subieqtis pasuxis-
mgebloba gamoiricxeba, Tu kontrahentma icoda an unda scodnoda warmomad-
genlobiTi uflebamosilebis ararsebobis Sesaxeb. aseve ar ekisreba pasu-
xismgebloba SezRuduli qmedunarianobis mqone pirs, Tu igi moqmedebda kanonieri
warmomadgenlis TanxmobiT.208
mniSvnelovania gsk-is 278-e da 831-e paragrafebis Sepirispireba: piri,
romelic iyenebs daqiravebul Sromas, valdebulia aanazRauros is ziani, romelic
dasaqmebulma samuSaos Sesrulebis procesSi marTlsawinaaRmdegod miayena mesame
pirs. zianis anazRaurebis valdebuleba ar aRmocendeba, Tuki damsaqmebelma gamoi-
Cina gonivruli windaxeduleba dasaqmebulis kandidaturis SerCevaSi an aseTi
ziani, miuxedavad windaxedulebis zomebis dacvisa, mainc dadgeboda.damsaqmebeli
an nebismieri sxva piri, romelsac evaleba zedamxedvelobis gaweva samuSao
procesze an aparaturiTa da inventariT uzrunvelyofa, valdebulia, aanazRau-
ros damdgari ziani.209 gansxvavebiT zemoT moyvanili regulirebisa, valdebulebiT
samarTalSi movale ver aicilebs pasuxismgeblobas imis mtkicebiT, rom man
valdebulebis Semsrulebeli didi windaxedulebiT SearCia. gsk-is 278-e da 831-e
paragrafebs gamoyenebis gansxvavebuli winapirobebi aqvT da, Sesabamisad, maT
Sefardebas gansxvavebuli samarTlebrivi Sedegebi ukavSirdeba. 278-e paragrafSi
saubaria iseT SemTxvevaze, rodesac movale sakuTari valdebulebis Sesasru-
leblad iyenebs mesame pirs (`saxelSekrulebo damxmares"), romelic ar aris
dasaqmebuli SromissamarTlebrivi gagebiT, rogorc es gadmocemulia 831-e
paragrafSi.
`Tu xelSekruleba ideba mxolod valdebulebis Sesrulebis uzrun-
velsayofad, maSin warmomadgenlis braleuli moqmedebisaTvis pasuxismgeblobis
principi ar gamoiyeneba. magaliTad, mwarmoebeli ar ganixileba `saxelSekrulebo
damxmared~ gamyidvelisaTvis, romelsac akisria saqonlis miwodebis valde-
buleba."210
`valdebulebis Sesruleba mesame piris meSveobiT gansxvavdeba, rogorc
valis gadakisrebis, aseve uflebis daTmobis samarTlebrivi konstruqciisgan."211
208
§179.
209
§831.
210
211
iqve, 363.
192
valis gadakisrebisaTvis kreditoris Tanxmoba savaldebulod moiTxoveba, radgan

axali piri erTveba saxelSekrulebo urTierTobaSi da maT Soris aRmocendeba
pirdapiri saxelSekrulebo urTierToba. am SemTxvevaSi Tavdapirvel movales
Caenacvleba axali subieqti, amitom kreditorisaTvis misi pirovneba, val-
debulebis Sesrulebis garantiis TvalsazrisiT, Zalian mniSvnelovania. sul
sxvagvaradaa saqme qvekontraqtis SemTxvevaSi — kreditorsa da mesame pirs Soris
ar aRmocendeba pirdapiri saxelSekrulebo urTierToba. valdebulebis Seus-
ruleblobisaTvis uSualod (per se) kreditoris winaSe pasuxismgebeli isev
Tavdapirveli movale rCeba.
germanuli samarTali cnobs davalebis xelSekrulebas, romlis ZaliT rwmu-
nebuli sanacvlo anazRaurebis gareSe (without quid pro quo) kisrulobs garkveuli
samuSaos Sesrulebas marwmuneblis saxeliT.212 rwmunebuli valdebulia, gadasces
marwmunebels yvelaferi, rac saqmiswarmoebis procesSi miiRo da moiTxovos yvela
aucilebeli da miznobrivi xarjis anazRaureba. davalebis xelSekrulebaSi
rwmunebuls SeuZlia, gadaandos valdebulebis Sesruleba mesame pirs, Tuki mas
pirdapir mieca Tanxmoba, an amis aucilebloba gamomdinareobs Seqmnili
viTarebidan.213 davalebis gadandoba mesame pirisaTvis SeiZleba ganxorcieldes
rogorc marwmuneblis, ise rwmunebulis saxeliT. pirvel SemTxvevaSi mesame piri
uSualod (vis-à-vis) pasuxismgebeli xdeba marwmuneblis winaSe valdebulebis
darRvevisaTvis, radgan maT Soris pirdapiri saxelSekrulebo urTierToba
myardeba; xolo marwmunebelsa da mesame pirs Soris xelSekrulebis ararsebobis
SemTxvevaSi, marwmunebeli uflebamosilia, mxolod rwmunebulis saxeliT
moiTxovos valdebulebis SeusruleblobisaTvis zianis anazRaureba. rwmunebuli
pasuxismgebelia im bralisaTvis, rac mas miuZRvis davalebis gadandobisas mesame
piris SerCevaSi (culpa in eligendo).214
ssk-is 371-e muxlis Tanaxmad, Tu kanonidan, xelSekrulebidan an valde-
bulebis bunebidan ar gamomdinareobs, rom movalem piradad unda Seasrulos val-
debuleba, maSin es valdebuleba SeiZleba Seasrulos mesame pirmac.215 iuridiul
doqtrinaSi mesame pirebs, romlebzec xorcieldeba valdebulebis Sesrulebis
delegireba, subSemsruleblebs uwodeben. ssk-is 396-e muxlis Tanaxmad, movalem
sakuTari kanonieri warmomadgenlis an im pirTa moqmedebisaTvis, romelTac
iyenebs sakuTari valdebulebis Sesasruleblad, iseTive moculobiT unda agos
pasuxi, rogoriTac sakuTari braleuli moqmedebis dros. movalisaTvis pa-
suxismgeblobis dakisrebis safuZvelia misi brali, romelic gamoixateba val-
debulebis Semsrulebel pirTa SerCevisas sakmarisi windaxedulebisa da maTze
saTanado meTvalyureobis ganuxorcieleblobiT.
ssk-is 711-e II muxlis Tanaxmad, davalebis mesame pirisaTvis gadandobisas
rwmunebuli pasuxs agebs mxolod im bralisaTvis, romelic miuZRvis am piris
SerCevaSi. aseve Semnaxveli pasuxs agebs Senaxvis adgilis an mesame piris SerCevaSi,
212
§662.
213
ix. iqve, §664.
214
215
es samarTlebrivi tradicia jer kidev romis samarTlisgan momdinareobs. ix. Zweigert K., Kötz H.,
Introduction to Comparative Law, Volume II-The Institutions of Private Law, 2nd Revised ed., Translated from German by Weir
T., Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1987, 299.
193
romelsac gadascems xelSekrulebis sagans,216 aseve qvenardobis xelSekrulebaSi

SemkveTis winaSe pasuxismgebelia generaluri menarde da ara submenarde.
movales regresuli moTxovnis wardgenis ufleba aqvs faqtobrivi Sem-
sruleblis mimarT. warmomadgenlobaSi ufleba-movaleobebi warmoeSoba war-
modgenil pirs, romlis saxeliTac ideba garigeba. Sesabamisad, urTierTobis su-
bieqtebad ganixilebian mesame piri da warmodgenili subieqti.
ssk-is 718-e muxlis Tanaxmad, marwmunebels ekisreba pasuxismgebloba
rwmunebulis mier davalebis ganxorcielebis dros warmoSobili zianisaTvis.
ssk-is 396-e muxlTan kavSirSi unda iTqvas, rom sxvisi bralis gamo pasu-
xismgeblobis princips emyareba: damqiraveblis pasuxismgebloba qvemoqiravnis
moqmedebisaTvis, menardis pasuxismgebloba SemkveTis winaSe submenardis moq-
medebisaTvis, eqspeditoris pasuxismgebloba damxmaris moqmedebisaTvis da sxva.
igive wesi moqmedebs ijaris xelSekrulebaSic. sxvisi bralis gamo pasuxis-
mgeblobis principi moqmedebs deliqtur samarTalSic, magaliTad, xelSekrulebis
mxare valdebulia, aanazRauros misi muSakis mier SromiTi movaleobebis Ses-
rulebisas mesame pirisaTvis marTlsawinaaRmdego qmedebiT miyenebuli ziani.217
xSirad valdebulebis Sesruleba damokidebulia mesame piris mier xel-
Sekrulebis monawilis mimarT sakuTari valdebulebis droul Sesrulebaze. maga-
liTad, ssk-is 397-e muxlis Tanaxmad, movale pasuxismgebelia SesrulebisaTvis
maSinac, roca Sesrulebis sagani sxva pirisgan unda mieRo da ver miiRo, Tuki
xelSekrulebidan an sxva garemoebidan sxva ram ar gamomdinareobs. aq saubaria me-
same piris braleul Seusruleblobaze, romelic movales ar aTavisuflebs kre-
ditoris winaSe Sesrulebis valdebulebisagan. Tuki mesame piris mimarT dgeba
Sesrulebis iseTi damabrkolebeli garemoeba, romelic zogadad pasuxismgeb-
lobisagan ganTavisuflebis safuZvels qmnis, maSin Sesrulebis valdebuleba
Sesrulebis SeuZleblobis safuZvliT movales aRar daekisreba.
V. saxelSekrulebo riskis problema valdebulebiT samarTalSi
saxelSekrulebo riskis faqtori, pasuxismgeblobis gansazRvris Tvalsaz-

risiT, gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas iZens valdebulebiT samarTalSi. winamdebare
Tavi eZRvneba Sesrulebis SeuZleblobisa da Semxvedri valdebulebis Seusruleb-
lobis risks saxelSekrulebo samarTalSi da masTan dakavSirebul problematikas.
1. valdebulebis Seusruleblobis riskis ganawilebis sakiTxi

xelSemkvrel mxareTa Soris
saxelSekrulebo valdebulebis Seusruleblobis riski, rogorc wesi, mova-

lis mxaresaa, sanam igi ar gaTavisufldeba pirveladi valdebulebisagan naturiT
Sesrulebis safuZvelze. am SemTxvevaSi valdebuli piris `pasuxismgeblobis
masStabi ganisazRvreba imdenad ara misi qceviT, aramed im sferoTi, saidanac mom-
216
ùwyebani~, sakanonmdeblo damateba, 31, 1997) 766-e II muxli.
217
194
dinareobs valdebulebis Sesrulebis Seferxeba.~218 unda miekuTvnos Tu ara

valdebulebis Sesrulebis damabrkolebeli garemoeba movalis pasuxismgeblobis
sferos, SeiZleba dadgindes mxolod xelSekrulebis Sinaarsisa da imis
safuZvelze, rac mxareebs keTilgonivrulad eqnebodaT SeTanxmebuli.219
pasuxismgeblobis ganawileba riskis sferoebis mixedviT, ra Tqma unda, ar
ugulebelyofs subieqturi elementis — braleulobis — gaTvaliswinebas. mxaris
braleuloba dgindeba imis mixedviT, Tu ramdenad pasuxismgebelia movale misi
riskis sferoSi aRmocenebuli dabrkolebis warmoSobisaTvis. amrigad, sakuTari
riskis sferosaTvis pasuxismgebloba gamoiricxeba, vinaidan moqmedebs braleuli
pasuxismgeblobis principi.
Tu gamyidvelis erTaderTi valdebuleba myidvelisaTvis saqonlis
gadacemaa (Schickschuld), maSin valdebulebis Sesrulebis riski kreditorze mxolod
qonebis gadacemis momentidan gadainacvlebs, manamde ki aRniSnuli riskis ma-
tareblad movale gvevlineba, rac imas niSnavs, rom, Tu qoneba myidvelisaTvis
gadacemamde daiRupeba, gamyidvels aRar moeTxoveba valdebulebis Sesrulebis
kidev erTi mcdeloba, miuxedavad imisa, rom valdebulebiTi urTierToba
SesrulebiT ar Semwydara.220 am SemTxvevaSi movale Tavisufldeba valdebulebis
Sesrulebis pirveladi movaleobisagan. igive wesi moqmedebs individualuri
niSniT gansazRvruli nivTis ganadgurebis SemTxvevaSi.221 valdebulebis Sesru-
lebis riskis uaryofiTi Sedegi movalisaTvis imiT vlindeba, rom igi valdebulia,
gamyidvels daubrunos saqonlis saxelSekrulebo fasi.
mxareTa SeTanxmebiT, valdebulebis Seusruleblobis riski SesaZlebelia
xelSekrulebis erT-erT monawiles daekisros, imis mixedviT, Tu, mizanSewo-
nilobisa da samarTlianobis gaTvaliswinebiT, `xelSekrulebis romel monawiles
aqvs Seusruleblobis gamomwvevi garemoebis Tavidan acilebis SesaZlebloba.~222
iuridiul literaturaSi gavrcelebuli poziciis Tanaxmad, saxelSekrulebo
riski unda daekisros mxares, romelsac metad SeuZlia, winaswar gansazRvros misi
warmoSobis SesaZlebloba, an Tavidan aicilos igi.223 Sesrulebis SeuZleblobisas
riskis sakiTxi unda gadawydes imis mixedviT, Tu romel mxares hqonda im
garemoebis kontrolis unari, ramac Sesrulebis SeuZlebloba ganapiroba; rac See-
xeba meore kriteriums, Tu romel mxares SeeZlo riskis winaswar gaTvaliswineba,
unda iTqvas, rom Sesrulebis SeuZleblobis pirobebSi es kriteriumi ar
gamoiyeneba, radgan SeuZleblobis gamomwvevi SeiZleba iyos mxolod iseTi ga-
remoeba, romlis warmoSobis mxedvelobaSi miReba xelSekrulebis dadebis etapze
mxareTaTvis Tanabrad SeuZlebelia.224 mxares, romelsac SeuZleblobis warmomSobi
218
219
Sead. Stoll H., in: Kommentar zum Einheitlichen UN-Kaufrecht, 2, Aufl., München 1995, v. Caemmerer E., Schlechtriem P.
(Hrsg.) Art.79 Rdnr.7; Keil A., Die Haftungsbefreiung des Schulners im UN-Krankfurt am Main 1993, S.105 ff.,
miTiTebulia: pelegrino m., subieqturi Tu obieqturi saxelSekrulebo pasuxismgebloba? saiubileo
krebuli `sergo jorbenaZe — 70~, Tb., 1996, 162.
220
§362.
221
222
2006, 406.
223
ix. iqve, 345.
224
ix. iqve, 345.
195
garemoebis gakontrolebis saSualeba aqvs, ekisreba kidec misi Tavidan acilebis

valdebuleba. swored aRniSnuli qmnis misTvis riskis dakisrebis safuZvels.
amrigad, mxareebma urTierTSeTanxmebiT SesaZlebelia gaiTvaliswinon
saxelSekrulebo riskis kanonisgan gansxvavebuli ganawileba.
2. arabraleuli Sesrulebis SeuZleblobis riskis problema
arabraleuli Sesrulebis SeuZleblobis riskis problema gansakuTrebuli

mniSvnelobisaa samoqalaqosamarTlebrivi pasuxismgeblobis gansazRvrisaTvis. am
TvalsazrisiT unda dadgindes, Tu ra datvirTvas iZens saqonlis SemTxveviTi
daRupvisa da ganadgurebis riski saxelSekrulebo pasuxismgeblobasTan mimar-
TebiT.
saqonlis kreditoris gankargulebis sferoSi gadasvlamde misi SemTxveviTi
daRupvisa da ganadgurebis riski movalis mxaresaa. essp-is 7:112 muxlis Tanaxmad,
SesrulebasTan dakavSirebuli xarjebi ekisreba valdebulebis Semsrulebel
mxares. `Sesrulebis sagnis transportireba, fuladi Tanxis gadaricxva, riskis
dazRveva movalis valdebulebaTa sferos ganekuTvneba~225. Tu transportirebis
procesSi SemTxveviT daiRupeba gvarovnuli niSniT gansazRvruli nivTi, maSin mo-
vale pasuxismgebeli iqneba kreditoris winaSe ganadgurebuli saqonlis ekviva-
lenturi Rirebulebis gvarovnuli nivTiT Secvlaze. movalis mier ganadgurebuli
saqonlis axliT Secvla xorcieldeba isev valdebulebis Sesrulebis farglebSi
da saxelSekrulebo urTierToba meoradi moTxovnis uflebebis samarTlebriv
reJimSi ar transformirdeba. Tu movalis riskiT daiRupa individualuri nivTi,
maSin fuZndeba valdebulebis arabraleuli darRveva Sesrulebis SeuZleblobis
saxiT. damatebiTi Sesrulebis moTxovnis ufleba gamoricxulia, radgan Ses-
rulebis sagani obieqturad aRar arsebobs.226 kreditori uflebamosilia, mimar-
Tos xelSekrulebidan gasvlis meoradi moTxovnis uflebas,227 ris safuZvelzec
mas ubrundeba ganxorcielebuli Sesruleba nivTis gadacemuli safasuris saxiT.
kreditoris mimarT damdgari ziani anazRaurebas ar daeqvemdebareba, vinaidan ar
iarsebebs zianis anazRaurebis moTxovnis Semdegi aucilebeli winapirobebi:
mizezobrivi kavSiri movalis qmedebasa da zians Soris (SemTxveviTobam ganapiroba
nivTis daRupva) da movalis brali nivTis ganadgurebaSi.
amrigad, Tu Sesrulebis arabraleuli SeuZleblobis Sedegad kreditorma
ganicada ziani, maSin movale Tavisufldeba rogorc Sesrulebis valdebule-
bisagan, ise zianis anazRaurebis movaleobisagan. amdenad, Sesrulebis arabra-
leuli SeuZleblobis dros warmoSobili zianis riski kreditors ekisreba.
arabraleuli movalis zianis anazRaurebis valdebulebisagan ganTavisuflebisas
zianis uaryofiTi Sedegebi aseve arabraleuli kreditoris mimarT dgeba, rac,
keTilsindisierebis principis TvalsazrisiT, gaumarTlebelia. marTalia, xel-
Sekrulebis monawileebma SeiZleba gaiTvaliswinon Sesrulebis SeuZleblobis
warmoSobis riskis kanonisgan gansxvavebuli gadanawileba, magram samarTlianobis
poziciidan gamarTlebuli iqneboda, Sesrulebis arabraleuli SeuZleblobis
225
226
ùwyebani~, sakanonmdeblo damateba, 31, 1997) 405-e II (a) muxli.
227
ix. iqve, 352-e I muxli.
196
Sedegad warmoSobili ziani sakanonmdeblo doneze Tanabrad ganawilebuliyo

kreditorzec da movalezec, rogorc xelSekrulebis or Tanabrad arabraleul
mxareze. amiT SesaZlebeli iqneboda garTulebuli samoqalaqo brunvis pirobebSi
xelSekrulebis monawileebis interesTa balansis uzrunvelyofa.
3. Semxvedri valdebulebis Sesrulebis riski da misi samarTlebrivi

Sedegebi
`valdebulebis Seusruleblobis saxelSekrulebo risks (Leistungsgefahr) upi-

rispirdeba Semxvedri valdebulebis Seusruleblobis riski (Preisgefahr). sanacvlo
valdebulebis Sesrulebis riskis gansazRvrisTvis unda dadgindes, Tu ramdenad
inarCunebs movale Semxvedri Sesrulebis moTxovnis uflebas, maSin, rodesac igi
ganTavisuflebulia naturiT Sesrulebis pirveladi valdebulebisagan.~228
valdebulebis Sesrulebis SeuZleblobis pirobebSi Sesrulebis val-
debulebisagan movalis ganTavisufleba imavdroulad gamoricxavs arabraleuli
kreditoris mier sanacvlo Sesrulebis ganxorcielebis valdebulebas. bunebiTi
samarTlis skolis warmomadgenlebi mxareTa urTierTsanacvlo Sesrulebis mova-
leobebs ganixilavdnen urTierTdamokidebulad. Sesabamisad, erT-erTi mxaris
mier valdebulebis Seusrulebloba ganapirobebda meore mxaris ganTavisuflebas
Semxvedri Sesrulebisgan. 229
ormxriv xelSekrulebaSi valdebulebis darRvevisas Semxvedri val-
debulebis Sesrulebis sakiTxs aregulirebs ssk-is 406-e muxli, romlis Tanaxmad,
Tu ormxriv xelSekrulebaSi movales ufleba aqvs, uari Tqvas misTvis dakisrebul
valdebulebaze, xolo garemoeba, romelic mas aZlevs amis uflebas, gamowveulia
kreditoris braliT, maSin igi inarCunebs sapasuxo Sesrulebis miRebis uflebas.
amrigad, valdebulebis braleuli Seusrulebloba mxolod kreditors aTa-
visuflebs Sesrulebis valdebulebisagan, romelic inarCunebs Semxvedri dakma-
yofilebis uflebas. amis sapirispirod kreditoris mier Sesrulebis miRebis
dayovneba ar aris movalis Sesrulebis movaleobisagan ganTavisuflebis safuZ-
veli, vinaidan kreditoris mier vadis gadacileba, ssk-is mixedviT, valdebulebis
darRvevad ar ganixileba. `Sesrulebis miReba-armiReba kreditoris uflebrivi
sferoa.~230 amasTan, movale ar Tavisufldeba Sesrulebis valdebulebisgan im
SemTxvevaSi, Tu sapasuxo Sesrulebis safuZveli kreditoris mier dayovnebis
procesSi warmoiSva.231
Tu kreditoris mier vadis gadacilebis dros warmoSobili Sesrulebis
SeuZleblobis mimarT movale arabraleulia, maSin vadis gadamcilebel kre-
ditors ekisreba saxelSekrulebo fasis gadaxdis valdebuleba, xolo sanacvlod
is ver miiRebs Sesrulebas movalisagan, rac imas niSnavs, rom sanacvlo val-
debulebis Seusruleblobis riski braleuli kreditoris mxaresaa.
228
229
ix. Zimmermann R., The Law of Obligations - Roman Foundations of the Civilian Tradition, Breach of Contract, Chapter 25,
Clarendon, Oxford University Press, 1996, 803.
230
Wanturia l., zoiZe b., niniZe T., Sengelia r., xecuriani j., saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis komen-
tari, wigni III, valdebulebiTi samarTali, zogadi nawili, Tb., 2001, 448.
231
ùwyebani~, sakanonmdeblo damateba, 31, 1997) 406-e II muxli.
197
Semxvedri valdebulebis Sesrulebis sakiTxs gansazRvravs gsk-is 326-e I

paragrafi, romlis Tanaxmad, Sesrulebis SeuZleblobis safuZvliT movalis
pirveladi valdebulebisagan ganTavisuflebis SemTxvevaSi, kreditors fasis
gadaxdis movaleoba aRar daekisreba.232 kreditoris Semxvedri Sesrulebis valde-
bulebisagan ganTavisuflebiT realurad xorcieldeba xelSekrulebidan gasvlis
meoradi moTxovnis ufleba.
amrigad, Sesrulebis SeuZleblobis pirobebSi orive mxare Tavisufldeba
urTierTsanacvlo valdebulebebisagan, garda im SemTxvevisa, rodesac kreditors
brali miuZRvis Sesrulebis SeuZleblobis gamomwvevi garemoebis warmoSobaSi an
Sesrulebis SeuZleblobis safuZveli — damabrkolebeli garemoeba kreditoris
mier vadis gadacilebis periodSi warmoiSva.233
saWiroa ssk-Si ganmtkicdes norma, romelic gansazRvravs Sesrulebis
SeuZleblobis samarTlebriv Sedegs Semxvedri valdebulebis SesrulebasTan
mimarTebiT.
VI. Sereuli bralis samarTlebrivi kategoria da pasuxismgeblobis

ganawilebis wesi
saxelSekrulebo valdebulebis darRvevis Sedegad damdgari ziani SesaZ-

lebelia erTdroulad iyos rogorc movalis, ise Tavad kreditoris braleuli
qmedebis Sedegi. am SemTxvevaSi saxezea Sereuli bralis samarTlebrivi kategoria,
rodesac braleul pirTa pasuxismgeblobis sakiTxi gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas
iZens.
kreditoris braleuli qmedebis yvelaze TvalsaCino magaliTia SemTxveva,
rodesac kreditori pirdapir SeuZlebels xdis valdebulebis Sesrulebas. Tumca
misi brali SeiZleba gamoixatos iseTi moqmedebiTac, romelic abrkolebs
Sesrulebis ganxorcielebas.
essp-is 9:504 muxlis Tanaxmad, valdebulebis damrRvevi mxare ar aris pa-
suxismgebeli damdgari zianisaTvis imdenad, ramdenadac dazaralebulma sakuTari
qmedebiT xeli Seuwyo valdebulebis darRvevas an misi samarTlebrivi Sedegebis
warmoSobas. gsk-is 254-e paragrafi aregulirebs pasuxismgeblobis sakiTxs Sem-
xvedri bralis arsebobisas: Tu dazaralebulis braleulma qmedebam xeli Seuwyo
zianis warmoSobas, maSin rogorc anazRaurebis valdebuleba, ise asanazRaurebeli
zianis odenoba damokidebulia saqmis faqtobriv garemoebebze, aseve imaze,
umeteswilad Tu romeli mxaris braliTaa ziani gamowveuli.
Tu dazaralebuls valdebulebis darRvevis uaryofiTi Sedegebis Semci-
rebis an aRmofxvris SesaZlebloba aqvs da braleuli umoqmedobiT es valdebuleba
ar sruldeba, maSin, essp-is 9:505 I muxlis Tanaxmad, valdebulebis damrRvevi mxare
Tavisufldeba damdgari zianisaTvis pasuxismgeblobisagan im odenobiT, ram-
deniTac dazaralebuls gonivruli moqmedebis safuZvelze SeeZlo Seemcirebina
232
analogiuri midgomaa gaziarebuli amerikul samarTalSi, sadac valdebulebis Seusrulebloba
sinalagmatikur xelSekrulebebSi aqarwylebs meore mxaris Semxvedri valdebulebis Sesrulebis
vadamosulobas, ix. Burton S.J., Contract Law: Selected Source Materials, Restatement of Law, West Publishing Co., St.
Paul, Minn., 1995, 228.
233
§326 II.
198
igi. am SemTxvevaSi brali mxaris mier zianis Sesamcireblad saTanado Ronis-

Ziebebis ganuxorcieleblobiT gamoixateba. `mxaris valdebuleba — keTilgo-
nivruli moqmedebiT Seamciros xelSekrulebis kontrahentis mier valdebulebis
darRveviT gamowveuli zianis odenoba, keTilsindisierebis principisa da
gulisxmierebis valdebulebis gamoxatulebaa.~234 9:505 muxlis Sinaarsidan ki
vlindeba, rom keTilsindisierebis principisa da gulisxmierebis valdebulebis
darRveva, braleuli darRvevis msgavsad, aisaxeba mxaris saxelSekrulebo
pasuxismgeblobaze da zianis anazRaurebis moTxovnis uflebis arsebobas gan-
sazRvravs. dazaralebul mxares eniWeba im xarjebis anazRaurebis moTxovnis
ufleba, romlebic gaRebul iqna zianis Semcirebis mcdelobisas.
kreditoris brali valdebulebis SeusruleblobaSi mniSvnelovan zegav-
lenas axdens misi mxridan meoradi moTxovnis uflebebis gamoyenebis SesaZ-
leblobaze. `keTilsindisierebisa da samarTlianobis principidan gamomdinare,
kreditors valdebulebis darRvevisas ezRudeba samarTlebrivi dacvis saSua-
lebebis gamoyenebis uflebamosileba.~235 magaliTad, essp-is 8:101 III muxlis
Tanaxmad, kreditori moklebulia samarTlebrivi dacvis saSualebebis gamoyenebis
SesaZleblobas imdenad, ramdenadac sakuTari qmedebiT xeli Seuwyo valdebulebis
Seusruleblobas. `Tu kreditoris mier valdebulebis darRveviT gamowveuli
ziani nawilobriv movalis qmedebis Sedegicaa, maSin kreditori samarTlebrivi
dacvis saSualebebs srulad ver gamoiyenebs, im SemTxvevisagan gansxvavebiT, ro-
desac SeusruleblobisaTvis mxolod movalea pasuxismgebeli.~236 `Tu xel-
Sekrulebis erT-erTi mxaris gaufrTxilebel brals upirispirdeba kontrahentis
Semxvedri ganzraxi brali, maSin am ukanasknels warmoeSoba zianis sruli odenobiT
anazRaurebis valdebuleba.~237
valdebulebis darRvevaSi Semxvedri bralis arsebobisas ganisazRvreba
TiToeuli mxaris braleulobis xvedriTi wili damdgari zianis warmoSobaSi da
pasuxismgebloba ganisazRvreba zianis odenobaSi maTi wilobrivi monawileobis
mixedviT. Sereuli bralis arsebobisas damdgari zianis sruli odenobiT
anazRaurebis valdebuleba daekisreba ara zianis mimyenebels, aramed misi
pasuxismgebloba mcirdeba im nawilSi, riTac dazaralebulma xeli Seuwyo zianis
warmoSobas da zianis Semcirebuli odenoba daekisreba dazaralebul mxares.
amrigad, Tu damdgari ziani xelSekrulebis monawileTa erToblivi
braleuli qmedebis Sedegia, maSin pasuxismgebloba orive mxareze gadanawildeba
braleulobis xarisxis gaTvaliswinebiT.238
Tu zianis warmoSobis erTaderTi mizezi dazaralebulis braleuli
moqmedebaa, maSin kontrahentis samoqalaqo pasuxismgeblobis sakiTxi dRis
wesrigidan ixsneba.
234
235
iqve, 360.
236
iqve, 361.
237
Larenz K., Canaris C.W., Lehrbuch, §31 I e, Grunsky W. in Münchener Kommentar to §254, no. 7. OLG, Munich, 23 Feb.
1990, NJW-RR 1990, 828 at 829 (all the damages on the injured party when the injurer was grossly negligent); Heinrichs H. in
Palandt O. to §254, no.51, miTiTebulia: Gordley J., Foundations of Private Law: Property, Tort, Contract, Unjust
Enrichment, Oxford University Press, New York, 2006, 411.
238
199
VII. bralis mniSvneloba xelSekrulebidan gasvlis samarTlebriv

reJimSi
winamdebare TavSi ganxilulia bralis mniSvneloba valdebulebis dar-

Rvevis arsebiTad gansazRvrisaTvis, mosalodneli zianis anazRaurebis odenobis
dadgenisaTvis, aseve gaanalizebulia bralis gavlena xelSekrulebidan gasvlis
uflebisa da Semxvedri valdebulebis Sesrulebisagan ganTavisuflebaze.
1. bralis mniSvneloba valdebulebis darRvevis arsebiTad

gansazRvrisaTvis da movalis braleulobis gavlena xelSekrulebidan
gasvlis uflebis warmoSobaze
TiTqmis yvela samarTlebrivi sistema xelSekrulebidan gasvlis wina-

pirobad arsebiT Seusruleblobas acxadebs.239 arsebiTia Seusrulebloba, ro-
melic seriozulobis gansazRvrul dones aRwevs da mniSvnelovnad xelyofs kre-
ditoris mosalodnel saxelSekrulebo interess. ssk-Si arsebiTi Seusru-
leblobis koncefciis arsebobaze mianiSnebs 405-e III (a) muxlis formulireba:
xelSekrulebaze uari dauSvebelia, Tu valdebulebis darRveva umniSvneloa.
ramdenadac qarTuli kodeqsi mniSvnelovani darRvevis Sefasebis araviTar obieq-
tur masStabs ar ganamtkicebs, arsebiTi Seusruleblobis koncefcia mTlianad
SefasebiT da abstraqtul kategoriad warmogvidgeba. germanul samarTalSi
xelSekrulebidan gasvla damatebiTi SesrulebisaTvis vadis dawesebis gareSe
dauSveblad cxaddeba, swored aqedan gamomdinareobs daskvna, rom arsebiTia
nebismieri saxelSekrulebo darRveva, romelic damatebiTi vadis ganmavlobaSi ar
swordeba. xelSekrulebidan gasvlisaTvis arsebiTi darRvevis arsebobis moTxovna
mxolod naklian SesrulebasTan mimarTebiT aris dadgenili.240
essp gansazRvravs arsebiTi Seusruleblobis sam SemTxvevas, kerZod,
valdebulebis darRveva arsebiTia Tu:
a) xelSekrulebis mkacri sizustiT Sesruleba mxareTa SeTanxmebuli piroba
iyo;
b) Seusruleblobis Sedegad mxare sruliad kargavs mosalodnel saxel-
Sekrulebo interess valdebulebiTsamarTlebriv urTierTobaSi, garda im Sem-
Txvevisa, rodesac meore mxare ar iTvaliswinebda da arc SeeZlo gaeTvalis-
winebina darRvevis mosalodneli samarTlebrivi Sedegi;
g) valdebulebis darRveva mxaris ganzraxi moqmedebis Sedegia, ris gamoc
kreditori ver daeyrdnoba movalis samomavlo Sesrulebas.
bralis kategoria zemoCamoTvlil TiToeul SemTxvevaSi gansakuTrebul
mniSvnelobas iZens, rac arsebiTi darRvevis saxeebis cal-calke analizis
aucileblobas ganapirobebs:
a) Sesrulebis mkacri Sesabamisoba valdebulebis SinaarsTan. iuridiul
doqtrinaSi damkvidrebuli SexedulebiT, xelSekrulebidan gasvlis uflebas ar
239
arsebiTi Seusruleblobis samarTlebrivi kategoria gansakuTrebiT aRiarebulia angloamerikuli
samarTlis sistemaSi — Substantial Failure in Treitel G.H., The Law of Contract, 9th ed., Sweet and Maxwell, London,
1995, 686-693.
240
§323 V.
200
afuZnebs valdebulebis umniSvnelo darRveva, rac aseve ganmtkicda sakanonmdeb-

lo doneze.241 valdebulebis darRvevis arsebiToba damokidebulia ara mxolod
darRvevis xasiaTis seriozulobasa da did mniSvnelobaze, aramed imaze, Tu
ramdenad daukavSires mxareebma xelSekruleba mkacri sizustiT Sesrulebas. am
SemTxvevaSi, bralisa da darRvevis xasiaTis miuxedavad, fuZndeba arsebiTi Seus-
rulebloba, rac uflebamosili mxarisaTvis xelmisawvdoms xdis xelSekrulebidan
gasvlis meoradi moTxovnis uflebis ganxorcielebas. valdebulebis mkacri Ses-
rulebis moTxovna SeiZleba warmoadgendes rogorc mxareTa SeTanxmebiT winaswar
dadgenil, ise xelSekrulebis nagulisxmev pirobas. calkeul SemTxvevebSi mkacri
Sesrulebis moTxovnas TviT kanoni awesebs. magaliTad, saqonlis nasyidobis dros
miwodebis adgilisa da drois zusti dacva mxares mkacrad moeTxoveba.242
b) valdebulebis Seusruleblobis samarTlebrivi Sedegebis simZime.
principebi darRvevis arsebiTad saxeldebisaTvis angariSs uwevs xelSekrulebis
mxaris bralsa da Seusruleblobis samarTlebrivi Sedegebis simZimes. Tu Ses-
ruleba mniSvnelovnad xelyofs mxaris saxelSekrulebo interess, maSin darRveva
arsebiTad ganixileba im SemTxvevis garda, Tu movale ar iTvaliswinebda da arc
SeeZlo gaeTvaliswinebina darRvevis mosalodneli samarTlebrivi Sedegebi.
movalis braleulobis gansazRvrisaTvis unda dadgindes, arsebuli faqtobrivi
garemoebebis gaTvaliswinebiT, obieqturi mesame pirisaTvis Tu ramdenad iqneboda
darRvevis Sedegebi savaraudo. amrigad, mocemul SemTxvevaSi movalis brali
ganapirobebs arsebiTi darRvevis arsebobas.
g) valdebulebis ganzraxi Seusrulebloba. im SemTxvevaSic ki, rodesac mxa-
ris saxelSekrulebo interesi sruliad ar ilaxeba an darRveva umniSvneloa,
valdebulebis Seusrulebloba SeiZleba arsebiTad CaiTvalos, Tu movale
ganzraxi braliT moqmedebda, ris gamoc kreditori kargavs ndobas valdebulebis
momavali Sesrulebis mimarT.243
nasyidobis konvencia, braleulobis TvalsazrisiT, valdebulebis arsebiTi
darRvevis saintereso koncefcias ganamtkicebs. kerZod, 25-e muxlis Tanaxmad,
arsebiTi darRveva mniSvnelovnad xelyofs mxaris legitimur saxelSekrulebo
molodins, amasTan, valdebulebis damrRvevma mxarem icoda da SeeZlo scodnoda
misi qmedebis mosalodneli samarTlebrivi Sedegi, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi
darRveva arsebiTad ar ganixileba.
SeTanxmeba arsebiT pirobebze mxareTa mier xelSekrulebis dadebis etapze
unda ganxorcieldes, raTa movalem gaacnobieros, Tu romeli pirobebis darRvevam
SeiZleba warmoSvas xelSekrulebaze uaris samarTlebrivi safuZveli xelSek-
rulebis arsebiTi darRvevis saxiT. Tu saxelSekrulebo piroba arsebiTad ar iyo
daTqmuli mxareTa mier molaparakebis etapze, maSin misi Seusrulebloba fun-
damentur darRvevad ar Seeracxeba movales, vinaidan mas araZiriTadi pirobis da-
ucveloba arsebiT darRvevad ar SeeZlo ganesazRvra xelSekrulebis SeTan-
xmebuli Sinaarsidan gamomdinare.
amrigad, xelSekrulebidan gasvla, nasyidobis konvenciis mixedviT, dauS-
veblad cxaddeba, rodesac mxares ar SeeZlo gaeTvaliswinebina, Tu ramdenad
241
ùwyebani~, sakanonmdeblo damateba, 31, 1997) 405-e III (a) muxli.
242
ix. Lando O., Beale H., Principles of European Contract Law, part I and II, Kluwer Law International, The Ha-
gue/London/Boston, 2000, 364.
243
ix. iqve, 365.
201
mniSvnelovania konkretuli pirobis Sesruleba xelSekrulebis miznis gaTvalis-

winebiT.
saxelSekrulebo valdebulebis Seusrulebloba afuZnebs valdebulebis
darRvevis obieqtur kategorias, romlis safuZvelze aRmocendeba xelSekru-
lebidan gasvlis meoradi moTxovnis ufleba, rac braleuli darRvevis arsebobas
winapirobad ar moiazrebs.244
xelSekrulebidan gasvlis moTxovnis uzogadesi safuZvelia gsk-is 323-e
paragrafi, romelic kreditoris sasargeblod warmoSobs xelSekrulebaze uaris
uflebas movalis mier sanacvlo valdebulebis Seusruleblobis SemTxvevaSi.
miuxedavad imisa, rom xelSekrulebidan gasvla iuridiul winapirobad bralis
arsebobas ar moiazrebs, gsk-is 324-e paragrafiT gaTvaliswinebul SemTxvevaSi
xelSekrulebidan gasvla SefasebiT kategoriazea damokidebuli. kerZod, ormxriv
xelSekrulebaSi movalis mier dacvis valdebulebis (Schutzpflichten) darRvevisas
kreditors warmoeSoba xelSekrulebidan gasvlis ufleba, Tu aragonivrulia, mas
dacvis valdebulebis darRvevis Sedegad moeTxovos xelSekrulebis ZalaSi
datoveba. xelSekrulebidan gasvlis gonivruloba ganisazRvreba imis safuZvelze,
Tu ramdenad samarTliania, hqondes saxelSekrulebo urTierTobas perspeqtiva
keTilsindisierebisa da interesTa balansis gaTvaliswinebiT.245 zogadi wesis
safuZvelze xelSekrulebis mxaris braleuloba xelSekrulebidan gasvlis
aucilebel winapirobas ar qmnis, magram gsk-is 324-e paragrafsa da ssk-is 405-e III(b)
muxlSi ganmtkicebul SemTxvevaSi xelSekrulebidan gasvlis uflebis warmoSobis
safuZveli SefasebiTad ganisazRvreba.
amrigad, essp-sa da nasyidobis konvenciaSi valdebulebis arsebiTi dar-
Rvevis gansazRvra mTlianad abstraqtul kategoriazea dafuZnebuli.
bralis samarTlebrivi kategoria gansakuTrebuli iuridiuli mniSvnelobis
mqonea, rogorc kontinenturi, ise angloamerikuli samarTlis sistemaSi, Tumca
TiToeuli samarTlebrivi sistema bralis sakiTxisadmi arsebiTad gansxvavebul
midgomas iTvaliswinebs:
angloamerikul samarTlebriv sivrceSi damkvidrebulia braleulobis ar-
sebiTad gansxvavebuli koncefcia. Tu kontinentur samarTalSi brali mniS-
vnelobas iZens samoqalaqosamarTlebrivi pasuxismgeblobis gansazRvris Tval-
sazrisiT, angloamerikul samarTalSi brali gansazRvravs valdebulebis dar-
Rvevis arsebobas.
angloamerikul samarTlebriv sivrceSi valdebulebis arabraleuli
Seusrulebloba ar afuZnebs valdebulebis darRvevis dasrulebul Semad-
genlobas.246 Sesabamisad, valdebulebis darRvevis ararsebobis gamo gamoricxu-
lia zianis anazRaurebis moTxovnis ufleba. sanacvlod, avtomaturad irTveba
xelSekrulebidan gasvlis samarTlebrivi reJimi, riTac kreditorisaTvis
uzrunvelyofilia ganxorcielebuli Sesrulebis dabrunebis samarTlebrivi
interesi, xolo movalisaTvis pirveladi valdebulebis Sesrulebisagan gan-
Tavisufleba. amrigad, angloamerikuli samarTali valdebulebis darRvevis
winapirobad bralis arsebobis gansazRvriT dasawyisSive gamoricxavs arabra-
244
245
ùwyebani~, sakanonmdeblo damateba, 31, 1997) 405-e III (b) muxli.
246
ix. Treitel G.H., The Law of Contract, 9th ed., Sweet and Maxwell, London, 1995, 674-666.
202
leuli SeusruleblobisaTvis zianis anazRaurebis valdebulebas. pativsadebi

safuZvlis arsebobisas arabraleuli Seusrulebloba mxolod xelSekru-
lebidan gasvlis meoradi moTxovnis uflebas aRmoacenebs, xolo zianis anazRa-
urebis moTxovnis uflebas warmoSobs mxolod braleuli Seusrulebloba, ro-
gorc valdebulebis darRvevis iuridiuli winapiroba.
vinaidan kontinentur samarTalSi brali valdebulebis darRvevis wina-
pirobad ar moiazreba, xelSekrulebidan gasvla uzrunvelyofilia rogorc
braleuli, ise arabraleuli Seusruleblobis SemTxvevaSi. Tu ramdenad arse-
bobs movalisaTvis zianis anazRaurebis meoradi moTxovnis uflebisadmi xel-
misawvdomoba, ganisazRvreba movalis braliT valdebulebis darRvevis dafuZ-
nebaSi.
daskvnis saxiT SeiZleba iTqvas, rom orive samarTlebrivi sistema
valdebulebis SeusruleblobisaTvis pasuxismgeblobas bralis kategoriaze
damokidebulad acxadebs, Tumca arsebiTad analogiuri Sedegi aq gansxvavebuli
samarTlebrivi meqanizmebis gamoyenebiT miiRweva.
2. valdebulebis darRvevis, rogorc xelSekrulebidan gasvlis

winapirobis, arsebobis miuxedavad xelSekrulebaze uaris Tqmis
dauSvebloba
kanonmdebloba ganamtkicebs SemTxvevebs, rodesac xelSekrulebidan gas-

vlis winapiroba valdebulebis darRvevis saxiT arsebobs, magram kanonmdebloba
xelSekrulebidan gasvlas dauSveblad acxadebs garkveul garemoebebze
dayrdnobiT.
Tu movalis braleuli darRveva xelSekrulebidan gasvlis uflebis war-
moSobisaTvis aucilebel winapirobas ar qmnis, Tavad kreditoris brali iuridiul
mniSvnelobas iZens imdenad, rom gansazRvravs xelSekrulebidan gasvlis uflebis
arsebobasac. Tu kreditori arakeTilsindisieria saxelSekrulebo urTierTobis
mimarT, misi aragulisxmieri qceva gamoricxavs xelSekrulebidan gasvlis uflebis
ganxorcielebas. amrigad, kreditoris arabraleuloba da keTilsindisiereba,
movalis mier valdebulebis darRvevasTan erTad, xelSekrulebidan gasvlis
uzogades winapirobad unda iqnes miCneuli.
ssk-is 405-e III (g) muxlis Tanaxmad, kreditori moklebulia xelSekrulebi-
dan gasvlis uflebamosilebas, Tuki valdebulebis darRvevisaTvis umTavresad an
mTlianad TviTon aris pasuxismgebeli.247 SesaZlebelia, valdebulebis Seusruleb-
loba movalisa da kreditoris erToblivi braliT iyos gamowveuli. aseT
SemTxvevaSi unda Sefasdes TiToeuli mxaris braleulobis xarisxi da Sesabamisad
gadawydes pasuxismgeblobisa da xelSekrulebidan gasvlis sakiTxi.
gsk-is 323-e VI paragrafis ZaliT, xelSekrulebidan gasvla dauSveblad
cxaddeba, Tu valdebulebis darRveva, romelic movalis braleuli qmedebiT ar
aris gamowveuli (magaliTad, Sesrulebis arabraleuli SeuZlebloba), kreditoris
mier vadis gadacilebis procesSi fuZndeba. amrigad, `xelSekrulebidan gasvlis
247
amave Sinaarsis normas ganamtkicebs essp-is (Principles of European Contract Law – Parts I and II - Revised 1998,
Part III – 2003, www.lexmercatoria.org, (08.12.07.)) 9:301 I, 9:102 II muxlebi.
203
ufleba imTaviTve gulisxmobs kreditoris mier xelSekrulebisadmi yovelmxriv

erTgulebas (vertragtreu).~248
3. Semxvedri valdebulebis Sesrulebisagan ganTavisuflebisa da

braleulobis urTierTmimarTeba xelSekrulebidan gasvlisas
uflebamosil mxares xelSekrulebidan gasvlis gancxadebis Semdgom

warmoeSoba miRebuli Sesrulebisa da sargeblis ukan dabrunebis movaleoba. am
moTxovnas gsk-is 346-e I paragrafi awesebs da misi darRveva zianis anazRaurebis
uflebis warmoSobis safuZvelia.
xelSekrulebidan gasvlisas mxareebma ganxorcielebuli Sesruleba
erTmaneTs unda daubrunon. gsk-is 346-e II (2)(3) paragrafis Tanaxmad, movalis mier
miRebuli qonebis gamoyenebis, gasxvisebis, uflebrivad datvirTvis, gadamuSavebis
an gadakeTebis, aseve qonebis gafuWebis an ganadgurebis SemTxvevaSi, miRebuli
sikeTis naturiT dabrunebis nacvlad, movales warmoeSoba fuladi kompensaciis
valdebuleba. gsk-is 346-e II (2)(3) paragrafis Sinaarsidan vlindeba, rom fuladi
anazRaurebis valdebuleba warmoiSoba, miuxedavad imisa, Sesrulebis naturiT
dabruneba valdebuli piris braliT Tu misi bralisgan damoukideblad gaxda Se-
uZlebeli. kerZod, 346-e II (2) paragrafiT gaTvaliswinebul SemTxvevaSi saubaria
movalis mier Sesrulebis sagnis sakuTari nebiT, Sesabamisad braleuli qmedebiT,
gamoyenebaze, gasxvisebaze, uflebrivad datvirTvaze, gadamuSavebasa an gada-
keTebaze. xolo 346-e II (3) paragrafis ZaliT, kompensaciis valdebuleba arsebobs
im SemTxvevaSic, Tu xelSekrulebis sagani, movalis bralis miuxedavad, fuWdeba an
iRupeba. is faqti, rom movalis mier fuladi anazRaurebis valdebuleba fuZndeba,
miuxedavad misi bralisa Sesrulebis sagnis naturiT dabrunebis SeuZleblobaSi,
ganpirobebulia imiT, rom valdebulebis darRveva movalis mier ganxorcielda,
Sesabamisad, mas braleulobisagan damoukideblad ekisreba fuladi anazRaurebis
valdebuleba xelSekrulebis sagnis dabrunebis sanacvlod.
gsk-is 346-e III (1) paragrafis Tanaxmad, ar arsebobs fuladi anazRaurebis
valdebuleba, Tu sagnis is nakli, romelic xelSekrulebaze uaris Tqmis safuZve-
lia, misi gadamuSavebis an gadakeTebis dros gamovlinda. aRniSnuli paragrafi
aregulirebs SemTxvevas, rodesac xelSekrulebidan gasvlis safuZveli aRmocenda
qonebis kreditorisaTvis gadacemis Semdeg. valdebulebis darRveva nakliani
nivTis miwodebiT gamoixata, Sesabamisad, braleulobis miuxedavad, movalis,
rogorc valdebulebis damrRvevi mxaris, sasargeblod kreditors kompensaciis
valdebuleba ar warmoeSoba.
gsk-is 346-e III (2) paragrafSi gamoiyofa ori SemTxveva, rodesac gamo-
ricxulia fuladi anazRaurebis valdebuleba: 1) kreditors miuZRvis brali im
qonebis gafuWebasa Tu ganadgurebaSi, romlis kompensaciasac iTxovs; 2) kre-
ditoris xelSi ziani, misi braleulobis miuxedavad, mainc dadgeboda. am uka-
nasknel SemTxvevaSi fuladi anazRaurebis valdebulebas gamoricxavs is principi,
rom qonebis SemTxveviTi daRupvisa Tu ganadgurebis riski xelSekrulebis im
monawiles akisria, romlis faqtobriv gamgeblobasa da gankargulebaSi aris
xelSekrulebis sagani moqceuli.
248
204
gsk-is 346-e III (3) paragrafi awesrigebs kidev erT SemTxvevas, rodesac
movales ar warmoeSoba fuladi anazRaurebis valdebuleba, kerZod, Tu qoneba
gafuWda an ganadgurda uflebamosil pirTan, miuxedavad imisa, rom igi iseve
eqceoda qonebas, rogorc sakuTars. am dros qonebis SemTxveviTi daRupvisa da
ganadgurebis riski valdebulebis damrRvev mxarezea da ara kreditorze, romlis
gankargulebaSic qoneba imyofeba. valdebulebis darRvevis ZaliT aRniSnuli
riski kreditoridan movaleze gadainacvlebs. magaliTad, qonebis nasyidobis
SemTxvevaSi, Tu gamyidvelis darRvevis gamo myidvelma moiTxova xelSekrulebidan
gasvla, es ukanaskneli uflebamosili iqneba, miiRos miRebuli qonebis saxel-
Sekrulebo fasi gamyidvelisagan im SemTxvevaSic ki, Tu qoneba mis xelSi daiRupeba.
magram amisTvis aucilebelia, kreditori iseTive gulisxmierebiT eqceodes
qonebas, rogorc sakuTars.249 gsk-is 277-e paragrafis Tanaxmad, Tu mxares
pasuxismgebloba unda daekisros im windaxedulebisa da sifrTxilis mixedviT,
romelsac, Cveulebriv, sakuTari saqmeebis mimarT avlens, maSin igi ar SeiZleba
ganTavisufldes uxeSi gaufrTxileblobisaTvis pasuxismgeblobisagan. zemo-
aRniSnul SemTxvevaSi kreditori martivi gaufrTxileblobisaTvis ganTavisuf-
ldeba kompensaciis valdebulebisagan, Tu daamtkicebs, rom sakuTari saqmeebis
mimarTac iseTive gulgrilobiT moqmedebs, rogorc mocemul konkretul
urTierTobaSi. `qonebiT saTanado sargebloba, rogorc aseTi, ar gulisxmobs
uxeSi gaufrTxileblobis arsebobas. Tu xelSekrulebis sagnis saTanado gamo-
yenebis Sedegad qoneba ganadgurda an dazianda, maSin gsk-is 346-e III (3) paragrafiT
ganmtkicebuli privilegia kreditoris mimarT [fuladi kompensaciisagan gan-
Tavisufleba] sruli ZaliT moqmedebs.~250 miuxedavad imisa, rom ganxilul Sem-
TxvevaSi qoneba kreditoris gavlenisa da kontrolis sferoSia moqceuli, riski
mainc valdebulebis damrRvev mxareze gadainacvlebs, vinaidan xelSekrulebidan
gasvlis safuZvels movalis mier valdebulebis Seusrulebloba qmnis.251
kreditoris ganTavisufleba qonebis kompensaciis valdebulebisagan
keTilsindisierebis dacviTaa ganpirobebuli. Tu kreditori xelSekrulebidan
gasvlis Sesaxeb gancxadebis Semdgom daazianebs misTvis nasyidobis safuZvelze
gadacemul qonebas, maSin mas yovelgvari bralisaTvis daekisreba pasuxismgebloba.
martivi gaufrTxileblobis SemTxvevaSic myidveli valdebulia, daubrunos
gamyidvels qoneba sawyis mdgomareobaSi (amasTan, normaluri sargeblobiT
gamowveuli cveTa mxedvelobaSi ar miiReba), an gadasces ekvivalenturi fuladi
kompensacia. kreditors pasuxismgebloba aRar daekisreba iseTi windaxedu-
lebisaTvis, rogorsac sakuTari saqmeebis mimarT avlens, aramed ganzraxvisa da
nebismieri formis gaufrTxileblobisaTvis. rac Seexeba sagnis SemTxveviTi
daRupvisa da ganadgurebis risks, igi kvlav valdebulebis damrRvev (am Sem-
TxvevaSi — gamyidvelis) mxarezea. 252
movalis mier valdebulebis braleuli darRvevis SemTxvevaSi ssk-is 407-e
muxli iTvaliswinebs zianis anazRaurebis moTxovnis uflebas kreditoris mier
249
250
iqve, 435.
251
ix. Zimmermann R., The Law of Obligations - Roman Foundations of the Civilian Tradition, CapeTown, 1990, 330,
miTiTebulia: Markesinis S.B., Unberath H., Johnston A., The German Law of Contract – A Comparative Treatise, 2nd ed.,
Hart Publishing, Oxford and Portland, Oregon, 435.
252
Publishing, Oxford and Portland, Oregon,435.
205
xelSekrulebidan gasvlisas. ssk-is 394-e muxli am SemTxvevisaTvis gamousadegaria,

radgan 407-e muxli specialurad gamoiyeneba valdebulebaze uaris Tqmis
pirobebSi 405-e muxlTan kombinaciiT.
4. bralis mniSvneloba anazRaurebas daqvemdebarebuli zianis odenobis

gansazRvrisaTvis
samarTlebrivad daculia mxolod is ziani, romelic savaraudo iqneboda

nebismieri gonieri adamianisaTvis, brunvis saSualo monawilisaTvis.253 amrigad,
kanonmdebloba zianis savaraudoobis gansazRvrisaTvis obieqtur kriteriums
amkvidrebs, riTac dgindeba movalis pasuxismgeblobis farglebi.254
iuridiul mecnierebaSi doqtrina mxarisaTvis mosalodneli da savaraudo zianis
anazRaurebis Sesaxeb safrangeTSi me-18 saukuneSi ganviTarda.255 franguli
samarTlis mixedviT, anazRaurebas eqvemdebareba mxarisaTvis winaswar savaraudo
ziani, romelic valdebulebis darRvevis Tanadrouli da uSualo samarTlebrivi
Sedegia. sainteresoa, rom valdebulebis ganzraxi darRvevis SemTxvevaSi
franguli da italiuri samarTali zianis anazRaurebis winapirobad mxaris mier
zianis winaswar gaTvaliswinebis kriteriums aRar ayenebs. Sesabamisad, damdgari
ziani anazRaurdeba sruli odenobiT, maT Soris isic, romelsac mxare ar
iTvaliswinebda, an ar SeeZlo gaeTvaliswinebina, xolo moTxovna imis Sesaxeb, rom
ziani valdebulebis darRvevis uSualo Sedegi unda iyos, ucvleli rCeba.
franguli doqtrinisagan gansxvavebiT, germanuli samarTali ganamtkicebs
mizezobrivi kavSiris Sesaxeb Teorias, romlis Tanaxmad, anazRaurebas eqvem-
debareba ziani, romelic valdebulebis darRvevis uSualo samarTlebrivi Sedegia.
es Teoria dazaralebuls, darRveuli interesebis dacvis TvalsazrisiT, ukeTes
pirobebSi ayenebs.
germanuli doqtrinis Tanaxmad, pasuxismgebloba unda efuZnebodes or
koncefcias: erTi, pasuxismgebloba SesaZlebelia daekisros mxolod braleul
mxares; meore, dazaralebul mxares unda aunazRaurdes ziani im odenobiT, rac
aucilebelia mxarisaTvis im pirobebis Sesaqmnelad, romelic iarsebebda,
xelSekruleba rom ar darRveuliyo.256
`sayovelTaod damkvidrebuli SexedulebiT, dazaralebuls zianis ana-
zRaurebis moTxovnis ufleba ar warmoeSoba, Tu mas brali miuZRvis mosalodneli
zianis Sesaxeb movalisaTvis SeutyobineblobaSi.~257 magaliTad, gsk-is 254-e
253
254
aRniSnuli principis safuZvelze anazRaurebas ar eqvemdebareba arapirdapiri ziani, romelic,
gonivruli varaudis cnebidan gamomdinare, ver iqneboda movalisaTvis mosalodneli da winaswar
gansazRvradi. ix. Wanturia l., zoiZe b., niniZe T., Sengelia r., xecuriani j., saqarTvelos samoqalaqo
kodeqsis komentari, wigni III, valdebulebiTi samarTali, zogadi nawili, Tb., 2001, 466.
255
York, 2006, 408.
256
ix. Puchta G.F., Vorlesungen, 2, §224; Windscheid B., Lehrbuch, 2, §257; ix. Vangerow K., Lehrbuch der Pandekten 3, 7th
ed., Marburg, 1863, §571, Anm.3. ix. Zimmermann R., Obligations, 833-4, miTiTebulia: Gordley J., Foundations of Private
Law: Property, Tort, Contract, Unjust Enrichment, Oxford University Press, New York, 2006, 411.
257
Grunsky W. in Münchener Kommentar to §254, no.59. ix. Heinrichs H. in Palandt O. Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch 62nd ed.,
Munich, 2003, to §254, no.51, OLG, Bremen, 20 Nov. 1975, Versicherungs Recht, 1976, 558-560 miTiTebulia: Gordley J.,
Foundations of Private Law: Property, Tort, Contract, Unjust Enrichment, Oxford University Press, New York, 2006, 411.
206
paragrafis Tanaxmad, dazaralebulis brali SeiZleba gamoixatos uCveulod didi

zianis warmoSobis riskis movalisaTvis SeutyobineblobaSi, romelmac ar icoda da
arc SeeZlo scodnoda aRniSnuli riskis arsebobis Sesaxeb.
àmrigad, gsk-is 254-e paragrafi mniSvnelovnad uaxlovdeba frangul
doqtrinas, romlis Tanaxmad, ganzraxi darRvevis SemTxvevaSi, movale pasuxs agebs
damdgari samarTlebrivi SedegisaTvis sruli odenobiT. ganzraxi darRvevis
ararsebobisas ki mxare pasuxismgebelia mxolod mosalodneli zianisaTvis, risi
gaTvaliswinebac SesaZlebeli iyo sakuTari codnisa Tu sxvisi Setyobinebis
safuZvelze.~258
essp-is 9:503 muxlis Tanaxmad, valdebulebis damrRvevi mxare pasuxismge-
belia im zianisaTvis, romelsac igi xelSekrulebis dadebis etapze iTvaliswi-
nebda, an valdebuli iyo gaeTvaliswinebina, rogorc misi marTlsawinaaRmdego
qmedebis samarTlebrivi Sedegi. Tu mxare ganzraxviT an uxeSi gaufrTxileblobiT
moqmedebda, maSin igi pasuxismgebelia ara mxolod mis mier savaraudo, aramed
damdgari zianisaTvis, sruli odenobiT.
marTalia, ssk ganamtkicebs mxarisaTvis mosalodneli da savaraudo zianis
anazRaurebis wess,259 magram anazRaurebas daqvemdebarebuli zianis odenobis
gansazRvrisas angariSs ar uwves, bralis Tu romeli formiTaa valdebulebis
darRveva gamoxatuli. keTilsindisierebis universaluri principidan gamomdi-
nare, gaTvaliswinebis kriteriumi ar unda miemarTebodes asanazRaurebeli zianis
odenobas mxolod ganzraxi darRvevis arsebobis SemTxvevaSi, rac mizanSewonilia
aisaxos moqmed samoqalaqo kodeqsSi.
VIII. daskvna
bralis sakiTxis analizi avlens erovnuli samarTlis sistemis araerT

mniSvnelovan xarvezsa Tu vakuums. naSromSi ganxiluli problematikis kvlevis
Sedegebi SesaZlebelia Semajamebeli daskvnebis saxiT Camoyalibdes:
1. bralis iuridiuli kategoria gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas iZens
valdebulebis darRvevis TiToeuli saxis samarTlebriv konstruqciaSi. qarTul
sakanonmdeblo sivrceSi ar arsebobs saxelSekrulebo valdebulebis darRvevis
erTiani koncefcia. amasTan, ssk ar iTvaliswinebs darRvevis calkeuli kategoriis
damoukidebeli muxliT regulirebas. mxolod movalis mier vadis gadacilebaa
calke reglamentaciis sagani, xolo misTvis gankuTvnil TavSi Sesrulebis SeuZ-
leblobas erTaderTi muxli aqvs daTmobili, isic vadis gadacilebasTan kavSirSi —
im SemTxvevis warmosaCenad, Tu rodis ar CaiTvleba vada gadacilebulad. amasTan,
nakliani Sesrulebis maregulirebeli danawesebi nasyidobis xelSekrulebis
momwesrigebel normebSia gabneuli.
samarTlebrivi gansazRvrulobisaTvis aucilebelia, kodeqsma detalurad
moawesrigos Seusruleblobis kategoriebi da gansazRvros bralis mniSvneloba
valdebulebis darRvevis calkeuli saxis samarTlebriv reJimSi.
258
2006, 411.
259
207
2. rogorc wesi, brali valdebulebis darRvevis dafuZnebisTvis

aucilebel winapirobad ar ganixileba, Tumca movalis mier vadis gadacilebis
samarTlebriv konstruqciaSi bralis koncefcia gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas
iZens, kerZod, vadis gadacileba yovelTvis braleul qmedebas gulisxmobs. Tu
movale ar aris pasuxismgebeli valdebulebis Sesrulebis dayovnebisaTvis, maSin
SesaZloa, saxeze iyos kreditoris mier vadis gadacileba an Sesrulebis
SeuZlebloba, rac obieqturad gamoricxavs Sesrulebis valdebulebas. vadis
gadacileba SeiZleba gavrceldes mxolod im valdebulebebze, romlebic va-
damosulobis momentSi ganxorcielebadia. amitomac vadis gadacileba val-
debulebis Sesrulebis obieqtur SesaZleblobas winapirobad moiazrebs. Tu
valdebuleba ar aris ganxorcielebadi, saxezea Sesrulebis SeuZlebloba.
a) movalis mier vadis gadacilebis braleul darRvevad saxeldebas
gansazRvruli samarTlebrivi safuZveli aqvs: ssk-is 401-e muxlis ana-
lizidan irkveva, rom vadis gadacilebis arsebobaze msjeloba mxolod
maSinaa dasaSvebi, Tu Sesruleba jer kidev movalis SesaZleblobis sferos
ganekuTvneba. vinaidan Sesrulebis SesaZleblobis pirobebSi valdebuleba
droulad ar sruldeba, saxezea movalis brali vadamosuli da gan-
xorcielebadi valdebulebis Seusruleblobis mimarT.
mniSvnelovania, rom vadis gadacilebis dasrulebuli Semadgenloba
mxolod gafrTxilebis uSedegod gancxadebis Semdgom fuZndeba. gafr-
TxilebiT kidev erTxel xorcieldeba movalis gacnobiereba xel-
Sekrulebis SinaarsSi, sakuTar ufleba-movaleobebSi, raTa gamoiricxos
valdebulebis gaufrTxileblobiT darRvevis riski. valdebulebis
Sesrulebis moTxovnis safuZvelze movale iTvaliswinebs valdebulebis
Seusruleblobis mosalodnel samarTlebriv Sedegs, amitomac gafr-
Txileba movalis bralis mniSvnelovan indikatorad ganixileba.
b) movales vadis gadacilebis momentSi dafuZnebuli SeuZleblobis
dros yovelgvari SemTxveviTobisaTvis daekisreba pasuxismgebloba.260
doqtrina am SemTxvevas bralis gareSe pasuxismgeblobis saxed ganixilavs.
Tumca, faqtobrivad, movalisaTvis pasuxismgeblobis dakisrebis samar-
Tlebrivi safuZvelia misi brali vadis gadacilebis an misi gamomwvevi
garemoebis mimarT. arakeTilsindisieri movale pasuxismgeblobisagan gan-
Tavisuflebis uflebebiT ar unda sargeblobdes. vinaidan Sesrulebis SeuZ-
leblobis gamomwvevi garemoeba Sesrulebis dayovnebamde ar warmoiSoboda,
naTeli xdeba SemTxveviTobisaTvis pasuxismgeblobis dakisrebis samar-
Tlebrivi dasabuTeba.
3. kreditoris mier vadis gadacilebis nawilSi ssk xarveziT xasiaTdeba,
kerZod:
a) ssk-is 392-e muxlis Tanaxmad, kreditoris mier vadis gadacilebisas
movale mxolod maSin aris pasuxismgebeli valdebulebis Seusruleb-
lobisaTvis, Tuki Sesruleba SeuZlebeli aRmoCnda movalis ganzraxvis an
uxeSi gaufrTxileblobis gamo. aRniSnuli muxlis analizidan irkveva, rom
movalis pasuxismgebloba martivi gaufrTxileblobiT valdebulebis
darRvevisTvis gamoiricxeba da valdebulebis Seusruleblobis riski
kreditors daekisreba, rogorc vadis gadamcilebel mxares. amasTan,
260
208
mniSvnelovania, rom ssk-is 392-e muxli moicavs kreditoris mier vadis

rogorc braleuli, ise arabraleuli gadacilebis SemTxvevebs, ramdenadac
kanonmdebeli muxlis formulirebaSi ar akonkretebs kreditoris
braleulobis sakiTxs.
392-e muxlis Sinaarsidan ikveTeba, rom movalis mier valdebulebis
martivi gaufrTxileblobiT darRvevisTvis, braleulobis miuxedavad
kreditoria pasuxismgebeli. maSin, rodesac ssk-is 393-e (b) muxlis ZaliT
kreditors pasuxismgebloba, misi braleulobis gaTvaliswinebis gareSe,
daekisreba mxolod SemTxveviTobisaTvis. amrigad, ssk-is 392-e da 393-e
muxlebi, Tavisi SinaarsiT, winaaRmdegobrivia.
b) ssk dasaSvebad miiCnevs kreditoris mier vadis braleuli gada-
cilebis Sedegad damdgari zianis anazRaurebas.261 zianis anazRaureba aris
meoradi moTxovnis ufleba, romelic gamoiyeneba pirveladi valdebulebis
braleuli darRvevis SemTxvevaSi.262 ssk kreditoris mier vadis gadacilebas
ganixilavs Tanaqmedebis da ara ZiriTadi saxelSekrulebo valdebulebis
darRvevad (qarTuli samarTali am sakiTxSi, essp-isagan gansxvavebiT,
germanuli samarTlis moziarea). Tu Sesrulebis miReba kreditoris
valdebulebas ar ganekuTvneba, maSin am uflebis ganuxorcielebloba ar
afuZnebs valdebulebis darRvevas da, Sesabamisad, zianis anazRaurebis
moTxovnis uflebas. kreditoris mier vadis gadacilebis valdebulebis
darRvevad saxeldebis SemTxvevaSi, movale unda Tavisufldebodes
sanacvlo Sesrulebis valdebulebisagan. vinaidan movale Sesrulebaze
kvlav pasuxismgebeli rCeba,263 Sesabamisad, kreditoris mier Sesrulebis
dayovneba valdebulebis darRvevad ar ganixileba da xelSekrulebidan
gasvlis samarTlebrivi reJimi ar fuZndeba.
rac Seexeba kreditoris mier vadis gadacilebis Sedegad movalisaTvis
miyenebul zians, misi anazRaureba SeiZleba ganxorcieldes mxolod 393-e I
muxlis safuZvelze, xelSekrulebis sagnis Senaxvis gamo warmoSobili
xarjebis anazRaurebis moTxovnis saxiT da ara zianis anazRaurebis meoradi
moTxovnis uflebis ZaliT, romelic mocemul urTierTobaSi ar
aRmocendeba valdebulebis darRvevis ararsebobis gamo. zemoaRniSnuli
adasturebs, rom 391-e muxlis arseboba ssk-Si gaumarTlebelia.
4. Sesrulebis SeuZleblobis, rogorc valdebulebis darRvevis erT-erTi
ZiriTadi saxis, reglamentaciis TvalsazrisiT, ssk-Si mniSvnelovani vakuumia:
a) ssk-is 401-e muxlSi Sesrulebis SeuZleblobis mxolod erT-erTi saxe
— arabraleuli SeuZleblobaa mowesrigebuli, romelic am samarTlebrivi
konstruqciis erTaderTi klasikuri SemTxveva ar aris. realurad, Ses-
rulebis SeuZleblobas SeiZleba rogorc movalis, ise kreditoris bra-
leuli qmedeba edos safuZvlad. 401-e muxlis saTauris formulirebidanac
naTlad ikveTeba, rom kodeqsi valdebulebis yvela saxis Seusruleblobas,
romelic movalis braliT ar aris gamowveuli, Sesrulebis arabraleul
SeuZleblobasTan aigivebs, rac aramarTebulia. magaliTad, kreditoris
261
262
ix. iqve, 394-e I muxli.
263
ix. iqve, 434-e II muxli.
209
mier vadis gadacilebisas valdebuleba movalis bralisagan damoukideblad

ver sruldeba, Tumca amiT upirobod ar fuZndeba Sesrulebis SeuZlebloba.
amrigad, ssk-Si mxolod movalis bralisagan damoukidebeli Sesrulebis
SeuZleblobis koncefciaa gadmocemuli, isic arasrulyofili da gau-
marTavi formulirebiT. amas garda, regulirebis miRma rCeba meoradi moT-
xovnis uflebebze xelmisawvdomobis, mxareTa pasuxismgeblobis, kre-
ditorisa Tu movalis qmedebiT gamowveuli, obieqturi Tu subieqturi,
droebiTi da mudmivi, absoluturi Tu fardobiTi Sesrulebis SeuZleb-
lobis sakiTxebi, rac arsebiT sirTuleebs warmoSobs rogorc doqtrinul,
ise samarTalSefardebis doneze.
samarTlebrivi gansazRvrulobisaTvis aucilebelia, detalurad
mowesrigdes Sesrulebis SeuZleblobis saxeebi da xelSekrulebis mona-
wileTa pasuxismgeblobis farglebi ganisazRvros Sesrulebis SeuZleb-
lobis mimarT mxareTa braleulobis gaTvaliswinebiT.
b) ssk Sesrulebis arabraleul SeuZleblobas valdebulebis darRvevad
ar ganixilavs. 401-e muxlis formulirebidan vlindeba, rom vadis gada-
cilebad, Sesabamisad valdebulebis darRvevad, ar iTvleba valdebulebis
Seusrulebloba iseT garemoebaTa gamo, romelic movalis braliT ar aris
gamowveuli. am muxlis Sinaarsze dayrdnobiT movalis braleulobazea
damokidebuli valdebulebis darRvevis arseboba. aRniSnuli normis
SinaarsSi ar ikveTeba obieqturi Seusruleblobis faqtis aRiareba valde-
bulebis darRvevis dasrulebul Semadgenlobad. vinaidan arabraleuli
Sesrulebis SeuZleblobas kodeqsi valdebulebis darRvevad ar saxeldebs,
SeuZlebelia arsebobdes meoradi moTxovnis uflebebisadmi mimarTeba.
g) ssk-is 399-e I muxli dauZlevel Zalas, rogorc Sesrulebis ara-
braleul SeuZleblobas, xelSekrulebis dauyovneblivi moSlis winapi-
robad ganixilavs mxolod grZelvadian saxelSekrulebo valdebulebiT-
samarTlebriv urTierTobaSi. 399-e II muxli ki valdebulebis darRvevas
xelSekrulebis moSlis damoukidebel winapirobad acxadebs, rodesac
erTveba xelSekrulebidan gasvlis samarTlebrivi reJimi da damatebiTi
vadis koncefcia iwyebs sruli datvirTviT amoqmedebas.
399-e muxlis analizidan irkveva, rom ssk Sesrulebis arabraleul SeuZ-
leblobas valdebulebis darRvevad ar saxeldebs, vinaidan Sesrulebis
arabraleuli SeuZleblobisas xelSekrulebis moSlis sakiTxs calke
regulirebas uTmobs, xolo valdebulebis darRvevisas xelSekrulebis
moSlis SemTxveva damoukidebeli — 399-e II muxliT wesrigdeba. amrigad,
Sesrulebis SeuZlebloba, rogorc valdebulebis darRvevis erT-erTi
damoukidebeli saxe, swored 399-e II muxlis regulirebas unda daeq-
vemdebaros. marTalia, Sesrulebis SeuZleblobis pirobebSi damatebiTi
vadis daweseba, Sedegis TvalsazrisiT, samarTlebriv azrs moklebulia,
magram SemTxvevebs, rodesac valdebulebis darRvevisas xelSekrulebidan
dauyovneblivi gasvlis uflebamosileba fuZndeba, ssk-is 405-e II muxli
gansazRvravs. swored amitom dauZlevel Zalaze 399-e I muxlSi miTiTeba
samarTlebrivad gaumarTlebelia.
ssk valdebulebiTi urTierTobis dasrulebis SesaZleblobas iTva-
liswinebs xelSekrulebis moSlis samarTlebrivi meqanizmiT, mxolod
arabraleuli Sesrulebis SeuZleblobis pirobebsa da grZelvadian val-
210
debulebiT urTierTobaSi. xolo yvela sxva saxelSekrulebo urTierTobis

mimarT, romelic mravaljeradad gansaxorcielebel Sesrulebas ar
iTvaliswinebs, Sesrulebis SeuZleblobis safuZvliT xelSekrulebidan
gasvlis sakiTxi mouwesrigebeli rCeba. amasTan, xelSekrulebis moSlis
instituti, Tavisi iuridiuli arsiT, mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdeba
xelSekrulebidan gasvlis samarTlebrivi kategoriisagan, romlisTvisac
arsebiTi maxasiaTebeli swored Tavdapirveli mdgomareobis aRdgena-
restituciaa, rac grZelvadiani valdebulebiTsamarTlebrivi urTier-
Tobis pirobebSi realurad ganuxorcielebelia.
amrigad, ssk ar ganamtkicebs Sesrulebis SeuZleblobis safuZvliT
xelSekrulebidan gasvlis samarTlebriv konstruqcias. ramdenadac Ses-
rulebis SeuZlebloba valdebulebis darRvevis saxed ar aris kodeqsSi
warmodgenili, Sesabamisad gamoricxulia kreditoris zianis anazRaurebis
uflebisadmi xelmisawvdomobac, vinaidan ssk-is 394-e I muxlis Tanaxmad,
movales pasuxismgebloba, zianis anazRaurebis saxiT, daekisreba mxolod
valdebulebis braleuli darRvevis SemTxvevaSi.
5. saxelSekrulebo pasuxismgeblobis sakiTxi gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas
iZens mosalodneli darRvevis samarTlebriv konstruqciaSi:
ssk ar iTvaliswinebs mosalodneli darRvevis samarTlebrivi kategoriis
regulirebas, is mxolod 405-e II (a) muxlis SinaarsSi igulisxmeba: ar aris
aucilebeli damatebiTi vadis daweseba an gafrTxileba, Tu aSkaraa, rom mas
Sedegi ar mohyveba. normis ganmartebidan gamomdinare, aq unda igulis-
xmebodes mosalodneli darRvevisa da Sesrulebis SeuZleblobis samar-
Tlebrivi koncefciebi, rodesac damatebiTi vadis daweseba ubralo for-
malobad iqceva.
mosalodneli darRvevis arsebobisas: 1) movale uars acxadebs val-
debulebis Sesrulebaze, romelic obieqturad ganxorcielebadia, magram ar
aris vadamosuli; 2) movale ar uaryofs valdebulebas, magram braleulad ar
axorcielebs SesrulebisaTvis aucilebel moqmedebebs. pasuxismgeblobis
gansazRvrisaTvis gansakuTrebiT sagulisxmoa SemTxveva, rodesac mxaris
mier valdebulebis Sesrulebaze braleuli uaris gancxadebis Semdgom
vadamosuli valdebulebis mimarT, movalisagan damoukidebeli mizeziT,
fuZndeba Sesrulebis SeuZlebloba.
mocemul SemTxvevaSi ar arsebobs mizezobrivi kavSiri movalis qmedebasa
da damdgar Sedegs Soris, vinaidan SeusruleblobiT gamowveuli ziani ar
aris movalis braleuli qmedebis uSualo samarTlebrivi Sedegi, amasTan,
ziani, mosalodneli darRvevis arsebobis miuxedavad, Sesrulebis SeuZ-
leblobis pirobebSi mainc dadgeboda.
Sesrulebis arabraleuli SeuZleblobisas ssk iTvaliswinebs movalis
ganTavisuflebas zianis anazRaurebis valdebulebisagan, rac valdebulebis
darRvevis uaryofiT Sedegebs kreditoris mimarT warmoSobs. am SemTxvevaSi
kanonmdebeli arabraleuli movalis interesebs icavs Tanabrad arabraleuli
kreditoris interesebTan mimarTebiT. Tumca, rodesac saxezea movalis mier
valdebulebis mosalodneli braleuli darRveva, kanonmdebelma arCevani
arabraleuli kreditoris interesebis sasargeblod unda gaakeTos da
movales zianis anazRaurebis valdebuleba daakisros, miuxedavad imisa, rom
211
valdebulebis Seusrulebloba Sesrulebis SeuZleblobam ganapiroba da ara

movalis mier valdebulebis mosalodnelma braleulma darRvevam.
6. Sesrulebis arabraleuli SeuZleblobisas movale Tavisufldeba
rogorc naturiT Sesrulebisagan, ise zianis anazRaurebis valdebulebisagan,
ramdenadac ar arsebobs zianis anazRaurebis moTxovnis aucilebeli winapirobebi:
mizezobrivi kavSiri movalis qmedebasa da damdgar zians Soris da movalis brali
Sesrulebis SeuZleblobis warmoSobaSi.
Sesrulebis arabraleuli SeuZleblobis riskis kreditorisaTvis dakisreba,
keTilsindisierebis principis TvalsazrisiT, gaumarTlebelia. marTalia,
xelSekrulebis monawileebma SeiZleba gaiTvaliswinon aRniSnuli riskis
kanonisgan gansxvavebuli gadanawileba, magram samarTlianobis poziciidan
gamarTlebuli iqneboda, Sesrulebis arabraleuli SeuZleblobis Sedegad
warmoSobili ziani sakanonmdeblo doneze Tanabrad ganawilebliyo rogorc
kreditorze, ise movaleze, rogorc xelSekrulebis or Tanabrad arabraleul
mxareze. amiT uzrunvelyofili iqneboda xelSekrulebis monawileebis interesTa
balansi samoqalaqo brunvisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli Tanmdevi riskis pirobebSi.
7. gsk ganamtkicebs e.w. praqtikuli (fardobiTi) Sesrulebis SeuZleblobis
samarTlebriv kategorias, rodesac valdebulebis Sesruleba ukiduresad
rTuldeba, Tumca obieqturad igi mainc ganxorcielebadia. movales SeuZlia, uari
Tqvas valdebulebis Sesrulebaze, Tu es aragonivrulad did xarjebs ukavSirdeba,
rac mniSvnelovnad Seusabamoa kreditoris Sesrulebis interesTan,
valdebulebiTi urTierTobis Sinaarssa da keTilsindisierebis principTan.
germanuli samarTlis ZaliT braleuli movale, romelmac sakuTari
qmedebiT ganapiroba Sesrulebis ukiduresi damZimeba, Sesrulebis valde-
bulebisagan ganTavisuflebis privilegiiT ver isargeblebs da, Sesabamisad, val-
debuli iqneba, ganaxorcielos aragonivrulad didi xarjebis fasad xelSek-
rulebiT SeTanxmebuli pirveladi valdebuleba. Sesrulebis dabrkolebisaTvis
pasuxismgebel movales zianis anazRaurebis valdebuleba ar daekisreba, vinaidan
saxelSekrulebo urTierToba xelSekrulebidan gasvlis samarTlebriv reJimSi ar
transformirdeba. sakiTxis amgvari gadawyveta, garkveuli TvalsazrisiT,
aramarTebulad SeiZleba CaiTvalos:
a) mniSvnelovania, rom kanonmdebeli bralis formas angariSs ar uwevs
imis gansazRvrisaTvis, Tu ramdenad SesaZlebelia, mxares moeTxovos
Sesruleba, romelic aragonivrulad did xarjebs ukavSirdeba. ganzraxi
bralis SemTxvevaSi, romelic moicavs marTlsawinaaRmdego Sedegis codnasa
da survils, movalisTvis Sesrulebis valdebulebis dakisreba samar-
Tlebrivad udavo SemTxvevaa. ukiduresad garTulebuli Sesrulebis piro-
bebSi mxaris pirveladi valdebulebisagan ganTavisufleba xorcieldeba
keTilsindisierebisa da saxelSekrulebo wonasworobis, aseve interesTa
balansis uzrunvelyofis mizniT. ganzraxi bralis arsebobisas ki, keTil-
sindisierebis principis dacvis safuZvliT ver ganxorcieldeba Tavad
arakeTilsindisieri movalis Sesrulebis valdebulebisagan ganTavisuf-
leba, romelmac ganzraxi braliT gamoiwvia Sesrulebis dabrkoleba.
Sesabamisad, ganzraxi bralis SemTxvevaSi movale pasuxismgebeli iqneba
valdebulebis Sesrulebaze, aragonivrulad didi xarjebis miuxedavad.
b) braleul movaleze ukiduresad garTulebuli Sesrulebis val-
debulebis dakisrebiT kanonmdebeli keTilsindisieri kreditoris
poziciaze dgas da upiratesobas aniWebs kreditoris Sesrulebis interess
212
braleuli movalis interesebTan mimarTebiT. mxareTa ormxrivi interesebis

balansis uzrunvelyofis mizniT ufro gamarTlebuli iqneboda braleuli
movalis ganTavisufleba Sesrulebis valdebulebisagan da xelSekru-
lebidn gasvlis samarTlebriv reJimSi movalisaTvis zianis anazRaurebis
moTxovnis uflebis dakisreba. kreditorisaTvis Sesrulebis interesis
Sesabamisi kompensaciis gadaxda ufro samarTlianad unda CaiTvalos, vidre
Tundac braleuli movalisaTvis aragonivruli xarjebis safasurad
valdebulebis Sesrulebis dakisreba, vinaidan kanonmdeblobis mizania ara
braleuli movalis dasja, aramed xelSekrulebis monawileebis interesTa
balansis uzrunvelyofa. aRniSnuli pozicia kidev ufro udavoa
gaufrTxileblobiT valdebulebis darRvevis SemTxvevaSi.
g) interesTa winaaRmdegobis mocemul viTarebaSi Sefasebis sakiTxia:
kreditoris Sesrulebis interesia upiratesi Tu movalis ekonomikuri
mdgomareobis gauaresebis Tavidan acileba. sakanonmdeblo doneze
braleuli movalis mier naturiT Sesrulebis nacvlad zianis anazRaurebis
valdebulebis ganmtkicebiT, orive xelSemkvreli mxaris ekonomikuri
mdgomareoba iqneboda daculi — erTi mxriv, kreditorisaTvis Sesrulebis
ekvivalenturi kompensaciis gadaxdiT da, meore mxriv, movalis arago-
nivrulad did xarjebTan dakavSirebuli Sesrulebis valdebulebisagan
ganTavisuflebiT.
8. pasuxismgeblobisagan ganTavisuflebis sakiTxis regulireba ssk-Si
araerTi xarveziT xasiaTdeba:
a) ssk-is 410-e muxlis ZaliT dauSveblad cxaddeba mxareTa SeTanxmebiT
zianis anazRaurebis moTxovnis uflebis gamoricxva nebismieri formis
bralisaTvis, ssk-is 395-e II muxlis safuZvelze ki ikrZaleba movalis mier
mxolod ganzraxi qmedebiT valdebulebis darRvevisas pasuxismgeb-
lobisagan ganTavisufleba. 395-e II da 410-e muxlebi Tavisi SinaarsiT
winaaRmdegobrivia, radgan zianis anazRaurebis ufleba SeiZleba aRmo-
cendes valdebulebis rogorc ganzraxi, ise gaufrTxilebeli darRvevis
Sedegad. amis gaTvaliswinebiT, mxareTa nebismieri SeTanxmeba, romelic
gamoricxavs mxaris pasuxismgeblobas rogorc ganzraxi, ise gaufrTxi-
lebeli moqmedebisaTvis, SeiZleba ganxilul iqnes ssk-is 410-e muxlis
darRvevad, maSin rodesac 395-e II muxli, 410-e muxlis sapirispirod, dasaS-
vebad miiCnevs SeTanxmebas gaufrTxileblobiT valdebulebis darRvevisas
pasuxismgeblobisagan ganTavisuflebis Sesaxeb.
b) pasuxismgeblobisagan ganTavisuflebis sakiTxis metad saintereso
gadawyvetas iTvaliswinebs essp. kerZod, 8:109 muxlis Tanaxmad, saxel-
Sekrulebo SeTanxmebiT SeiZleba gamoiricxos mxareTa pasuxismgebloba
valdebulebis SeusruleblobisaTvis, im pirobiT, Tu amgvari saxel-
Sekrulebo daTqma ar xelyofs keTilsindisierebisa da gulisxmierebis
principebs. amasTan, 1:201 II muxli dauSveblad miiCnevs keTilsindisierebis
principis yovelgvar gamoricxvas saxelSekrulebo SeTanxmebiT. keTil-
sindisierebis principi imperatiuli xasiaTisaa da saxelSekrulebo
pirobiT SezRudvas ar eqvemdebareba ssk-Sic.264
g) mxareTa SeTanxmeba valdebulebis gaufrTxileblobiT darRvevi-
saTvis pasuxismgeblobisagan ganTavisuflebis Taobaze mniSvnelovnad
264
ùwyebani~, sakanonmdeblo damateba, 31, 1997) me-8 III muxli.
213
ewinaaRmdegeba keTilsindisierebis dacvis imperatiul wess. amgvari

saxelSekrulebo daTqmis arsebobis SemTxvevaSi valdebulebis Ses-
rulebisaTvis mxarisagan mosalodneli windaxedulebis xarisxi da keTil-
gonierebis standarti mniSvnelovnad mcirdeba, rac zrdis xelSekrulebis
Seusruleblobis risks. Tu xelSekrulebis monawile acnobierebs gaufr-
Txileblobisas pasuxismgeblobisagan ganTavisuflebis SesaZleblobas,
misi mxridan saxelSekrulebo urTierTobaSi aucilebeli gulisxmierebis
dacva naklebad mosalodnelia, rac ewinaaRmdegeba xelSekrulebis
daurRvevlobis fuZemdeblur princips, safrTxes uqmnis kreditoris
Sesrulebis interess xelSekrulebaSi da amiT mxareebs araTanabar piro-
bebSi ayenebs, rac TavisTavad keTilsindisierebis principis sawinaaR-
mdegoa.
amrigad, mxareTa SeTanxmeba gaufrTxileblobisaTvis pasuxismgeblo-
bisagan ganTavisuflebis Sesaxeb SesaZlebelia, dauSveblad iqnes miCneuli.
9. Tu movalis braleuli darRveva xelSekrulebidan gasvlis uflebis
warmoSobisaTvis aucilebel winapirobas ar qmnis, Tavad kreditoris brali
samarTlebriv mniSvnelobas iZens imdenad, rom gansazRvravs xelSekrulebidan
gasvlis uflebis arsebobasac. kanonmdebloba ganamtkicebs SemTxvevebs, rodesac
xelSekrulebidan gasvlis winapiroba valdebulebis darRvevis saxiT arsebobs,
magram garkveul garemoebebze dayrdnobiT, xelSekrulebidan gasvla dauSveblad
cxaddeba: Tu kreditori arakeTilsindisieria saxelSekrulebo urTierTobis
mimarT, misi aragulisxmieri qceva gamoricxavs xelSekrulebidan gasvlis uflebis
ganxorcielebas. amrigad, kreditoris arabraleuloba da keTilsindisiereba,
movalis mier valdebulebis darRvevasTan erTad, xelSekrulebidan gasvlis
uzogades winapirobad unda iqnes miCneuli.
10. saxelSekrulebo valdebulebis Seusrulebloba afuZnebs valdebulebis
darRvevis obieqtur kategorias, romlis safuZvelze aRmocendeba xelSek-
rulebidan gasvlis meoradi moTxovnis ufleba, rac braleuli darRvevis ar-
sebobas winapirobad ar moiazrebs. xelSekrulebidan gasvlisa da zianis anaz-
Raurebis samarTlebriv reJimSi bralis kategoria gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas
iZens:
a) TiTqmis yvela samarTlebrivi sistema xelSekrulebidan gasvlis
winapirobad arsebiT Seusruleblobas acxadebs. arsebiTia Seusrulebloba,
romelic seriozulobis gansazRvrul dones aRwevs da mniSvnelovnad
xelyofs kreditoris mosalodnel saxelSekrulebo interess. ssk-Si ar-
sebiTi Seusruleblobis koncefciis arsebobaze mianiSnebs 405-e III (a) muxlis
formulireba: xelSekrulebaze uari dauSvebelia, Tu valdebulebis dar-
Rveva umniSvneloa. ramdenadac qarTuli kodeqsi mniSvnelovani darRvevis
Sefasebis araviTar obieqtur masStabs ar ganamtkicebs, arsebiTi Seus-
ruleblobis koncefcia mTlianad SefasebiT da abstraqtul kategoriad
ganixileba.
b) germanul samarTalSi xelSekrulebidan gasvla, damatebiTi Ses-
rulebisaTvis vadis dawesebis gareSe, dauSveblad cxaddeba. swored aqedan
gamomdinareobs daskvna, rom arsebiTia nebismieri saxelSekrulebo darRveva,
romelic damatebiTi vadis ganmavlobaSi ar swordeba.
g) essp-is ZaliT, valdebulebis darRveva arsebiTad ar ganixileba, Tu
movale ar iTvaliswinebda da arc SeeZlo gaeTvaliswinebina Seusruleblobis
mosalodneli samarTlebrivi Sedegi. analogiurad, nasyidobis konvenciis
mixedviT, xelSekrulebidan gasvla dauSveblad cxaddeba, rodesac mxares ar
214
SeeZlo ganesazRvra, Tu ramdenad mniSvnelovania konkretuli pirobis

Sesruleba xelSekrulebis miznis gaTvaliswinebiT. Tu saxelSekrulebo
piroba mxareTa mier arsebiTad ar iyo daTqmuli molaparakebis etapze, maSin
misi Seusrulebloba arsebiT darRvevad ar Seeracxeba movales, vinaidan mas
araZiriTadi pirobis daucveloba arsebiT darRvevad ar SeeZlo ganesazRvra
xelSekrulebis SeTanxmebuli Sinaarsidan gamomdinare.
amrigad, zemoxsenebul sakanonmdeblo aqtebSi valdebulebis arsebiTi
darRvevis gansazRvra mTlianad SefasebiT da abstraqtul kategoriazea
dafuZnebuli.
d) germanuli samarTlis mixedviT, ormxriv xelSekrulebaSi movalis
mier dacvis valdebulebis darRvevisas kreditors warmoeSoba xelSek-
rulebidan gasvlis ufleba, Tu dacvis valdebulebis darRvevis Semdeg
aragonivrulia, mas moeTxovos xelSekrulebis ZalaSi datoveba. xelSekru-
lebidan gasvlis gonivruloba ganisazRvreba imis safuZvelze, Tu ramdenad
samarTliania, hqondes saxelSekrulebo urTierTobas perspeqtiva keTil-
sindisierebisa da interesTa balansis gaTvaliswinebiT. analogiuri
Sinaarsis normaa ganmtkicebuli ssk-is 405-e III (b) muxlSi. zogadi wesis
safuZvelze xelSekrulebis mxaris braleuloba xelSekrulebidan gasvlis
aucilebel winapirobas ar qmnis, magram gsk-is 324-e paragrafsa da ssk-is 405-e
III(b) muxlSi ganmtkicebul SemTxvevaSi xelSekrulebidan gasvlis ufleba
mTlianad SefasebiT kategoriazea damokidebuli.
11. qarTuli samarTlis mixedviT, anazRaurebas eqvemdebareba mxarisaTvis
winaswar savaraudo ziani, romelic valdebulebis darRvevis Tanadrouli da
uSualo samarTlebrivi Sedegia. sainteresoa, rom valdebulebis ganzraxi dar-
Rvevis SemTxvevaSi calkeuli qveynis samarTlis sistema zianis anazRaurebis
winapirobad mxaris mier misi winaswar gaTvaliswinebis kriteriums ar ayenebs,
Sesabamisad, damdgari ziani anazRaurdeba sruli odenobiT, maT Soris isic,
romelsac mxare ar iTvaliswinebda, an ar SeeZlo gaeTvaliswinebina. essp-is 9:503
muxlis Tanaxmad, Tu mxare ganzraxviT an uxeSi gaufrTxileblobiT moqmedebda,
maSin igi pasuxismgebelia ara mxolod mis mier savaraudo, aramed damdgari
zianisaTvis, sruli odenobiT.
marTalia, ssk ganamtkicebs mxarisaTvis mosalodneli da savaraudo zianis
anazRaurebis princips,265 magram anazRaurebas daqvemdebarebuli zianis odenobis
gansazRvrisas ar iTvaliswinebs bralis Tu romeli formiTaa valdebulebis
darRveva gamoxatuli. keTilsindisierebis principidan gamomdinare, gaTvalis-
winebis kriteriumi ar unda miemarTebodes asanazRaurebeli zianis odenobas
mxolod ganzraxi darRvevis arsebobis SemTxvevaSi, rac sasurvelia, sakanon-
mdeblo doneze ganmtkicdes samoqalaqo kodeqsSi.
265
215
NATIA CHITASHVILI
IMPORTANCE OF FAULT FOR THE DETERMINATION OF CONTRACTUAL

LIABILITY
(COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE PRINCIPLES OF EUROPEAN CONTRACT LAW AND
GERMAN AND GEORGIAN LEGISLATION)
(Short Summary)
The article offers the scientific analysis of the provisions regulating fault on the example of the
Principles of European Contract Law and German and Georgian legislation. The study aims at
revealing the positive and negative aspects of different regulation of the problem by the analysed
legal acts and also at offering specific proposals for the improvement of the domestic legislation.
The analysis of the problem of fault discloses more than one important shortcomings and gaps of
the national legal framework:
There is no single concept of breach of a contractual obligation within the Georgian legal system.
Furthermore, the Civil Code of Georgia (CCG) does not regulate the different categories of breach
in separate articles. For example: the stipulations regulating defective performance are scattered
amongst the provisions regulating sales contract. Only the delay in the performance on the part of
a debtor is being regulated separately, and only one article of the respective chapter deals with the
impossibility of performance within specified timelines as one of the main types of breach of an
obligation, and again in relation with the delayed performance – just to illustrate cases when
timelines will not be regarded as overdue. Furthermore, Article 401 of the CCG regulates only one
type of the impossibility of performance – non-faulty impossibility, which is not the only classic
example of this legal structure. Actually the impossibility of performance may be conditioned by
the fault of both a debtor and a creditor. The Code identifies any type of non-performance that is
not caused by the fault of a debtor with non-faulty impossibility of performance, which is not
correct. For example, in the case of creditor’s delay with the due date, the obligation is not fulfilled
independently from the fault of the debtor; however, this does not unconditionally provide for the
impossibility of performance. Hence, the CCG includes only the concept of impossibility of
performance without the fault of a debtor and, what is more, the wording of the provisions is
deficient and imperfect. In addition, unregulated is the availability of derivative rights, liabilities of
the parties, impossibility of objective or subjective, absolute or relative performance caused by the
fault of the creditor or debtor, which generated essential difficulties both at the level of doctrine
and application of law.
Based on the foregoing, it is important for the CCG to provide for the impossibility of performance
as a separate category of breach in order to ensure the accessibility to the right to withdraw from
the contract and claim damages. For the purposes of legal certainty, it is necessary to regulate the
types of impossibility of performance in a detailed manner and to provide for the scope of liability
of the parties to a contract with due consideration of the fault of the parties in the impossibility of
performance.
216
Insofar as the legal category of fault is of particular importance for each type of legal structures of
the breach of an obligation, it is necessary for the Code to regulate the categories of non-
performance in a detailed manner and to specify the importance of fault within each legal regime of
breach of an obligation. The study aims at filling up this very legislative gap.
The survey offers the following succession of the analysed issues: initially the fault and its place
within the framework of preconditions of civil liability is investigated; the next chapter discloses
the legal essence of fault and the importance of its separate forms for the administration of justice;
a separate chapter is dedicated to the interrelationship between the principles of faulty and strict
liability and their operation within the legal regime of specific types of breaches of obligation,
where the importance of fault in the case of breach of an obligation to act jointly and the liability
for faulty actions of third persons, who are performing the obligation, are discussed separately; the
problems related to the risk of non-performance of an obligation are analysed again in a separate
chapter as they are of particular importance for the administration of justice; and, finally, the
impact of fault on the origin of the right to withdraw from the contract, on the determination of the
amount of compensation for potential damage and the exemption from counter-performance is
demonstrated. The final chapter of the paper outlines the findings of the study, where the main
benchmarks of the research are analysed in aggregate.
217
d. axvlediani, anderZiT memkvidreoba da masTan dakavSirebuli problemebi...
devi xvedeliani
anderZiT memkvidreoba da masTan dakavSirebuli problemebi

saqarTvelos saerTaSoriso kerZo samarTlis mixedviT
I. Sesavali
dRes moqmedi yvela samarTlebrivi sistema misTvis damaxasiaTebeli Tavi-

seburebebiT iTvaliswinebs memkvidreobis or formas — kanoniT memkvidreobas da
anderZiT memkvidreobas. saerTaSoriso kerZo samarTlis (SemdgomSi — sks) sferoSi
memkvidreobis sakiTxebs Soris kanoniT memkvidreobasTan erTad mniSvnelovani ad-
gili ukavia anderZiT memkvidreobas. anderZiT memkvidreobis sakiTxebis gadawyve-
tas emsaxureba zogierTi specialuri norma rogorc qveynis Sida kanonmdeb-
lobaSi, aseve saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebebSi.
saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis 1344-e muxlis Sinaarsidan gamomdinare, an-
derZi kanoniT dadgenili formiT Sedgenili mamkvidreblis (moanderZis) gankargu-
lebaa gardacvalebis SemTxvevaSi misi qonebis bedis Sesaxeb. is calmxrivi gari-
gebaa1. aseve calmxrivi garigebaa anderZis Secvlis an gauqmebis aqti. gasaTvalis-
winebelia isic, rom yvela qveynis kanonmdebloba Tavis moTxovnebs uyenebs aseT
garigebebs. amdenad, praqtikaSi xSirad wamoiWreba iseTi sakiTxebi, rogorebicaa:
moanderZis qmedunarianoba, nebis nakli, formis daucveloba. saerTo koliziuri
principebi, romlebic gaTvaliswinebulia, upirveles yovlisa, ormxrivi gari-
gebebisaTvis (xelSekrulebebisaTvis), yovelTvis ar gamoiyeneba iseTi specifiku-
ri calmxrivi garigebebisaTvis, rogoricaa anderZi2. amitom Cveni qveynis, aseve
sxva qveynebis materialuri da koliziuri samarTali calke awesrigebs anderZiT
memkvidreobis sakiTxebs.
warmodgenili statiis mizania anderZiT memkvidreobis sakiTxebis analizi,
saqarTvelos koliziur samarTalSi arsebuli zogierTi sakanonmdeblo xarvezis
gamovlena da aRmofxvra Sesabamisi rekomendaciis meSveobiT.
II. anderZiT memkvidreobis mimarT gamosayenebeli samarTali
`saerTaSoriso kerZo samarTlis Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos kanonis koliziuri

norma (56-e muxli), romelic gansazRvravs anderZiT memkvidreobisas gamo-
sayenebel samarTlebriv wesrigs, atarebs alternatiul xasiaTs. magram es norma
ar uSvebs samarTlis arCevis SesaZleblobas. magaliTad, anderZiT memkvidreobisas
1
saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis komentari, wigni me-5, Tb., 2201, 401.
2
Марышева Н.И., Международное частное право, М., 2000, 425.
218
anderZis formis namdvilobisaTvis ganmsazRvreli aris: (1) mamkvidreblis moqala-

qeoba, (2) mamkvidreblis Cveulebrivi adgilsamyofeli gardacvalebis momentisaT-
vis, (3) adgili, sadac imyofeboda uZravi qoneba, romelsac exeba anderZi, anu kerZo
nebis avtonomiis principi ar vrceldeba memkvidreobiTi urTierTobebis momwes-
rigebeli normebis arCevaze.
unda aRiniSnos, rom zogierTi qveynis saerTaSoriso kerZo samarTlis nor-
mebi SezRudvebiT, magram dasaSvebad miiCneven moanderZis mier samarTlebrivi sis-
temis arCevas, romlis normebi samkvidros gaxsnis Semdeg gamoyenebuli iqneba mem-
kvidreobiTi urTierTobebis mosawesrigeblad. erT-erT aseT debulebas Seicavs
germanuli samarTali, kerZod germaniis samoqalaqo kodeqsis Sesavali kanoni
(SemdgomSi — gskSk). am kanonis 25-e muxlSi naTqvamia: „(1) samarTalmemkvidreoba
gardacvalebis SemTxvevaSi ganisazRvreba im saxelmwifos samarTliT, romlis mo-
qalaqec iyo mamkvidrebeli gardacvalebis momentisaTvis. (2) uZravi qonebis mi-
marT, romelic imyofeba qveynis SigniT, mamkvidrebels Tavisi gankargulebiT
gardacvalebis SemTxvevaSi SeuZlia airCios germanuli samarTali.~3
rogorc vxedavT, germanuli norma memkvidreobiT urTierTobebs uqvem-
debarebs moanderZis moqalaqeobis samarTals da, amasTanave, dasaSvebad miiCnevs,
rom mamkvidrebelma germaniaSi arsebuli uZravi qonebis mimarT TviTon airCios sa-
marTali. samarTlebrivi sistemis arCeva, rogorc amas iTvaliswinebs kanonis 25-e
muxlis meore abzaci, Setanil iqna am kanonSi 1986 wels, samarTlebrivi komisiis
rCeviT, saerTaSoriso kerZo samarTlis reformis farglebSi. mxareTa nebis avto-
nomia saerTaSoriso memkvidreobis samarTalSi aris disputis sagani da saerTaSo-
riso Sedarebis gakeTebisas igi, rogorc manamde, gamonaklisia. samarTlebrivi sis-
temis arCevis formaze ar vrceldeba garigebis formis saerTo wesebi (§11). kanonis
25-e muxlis me-2 abzaci uTiTebs im moTxovnebze, romlebic gaTvaliswinebulia ama-
ve kanonis 26-e muxlis I-IV abzacebiT. memkvidreobiTi urTierTobis momwesrige-
beli samarTlis arCevis forma aris namdvili, Tu is pasuxobs erT-erTs im
moTxovnaTagan, romlebic gaTvaliswinebulia kanonis 26-e muxliT mamkvidreblis
gankargulebisaTvis gardacvalebis SemTxvevaSi.44
zemoT moyvanili magaliTebidan Cans, rom SesaZlebloba memkvidreobiTi ur-
TierTobebis ara im samarTlebrivi sistemisadmi daqvemdebarebisa, romelsac iTva-
liswinebs koliziuri norma, aris SezRuduli, amasTanave, naTelia, rom, Tundac am
SezRuduli SesaZleblobis gamoyenebiT, zogierT SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba radikalu-
rad Seicvalos aRniSnuli urTierTobebis mowesrigeba. zogierTi iuristi
samarTlis arCevaSi xedavs dadebiT mxares. „professio juris gamoyenebis udidesi
upiratesobaa, rom is uzrunvelyofs iuridiul usafrTxoebas. samarTlis arCeva
moanderZes SesaZleblobas aZlevs, winaswar mouyaros Tavi sakuTar qonebas da
aicilos uTanxmoeba, romelic warmoiSoba im sxvadasxva qveynis samarTals Soris,
romelTa teritoriaze imyofeba samkvidro qoneba“ — aRniSnavs p. lagardi5.
3
Schönfelder H., Deutsche Gesetze, Sammlung des Zivil-, Straf und Verfahrensrechts, München, 2002, 10.
4
Hoffman B., Internationales Privatrecht einschlisslich der Grundzüge des Internationalen Zivilverfahrensrecht, München, 1999,
337; hinwais Soergel-schuring, Art.25,Rz.3, Müko-Birk, Art.25,Rz.21, mit Beispilen in Fussn, 27.
5
www.notiss.ru «Единое общеевропейское регулирование имущественных отношений супругов и наследование»,
06.08.2008.
219
1. anderZis forma
memkvidreobis sferoSi saerTaSoriso kerZo samarTlis specialur prob-

lemaTagan erT-erTi anderZis formis problemaa. vinaidan anderZi calmxriv
garigebaTa tips miekuTvneba, misi namdvilobis erT-erTi aucilebeli piroba aris
garigebis formis dacva. `garigeba saerTod arsebobs formis meSveobiT. formis
dacvis gareSe arc garigebiTi aqti ar arsebobs~6. anderZis formisadmi gamo-
sayenebeli samarTlis gansazRvris problema, erTi mxriv, isaa, rom, saerTo wesis
Tanaxmad, saanderZo gankargulebaTa forma ganisazRvreba memkvidreobis sta-
tutiT; amasTanave, meore mxriv, anderZi calmxrivi samoqalaqosamarTlebrivi
garigebaa. amdenad, sxva koliziuri principis (anderZis Sedgenis qveynis samar-
Tlis) gamoyeneba anderZis formis mimarT SeiZleba bunebrivad ganixilebodes7.
aqedan gamomdinare, ar aris gamoricxuli, rom anderZi, romelic formis dacviT
Sedgenilia erT qveyanaSi, ar Seesabamebodes meore qveynis materialuri samar-
TliT gaTvaliswinebul anderZis formas da iTvlebodes baTilad. moTxovnebi,
romlebic waeyeneba anderZis formas sxvadasxva qveynis kanonmdeblobis mier, gan-
sxvavdeba ara mxolod detalebiT, aramed, zogierT SemTxvevaSi, principuladac.
Tu zogierT qveyanaSi formis dacviT Sedgenilad iTvleba mxolod is anderZi, ro-
melic dadasturebulia saxelmwifos mier, amisaTvis uflebamosili organos an Ta-
namdebobis piris mier (sajaro anderZi), sxva SemTxvevebSi dasaSvebia e. w. kerZo an-
derZebi. magram maSinac, rodesac saubaria erTi tipis, magaliTad sajaro ander-
Zebze, Znelia ipovo Tundac ramdenime qveyana, sadac anderZis formisadmi wayene-
buli moTxovnebi bolomde emTxveva erTmaneTs. amdenad, mniSvnelovania, rom
koliziurma normam rac SeiZleba vrclad asaxos is sakiTxebi, romelTa Taobazec
SesaZlebelia kanonTa koliziis warmoSoba.
naTelia, rom aman SeiZleba gamoiwvios samarTlebrivi dava, romlis Tavidan
asacileblad kanonmdebeli SeiZleba ayalibebdes alternatiuli xasiaTis koli-
ziur normebs. koliziursamarTlebriv sabmels, romelic atarebs aseT al-
ternatiul xasiaTs, icnobs zogierTi qveynis samarTali: magaliTad, ungreTis ka-
noni „saerTaSoriso kerZo samarTlis Sesaxeb“ Seicavs regulirebis Semdeg wess;
„saanderZo gankargulebis mimarT gamoiyeneba mamkvidreblis ukanaskneli kanoniT
gaTvaliswinebuli marTlwesrigi. anderZi da misi moSla formis mixedviT iqneba
namdvili, Tu is akmayofilebs ungreTis kanonmdeblobis moTxovnebs, an a) im
kanonmdeblobis moTxovnebs, romelic moqmedebda saanderZo gankargulebis gake-
Tebis an gauqmebis adgilas, an b) mamkvidreblis piradi kanonis moTxovnebs ander-
Zis Sedgenis, gauqmebis an gardacvalebis momentSi, an g) saanderZo gankargulebis
gakeTebis Tu gauqmebis momentSi moqmedi im kanonis moTxovnebs, romelic
moqmedebda mamkvidreblis domicilis qveyanaSi an misi Cveulebrivi adgilsamyof-
lis qveyanaSi saanderZo gankargulebis gakeTebis an gauqmebis momentSi, d) uZravi
qonebis adgilsamyoflis qveynis samarTlis moTxovnebs aseTi qonebis anderZiT
gadacemis SemTxvevaSi~ (36-e muxli);
analogiurad aris aRniSnuli sakiTxi gadawyvetili ruseTis federaciis ka-
nonmdeblobaSi: „... anderZis Sedgenis an misi gauqmebis aqtis forma ganisazRvreba
im qveynis samarTlis mixedviT, sadac moanderZes hqonda sacxovrebeli adgili
6
Wanturia l., Sesavali saqarTvelos samoqalaqo samarTlis zogad nawilSi, Tb., 1997, 346; agreTve,
Flume, Rechtsgeschäft, 244.
7
Ануфриева Л.П., Международное частное право, т.1-2, M., 2002, 527.
220
anderZis an aseTi aqtis Sedgenis momentSi. magram anderZi an misi gauqmebis aqti ar
SeiZleba baTilad iqnes cnobili formis daucvelobis gamo, Tu is Seesabameba
anderZis Sedgenis an misi gauqmebis aqtis Sedgenis adgilis samarTals an ruseTis
kanonmdeblobas.~ (rfsk, 1224);
germaniis samoqalaqo kodeqsis Sesavali kanonis 26-e I-IV muxlebSi mocemulma
alternatiulma koliziurma sabmelebma unda gamoricxon anderZis baTiloba
formis daucvelobis gamo. amasTan dakavSirebiT l. raape aRniSnavs: „Tu germaniis
arasrulwlovani moqalaqe inglisSi Seadgens anderZs inglisis samarTlis gaT-
valiswinebuli formiT, e.i. ori mowmis TandaswrebiT, maSin germaniis samarTalma
unda gadawyvitos, sakmarisia Tu ara am adgilobrivi formis dacva anderZis
namdvilobisaTvis. es sakiTxi dadebiTad unda gadawydes. Tu aseT anderZs adgens
safrangeTis moqalaqe, safrangeTma, e.i. samkvidros statutma, unda gadawyvitos,
pasuxobs Tu ara inglisSi Sedgenili anderZi ss (Code civil) 999-e muxlis moTxovnebs.
safrangeTi am kiTxvaze dadebiT pasuxs iZleva.“8
anderZis formis sakiTxi regulirdeba saerTaSoriso aqtebSic. am Tva-
lsazrisiT, aRsaniSnavia haagis 1961 wlis konvencia saanderZo gankargulebaTa
formis mimarT gamosayenebel kanonTa koliziis Sesaxeb. konvencia adgens, rom
anderZi formis mixedviT namdvilia, Tu igi alternatiulad akmayofilebs: an-
derZis Sedgenis qveynis samarTals, moanderZis moqalaqeobis qveynis samarTals
anderZis Sedgenis momentSi an gardacvalebisas, moanderZis domicilis qveynis
samarTals anderZis Sedgenis momentSi an gardacvalebisas, moanderZis Cveu-
lebrivi adgilsamyofeli qveynis samarTals anderZis Sedgenis momentSi an gar-
dacvalebisas. uZravi qonebis anderZiT gadacemisaTvis gaTvaliswinebulia dama-
tebiTi alternativa — uZravi qonebis adgilsamyofeli qveynis samarTali. am
konvenciis monawileni arian: avstria, belgia, germania, didi britaneTi, irlandia,
iaponia, Sveicaria, samxreT afrikis respublika da sxva.
rac Seexeba saqarTvelos koliziur samarTals, igi erTmaneTisagan ar ganas-
xvavebs samkvidros saerTo statuts da anderZis formis statuts. rogorc sam-
kvidros saerTo statuti, ise anderZis formis statuti ganisazRvreba mam-
kvidreblis gardacvalebis momentSi arsebuli moqalaqeobis qveynis samarTliT.
anderZis formis namdvilobis sakiTxi SeiZleba gaCndes moanderZis mier mo-
qalaqeobis Secvlis SemTxvevaSi. sainteresoa, Tu rogor unda gadawydes sa-
qarTvelos moqalaqis mier Sedgenili anderZis namdvilobis sakiTxi, Tu Seicvala
samarTlebrivi statuti, magaliTad, saqarTvelos moqalaqe gaxda sxva qveynis
moqalaqe. SeinarCunebs Tu ara Zalas wina statutis Sesabamisad Sedgenili an-
derZi? am kiTxvaze uaryofiTi pasuxi unda gaeces, vinaidan saqarTvelos kanoni
sks-is Sesaxeb anderZis formis sakiTxs ukavSirebs im qveynis samarTals, romlis
moqalaqec piri iyo gardacvalebis momentSi da ara manamde, e.i. anderZis Sedgenis
momentSi. gamonaklisi SeiZleba iyos mxolod SemTxveva, rodesac axali statutiT
anderZisaTvis gaTvaliswinebuli forma daemTxveva pirisaTvis manamde moqmedi
statutiT gaTvaliswinebul formas, rac ar uzrunvelyofs moanderZis mier
erTxel gamoxatuli nebis dacvas, miT umetes, imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom anderZi
moqmedebas iwyebs moanderZis gardacvalebis Semdeg.
8
Раапе Л., Международное частное право, M., 1960, 894.
221
2. saanderZo qmedunarianoba
saanderZo qmedunarianobis sakiTxis problema mis ormag xasiaTSia: saan-

derZo qmedunarianoba aris fizikuri piris qmedunarianobis erT-erTi gamov-
lineba da am kuTxiT is Sedis fizikuri piris piradi statutis SemadgenlobaSi,
magram amasTanave miekuTvneba samemkvidreo urTierTobebis sferos, romelSic
vlindeba misi praqtikuli mniSvneloba. sakiTxis ormagi xasiaTis Sedegia misi
gansxvavebuli regulireba sxvadasxva qveynis kanonmdeblobaSi. „sadavoa, miekuT-
vneba Tu ara saanderZo qmedunarianoba zogadad qmedunarianobis sakiTxs, ro-
melic gaTvaliswinebulia gskSk-is me-7 muxliT, Tu miekuTvneba qmedunarianobis
gansakuTrebul saxes, romelic gaTvaliswinebulia germaniis materialuri
samarTliT, gsk-is 2229-e muxliT“ — aRniSnavs hofmani9. avtoris azriT, es sakiTxi
unda gadawydes miTiTebisa da ukumiTiTebis gziT, e.i., rogorc amas gadawyvets is
samarTali, romelsac miuTiTebs koliziuri norma.
sks-is Sesaxeb saqarTvelos kanoni qmedunarianobis sakiTxis gansazRvras
ukavSirebs fizikuri piris pirad kanons (lex personales). kanonis 23-e muxlis
Tanaxmad, romelic atarebs zogad xasiaTs, fizikuri piris uflebaunarianoba da
qmedunarianoba ganisazRvreba im qveynis samarTliT, romelsac es piri gane-
kuTvneba. amasTanave, saqarTvelos moqalaqis mier statusis Secvla ar gamoiwvevs
erTxel SeZenili uflebaunarianobisa da qmedunarianobis SezRudvas. aRniSnuli
miTiTebiT gavdivarT saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsze, romlis me-12 da 1345-e
muxlebi gansazRvraven fizikuri piris qmedunarianobisa da saanderZo qme-
dunarianobis sakiTxebs. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom saqarTvelos materialur kanon-
mdeblobaSi erTmaneTs emTxveva qmedunarianobisa da saanderZo qmedunarianobis
asaki. sxva qveynis koliziuri samarTali fizikuri piris saanderZo qmedu-
narianobis gansazRvrisaTvis SeiZleba iyenebdes sxva princips. gasaTvaliswine-
belia isic, rom TviT saanderZo qmedunarianobis asakis sakiTxic sxvadasxva
qveyanaSi gansxvavebulad wesrigdeba. „uZravi qonebis mimarT problemebi ar
warmoiSoba — piris unari, Seadginos anderZi, ganisazRvreba qonebis adgilsamyo-
felis samarTliT (situs fundi) da es adgili (situs) ar icvleba. moZravi qonebis mimarT
es sakiTxi ganisazRvreba moanderZis domicilis samarTliT. radgan anderZis
Sedgenis Semdeg domicili SeiZleba Seicvalos, sirTules qmnis, romeli domicili
unda iqnes gamoyenebuli: anderZis Sedgenis dros arsebuli, Tu piris domicili
misi gardacvalebis momentSi?“ — aRniSnavs m. volfi10. igive problema SeiZleba
Seexos saanderZo qmedunarianobis sakiTxs, Tu igi ganisazRvreba mamkvidreblis
moqalaqeobis qveynis samarTlis mixedviT, romelic SeiZleba Seicvalos. sks-is
Sesaxeb saqarTvelos kanonis 56-e muxli ar Seicavs am sakiTxis maregulirebel
specialur normas. aRniSnulma SeiZleba warmoSvas anderZis namdvilobis
problema, vinaidan savaraudoa samarTlis normaTa imdennairi kolizia, ramdeni
samarTlebrivi sistemac monawileobs memkvidreobiT urTierTobebSi. magaliTad,
ungreTSi mcxovrebi ungreTis moqalaqe Tu 14 wlis asakSi Seadgens anderZs, —
ungreTis samarTali aRiarebs arasrulwlovani 14 wlis asaks miRweuli piris mier
Sedgenil anderZs, — Semdeg es piri Camova saqarTveloSi, miiRebs saqarTvelos
moqalaqeobas da garkveuli drois Semdeg gardaicvleba ise, rom ar Seadgens axal
anderZs, warmoiSoba problema: ungreTis samarTlis Tanaxmad, romlis moqalaqec
iyo piri anderZis Sedgenis momentSi, anderZi CaiTvleba namdvilad, xolo saqar-
9
Hoffman B., dasax. naSromi, 32.
10
Вольф М., Международное частное право, M., 1949, 619.
222
Tvelos samarTlis Tanaxmad — baTilad. sxva alternativas Cveni kanonmdebloba ar

gvTavazobs, rac aris moanderZis uflebis darRveva, romelmac gamoxata Tavisi
ukanaskneli neba qonebis gankargvasTan dakavSirebiT.
Sveicariis 1987 wlis federaluri kanoni `saerTaSoriso kerZo samarTlis Se-
saxeb~, romelic iTvleba erT-erT yvelaze saukeTeso kodifikaciad saerTaSoriso
kerZo samarTlis normebisa, anderZis formas analogiiT iyenebs moanderZis sxva
saxis gankargulebebisaTvis da maT namdvilobas ukavSirebs `saanderZo gankargu-
lebis formis sakiTxebis kanonTa koliziis Sesaxeb~ haagis 1961 wlis 5 oqtombris
konvencias (kanonis 93-e muxli). aRniSnuli kanoni memkvidreobis Sesaxeb calke
TavSi gansazRvravs, Tu romeli qveynis kanonmdeblobiT unda mowesrigdes saan-
derZo qmedunarianobis sakiTxi. kanonis 94-e muxlSi naTqvamia, rom piri uflebamo-
silia, gaakeTos gankarguleba gardacvalebis SemTxvevaSi, Tu gankargulebis gake-
Tebis momentisaTvis mas aqvs amis ufleba im qveynis samarTlis mixedviT, sadac misi
sacxovrebeli adgili an Cveulebrivi adgilsamyofelia, an erT-erTi im qveynis sa-
marTlis mixedviT, romlis moqalaqec igi aris.11
am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT m. volfi aRniSnavs Semdegs: `Tu domicilirebuli
germaneli 16 wlis asakSi Seadgens anderZs, risi uflebac mas aqvs germaniis samar-
TliT da Tu is SemdegSi sicocxlis bolomde SeiZens inglisSi domicils, usa-
marTlo iqneboda aseTi anderZis baTilad cnoba. Tu ganxorcielda namdvili
iuridiuli aqti, dauSvebelia, is SeibRalos im garemoebis gamo, rom, sxva qveynis
domicilis samarTlis Tanaxmad, ar arsebobda aseTi aqtis ganxorcielebis
qmedunarianoba.“12
SeuZlebelia, ar daveTanxmoT m. volfis am pozicias da damatebiT ar aRvniSnoT,
rom saanderZo qmedunarianobis asakis sakiTxi ucxo qveynebis kanonmdeblobasa da
mecnierebaSi specialurad aris mowesrigebuli da calke ganixileba, rac, sabolood,
miznad isaxavs moanderZis mier gamoxatuli nebisa da anderZis dacvas.
3. anderZis Secvla an moSla
moanderZe sicocxleSi sargeblobs anderZSi moxseniebul qonebaze SeuzRu-

davi uflebebiT. jer kidev romis samarTlis epoqidan moyolebuli, moanderZes si-
cocxlis ukanasknel momentamde SeeZlo Tavisi anderZis Secvla. axali anderZi, Tu
is namdvili iyo Sedgenis momentSi, auqmebda Zvel anderZs. maSinac ki, Tu SemdgomSi
axali anderZi kargavda Zalas, an masSi daniSnuli memkvidre kvdeboda, an
memkvidreobis uflebas kargavda, wina anderZi gauqmebulad iTvleboda.
anderZis Secvlisa da gauqmebis wesebi TiTqmis identuria ucxouri qveynebis
materialur samarTalSi. anderZis Secvla an moSla SeiZleba ganxorcieldes moan-
derZis mier nebismier momentSi, risTvisac gamoiyeneba sxvadasxva saSualeba: axali
anderZis Sedgena, romelic pirdapir auqmebs an ewinaaRmdegeba adrindel anderZs;
anderZis mospoba; oficialurad deponirebuli anderZis amoReba da a.S. (bulgare-
Ti, ungreTi, poloneTi, rumineTi, safrangeTi, CexeTi, Sveicaria da a. S.).13
erToblivi anderZi, angloamerikuli samarTlis mixedviT, aseve SeiZleba
calmxrivad moiSalos, magram amis Sedegad meore mxaris darRveuli interesebi Se-
11
Маковский А.Л., Жильцов А.Н., Муранов А.Н., Международное частное право, Иностранное законодательство, М.,
2001, 647.
12
Вольф М., dasax. naSromi, 620.
13
Залесский В.В., Основные институты гражданского права зарубежных стран, сравнительно-правовой анализ, M.,
2000, 549-553.
223
iZleba dacul iqnes samarTlianobis samarTlis saSualebebiT.14 garda moanderZis

nebiT anderZis moSlisa, amerikul samarTalSi gaTvaliswinebulia kanonis ZaliT
anderZis moSlis SemTxvevebi. upirveles yovlisa, anderZi uqmdeba daqorwinebiT.
Statebis umravlesobaSi am SemTxvevaSi igulisxmeba, rogorc qmris, aseve colis
anderZi (kalifornia, niu-iorki, masaCusetsi da a.S.), xolo zogierT StatSi
igulisxmeba mxolod colis anderZi (alabama); zogan anderZi uqmdeba ganqorwi-
nebiT (pensilvania, florida, jorjia, arkanzasi da sxva); zogan — (rogorc wesi, ra-
Rac nawilSi) bavSvis dabadebis Sedegad (kalifornia, masaCusetsi, niu-iorki, niu-
jersi da a.S.).15
zogierTi TaviseburebiT xasiaTdeba anderZis Secvlisa da moSlis instituti
iaponur samarTalSi. anderZis gauqmeba ar iTxovs imave proceduris dacvas, rom-
liTac igi iyo Sedgenili. magaliTad, sajaro aqtis formiT Sedgenili anderZi
SeiZleba gauqmdes sakuTari xeliT dawerili anderZiT an specialuri formis an-
derZiT.
saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis 1398-e muxlis Tanaxmad: `moanderZes
yovelTvis SeuZlia Secvalos an moSalos anderZi:
a. axali anderZis SedgeniT, romelic pirdapir auqmebs wina anderZs an mis na-
wils, romelic axal anderZs ewinaaRmdegeba;
b. sanotaro organoSi gancxadebis SetaniT;
v. anderZis yvela egzemplaris mospobiT moanderZis mier an notariusis mier
moanderZis gankargulebiT.~
aq kvlav warmoiSoba kiTxva, Tu romeli qveynis samarTals unda daeqvem-
debaros anderZis Secvla an moSla. magaliTad, moanderZem anderZis Sedgenis Sem-
deg Seicvala moqalaqeoba da, amasTanave, Seadgina axali anderZi, magram SemdgomSi
es anderZi baTilad iqna cnobili. SeiZleba warmovidginoT sxva situaciac.
magaliTad, moanderZem, romelic gaxda sxva qveynis moqalaqe, Seadgina axali
saanderZo gankarguleba am qveynis samarTlis normebis dacviT, magram es axali
gankarguleba Tavisi SinaarsiT avsebs manamde gakeTebul saanderZo gankar-
gulebas. ra bedi eweva am ukanasknels, Tu is ar Seesabameba samkvidros axal sta-
tuts? Cveni kanonis Tanaxmad, igi iqneba iuridiuli Zalis armqone. am daskvnamde
mivdivarT sks-is Sesaxeb saqarTvelos kanonis 56-e muxlis analizis Sedegad,
romelic ar gvTavazobs alternativas da xistad adgens, rom saanderZo gan-
karguleba iTvleba formis dacviT Sedgenilad, Tu igi Seesabameba im qveynis
samarTals, romelsac mamkvidrebeli gardacvalebisas ganekuTvneboda.
TanamedroveobaSi mimdinare samarTlebriv procesebze dakvirvebiT SeiZleba
iTqvas, rom kanonmdebeli miiswrafvis, rac SeiZleba meti alternativa war-
moadginos, raTa dacul iqnes moanderZis mier erTxel Sedgenili saanderZo
gankargulebis namdviloba. erTsa da imave dros es SeiZleba iyos saanderZo
gankargulebis Sedgenis adgilisa da drois samarTali, moanderZis mier saanderZo
gankargulebis Sedgenis an gardacvalebis momentSi moqmedi samarTali, sacxov-
rebeli adgilis an Cveulebrivi adgilsamyofelis qveynis samarTali, qonebis
adgilsamyofelis samarTali.
14
Васильев Е.А., Гражданское и торговое право капиталистических стран, M., 1993, 540.
15
Summary of American Law by Martin Weinstein, of the New-York Bar, 1988, 563-566.
224
4. anderZiT memkvidreoba da uZravi qoneba
rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, sks-is Sesaxeb saqarTvelos kanonis 56-e muxlis

Tanaxmad, gamonaklisia SemTxveva, rodesac anderZi Seexeba uZrav qonebas. am dros
anderZis formis namdvilobisaTvis gadamwyveti mniSvneloba eniWeba ara
mamkvidreblis moqalaqeobis qveynis samarTals, aramed im qveynis samarTals,
sadac uZravi qoneba imyofeba. sakiTxis gadawyveta — aris Tu ara sakuTrebis
uflebis sagani uZravi Tu moZravi qoneba, rogorc wesi, problema ar aris.
sayovelTaodaa aRiarebuli, rom miwis nakveTze arsebuli uflebebi, maTi xasiaTis
(sanivTosamarTlebrivi interesebi, romlebic efuZneba saerTo samarTlis
principebs, erTi mxriv, da samarTlianobis samarTals, meore mxriv) an xangr-
Zlivobis (sakuTrebis upirobod SeuzRudavi ufleba — Free simple, qoneba, romlis
memkvidreobiT gadacema SezRudulia — entail da gansazRvruli droiT dadgenili
uflebebi — terms of years) miuxedavad an miwis nakveTis flobis uflebisagan
damoukideblad (servituti, mogeba da renta), aris uflebebi miwis nakveTze.
sakiTxi rTuldeba maSin, rodesac ufleba nivTze, romelic fizikurad aris
moZravi, konkretuli samarTlebrivi sistemiT ganixileba rogorc ufleba uZrav
nivTze. magaliTad, mesakuTre iseTi moZravi nivTebisa, rogorebicaa: miwis
nakveTze samarTlebrivi titulis damadasturebeli dokumentebi, uZravi nivTis
sakuTvnebeli, Tevzi wyalsacavSi da saxlis gasaRebi, inglisis Sida samarTliT
ganixileba rogorc uZrav qonebaze interesis mqone. savsebiT naTelia, rom
nageboba, agebuli gamofenis Catarebis mizniT, romelic ar SeiZleba moiSalos am
pirobis dadgomis gareSe, unda miekuTvnebodes nagebobaTa imave kategorias,
romelsac Cveulebrivi nagebobebi miekuTvnebian, Tumca aSS-is zogierT Statsa da
germaniaSi aseTi nagebobebis mesakuTre ganixileba rogorc moZrav qonebaze
interesis mqone. maSasadame, ibadeba kiTxva — romeli samarTali unda iyos
gadamwyveti, Tu samarTlis erTi sistema qonebas ganixilavs rogorc uZravs, xolo
meore rogorc moZravs? inglisis samarTlisa da mravali sxva samarTlebrivi
sistemis mixedviT, es samarTali unda iyos qonebis adgilsamyofelis qveynis
samarTali (Lex situs). Tu Lex situs ama Tu im nivTs aniWebs uZravi an moZravi nivTis
xarisxs, Sesabamisad, saqmis ganmxilvelma sasamarTlom amiT unda ixelmZRvanelos.
arsebuli sasamarTlo praqtika miiCnevs, rom inglisuri miwis nakveTis datvirTvis
Sedegad warmoSobili ufleba unda ganixilebodes rogorc uZravi qoneba,
miuxedavad imisa, rom, inglisis Sida samarTlis Tanaxmad, igi kvalificirdeba
rogorc personaluri qoneba, romlis safuZvlad arsebuli garigebisaTvis
damaxasiaTebelia vali da ara datvirTva.16
moZrav nivTebs Soris fizikurad aris iseTi nivTebi, rogorebicaa: satran-
sporto saSualebebi, sazRvao, sahaero xomaldebi, romlebsac gansakuTrebuli
datvirTva aqvT. amasTan dakavSirebiT aRsaniSnavia, rom, magaliTad, ruseTis
kanonmdeblobiT, aseTi obieqtebi ganixileba rogorc uZravi qoneba17. garda amisa,
SesaZlebelia, uZrav qonebas hqondes iseTi adgilmdebareoba, rodesac igi imyo-
feba ramdenime saxelmwifos teritoriaze. am dros rTulia moiZebnos uZravi
qonebis mimarT gamosayenebeli koliziuri sabmeli.
16
Чешир Дж., Норт П., Международное частное право, М., 1982, 323-324.
17
Ануфриева Л.П., dasax. naSromi, 122.
225
sabolood, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom nivTebis klasifikacia uZrav da moZrav

nivTebad eqvemdebareba maTi adgilsamyofeli qveynis samarTals (lex rei sitae). magram
saWiroa aRiniSnos aseve, rom Cveni koliziuri norma ar azustebs, uZravi qonebis
ra nawili unda imyofebodes qveyanaSi, rom anderZi, romelic Seexeba aseT qonebas,
CaiTvalos am qveynis samarTliT saanderZo gankargulebisaTvis gaTvaliswinebuli
formis dacviT Sedgenilad. aman ki SeiZleba aseve warmoSvas problemebi, Tu
anderZiT gaTvaliswinebuli uZravi qoneba imyofeba sxvadasxva saxelmwifos
teritoriaze.
III. daskvna
yovelive zemoaRniSnulidan gamomdinare, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom sks-is Sesaxeb

saqarTvelos kanonis 56-e muxls aqvs Semdegi nakli: 1) masSi gaTvaliswinebulia
mxolod erTi koliziuri sabmeli — mamkvidreblis (moanderZis) moqalaqeoba mis
gardacvalebis momentSi, — rac ver uzrunvelyofs moanderZis mier erTxel
gamoxatuli ukanaskneli nebis namdvilobas samkvidros statutis Secvlis
SemTxvevaSi. amdenad, Cveni kanoni ar unda iyos xisti da saanderZo gankargulebis
namdvilobisaTvis ganmsazRvreli unda iyos ara mxolod moanderZis amJamindeli
moqalaqeobis qveynis samarTali, aramed saanderZo gankargulebis Sedgenis mo-
mentSi moqmedi samarTalic; 2) aRniSnuli norma Seexeba anderZis formis sakiTxs da
ar Seicavs anderZiT memkvidreobisaTvis iseT mniSvnelovan sakiTxebs, ro-
gorebicaa: saanderZo qmedunarianoba, saanderZo gankargulebis namdviloba,
anderZis Secvla an moSla. amasTanave, masSi ar aris gansazRvruli, uZravi qonebis
ra nawili unda imyofebodes qveyanaSi, rom anderZi CaiTvalos formis dacviT
Sedgenilad.
gakeTebuli daskvnebis safuZvelze da SedarebiTi samarTlebrivi analizis
Sedegad memkvidreobis sferoSi arsebuli kanonmdeblobis srulyofisaTvis mizan-
Sewonilia, rom `saerTaSoriso kerZo samarTlis Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos kanonis 56-e
muxlSi Sevides damatebebi da igi Camoyalibdes Semdegi redaqciiT:
`muxli 56. anderZiT memkvidreoba.
1. saanderZo gankarguleba iTvleba formis dacviT Sedgenilad, Tu igi See-
sabameba im qveynis samarTals:
a) romelsac mamkvidrebeli gardacvalebisas ganekuTvneboda;
b) sadac mamkvidrebels gardacvalebisas hqonda Cveulebrivi adgilsamyofeli.
g) sadac imyofeba uZravi qonebis ZiriTadi nawili, romelsac exeba anderZi.
2. im gankargulebis formis mimarT, romliTac xdeba anderZis Secvla an moS-
la, iseve rogorc sxva gankargulebebis mimarT, gamoiyeneba am muxlis pirveli pun-
qtiT gaTvaliswinebuli wesebi.
3. moTxovnebi, gaTvaliswinebuli moanderZis asakis, qmedunarianobisa da sxva
piradi TvisebebisaTvis ganixileba rogorc saanderZo gankargulebis formis
moTxovnebi. aRniSnuli moTxovnebi vrceldeba anderZis mowmeebis mimarT.
4. danarCen SemTxvevaSi saanderZo gankargulebis namdviloba ganisazRvreba
im qveynis samarTliT, romelic gamoyenebul iqneboda saanderZo gankargulebis
gakeTebis momentSi.~
warmodgenili redaqciiT sks-is Sesaxeb saqarTvelos kanonis 56-e muxlis Ca-
moyalibeba SedarebiT ufro srulyofils gaxdis Cvens kanonmdeblobas
saerTaSoriso kerZo samarTalSi da Tavidan agvacilebs normis xarvezidan warmo-
Sobil SesaZlo problemebs.
226
DEVI KHVEDELIANI
TESTAMENTARY SUCCESSION AND RELATED THERETO CONFLICT OF LAW

PROBLEMS
ACCORDING TO INTERNATIONAL PRIVATE LAW OF GEORGIA
(Short Summary)
The author discusses the problems of testamentary succession burdened with a foreign element in
the International private law. Along with highlighting the conflict of law issues, the paper offers
the analysis of Georgian and foreign substantive provisions of the law of succession.
The author reviews the aspects of testamentary succession in the international private law and
refers to the shortcoming of Article 56 of the Law of Georgia on International Private Law. In
particular, this article says nothing about such important for the validity of a testament aspects as:
the age and capability of a testator, his/her other features, witnesses to the testament. The Georgian
provision does not specify which part of the real estate is supposed to be in the country for the
testament related to real estate to be regarded as made in accordance with the standards, provided
for by the law of the country concerned. Furthermore, insofar as the law applicable to the
relationships burdened with a foreign element is identified upon the death of the testator, being the
citizen of the country concerned, the foregoing cannot ensure the protection of will once expressed
by the latter. The disclosure of all these shortcomings and gaps aims at theoretical substantiation of
the necessity to introduce an addition into the Law of Georgia on International Private Law.
The author offers not only the theoretical statements, but also the new wording of Article 56 of the
Law of Georgia on International Private Law, which adds the value of legal importance to the
paper.
The article consists of the introduction, the main part and the conclusion. The author offers his
findings in the final part of the paper, which allows for better comprehension thereof from the
technical point of view.
227
k. hopti, korporaciuli marTva evropaSi...
KLAUS J. HOPT, WIEN 28.1./26.3.2002
klaus hopti
korporaciuli marTva evropaSi:

regulirebis axali modeli da `rbili samarTali~
evropaSi korporaciul marTvasa da `rbil samarTalze~, rogorc regu-

lirebis axal modelze, saubari gansxvavebul midgomas saWiroebs. korporaciuli
marTvis kodeqsis ganxilvis epicentrSi aRmoCenil avstriul sazogadoebas gan-
sakuTrebiT ainteresebs sami sakiTxi, romlebic warmodgenili referatis sam
nawils Seesabameba: I. cneba, misi ganviTareba da Semadgeneli nawilebi; II. kor-
poraciuli marTva da kanonmdebloba — korporaciuli marTvis Sesaxeb germanuli
samTavrobo komisiis gamocdileba, da III. korporaciuli marTva da nebayoflobiTi
TviTregulireba — gamocdilebebi da kodeqsTan dakavSirebuli problemebi.
pirvel nawilSi korporaciuli marTva ganxilulia saerTaSoriso konteq-
stSi; meore nawili im garemoebas aRwers, romlis mixedviTac, korporaciuli
marTva, rogorc warmodgenili debatebidan ufro naTlad gamoCndeba, ara wmindad
kodeqsis sakiTxia, aramed, Tavis mxriv, asaxavs kanonmdeblis im amocanas, romelic
Semdgom, damatebiT, iqceva arasamarTlebrivi regulirebis winapirobad. aqve
mokled aris ganxiluli germaniis samTavrobo komisiis angariSi da gamocdileba
korporaciuli marTvis Taobaze. saxelis Sesabamisad, samTavrobo komisia, amasTan
erTad, dakavebuli iyo ara mxolod kodeqsis, aramed, saerTod, korporaciuli
marTvis sakiTxebis SemuSavebiT. komisia umeteswilad arsebiTad amzadebda
amJamindel saaqcio samarTlis reformas; mesame nawilSi saubaria korporaciul
marTvasa da nebayoflobiT TviTregulirebaze. Sesabamisad, igi ufro detaluria,
amitomac, savaraudod, es Tema dResdReobiT venaSi yvelaze aqtualuria.
I. korporaciuli marTva: cneba, misi ganviTareba da Semadgeneli

nawilebi — mimoxilva evropul WrilSi
1. cneba da misi ganviTareba angloamerikul da germanul sivrceSi
cneba `sawarmos kontroli~ franguli gamonaTqvamis — `le Gouverment de lènter-

prose~-s kalki da amerikul-inglisuri `corporate governance~-s germanuli Sesatyvisia.
es cneba, rogorc mogexsenebaT, germaniasa da, SesaZlebelia, agreTve avstriaSi,
1995 wlamde ucnobi iyo, yovel SemTxvevaSi, sruliad gamouyenebeli. pirvelad (da
moulodnelad) ekonomikur mecnierebebSi igi Smalenbaxis sazogadoebis kon-
ferenciaze, neusSi,1 1995 wlis aprilSi, ramdenime Tvis Semdeg ki samarTlis
1
Picot, Hrsg., Corporate Governance, Unternehmensüberwachung auf dem Prüfstand, Stuttgart, 1995.
228
mecnierebaSi Cikagosa da haidelbergis2 universitetebSi, germanul-amerikul

konferenciaze, gaxda cnobili.
evropis sazRvrebs gareT es cneba ukve didi xania, rac gavrcelda. flo-
renciis evropis universitetSi jer kidev 20 wlis win sazogadoebis saerTaSoriso
da interdisciplinuri wre msjelobda `korporaciul marTvasa da direqtorTa
pasuxismgeblobaze~ („Corporate Governance and Directors` Liabilities“).3 SedarebiTi kor-
poraciuli marTvis sakiTxebTan dakavSirebiT 1995 wlis ivlisSi briuselSi Ca-
tarda konferencia, romelic dainteresda analogiur problemebze anglo-
amerikuli diskusiis SedegebiT. es cneba iq ukve sakmao xnis gavrcelebuli iyo.4
mravali evropuli qveynis komisiisa da sakomisio moxsenebisaTvis ZiriTadi taqtis
mimcemi 1992 wlis direqtorTa sabWos Sesaxeb kadberis (britaneTi) angariSi (British
Cadbury Report) gaxda.5 amasobaSi evropuli komisiisTvis gamoikveTa e.w. Weil, Gotshal &
Manges-is Semajamebeli angariSi, romelic iuwyeba evropis kavSirsa da mis 15 wevr
saxelmwifoSi korporaciuli marTvis kodeqsebis, da aseTi aranakleb 35-ia,
arsebobis Taobaze.6 Tumca es finaluri angariSic ar gaxlavT bolomde srul-
yofili da amomwuravi. evropis komisiis SiSi, rom kodeqsebis mravalferovnebas
evropis Sida bazarze winaaRmdegobis gamowveva SeeZlo, am Semajamebeli angariSis
Semdeg ar gamarTlda da usafuZvlo aRmoCnda.
aSS-sa da did britaneTSi am diskusiis problemas safuZvlad edo da axlac
udevs aqcionerebis mxridan direqtorTa sabWosa da misi pasuxismgeblobis (ro-
gorc pirdapiri, ise arapirdapiri) kontroli. amis miRma, razec am SemTxvevaSi
SesaZloa gamaxvildes yuradReba, dgas warmodgena e.w. shareholder value7-sa da,
sabolood ki, saaqcio sazogadoebis miznebze. gabatonebuli germanuli mosaz-
rebis Tanaxmad, igi, aqcionerTa interesebis garda, moicavs aseve muSa-mosamsa-
xureTa, rogorc kreditorTa calkeuli jgufisa, da, amasTanave, saerTo sazo-
gadoebriv interess. xandaxan xdeba amis afiSireba, rogorc `sakuTari aqciebis
Rirebulebis zrdisa, dainteresebuli pirebis interesebis sapirispirod~ (shareho-
lder value versus stakeholder interests), miuxedavad imisa, rom aseTi urTierTwinaaR-
mdegoba SesaZloa, arc arsebobdes. TviT muSa-mosamsaxureTa da sawarmos sxva
interesebis gaTvaliswineba, umravles SemTxvevaSi, Tavad sazogadoebis aqcio-
nerTa interesebis sferoSi eqceva, rodesac direqtorTa sabWo (gamgeoba) iTva-
liswinebs ara mxolod aqcionerTa dividendebis moklevadiani gacemis per-
speqtivas, aramed zrunavs aseve sawarmos aqcionerTa saSualo da grZelvadiani
mogebis miRebis optimizaciaze. saaqcio sazogadoeba unda iyos, agreTve, „kargi
moqalaqe“, raTa man ar iwvnios is uaryofiTi finansuri Sedegi (danaklisi), rac
SesaZloa samarTalbrunvidan, presidan, sazogadoebidan, mTavrobidan da kanon-
mdeblobidan momdinareobdes. rodesac gamgeoba misTvis gadacemuli garigebiTi
2
Feddersen/Hommelhoff/Schneider, Hrsg., Corporate Governance, Optimierung der Unternehmensführung und der
Unternehmenskontrolle im deutschen und amerikanischen Aktienrecht, Köln, 1996.
3
Hopt/Teubner, eds., Corporate Governance and Directors’ Liabilities – Legal, Economic and Sociological Analyses on
Corporate Social Responsibility, Berlin/New York, 1985.
4
Hopt/Wymeersch, eds., Comparative Corporate Governance – Essays and Materials, Berlin/New York, 1997.
5
Report of the Committee on the Financial Aspects of Corporate Governance, Cadbury Report, London, 1992.
6
Comparative Study of Corporate Governance Codes Relevant to the European Union and Its Member States (On Behalf of the
European Commission, Internal Market Directorate General), Final Report & Annexes I-III, Brussels, 2002.
7
Mülbert, ZGR 1997, 129 Semdgomi miTiTebebiT. zogadad, es instituti imas niSnavs, rom sazogadoeba,
romelsac, dividendebis gacemis nacvlad, aqvs Tavisufali (qonebrivi, fuladi) saSualebebi aqciaTa
SesaZenad, uadvilebs aqcioners, Tavisi aqciis Rirebulebis zrdaSi miiRos monawileoba (i.b.).
229
saqmianobis mizanSewonilobis farglebSi moqmedebs, Zalze iSviaTad Tu daismeba

sakiTxi aqcionerTa da, magaliTad, muSa-mosamsaxureTa interesebs Soris mtki-
cebis tvirTis (ganawilebis) Taobaze (germanuli saaqcio kanonis 76-e paragrafis
pirveli abzacis Tanaxmad, gamgeoba marTavs sazogadoebas sakuTari pasu-
xismgeblobis farglebSi. Tumca germanuli kanonis es mocemuloba garkveulwilad
gansxvavdeba aSS-Si ganmtkicebuli business judgement rule-sagan, anu samewarmeo gada-
wyvetilebebis miRebisas pasuxismgeblobis sakiTxebis momwesrigebeli wesebisagan),
magram ar amtkicebs imas, rom amis Taobaze, upirveles yovlisa, germanul
saaqciosamarTlebriv literaturaSi mimdinare diskusiebi8 gadametebulia,
miuxedavad maTi praqtikuli moqmedebis SezRudulobisa.
2. Sida- da garekorporaciuli marTva
evropuli da angloamerikuli sistemaTSedarebiTi iuridiuli da eko-

nomikuri samecniero diskusiis gverdiT Zalian axlos dgas is, rasac insaiderul
an Sida kontrols uwodeben. masTan mWidro Sexeba aqvs aseve e.w. gare kontrols. es,
upirveles yovlisa, germaniis, avstriisa da SveicariisaTvis aris mniSvnelovani,
radganac sagareo kontrols aq iseTi movlenebi ganekuTvneba, rogorebicaa:
universaluri bankebis zegavlena did saaqcio sazogadoebebze (xSirad naklebad
cnobili, magram rogorc sazogadoebaze zegavlenis momxdeni bankebis Zala-
uflebad wodebuli) da didi xnis ganmavlobaSi TiTqmis mTlianad ararsebuli
sawarmos kontrolis bazari (es niSnavs araefeqturad moqmedi menejmentis
kontrols, romelic tipuri Sedegia aqciaTa Sesabamisad dabali sabirJo kursis
SemuSavebisa sawarmoTa `mtruli dauflebis (SeZenis)~ dros). amasTan, germaniaSi —
Sida da gare kontrolis zRvars Soris — mxedvelobaSi miiReba is garemoeba, rom
muSa-mosamsaxureebi da profkavSirebi Tanamonawileoben sawarmos saqmianobasa da
sameTvalyureo sabWoSi xmis uflebis ganxorcielebaSi. garkveuli paralelebi
SesaZloa avstriasTanac gavavloT. Sida da gare kontrolis sistemebis Sedareba
araviTar SemTxvevaSi ar aris mxolod Teoriuli sakiTxi. is, rom sawarmos kon-
trolma, ufro sworad korporaciulma marTvam, mravali evropuli saxelmwifos
sabirJo da sawarmoo praqtikaSi, iseve rogorc presaSi, politikasa da kanon-
mdeblobaSi pova gamoxmaureba, sistemaTa konkurenciisa da standartis sakiTxia.
visac ukeTesi korporaciuli marTvis sistema aqvs, mTeli Tavisi finansuri,
ekonomikuri da politikur-socialuri SedegebiT, ceteris paribus (Tanabar piro-
bebSi) warmatebas aRwevs evroregionalur Tu globalur konkurenciaSi. swored am
praqtikul, da ara mxolod Teoriul, sakiTxebTan hqonda Sexeba germanuli
korporaciuli marTvis SemmuSavebel komisias, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, umaRlesi
politikuri xedvidan gamomdinare, saubaric zedmeti iqneboda raime saxis
warmatebis miRwevaze (amas adasturebs is garemoebac, rom germanelebma, sawarmoTa
dauflebis (SeZenis) Taobaze miRebuli me-13 direqtivis winaaRmdeg diplo-
matiurad `galaSqrebiT~, mxedvelobaSi miiRes didi germanuli sawarmoebis kon-
kurentunarian garemoSi wardgenis praqtikuli mniSvnelobac).
8
konkurirebadi kavSirisa da sawarmoo samarTlebriv principTa nimuSisa da interesTa pluralizmis
sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT: Hopt, ZGR 1993, 534 (535 ff) da Mülbert, ZGR 1997, 129 (140 ff, 156 ff).
230
3. SedarebiTi korporaciuli marTvis 6 Semadgeneli nawili
SedarebiTi korporaciuli marTvis (comparative corporate governance) Tanamed-

rove TeoriaSi (rogorc am droisaTvis danergili saerTaSoriso termini) ga-
nasxvaveben sawarmos kontrolis ramdenime Semadgenel nawils:
1. gamgeoba da sameTvalyureo sabWo, ufro sworad, `Board~;
2. muSa-mosamsaxureebi da maTi Tanamonawileoba;
3. bankebi;
4. birJa da kapitalis bazari;
5. sawarmos kontrolis bazari (SeZenis SeTavazebebi);
6. sajarooba da auditi.
es Semadgeneli nawilebi sawarmos marTvisa da kontrolis sxvadasxva nacio-
nalur sistemaSi gansxvavebuli kombinaciebiTa da intensivobiTaa warmodgenili.
igi istoriulad aris ganpirobebuli da sistemis nacionalur Taviseburebebs
eyrdnoba. am mxriv, saubaria e.w. path dependence-ze, anu `sakuTari gzis damouki-
deblobaze~. neba miboZeT, SedarebiTi mimoxilvis meSveobiT, garkveulwilad
Sevexo germanuli sistemis am Semadgenel nawilebs da maT mniSvnelobas.
sawarmos kontrolis aSS-is, germaniis, dasavleT evropisa da aseve iaponiis
korporaciuli marTvis ekonomikuri da iuridiuli Teoriis mravali detalisaT-
vis, agreTve, mivuTiTebdi oqsfordis universitetis gamomcemlobis mier 1998
wels gamoqveynebul hamburgis maqs plankis saxelobis kerZo samarTlis in-
stitutSi SemuSavebul naSromze: `SedarebiTi korporaciuli marTva (Comparative
Corporate Governance)~, romelic am sakiTxebze saerTaSoriso mecnierebisa da teq-
nikis ganviTarebis dones farTod asaxavs.9
gamgeoba da sameTvalyureo sabWo
sawarmos marTvisa da kontrolis yoveli sistemis ZiriTadi Semadgeneli

birTvi Tavad korporaciis marTvisa da kontrolis organoa. orsafexurian sis-
temaSi aqcionerTa mxridan sawarmos marTva gamgeobas, xolo kontroli sameT-
valyureo sabWos gadaecema. evropasa da germaniaSi am aucilebel fundamentur
amocanaTa ganawilebas or organos Soris as welze meti xnis istoria10 aqvs da misi
gauqmebis an Secvlis sakiTxi saaqcio samarTlis arcerTi reformisas ar damdgara
kiTxvis niSnis qveS. miuxedavad amisa, es e.w. two tier-system (orsafexuriani sistema),
saerTaSoriso SedarebiTsamarTlebrivi xedvidan gamomdinare, ganixileba rogorc
gansakuTrebuli, specialuri SemTxveva. angloamerikul samarTlebriv wreebSi,
aseve, Sveicariasa da sxva qveynebSi arsebobs mxolod kompaniis marTvisa da
kontrolis erTaderTi organo — Board. orive sistemis dadebiT Tu uaryofiT
mxareebze SeiZleba usasrulod kamaTi. magaliTisaTvis SemiZlia moviyvano lu-
Tersa da davis Soris gamarTuli debatebi Cemi dabadebis dRisaTvis miZRvnil
simpoziumze. am naSromis naxva SegiZliaT sazogadoebisa da samewarmeo samarTlis
9
Hopt/Kanda/Roe/Wymeersch/Prigge, eds., Comparative Corporate Governance – The State of the Art and Emerging Research,
Oxford, 1998. amasTan dakavSirebiT aseve: Cioffi, State of the Art: A Review Essay on Comparative Corporate
Governance: The State of the Art and Emerging Research, American Journal of Comparative Law 48 (2000), 501.
10
Hopt, Ideelle und wirtschaftliche Grundlagen der Aktien-, Bank- und Börsenrechtsentwicklung im 19. Jahrhundert, in:
Coing/Wilhelm, Hrsg., Wissenschaft und Kodifikation im 19. Jahrhundert, Bd. V, Geld und Banken, Frankfurt, 1980, 128 (152 ff).
231
2001 wlis JurnalSi `ZGR— 2001~, rveuli 2 (imedia, es moridebuli iribi reklama
kanonsawinaaRmdegod ar iqneba aRqmuli).11
muSa-mosamsaxureni da maTi Tanamonawileoba
muSa-mosamsaxureT, aseve, aqvT garkveuli gavlena sawarmos kontrolze

samuSao bazrisa da Sidasazogadoebrivi warmoebis meSveobiT. es gavlena
gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas iZens maSin, rodesac mas Sida kontrolisa da marTvis
organoebze SeuZlia zemoqmedeba. amis kargi magaliTia sawarmos muSa-mosam-
saxureTa Tanamonawileoba sameTvalyureo sabWoSi, rac gamoixateba wevris
wargzavniTa da xmis uflebis ganxorcielebiT. saerTaSoriso gadmosaxedidan es
Tanamonawileoba misi paritetuli, ufro sworad, kvaziparitetuli formiT
germaniisa da holandiisTvis isev rCeba specialur, gansakuTrebul SemTxvevad.12
sainteresoa, rom Tavidan holandiaSi Tanamonawileobis es forma moqmedebda
aramxolod multinacionaluri sawarmoebisTvis da SesaZloa, asec darCeniliyo,
Tumca axlaxan socialur-ekonomikurma sabWom daayena winadadeba, romlis
mixedviTac moxdeboda Tanamonawileobis samarTlebrivi gadawyvetis kooptaciaze
uaris Tqma, xolo amis nacvlad SemoRebuli iqneboda wminda mesamedis paritetuli
principi. es principi mraval evropul qveyanaSi moqmedebs. angloamerikul
sivrceSi muSa-mosamsaxureTa mxridan Tanamonawileobis ufleba praqtikis, da,
gansakuTrebiT, ekonomikuri Teoriis mxridan uaryofil iqna.13 amasobaSi uTan-
xmoebam germanul ekonomikur-samecniero wreebSic SeaRwia.14 kritikosebi da mxar-
damWerebi garkveul wonasworobas inarCuneben. gamoCnda, rom germanulma
praqtikam didi xniT gaiTavisa Tanamonawileobis es paritetuli principi. Tumca
amasobaSi sawarmoo Tanamonawileoba ufro gaZlierda.
germanuli modeli (rogorc acquis social) safrTxes uqmnis germanul sawar-
moebs ara mxolod evropis saaqcio sazogadoebis dros, aramed, SeiZleba iTqvas,
momaval direqtivebs sazogadoebaTa adgilmdebareobis gadatanisa da saer-
TaSoriso Serwymis (gaerTianebis) Sesaxeb. zogierTma ekonomikurma liderma, ro-
goricaa, magaliTad, `Deutsche Bank Brauer~, faruli Tanamonawileoba sajarod gaak-
ritika da amgvari standartis uaryofiT mxared miiCnia. Tumca profkavSirebi
dabejiTebiT irwmunebian, da amas germaniis prezidentic eTanxmeba, rom es
standarti dadebiTi Tvisebis mqonea da karg saeqsporto masalad gamodgeba!
11
miniSnebani: Hopt, in: The German Two-Tier Board (Aufsichtsrat), A German View on Corporate Governance, in:
Hopt/Wymeersch, eds., Comparative Corporate Governance – Essays and Materials, New York, 1997, 3; masSi: The German
Two-Tier Board: Experience, Theories, Reforms, in: Hopt/Kanda/Roe/Wymeersch/Prigge, loc. cit., 277; sabolood: Lutter,
Corporate Governance rechtsvergleichend – die deutsche Sicht, und Davies, Comparative Corporate Governance – an English
and Market Perspective, in: Symposium „Corporate Governance – European Perspectives“, 60. Geburtstag Klaus J. Hopt, ZGR
2001, 224, 268.
12
germaniasTan dakavSirebiT: Oetker, Mitbestimmungsgesetz, in Hopt/Wiedemann, Hrsg., Großkommentar Aktiengesetz,
4. Aufl., 12. Lieferung, Berlin/New York 1999; holandiasTan dakavSirebiT: Dorresteijn, Corporate Governance Issues
in the Netherlands: The Legal Structure for Large Companies, in: Wymeersch, ed., Further Perspectives in Financial Integration
in Europe, Berlin/New York, 1994, 209 (214); zur Entwicklung in Europa Hopt, Arbeitnehmervertretung im Aufsichtsrat –
Auswirkungen der Mitbestimmung auf corporate governance und wirtschaftliche Integration in Europa, in: Festschrift für
Everling, Bd. I, Baden-Baden, 1995, 475.
13
sadiskusiod Sead.: erTi mxriv, Gerum/Wagner, Economics of Labour Co-determination in View of Corporate Governance,
meore mxriv, Roe, German Co-Determination and German Securities Markets, in: Hopt/Kanda/Roe/Wymeersch/Prigge, loc, cit., 341,
361; gadawyvetilebis miRebaSi Tanamonawileobis sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT: Hopt, ZGR 2000, 779 (798 ff).
14
ekonomikuri argumentebis safuZvlian mimoxilvas warmogvidgens Sadowski/Junkes/Lindenthal, ZGR 2001, 110.
232
bankebi
germanuli da sxva evropuli didi bankebis gavlena sawarmoebze sxva

qveynebTan, gansakuTrebiT ki aSS-sa da did britaneTTan, SedarebiT Zalian
Zlieria. es namdvilad asea, miuxedavad imisa, rom germanul sabanko industriaSi
kerZo bankebis15 sabazro wilTa koncentracia 26%-iT dabalia, vidre sxva mezobel
qveynebSi. upirveles yovlisa, kritikis sagania kreditis gacemis kombinacia,
bankebis Tanamonawileoba, Tavmjdomareoba da mandatebi sameTvalyureo sabWoSi
da sruli xmis ufleba.16 amas emateba aseve is gavlena, romelic kerZo bankebs maTi
sainvesticio Svilobili sazogadoebebis meSveobiT aqvT. meore mxriv, aSS-ma e.w.
glas-stigalis aqtis safuZvelze uari ganacxada bankebis klasificirebis
(dayofis) sistemaze. germaniaSi didi universaluri bankebi gardatexis stadiaSi
imyofeba, raTa saerTaSoriso dinebas mihyves. amis indeqsi aris maTi dabali sa-
birJo kapitalizacia da ucxoeTidan momdinare sawarmoTa dauflebis (SeZenis) ga-
marTlebuli SiSi. evropuli tendencia ekonomikurad da samarTlebrivad erT-
mniSvnelovnad aris mimarTuli sabanko Tanamonawileobis gauqmebisken, sameT-
valyureo sabWoSi Tanamonawileobis arsebuli modelis uaryofisken (rogorc amas
`Deutsche Bank~-is korporaciuli marTvis principebi adgens). am tendenciis
gamoxatulebaa, aseve, sruli sabanko xmis uflebis sapirispirod e.w. proxy, ufro
sworad, mmarTvelobiTi xmis uflebis SemoRebis principi.
birJa da kapitalis bazari
germaniasa da sxva evropul qveynebSi birJa da kapitalis bazari, aSS-Tan

SedarebiT, udavod naklebad ganviTarebulia.17 mxolod bolo wlebSi gamoCnda
mkafio cvlileba azrovnebaSi. dRes germaniaSi 13,4 milioni aqcioneri da saaqcio
fondis wilis mflobelia. es is ricxvia, romlis warmodgenac cota xnis win aravis
SeeZlo. birJebze notirebul sazogadoebaTa raodenobamac, rogorc, zogadad,
saaqcio sazogadoebisam, mniSvnelovnad imata. miuxedavad axlaxan gancdili wa-
rumateblobisa, axali sabirJo bazris segmentebi, rogorc àxali bazari~, war-
matebiT amoqmedda. e.w. shareholder value-ze saubari germaniaSic gaRvivda. sawarmo,
kargi korporaciuli marTvis pirobebSi, farTod cnobili makinsis moZRvrebis
Sedegebis mixedviT, 20%-iT met fasad iyideba safondo birJaze.
15
Monopolkommission, Dreizehntes Hauptgutachten 1998/1999, Bundestags-Drucksache 14/4002 vom 16.8.2000, Nr. 123:
yvela sakredito institutTan mimarTebiT biujetis wili Seadgens 50%-s (sazogadoebrivi seqtori _
36%, sajaro samarTlis sakredito institutebi TavianTi gansakuTrebuli amocanebiT _ 14%), kerZo
sakredito institutebisa _ daaxl. 26%-s da kerZo sakredito koop. _ daaxl. 15%-s.
16
miniSnebani: Mülbert, Empfehlen sich gesetzliche Regelungen zur Einschränkung des Einflusses der Kreditinstitute auf
Aktiengesellschaften?, rekomendaciebi germaniis iuristTa 61-e krebisTvis, Karlsruhe 1996; Hopt, Corporate Governance
und deutsche Universalbanken, in: Feddersen/Hommelhoff/Schneider, Hrsg., Corporate Governance, Köln, 1996, 243.
17
Hopt/Baum, Börsenrechtsreform in Deutschland, in: Hopt/Rudolph/Baum, Hrsg., Börsenreform, Stuttgart, 1997, 287; es
aseve: WM Sonderbeil. 4/1997, 1. uaxlesi cifrebi germaniis saaqcio institutebidan, DAI-Factbook 2001 und
DAI-Kurzstudie 3/2001: aqcionerTa da saaqcio fondTa wilebi zrdas agrZelebs.
233
bazari sawarmos kontrolisaTvis
germaniaSi funqcionaluri bazari sawarmos kontrolisaTvis, rogorc wesi,

ar arsebobs.18 dRevandlamde TiTqmis ucnobia is, rasac sawarmos `mtrul
dauflebas (SeZenas)~ uwodeben. saCvenebeli magaliTebi, rogorebicaa: Krupp/Thyssen
da, bolos da bolos, Vodafone/Mannesmann, aqamde mainc erTeul SemTxvevad gani-
xileba, Tumca naTlad mianiSnebs axali epoqis moaxloebas. 1995 wlis `sawarmos
kontrolis qveS moqcevisa da dauflebis (SeZenis) Sesaxeb~ kodeqsis (Übernahme-
kodex) safuZvelze, 1998 wlis 1 ianvris mdgomareobiT, rogorc frankfurtSi
sawarmoTa kontrolis qveS moqcevisa da SeZenis sakiTxebiT dakavebuli komisiis
mier iqna administrirebuli, erTobliobaSi 219 warmoeba warimarTa, maTgan 50
procesi (sawarmos dauflebis Sesaxeb) — 2001 wels da 186 SeTavazeba, romelTagan
35 2001 wels warimarTa. suraTi, mgoni, naTelia. miuxedavad yovlismomcveli
aRiarebis ararsebobisa, saxeze gvaqvs sul 955 aRiarebuli sawarmo, aqedan 802 —
birJaze registrirebuli germanuli sajaro sazogadoeba. miuxedavad amisa,
qveynis Sida birJaze registrirebuli kompaniebis wilma 87.74% Seadgina — es
aucilebeli iyo 2002 wlis 1 ianvars `sawarmos kontrolis qveS moqcevisa da
dauflebis (SeZenis) Sesaxeb~ germanuli kanonis Sesabamisad.19 am droisTvis ki
sawarmos kontrolisa da SeZenis kodeqsma Zala dakarga, garda im SemTxvevisa, roca
procedura ukve mimdinareobda.
sajarooba da revizia
germaniasa da mis farglebs gareT sawarmos kontrolisas umniSvnelovanes

rols sazogadoebis sajarooba (gamWvirvaloba) da saaudito Semowmeba asrulebs.20
sxvadasxva formiT gamoxatuli sawarmos gamWvirvaloba, gansakuTrebiT ki misi
saaudito Semowmeba, imdenad aris mniSvnelovani, ramdenadac bazarze monawile
korporaciis dauflebis (SeZenis) msurvel pirebs uSualod awvdis sando in-
formacias SesaTavazebeli sawarmos (mizansazogadoebis) Sesaxeb. es kanon-
mdeblobis aucilebeli materialuri winapiroba, mocemulobaa. aseTi auditorebi,
germanuli saaqcio samarTlis 1998 wlis reformis mixedviT, sameTvalyureo
sabWos wevrebi da, garkveulwilad, korporaciuli marTvis garantebi arian. Tuki,
magaliTad, enronis SemTxvevas21 gaviTvaliswinebT, da Sesamowmebel doku-
mentacias Tavad auditorebi gaanadgureben, maSin reformis problemuri sakiTxebi
unda warimarTos iqiTken, rom moxdes ara mxolod Sidasawarmoo rotaciis, aramed
Semowmebasa da rCevas (konsultacias) Soris gamijvnis sakiTxebis dadgenac.
18
amasTan da germanuli da evropuli sawarmoTa dauflebis (SeZenis) samarTlis urTierTmimarTebis
Taobaze: Hopt, ZHR 161 (1997) 368.
19
Börsensachverständigenkommission, Standpunkte zur künftigen Regelung von Unternehmensübernahmen, Frankfurt, Februar
1999; Hopt, Auf dem Weg zum deutschen Übernahmegesetz, Überlegungen zum Richtlinienentwuf 1997, zum
Übernahmekodex (1997) und zum SPD-Entwurf 1997, in: Festschrift für Zöllner, Köln u.a. 1998, 253 (263 ff, 266 f).
20
Merkt, Die Publizität von Unternehmen, Tübingen 2001; Institut der Wirtschaftsprüfer (IDW), Kapitalmarktorientierte
Unternehmensüberwachung, Düsseldorf, 2001.
21
Sead.: Hopt, Ein Debakel à la Enron ist auch in Deutschland denkbar, Handelsblatt Nr. 37, 21.2.2002, 8.
234
II. korporaciuli marTva da kanonmdebloba — korporaciuli marTvis

germanuli samTavrobo komisiis gamocdileba
1. korporaciuli marTvis germanuli samTavrobo komisia da germanuli

korporaciuli marTvis kodeqsis komisia
SedarebiTi korporaciuli marTvis Semadgenel nawilebze Tvalis gadav-

lebam naTlad warmoaCina, rom korporaciuli marTvis kontrolisa da regu-
lirebis problemebma kanonmdeblobac garkveuli siZneleebis winaSe daayena. amas-
Tan, ufro soliduria korporaciuli marTvis germanuli samTavrobo komisiis
gamocdileba. es komisia federalurma kanclerma 2000 wlis maisSi Seqmna, ger-
manuli kompaniebis konkurentunarianobis gaumjobesebisa da kompaniis marTvisa
da kontrolis germanul sistemaSi yvela SesaZlo deficitis aRmofxvris mizniT,
ris Sesaxeb Sefasebebic eyrdnoba holcmanis SemTxvevis (Holzmann Fall) mecnierul
daskvnebs da emsaxureba germaniis finansuri rolis gaZlierebas saerTaSoriso
asparezze.22 samTavrobo komisia Sedgeboda 22(23) wevrisagan. mis SemadgenlobaSi
Sediodnen: or mecnierTan erTad, eqvsi (Svidi) politikosi koaliciuri partiidan,
warmomadgenlebi iusticiis, finansTa, ekonomikisa da teqnologiebis sami-
nistroebidan, aTi wevri samewarmeo wridan, auditorebisa da birJebis CaTvliT,
aseve, profkavSirebis sami da investorTa interesebis damcveli erTi war-
momadgeneli.23 samTavrobo komisiam SeimuSava moxseneba, romelSic TiTqmis 130
winadadeba iqna warmodgenili, maT Soris daaxloebiT 100 gankuTvnili iyo kanon-
mdebelTaTvis, 20 — korporaciuli marTvis kodeqsis komisiisTvis. es wina-
dadebebi, pirvel rigSi, Seexeba saaqcio kanons da savaWro kodeqss, garda amisa,
mTel rigs sxva sakanonmdeblo aqtebisas, rogorebicaa: korporaciis dabegvris
Sesaxeb kanoni, kanonebi investiciebis Sesaxeb, reorganizaciis Sesaxeb, fasiani
qaRaldebiT vaWrobis, birJebis Sesaxeb da saproceso samarTali.
korporaciuli marTvis am samTavrobo komisiisgan unda gansxvavdes ger-
manuli korporaciuli marTvis kodeqsis komisia, e.w. `kodeqsis komisia~, agreTve
„qrome-komisia~-d wodebuli. mas uSualod mindobili hqonda germaniisaTvis
korporaciuli marTvis kodeqsis damuSaveba, romelic amasobaSi, 2002 wlis 26
Tebervals, gamoica kidec.24
SeiZleba gamoiyos sami problema, romelTa Sesaxebac sakuTari kritikuli
azri frankfurtis korporaciuli marTvis pirvel did kongresze detalurad
gamovTqvi,25 saxeldobr esenia: saaqciosamarTlebrivi korporaciuli marTvis
SezRudva, nacionaluri reformebisa da korporaciuli normebis dadgenis
SezRudva.
udavoa, rom wardgenili moxseneba is kargi moxsenebaa, romelsac saqme win
mihyavs. vinc safuZvlianad icnobs am sakiTxebs, namdvilad daadgens, rom es
22
Baums, Hrsg., Bericht der Regierungskommission Corporate Governance, Unternehmensführung, Unternehmenskontrolle,
Modernisierung des Aktienrechts, Köln, 2001, 360, SemdgomSi: Kommissionbericht. Näher zum Auftrag Kommissionsbericht S. 1.
23
komisiis wevrebi warmodgenilni arian komisiis moxsenebis me-3 gverdze.
24
Deutscher Corporate Governance Kodex, 26.2.2002. amasTan dakavSirebiT: Ulmer, ZHR 166 (2002) 150 da demnächst
Seibt, AG 2002, Heft 5.
25
Hopt, Unternehmensführung, Unternehmenskontrolle, Modernisierung des Aktienrechts – Zum Bericht der
Regierungskommission Corporate Governance, in Hommelhoff/Ulmer, Hrsg., Aktienrecht für globale Kapitalmärkte,
Heidelberg, 2002, 27 (33 ff).
235
samTavrobo komisia, marTalia, korporaciuli marTvis komisiis saxelwodebas

atarebs, magram, upirveles yovlisa, SesaZlo gadaxvevebiT sxva sakanonmdeblo
aqtebSi saaqcio samarTlis reformis momzadebazea koncentrirebuli. miuxedavad
imisa, rom korporaciuli marTva mainc bolomde ar aris ganxiluli, amis Tqma
sulac ar niSnavs komisiis kritikas cudi kuTxiT, Tumca es mas pirdapir
evaleboda. amitom upriani iqneboda, mas saaqcio samarTlis reformis samTavrobo
komisia darqmeoda. SedarebiTi korporaciuli marTvis saerTaSoriso da
interdisciplinuri diskusia, amis sapirispirod, ufro zogad WrilSi moiazrebs
korporaciuli marTvis cnebas da regulirebis problematikas. bankebis, birJebis,
kapitalis bazrisa da sawarmos kontrolis bazris sferoebTan erTad moxsenebaSi
ufro naTlad gamoikveTa sakmaod mniSvnelovani, saaqcio sazogadoebis Sida
mowesrigebasTan funqciurad mWidrod dakavSirebuli, regulirebis meqanizmebi.
Semdegi SezRudva mxolod miznis politikuri mocemulobis Tvalsawie-
ridanaa gasagebi — Sorsmimavali miznis, romelic dakavSirebulia evropis
samarTlebrivi CarCoebidan gamosvlasTan. is, rom sawarmos marTva, sawarmos
kontroli da saaqcio samarTlis modernizeba (ase iyo Camoyalibebuli komisiis
moxsenebis qveTavebi) dRes ukve scdeba wmindad nacionaluri samarTlebrivi
mowesrigebis sakiTxebs, Semdgom dasabuTebas ar moiTxovs. samTavrobo komisiis
moxsenebaSi, bunebrivia, saubaria agreTve evropul CarCoebze. es kargia da aSkarad
imsaxurebs mowonebas, magram mosazrebebi imis Taobaze, Tu regulirebis romeli
donea marTebuli da ufro mizanSewonili, — evropuli Tu nacionaluri, — TiTqmis
ganuxilvelia, gansxvavebiT evropis 1998 wlis sakoncerno samarTlis forumze
dayenebuli mosazrebebisa da rekomendaciebisagan. markus luTeris TanaTavmjdo-
mareobiTa da Cveni maspinZlis — piter doraltis kompetenturi TanamonawileobiT
am forumiT gaTvaliswinebuli sakiTxebis detalebis garkvevaSi imTaviTve didi
Sroma Caaqsoves.26
samTavrobo komisia Tavidanve dainteresebuli jgufebisa da politiko-
sebisagan Sedgeboda. igi amgvarad axorcielebda moRvaweobas, rac mas korpora-
tistuli mosasxamiT mosavda, Tumca, Cemi SexedulebiT, es didi sakanonmdeblo
reformisaTvis srulebiT ar aris idealuri, imdenad, ramdenadac faqtebisa da
argumentebis Semdgomi Zieba da diskusiis mimdinareoba gaumWvirvalea. amasTan, ar
Cans, Tu vin risTvisaa pasuxismgebeli. arada, swored rom es aris korporatistuli
da, zogadad, Seesabameba aseve dRevandeli mTavrobis politikas, rac ar aris isev
komisiis an sulac misi wevrebis kritika — es gaxlavT principuli sakiTxi kargi
kanonmdeblobisaTvis.
korporaciuli marTvis Taobaze debatebis winare safexurzeve poli-
tikosebis, ekonomikuri sferos warmomadgenlebisa da profkavSirebis CarTva
savaldebulo reJimSi ganapirobebda iseTi sakiTxebis ganxilvas, rogorebicaa:
sawarmoSi Tanamonawileoba, sameTvalyureo sabWos sidide (raodenoba), finansuri
koreqtuloba (sameTvalyureo sabWos sxvadasxva wevris Sesaferisoba) da sameT-
valyureo sabWos sistema (erTsafexuriani, orsafexuriani, arCevis ufleba am or
sistemas Soris).
26
evropuli sakoncerno samarTlis forumi, Konzernrecht für Europa, ZGR 1998, 672.
236
III. korporaciuli marTva da nebayoflobiTi TviTregulireba —

kodeqsTan dakavSirebuli gamocdilebebi da problemebi
1. kodeqsTan dakavSirebuli gamocdilebebi
germanuli samTavrobo komisia saaqcio samarTlis reformis momzadebis

paralelurad kodeqsis sakiTxsac Seexo, rac mravali mizeziT iyo ganpirobebuli.
am mxriv, SeiZleba dasaxeldes saerTaSoriso qcevis kodeqsi,27 romelic dakav-
Sirebulia: kadberis, grinberis, hempelisa da 1998 wlidan moqmedi londonis
fasiani qaRaldebis erTobliv kodeqsTan,28 korporaciuli marTvis Sesaxeb eko-
nomikuri TanamSromlobisa da ganviTarebis organizaciis saxelmZRvanelo
principebTan,29 evropis fasiani qaRaldebis dilerebis asociaciisa (briuseli) da
saerTaSoriso korporaciuli marTvis qselis principebTan. amasTan erTad,
SesaZloa dasaxeldes ori germanuli korporaciuli marTvis kodeqsi (frank-
furtis — rudiger fon rozenisa da uve hanc Snaideris30 mniSvnelovani Tana-
monawileobiT, da berlinis — aqsel fon verderis31 iniciativiT). magram germanuli
gamocdileba amgvari nebayoflobiTi regulirebis sivrceSi naklebad gamarTle-
bulia, yovel SemTxvevaSi, safinanso sferoSi. es gansxvavebulad vrceldeba, aseve,
germanul insaideruli informaciiT vaWrobis Sesaxeb 1970 wlis direqtivebze,32
romelTa arsebobac, miuxedavad absoluturad irelatiurad darCenil sawarmoTa
SeZenis SeTavazebebis 1979 wlis33 germanuli Tezisebisa da 1995 wels miRebuli 1997
wlis mdgomareobiT34 arsebuli `sawarmoTa kontrolis qveS moqcevisa da dauf-
lebis (SeZenis) kodeqsisa~, maSinac ki, rodesac es ukanaskneli `dabadebidanve~,
safuZvelSive, sawarmoTa SefasebiT, seriozuli defeqtebiT iyo savse, mainc
Sedegis momtani aRmoCnda.35 ekonomikis nebayoflobiTi TviTregulirebis normebs,
zogadad, germaniis sabanko da safinanso seqtorSi,36 gansxvavebiT garemos dacvis
samarTlisagan, aqvs mxolod SezRuduli qmedebis (Carevis) SesaZlebloba. sapi-
rispiro suraTs waawydebiT iseT qveynebSi, rogorebicaa: safrangeTi da belgia,
27
Hopt, Corporate Governance: Aufsichtsrat oder Markt? – Überlegungen zu einem internationalen und interdisziplinären
Thema, in Hommelhoff/Rowedder/Ulmer, Hrsg., Max Hachenburg, Dritte Gedächtnisvorlesung 1998, Heidelberg, 2000, 20 ff.
28
miniSnebani: Hopt, ebenda, S. 21; londonis fasiani qaRaldebis bazris erToblivi kodeqsi (Combined
Code) saxelwodebiT: „Principles of Good Governance and Code of Best Practice“ 1998 wels dasaxelebul wi-
namdebare moxsenebebs, specialur principebs Tavi mouyara erTaderT kodeqsSi. 2000 wlidan lon-
donis birJaze notirebuli sawarmoebi angariSs uweven da aRiareben mas. amasTan dakavSirebiT ix. aseve:
Kommissionsbericht Rz 5.
29
OECD Principles of Corporate Governance, Paris, 1999, agreTve in AG 1999, 340; dazu ausführlich Hommelhoff, ZGR
2001, 238.
30
AG 2000, 109 SesavaliT Schneider/Strenger, AG 200, 106.
31
Von Werder, Hrsg., German Code of Corporate Governance (CGCG), Stuttgart 2000.
32
Sida (insaideruli) vaWrobis direqtivebi (saxelmZRvanelo principebi) 1988 wlis ivnisis bolo
gamocemiTa da mokle komentarebiT: Baumbach/Hopt, HGB, 29. Auf., München 1995, (16) Insiderhandels-Ri.
33
nebayoflobiTi sajaro nasyidobiTi an gacvliTi SesaTavazebeli winadadebebis, anu msgavsi
SeTavazebis miwodebisadmi moTxovnebis administraciulad notirebuli an Tavisufali vaWrobisaTvis
daSvebuli aqciis, ufro sworad, SeZenis uflebis zogadi debulebani, 1978 wlis ianvari,
gamoqveynebuli da mokled komentirebuli: Baumbach/Hopt, aaO, 29. Aufl., (18) LSÜbernahmeangebote.
34
finansTa federaluri saministros birJaTa zedamxedvelobis federaluri komisiis mier miRebuli
sawarmoTa SeZenis kodeqsi (Übernahmekodex), 1997 wlis ianvari, gamoqveynebuli da mokled
komentirebuli: Baumbach/Hopt, aaO, 30. Aufl., (18) Übernahmekodex.
35
ix. zemoT, me-5 struqturul elementTan dakavSirebiT.
36
Hopt, Self-Regulation in Banking and Finance – Practice and Theory in Germany, in: AEDBF/EVBFR-Belgium, La
Déontologie bancaire & financière/The Ethical Standards in Banking & Finance, Bruxelles, 1998, 53.
237
Tavisi deontologiuri37 (profesiuli eTikis) tradiciebiT da, ra Tqma unda, iseT

saxelmwifoSi, rogoric aris, upirveles yovlisa, didi britaneTi, Tavisi
saerTaSoriso gavlenis mqone sawarmoTa STanTqmis kodeqsiT (Takeover Code und Pa-
nel).38 Tumca am qveyanaSi sul axlaxan dinebis mimarTuleba 2000 wlis finansuri
momsaxurebis Sesaxeb kanoniTa da finansuri momsaxurebis gawevis ufleba-
mosilebis Sesaxeb kanonis miRebiT, garkveulwilad, kanonmdeblisa da saxelmwifo
moxeleebis sasargeblod Seicvala.39
gansxvavebuli gamocdilebani TviT nacionaluri wyobidan momdinareobs.
germanias aqvs sruliad garkveuli istoria. am istoriulma svlam Cven ara mxolod
samarTlebriv saxelmwifomde, aramed samarTlebrivi procedurebisa da samar-
Tlebrivi regulaciis saxelmwifomde migviyvana. es niSnavs Semdegs: sazogadoeba
ukanono an, sul mcire, arasamarTlebrivi safuZvlebis gareSe Carevas un-
doblobiT ekideba, saxelmwifo an kvazisaxelmwifo moxeleTa intervencia ki
daculia sasamarTlos winaSe gasaCivrebis meSveobiT. iseTi samarTlebrivi wesebi,
rogoric did britaneTSia, germaniisaTvis warmoudgenelia.
kodeqsis formirebis safuZvlebi sxvadasxvagvaria. garkveul rols, ro-
gorc yovelTvis, imitaciac asrulebs: aravis surs, uaryofiTad wardges
saerTaSoriso asparezze mxolod amgvari korporaciuli marTvis kodeqsis
uqonlobis gamo. praqtikulad gadamwyveti iyo is zewola, romelic, udavoa,
amerikeli da, aseve, sxva instituciuri investorebisagan modioda. xSirad isini
germaniis bazris maxasiaTeblebsa da germaniis saaqcio samarTlis korporaciul
marTvas mTlianad eWvis TvaliT uyurebdnen. amitom, SeiZleba iTqvas, daJinebiT
moiTxovdnen korporaciuli marTvis kodeqsis maTTvis nacnobi modelis Seqmnas.
imTaviTve gasagebia, rom adgilobrivi kompaniebi siamovnebiT SeZlebdnen, amgvari
kodeqsebis arsebobaze mieTiTebinaT sazRvargareT, germaniasa an avstriaSic.
gadamwyveti iyo is garemoeba, rom damatebiTi regulirebis donis gamovlena,
wmindad nacionalur mowesrigebasTan erTad, korporaciuli marTvis kodeqss
mniSvnelovan upiratesobebs SesZenda moqnilobis, diferencirebisa da motivaciis
gamoaSkaravebis saqmeSi.
2. korporaciuli marTvis kodeqsis formirebis procesi
rogor unda gamoiyurebodes korporaciuli marTvis amgvari kodeqsi? amis

dadgenis erT-erTi SesaZlebloba iqneboda evropis kavSiris wevri saxelmwifoebis
30-ze meti aseTi kodeqsis Sinaarsisa da moqmedi meqanizmebis saTiTaod detaluri
analizi da Sedareba. es sakiTxi, rogorc zemoT aRiniSna, evropis komisiis
SekveTiT dasaxul kvlevaSic aisaxa. aq ar aris am sakiTxis Sefasebis adgili. ufro
metad saubaria ara amgvari kodeqsebis Sinaarsze, aramed imaze, Tu rogor moxdeba
misi azrobrivad Camoyalibeba da formulireba. mniSvnelovania, damatebiT gaviT-
valiswinoT ramdenime principi: korporaciuli marTvis kodeqsi (a) unda iyos
daxvewili, Tu gvsurs, qmediTi aRmoCndes. rac ufro grZeli, bundovani da
detaluria igi, miT ufro nakleb yuradRebas ipyrobs. Sesabamisad, mewarmeebi ar
iyeneben amgvar kodeqss. korporaciuli marTvis aseTi kodeqsi unda dainergos
37
AEDBF/EVBFR-Belgium, La Déontologie bancaire & financière/The Ethical Standards in Banking & Finance, Bruxelles,
1998.
38
The Panel on Takeovers and Mergers, The City Code on Takeovers and Mergers and The Rules Governing Substantial
Acquisitions of Shares, London (loose-leaf).
39
amasTan: Fleischer, RIW 2002 (miRebulia dasabeWdad).
238
kompaniebis praqtikaSi da sxvadasxva pirobebs moergos, anu unda moaxdinos

sxvadasxva sazogadoebisa da sxvadasxva situaciis diferencireba (b), dabolos,
zogadad, iTvleba, rom kodeqsma unda aCvenos moqnilobis maRali xarisxi (g).
a) korporaciuli marTvis kodeqsi daxvewili unda iyos. amazea damo-
kidebuli moTxovna, rom igi advilad gasagebi iyos. rogorc garesamarTlebrivi
mowesrigebis forma, maregulirebeli meqanizmebisa da kanonebis formuli-
rebisaTvis erTic da meorec (daxvewiloba da gasageboba) `gasavliani monetaa~.
praqtikidan gamomdinare, Cndeba winaaRmdegoba: aseTi kodeqsiT arc erTi
maregulirebeli donis miRweva ar aris SesaZlebeli.40 Tumca SeiZleba, kodeqsi
samarTlebrivad gaumarTavi, magram, faqtobrivad, savaldebulod iqnes Seqmnili.
aseT SemTxvevaSic es winaaRmdegoba marTebulia. germanuli tradiciidan gamom-
dinare, korporaciuli marTvis kodeqsi garkveul protests warmoSobda (rac
imTaviTve SeimCneoda), saxeldobr, misi deregulireba da ara regulireba da
reregulireba.41 ekonomikisaTvis kodeqsis samarTlebrivi xasiaTi ki ar aris
gadamwyveti, aramed is, adgens Tu ara igi iseT axal wess, romelic realurad unda
Sesruldes. korporaciuli marTvis kodeqsis formulirebisas saWiroa sifrTxile
yvela SesaZlebeli kerZo sakiTxis Sesabamisi diferencirebuli regulirebis
meqanizmebis dadgenisas (daxvewilobis principi); kodeqsSi formulirebuli unda
iyos mcire raodenobiT, magram naTeli da araiuristebisaTvisac gasagebi moTxov-
nebi, anu ara pirdapir kvazisakanonmdeblo an gankargulebiTi teqstebi wesebiT,
gamonaklisebiTa da qvegamonaklisebiT (gasagebobis principi).
b) meore principi SeiZleboda diferencirebas Sexeboda. rogorc aRiniSna,
amiT is ar moiazreba, rom korporaciuli marTvis kodeqsi yvela SesaZlebel Sem-
Txvevas moicavdes da regulirebisas maT Taviseburebebs iTvaliswinebdes. kodeqsi
Tavidanve ufro metad unda iyos Ria principuli gansxvavebebisaTvis, vidre
avstriuli kanoni saaqcio sazogadoebis Sesaxeb da, Sesabamisad, asaxavdes kidec am
gansxvavebebs, romlebic SeiZleba arsebobdes, magaliTad, damoukidebel sawar-
moebsa da koncernebs Soris, birJebze notirebul da aranotirebul (sajaro da
daxurul) sazogadoebebs Soris, did, saSualo da patara sazogadoebebs Soris da
sxvadasxva seqtorsa da dargs Soris. es mokled ganimarteba.
kodeqsma garkveviT unda gansazRvros, moqmedebs Tu ara gansazRvruli
wesebi mocemul SemTxvevaSi, garkveuli gadaxvevebiT, koncernTaTvis; britanul
kodeqsebSi es, faqtobrivad, asec xdeba, Tumca (erTiani) sakoncerno samarTlis
ararsebobis gamo regulireba punqtobriv xasiaTs iRebs.
birJaze notirebuli sazogadoebiT Semofargvla inglissa da sxva qveynebSi
azrs iZens imdenad, ramdenadac sawarmoebi birJis zemoqmedebas ndobiT aRiqvamen
da, Sesabamisad, kodeqsis aRiareba an misi wesebisadmi morCileba (gamWvirvaled
gamoxatuli gadaxvevebis SesaZleblobiT) birJaze notirebis winapirobac xdeba.
magram aris ki kargi korporaciuli marTva mniSvnelovani mxolod birJaze
notirebuli sazogadoebisaTvis, ramdenadac man unda uzrunvelyos mxolod
sabirJo investorTa uflebebis dacva, Tu mas, Tundac misi diferenciaciidan
gamomdinare, aseve yuradReba eniWeba daxuruli tipis sawarmosTvisac? germaniis
40
Rosengarten, Bericht der Regierungskommission „Corporate Governance“, Gesellschaftsrechtliche Vereinigung (VGR),
Hrsg., Gesellschaftsrecht in der Diskussion 2001, VGR Bd. 4, Köln, 2002 (im Druck). Auch die Regierungskommission selbst
sieht das Problem, Kommissionsbericht Rz 7 a.E.
41
regulirebisa da deregulirebis debatebTan dakavSirebiT: Kübler, Hrsg., Verrechtlichung von Wirtschaft,
Arbeit und sozialer Solidarität, Vergleichende Analysen, Baden-Baden, 1984 und Frankfurt, 1985.
239
korporaciuli marTvis kodeqsi Tavidanve Semoifargleba birJaze notirebuli

sazogadoebebiT, Tumca maTTvisac ar iZleva kodeqsis wesebisadmi savaldebulod
damorCilebis rekomendacias. unda gansxvavdebodnen Tu ara birJaze ara-
notirebuli sazogadoebebi, savaraudod, aseve mimoqcevaunariani wilis mqone
sazogadoebebi, rac sakorporacio samarTlis sferoSi ganxorcielebuli re-
formis rekomendaciis Sedegia (am SemTxvevaSi mxedvelobaSi miiReba yvela sajaro
sazogadoeba)42, da daxuruli tipis sazogadoebebi erTmaneTisagan? am sakiTxTan
dakavSirebiT sagangebo nawils Seicavs berlinis kodeqsi.43
sainteresoa aseve kiTxva: unda moqmedebdes Tu ara kodeqsi Tanabarwilad
yvela registrirebuli sazogadoebisTvis, iqneba igi didi, saSualo an patara, Tu
xarjTaRricxvis44 msgavsad unda xdebodes misi diferencireba sididis mixedviT?
SeiZleba Tu ara igive normebi moqmedebdes vaWrobis, safinanso institutebis,
teqnologiuri sawarmoebisa da im sawarmoTa mimarT, romlebic sarisko kapitals
gankargaven? 2001 wlis martis germanuli bankis mier dadgenili korporaciuli
marTvis safuZvlebi asaxavs zogadi da finansuri dargebis specifikuri prin-
cipebis STambeWdav nazavs.45
g) da bolos, korporaciuli marTvis kodeqsis Camoyalibebis Taobaze
gamoTqmul yvela am mosazrebasTan erTad sakiTxi mis moqnilobas exeba. am
mimarTebiT SeiZleba saubari moqnilobis zogad principze. moqnilad moqmedeba
naxseneb moTxovnas exeba — kodeqsis Semofargvla mxolod misi arsebiTi princi-
pebiT, konkretuli detaluri maregulirebeli moTxovnebis nacvlad; amasTanave,
naTeli, gasagebad formulirebuli zogadi principebi kompleqsuri detaluri
wesebis sanacvlod da didi sivrce diferencirebisaTvis yvela sawarmos erTnairi
molodinis magier.
Tumca zogierTi kodeqsis formulirebis zemoaRniSnul mosazrebebsa da
principebs umniSvnelod, ase vTqvaT, Teoriul TamaSad aRiqvams da imTaviTve
upiratesobas sawarmos kargi marTvisa da kontrolis realurad dadgenil zust
wesebs aniWebs. amavdroulad, yovelgvari regulirebis dros, samarTlebrivi Tu
arasamarTlebrivi normebis meSveobiT, kodeqss, Tavis principebsa da meTodebze
dayrdnobiT, unda Sehqondes sicxade sawarmos marTvis sakiTxebTan dakavSirebiT.
sworia is faqti, rom tradiciulad germaniaSi aseTi regulireba mxolod samar-
Tlebrivi normebiT arsebobda, saxeldobr, meToduri swavlebisa da samar-
Tlebrivi dogmatikis saxiT. amave dros, sakanonmdeblo moZRvrebis mier sakmaod
samarTlianad iqna aRiarebuli imis saWiroeba, rom iuristebi, samarTlebrivi
normebis dadgenasTan erTad, aseve unda dakavdnen arasamarTlebrivi normebis
42
Davies, ZGR 2001, 268 (274): es gamosayenebelia TiTqmis 400 sawarmosaTvis, romelTa wilebiTac vaWroba
xorcieldeba kapitalis sxva bazrebze, rogorc birJebze, TiTqmis 40 sazogadoebisa ki ucxour
birJebzea gatanili, ebenda Fn 22. Sdr. separaciis problemebi, rogorc maT samTavrobo komisia ganxilavs,
Rz 14, da romelic, Tavis mxriv, gadaWras eqvemdebareba.
43
German Code of Corporate Governance VII. korporaciuli marTva daxuruli tipis sazogadoebebSi.
44
Sdr.: evrosamarTlis normaTa mixedviT, sawarmoTa diferencireba sididis TvalsazrisiT, romelic
savaWro kodeqsis 267-e paragrafSia mocemuli. savaWro kodeqsis 267-e paragrafis mesame abzacis me-2
winadadebis mixedviT, kapitaluri sazogadoeba amgvar klasad iTvleba maSin, roca igi, fasiani
qaRaldebiT vaWrobis Sesaxeb federaluri kanonis me-2 paragrafis me-5 abzacis Tanaxmad,
organizebul bazarze, amave kanonis me-2 paragrafis pirveli abzacis pirveli winadadebiT
gaTvaliswinebul fasian qaRalds iZens an organizebul bazarze vaWrobisaTvis akeTebs gancxadebas
daSvebis Taobaze. samTavrobo komisiis moxsenebas (Rz 14) ar surs, uari Tqvas sawarmoTa am
klasifikatorze, imdenad, ramdenadac es diferencireba sxva miznebs emsaxureboda.
45
Deutsche Bank, Corporate Governance Grundsätze, Frankfurt, März, 2001.
240
Camoyalibebis sakiTxebiT. amiT maTTvis iqmneba sruliad axali inter-

disciplinuri sfero, romlis mxolod ekonomikur da socialur mecnierebaze
mindoba, udavod, Secdoma iqneboda.
3. korporaciuli marTvis kodeqsis samarTlebrivi mniSvneloba?
korporaciuli marTvis kodeqsis samarTlebrivi mniSvnelobis sakiTxi,

erTi SexedviT, araarsebiTia. miuxedavad amisa, kodeqsi swored imiT gamoirCeva,
rom igi ara imperatiuli, savaldebulo an dispoziciuri xasiaTis samarTals,
aramed samarTlebrivad arasavaldebulo moqmedebis masStabebs adgens. kodeqsis
wesebi mxolod standartuli saxis rekomendaciebia sawarmos kargi marTvisa da
kontrolisaTvis. Tumca imis mtkiceba, rom am wesebs ar aqvT faqtobrivad an
sxvagvarad moqmedebis Zala, usafuZvlo iqneboda. sulac ar aris gamoricxuli,
rom kodeqsis samarTlebrivad arasavaldebulo normebi arapirdapir Seicavdes
samarTlebrivad savaldebulo moqmedebis xasiaTs. am mxriv, mxolod oTxi
SesaZlebeli gza dasaxeldeboda, imis mtkicebis gareSe, dogmaturia isini, Tu faq-
tobrivad sasamarTloTa mier ganxorcielebadi.
a) pirveli, ase vTqvaT, SesaZlebloba imiT gamoixateba, rom korporaciuli
marTvis kodeqsi gaaZlierebs savaWro-samewarmeo tradicias mTlianobaSi an,
yovel SemTxvevaSi, mis mniSvnelovan nawilSi. rogorc viciT, jer iqamde mainc
Soria. amisTvis warmodgenili unda iqnes garemoebaTa mTeli rigi, romlebic,
saerTo jamSi, korporaciul marTvas naklebad Tu Seexeba, miT umetes, am sakiTxis
Riad ganmartebis (gacxadebis) SemTxvevaSi sruliad kanonieria misgan gadaxvevac.
amis sapirispirod savsebiT realuria, rom droTa ganmavlobaSi ramdenime Zi-
riTadi principi savaWro tradiciadac iqces, magaliTad, garkveuli normebi, rom-
lebic interesTa konfliqtis dros gamgeobisa da sameTvalyureo sabWos qmedebas
Seexeba.
b) Semdegi, aseve avstriaSi arsebuli, saSualeba is aris, rom sasamarTlo,
rodesac igi gamgeobis an sameTvalyureo sabWos winaaRmdeg wardgenil sarCels an
auditorTa pasuxismgeblobis sakiTxs ganixilavs, davis gadasawyvetad korpo-
raciul kodeqss mimarTavs. mTavari aq isicaa, rom amgvar kodeqsTan axlos savaW-
ro-samewarmeo praqtika dgas imdenad, ramdenadac igi (kodeqsi) Tavad ekonomikis
ganviTarebis Sedegia. dogmaturi saxis intervencia ki maSin aRiniSneba, rodesac
saqme kanoniT gaTvaliswinebul gulmodgine xelmZRvanelobis movaleobasTan
gvaqvs. es iqneboda imis arapirdapiri maCvenebeli, rac praqtikaSi avstriis saaqcio
sazogadoebis Sesaxeb kanonis 84-e paragrafis an germaniis saaqcio kanonis 93-e
paragrafis meSveobiT damkvidrda, anu gamgeobis an sameTvalyureo sabWos
pasuxismgeblobis sakiTxi.
g) yuradReba unda mieqces aseve arakeTilsindisieri konkurenciis wesebs.
aris SemTxvevebi, rodesac sawarmo konkurenciis norma-debulebebis ugulebel-
yofiT sxvebTan SedarebiT garkveul upiratesobas iqmnis bazarze. es konkurenciis
sapirispiro, arakeTilsindisier kanonsawinaaRmdego qmedebad aRiqmeba. rodesac
sawarmo darRvevis aRmoCenamde im saerTo normebis ignorirebas axdens, romlebic
yvelasaTvis Tanabrad moqmedebs, es iwvevs am sazogadoebis finansur upiratesobas
imaTTan SedarebiT, vinc keTilsindisierad asrulebs am wesebs. aseTi mdgomareoba
ki, TavisTavad, kanonmorCil konkurents mZime tvirTad awveba da, saerTo jamSi,
sakonkurencio siyalbed iTvleba. sruliad SesaZlebelia, rom korporaciuli
241
marTvis kodeqsis ugulebelyofa iuridiulad arakeTilsindisier konkurencias

asaxavdes. Tuki sasamarTlo am pozicias gaiziarebda, es dadebiTad aRiqmeboda,
radganac dazaralebul konkurents konkurentis saCivris an erToblivi saCivris
saSualebiT korporaciuli marTvis kodeqsis normebze miTiTebiT SesaZlebloba
eqneboda, zegavlena moexdina arakeTilsindisier sawarmoze.
d) dabolos, imTaviTve ar iyo gamoricxuli, rom kodeqsis ramdenime
principi mniSvnelovani yofiliyo deliqtursamarTlebrivi TvalsazrisiTac.
germaniaSi ganixileba mosazreba imis Taobaze, SesaZlebelia Tu ara maT (kodeqsis
debulebebs), germaniis samoqalaqo kodeqsis 823-e paragrafis me-2 abzacis kon-
teqstSi, damcavi normebis xasiaTi hqondeT. e.w. damcavi kanonebis darRveviT dgeba
deliqturi pasuxismgebloba. sxvani, nacvlad amisa, saubroben samoqalaqo (savaW-
ro) brunvis valdebulebebze. am ukanasknel SemTxvevaSi moTxovnis uflebis
safuZveli ukve germaniis samoqalaqo kodeqsis 823-e paragrafis pirveli abzaci
iqneboda. aseTi mosazreba usafuZvelo rom ar aris, germaniis `fasiani qaRaldebiT
vaWrobis Sesaxeb~ kanonTan dakavSirebuli diskusiac mowmobs. kapitalis bazris
monawileTa (fasiani qaRaldebis momsaxurebis sazogadoebani) savaWro brunvis
valdebulebani, fasiani qaRaldebis vaWrobasTan dakavSirebiT, germaniaSi regu-
lirdeba kanoniT `fasiani qaRaldebiT vaWrobis Sesaxeb~ da kontroldeba fasiani
qaRaldebis vaWrobis zedamxedvelobis federaluri saagentos mier. dResdReobiT
germaniaSi saubaria imaze, kanonidan gamomdinare am movaleobebs aqvT Tu ara
wmindad sajarosamarTlebrivi xasiaTi (maSin igi mxolod administraciulsamar-
Tlebrivi Sedegis momtani iqneboda), Tu maTSi, garkveuli winapirobebis gaT-
valiswinebiT, aseve, kerZosamarTlebrivi valdebulebebic unda aisaxos.46 didi
albaTobiT SesaZlebelia imis dadgenac, rom `fasiani qaRaldebiT vaWrobis
Sesaxeb~ kanonis savaWro (brunvis) valdebulebis ganmsazRvreli yvela norma ar
unda ganixilebodes kerZosamarTlebrivi xasiaTis normad. Tumca TiToeul
sferoSi (magaliTad, Sida (insaideruli) kontroli an aRricxvaze dadgomis val-
debuleba) zustad mowmdeba, dadgenilia Tu ara calkeuli investorisaTvis dam-
cavi meqanizmebi, amis mixedviT ki xdeba ukve imis dadgena, SesaZloa Tu ara masSi za-
ralis anazRaurebis moTxovnisa da kerZosamarTlebrivi valdebulebis dakisrebis
reJimis CarTva. saerTo jamSi, aseTi wmindad nebayoflobiTi, arasamarTlebrivi
normebis arseboba korporaciuli marTvis kodeqsisaTvis SeiZleba Zalze mniS-
vnelovani aRmoCndes.
4. korporaciuli marTvis kodeqsis moqmedeba
normebi mxolod maSin iTvleba qmediTad, rodesac is kargad moqmedebs. es

Tanabrad exeba rogorc samarTlebriv, ise socialur normebs. kodeqsis wesTa
moqmedeba SesaZloa, sxvadasxva saxiTa da sxvadasxvagvari intensivobiT warmodges.
Tuki am normebs, zemoT dasaxelebul SemTxvevebSi, samarTalTan Sexeba ara aqvT,
SesaZloa, maTTvis sxvadasxva safexuri dadgindes.
1) normaTa qmediTobas mxolod bazari gansazRvravs. am mxriv, kargi kor-
poraciuli marTvis kodeqsis wesebis dacva konkurenciaSi xelsayrelia. igi maSin
iZens azrs, rodesac es aqtivi gansakuTrebiT vlindeba, magaliTad, xarisxis daZ-
46
Sdr. dava `fasiani qaRaldebiT vaWrobis Sesaxeb~ federaluri kanonis 31-e da momdevno parag. dam-
cavi xasiaTis kanonis xarisxTan dakavSirebiT, ufro dawvrilebiT: Hopt, ZHR 159 (1995) 135 (158 ff);
Bliesener, Aufsichtsrechtliche Verhaltenspflichten beim Wertpapierhandel, Berlin/New York, 1998, 148 ff.
242
levis niSnis mixedviT.47 1999—2000 wlebSi makinsis mier Catarebuli investorTa az-
ris ubralo meToduri kvlevis mixedviT, dadasturebulia, rom germaniaSi Tanabar
pirobebSi myofi investorebi mzad arian, kargad marTuli da kontrolirebadi
sazogadoebis fasian qaRaldebSi 20%-iT meti gadaixadon, aSS-sa da iaponiaSi —
18%-iT meti, xolo e.w. mesame msoflios qveynebSi es maCvenebeli kidev ufro ma-
tulobs.
2) normaTa qmediTad gatarebis sakiTxi SeiZleba, aseve, birJebis an pro-
fesiul-wodebrivi saxis sxva kavSirebisa da instituciebis xelSi moeqces. maga-
liTad, germanulma birJam 1998 wlis ianvridan DAX-Si (germanuli aqciebis in-
deqsi) da M-DAX-Si (germanul birJaze notirebuli samocdaaTi saSualo kompaniis
aqciebis indeqsi) sazogadoebaTa miReba imaze gaxada damokidebuli, aRiarebdnen
Tu ara es ukanasknelni Übernahmekodex-s (aqti `sawarmos dauflebisa da kontrolis
qveS moqcevis Sesaxeb — sawarmoTa SeZenis~ kodeqsi).48 did britaneTSi dafuZne-
bulma da notirebulma sawarmoebma TavianT wliur angariSSi unda asaxon, Seasru-
les Tu ara erToblivi kodeqsis (Combined Code) pirveli TaviT gaTvaliswinebuli
moTxovnebi ukanaskneli 12 Tvis ganmavlobaSi da Tu ar Seasrules an mxolod
nawilobriv Seasrules, miuTiTon Seusruleblobis safuZvlebis Sesaxeb. swored
es gaxlavT sazogadoebis birJaze daSvebis (dasaSvebobis) erT-erTi winapiroba.49
3) Tumca korporaciuli marTvis germanulma samTavrobo komisiam uaryo
birJaze notirebis inglisuri modeli. britanuli midgoma aisaxa sxva qveynebSi,
magaliTad: italiaSi,50 SveicariaSi.51 amis sapirispirod komisia `daemorCile an
ganmartes~ (comply or explain) principis gamtarebeli gaxda.52 es miuTiTebs imaze, rom
nebarTvis gamcemi (daSvebis, dasaSvebobis nebarTvazea saubari) moxele rogorc
pirovnulad, ise sagnobrivad mzad ar aris am valdebulebis dacvis kontrolisa da
SemowmebisaTvis (Tumca es SesaZloa Secvliliyo). amasTan, amgvari nebarTvis
(daSvebis) gamoxmoba, rogorc sanqcia sajaro valdebulebis darRvevisaTvis,
Zalze problemuria. es ukanaskneli gansakuTrebiT sayuradReboa. nebarTvis ga-
moxmoba, rogorc investorTa dacviTi meqanizmi, mxolod gansakuTrebul Sem-
TxvevaSia mizanSewonili, radganac gamoxmoba investorebis wilebs (savaWro) brun-
vaunarianobas arTmevs da, aqedan gamomdinare, maTTvis marTlac savalalo Sedegis
momtani SeiZleba gaxdes. amitom amis ganxorcieleba uaryofiTad aisaxeba bazarze.
britanuli `daemorCile an ganmartes~ principi germanul sinamdvileSi sxvagvari
formiT aris gadmoRebuli, kerZod, birJaze notirebuli saaqcio sazogadoebis
gamgeoba da sameTvalyureo sabWo yovelwliurad specialur moxsenebaSi, romelic
wliur angariSTan erTad iqneba wardgenili samewarmeo registrSi (germaniis
47
Vgl. Hopt/Rudolph/Baum, Hrsg., Börsenreform, Eine ökonomische, rechtsvergleichende und rechtspolitische Untersuchung,
Stuttgart, 1997, 399.
48
Hopt, Auf dem Weg zum deutschen Übernahmegesetz, Festschrift für Zöllner, Köln u.a., 1998, 253 (264).
49
Financial Services Authority (FSA9, The Listing Rules 2000, para. 12.43A(a),(b), www.fsa.gov.uk; Davies, ZGR 2001, 268
(277).
50
Istruzioni al Regolamento dei Mercati Organizzati e Gestiti dalla Borsa Italiana, Sezione IA.2.11 comma 1. italiasTan
dakavSirebiT, aseve: Kronke, Konditionierung der Unternehmensverfassung von Publikumsgesellschaften durch „Soft Law“
– Deutschland und Italien im Vergleich, Festschrift für Lutter, Köln, 2000, 1449 (1453 ff).
51
SWX Swiss Exchange, Richtlinie betreffend Informationen zur Corporate Governance, Entwurf 26.9.2001; amasTan:
Expertengruppe Corporate Governance, Corporate Governance, Swiss Code of Best Practice, 21.9.2001 und Hofstetter, Bericht
„Corporate Governance in der Schweiz“, Vernehmlassungsunterlage 24.9.2001. Allgemeiner NZZ Fokus, Corporate
Governance, Nr. 10, Oktober, 2001.
52
Kommissionsbericht Rz 8 ff.
243
savaWro kodeqsis 325-e paragrafi),53 akeTebs Èntsprechens-Erklärung~-s, anu e.w. Sesaba-

misobis ganmartebas (mas sxvagvarad Compiliance-Erklärung-sac uwodeben). amasTan, maT
ekisrebaT aseve eventualuri gadaxvevebis dasabuTebis valdebulebac.54 samTav-
robo komisiis mixedviT, sawarmos angariSgebaSi, ufro sworad, sakoncerno
angariSgebaSi (germaniis savaWro kodeqsis 289-e, 315-e paragrafebi) zemoaRniSnuli
moxsenebis Seyvana, am ukanasknelis sxvagvari miznobrivi daniSnulebis gamo, nak-
lebad misaRebi unda iyos. inglisSi, amis sapirispirod, igi sawarmos wliur
angariSSi ganimarteba. es Seesabameba aseve Swiss Exchange-s im direqtivis proeqts,
romelic korporaciul marTvasTan dakavSirebul informacias Seexeba (26.9.2001).55
samTavrobo komisiis `daemorCile an ganmartes~ instrumenti praqtikaSi
namdvilad warmoSobs problemebs. SeiZleba daisvas aseve kiTxva: magaliTad,
`Deutsche Bank~, romelic, rogorc zemoT iTqva, saTanado garemoebebs (specifikur
saWiroebas) morgebuli Zalian kargi korporaciuli marTvis principebis
mflobelia, warmatebiT gaagrZelebs saqmianobas, Tuki amas mxolod saTanadod
ganmartavs? amis mtkiceba da gageba samTavrobo komisiis mier SerCeuli midgomis
Semdeg moxdeba. yovel SemTxvevaSi, bevri praqtikuli kiTxva ismis imasTan
dakavSirebiT, sakmarisia Tu ara gadaxvevaTa mokle, formaTavisufali dasabuTeba,
moTxovnili unda iyos Tu ara detaluri dasabuTeba mTlianobaSi, an, ufro metic,
unda ganxorcieldes Tu ara dasabuTeba korporaciuli marTvis kodeqsis cal-
keuli wesis mixedviT. aq gasaTvaliswinebelia is, rom komisia moxsenebaSi saubrobs
mxolod zogadi (generaluri) xasiaTis gadaxvevebis SesaZleblobaze, Tumca mainc
ar pasuxobs dasmul kiTxvas.
amas mivyavarT meore problemamde — kontrolis problemamde. samTavrobo
komisiis mixedviT, sakmarisi unda iyos, roca auditori amowmebs mxolod imas, aris
Tu ara ganacxadi wardgenili. am SemTxvevaSi auditori ar aris valdebuli,
Seamowmos, aRiniSna Tu ara praqtikaSi gamoyenebuli regulirebis wesebis nor-
midan gadaxvevis SemTxvevebi.56 gasagebia is faqti, rom samTavrobo komisias surs,
Tavi Seikavos aqtiuri Semowmebisa da sanqciebis dakisrebisgan, Tumca, siZneleebis
miuxedavad, faqtobrivi gadaxvevebi unda gamovlindes, es ki, amgvari Semowmebis
SemTxvevaSi, damatebiT xarjebs warmoSobs. amis sapirispirod veraferi keTdeba.
ganmartebis mxolod formaluri Semowmeba ki araRirebuli da azrs moklebulia.
5. pasuxismgeblobis sakiTxisaTvis
araswori an arasrulyofili Sesabamisobis, ufro sworad, Seusabamobis

deklaraciisTvis (ganmartebisTvis) pasuxismgeblobis sakiTxis Taobaze komisiis
moxseneba arafers iuwyeba. aq ar igulisxmeba, sxva adgilas rekomendebuli, ga-
cilebiT zogadi xasiaTis pasuxismgeblobis faqtebi kapitalis bazrisaTvis
miwodebul uzusto informaciasTan dakavSirebiT. aRniSnulis gamo, SesaZlebelia,
Segveqmnas STabeWdileba, rom problemac ar arsebobs imdenad, ramdenadac
ganmarteba orientirebulia samarTlebrivad arasavaldebulo principebze. es
53
aRniSnuliT, federalur uwyebebSi gakeTebuli Setyobinebani, sadac miewodeba samewarmeo (savaWro)
reestrisa da dokumentaciis nomeri (savaWro kodeqsis 325-e paragrafis pirveli abzaci), ganacxadze
iqneba orientirebuli.
54
Kommissionbericht Rz 10. ganmarteba unda gasces sameTvalyureo sabWom, amasTan, korporaciuli
marTvis kodeqsis normaTa gadaxvevebisaTvis savaldebulo ar aris misi Tanxmoba, Kommissionsbericht Rz
11.
55
SWX Swiss Exchange, Richtlinie betreffen Informationen zur Corporate Governance, Entwurf 26.9.2001.
56
Kommissionsbericht Rz 12.
244
TavisTavad safrTxis Semcvel gaugebrobas warmoSobda, yovel SemTxvevaSi maSin,

Tu deklaracia ramenairad mimarTuli iqneboda amerikel investorze. Tumca,
garkveulwilad, gaugebrobas iwvevs is faqti, Tu ratom ar ganixila komisiam es
SesaZlo maRali safrTxis Semcveli sakiTxi amerikel iuristebTan erTad.
umniSvnelo barierebi, romlebic amerikul sasamarTloebs maTi pasuxismgeblobis
normebis eqstrateritoriuli gamoyenebisas eqmnebaT — fasiani qaRaldebis
regulirebis eqstrateritoriuli gamoyenebis principebi da farTo masStabis
proceduruli SesaZleblobani, rogorebicaa: saCivrebi zianis sammagi ana-
zRaurebis moTxovniT (e.w. treble damages) da koleqtiuri sarCelebi (class actions) —
imdenad aqtualuria, rom isini maTi gamoyenebis naklebi albaTobis SemTxvevaSic
ki gaTvaliswinebuli unda iyos. mokled, yvelaferi unda gakeTdes, raTa kor-
poraciuli marTvis kodeqsi imgvarad iyos formulirebuli, rom naklebi trans-
nacionaluri riski arsebobdes.
germaniaSi ar aris gamoricxuli, rom warmodgenil konteqstSi, sasamarTlo
praqtikis mier analogiis gziT gamoyenebuli iyos principebi, romlebic fasiani
qaRaldebis bazarze prospeqtSi miTiTebul uzusto informaciaze pasu-
xismgeblobas an, sulac, ndobisa Tu gancxadebis gakeTebis SemTxvevaSi pasuxis-
mgeblobis darRvevas exeba. kapitalis bazarze gakeTebuli araswori ganmartebebis
Cveulebrivi saxe, administraciulsamarTlebrivi da sisxlissamarTlebrivi
iuridiuli faqtebis garda, prospeqtSi miTiTebul uzusto informaciaze
pasuxismgeblobacaa. es dadgenilia, pirvel rigSi, rogorc specialuri normebiT
(§§ 45 ff. BörsG, § 13 VerkProspG, § 20 KAGG, § 12 AuslInvestmG),57 ise sayovelTao
kerZosamarTlebrivi normebiT da xorcSesxmulia federaluri umaRlesi sasa-
marTlo praqtikiT.58 gamgeobisa da sameTvalyureo sabWos mier moTxovnili
Sesabamisobis (an Seusabamobis) ganmartebani, yovelgvari eWvis gareSe, warmoadgens
bazarze aqcionerTa da kapitalinvestorTa sajaro gancxadebas. am ganmartebas
gadamwyveti mniSvneloba unda hqondes kapitaldabandebisas — swored amiT
gamoixateba maTi Tanamonawileoba korporaciul marTvaSi. amas, aseve, adasturebs
makinsis zemoT xsenebuli gamokvlevac. Tuki kanonmdeblis mier specialurad ar
aris mowesrigebuli prospeqtSi miTiTebuli uzusto informaciisaTvis pasuxis-
mgeblobis sakiTxi, rogorc es mocemulia fasiani qaRaldebis SeZenisa da sawarmos
dauflebis Sesaxeb federaluri kanonis me-12 paragrafSi, romelic SemTavazeblis
mier wardgenili ganacxadis (dokumentTa) sisworis pasuxismgeblobas exeba, an
Tuki masze vrceldeba kapitalis bazarze uzusto informaciis SemTxvevaSi
samTavrobo komisiis mier moTxovnili pasuxismgeblobis principi, maSin gar-
duvali xdeba prospeqtSi miTiTebul araswor informaciaze zogadi xasiaTis
kerZosamarTlebrivi pasuxismgeblobis sakiTxis dayeneba. federaluri umaRlesi
sasamarTlos mier damkvidrebuli moqmedi praqtikis fabuliT, zemoT xsenebuli
sakiTxis farglebSi, ZiriTadi pasuxismgebloba ekisreba gamgeobisa da sameT-
valyureo sabWos wevrs (wevrebs), anu imas, vinc Tavad akeTebs ganmartebas. garda
amisa, pasuxismgebloba ekisreba im pirs, vinc Sesabamisi TanamSromlobis
57
amasTan dakavSirebiT: Baumbach/Hopt, HGB, 30. Aufl., München 2000, (14) BörsG §§ 45 ff. Zur Reform der
Prospekthaftung im Dritten Finanzmarktförderungsgesetz Hopt, Das Dritte Finanzmarktförderungsgesetz – Börsen- und
kapitalmarktrechtliche Überlegungen, Festschrift für Drobnig, Tübingen 1998, 525 (526 ff); Kort, AG 1999, 9; Groß, AG 1999,
199. Monographisch Ellenberger, Prospekthaftung im Wertpapierhandel, Berlin/New York, 2001; Gerber, Die Prospekthaftung
bei Wertpapieremissionen nach dem Dritten Finanzmarktförderungsgsetz, Baden-Baden 2001.
58
Hopt, Kapitalmarktrecht (mit Prospekthaftung) in der Rechtsprechung des Bundesgerichtshofes, in: Heldrich/Hopt, Hrsg., 50
Jahre Bundesgerichtshof, Festgabe aus der Wissenschaft, Bd. II, München Beck, 2000, 497.
245
safuZvelze amzadebs niadags ganmartebis Sinaarsisadmi ndobis Sesaqmnelad.59

yvela SemTxvevaSi, aRniSnul pirTa ricxvs miekuTvneba auditi, romelic, Tavis
mxriv, pasuxismgebelia auditorul daskvnaSi moyvanil ganmartebaze. pasuxis-
mgeblobis farglebi moqmedebs sarevizio (Sesamowmebeli) sagnis an auditorul
daskvnaSi gakeTebuli gancxadebebis Sesabamisad, formaluri ganmartebis
gakeTebis an misi faqtobrivi sisworis mixedviT.
Sinaarsis TvalsazrisiT, SesaZlebelia, saqme gvqondes msubuqi daudev-
robis gamo gakeTebul araswor an arasrulyofil monacemebTan, rac investiciis
ganxorcielebis sakiTxis Sefasebisas arsebiTi xasiaTisaa. unda iTqvas, rom
sazogadoebis, aseve specialistTa azriT, umjobesi iqneboda, Tuki calsaxa
pasuxismgeblobis SemTxvevebi gaTvaliswinebuli ar iqneboda imdenad, ramdenadac
aseT dros korporaciuli marTvis kodeqsi isevea SecdomaSi Semyvani aqti, rogorc
fasiani qaRaldebis SeZenisa da sawarmos dauflebis Sesaxeb federaluri kanonis
27-e paragrafi. es paragrafi SeTavazebuli winadadebisadmi samizne sazogadoebis
gamgeobisa da sameTvalyureo sabWos dasabuTebul pozicias exeba. prospeqtSi
miTiTebul uzusto informaciaze zogadi xasiaTis kerZosamarTlebrivi pasuxis-
mgebloba (bralis forma, samarTlebrivi Sedegi, xandazmuloba) ki gacilebiT
ufro farToa, vidre specialuri kanonmdeblobiT gaTvaliswinebuli pasuxismgeb-
loba. birJaze araswori monacemebis miwodebis gamo pasuxismgeblobasTan erTad
Sesabamisobis ganmartebisTvis bevri samarTlebrivi sakiTxi ikveTeba, iseTebi,
rogorebicaa: ganmartebis sisrule (gadaxvevaTa, gadacdomaTa TvalsazrisiT), Cve-
nebis sicxade da gasageboba, drois faqtori, monacemTa miwodebis valdebuleba,
interesTa konfliqti, insaideruli informaciebi, mesame pirTa pasuxismgebloba,
mtkicebis tvirTi.60 prospeqtis monacemebze pasuxismgeblobis garda, sruliad
dasaSvebia sxva tipis pasuxismgeblobac. araswori Sesabamisobis an Seusabamobis
ganmartebis gakeTebis SemTxvevaSi — saqme exeba aseve Sesabamisobis gancxadebasac —
SesaZlebelia, pasuxismgebloba vrceldebodes zogadad ganacxadis ndobis pa-
suxismgeblobazec. Cveulebriv, aRniSnuli sakiTxebi formulirebulia pros-
peqtebSi miTiTebul araswor informaciaze pasuxismgeblobis farglebSi, rac,
sasamarTlos mier dadgenili praqtikiT, ndobasTan dakavSirebul pasuxis-
mgeblobasTan erTad ganixileba. gamonaklis SemTxvevebSi ndobis pasuxismgeb-
lobasa da gancxadebis pasuxismgeblobas pozitiur interesamde mivyavarT. zogi-
erTi ram imTaviTve cxadi xdeba, magram gamocdileba gviCvenebs, rom zogi ram,
romelTa warmodgenac sawyis etapze SeuZlebelia, mogvianebiT iCens Tavs. yvela
SemTxvevaSi, sawarmos xelmZRvanelobam da advokatebma Sesabamisi informaciebi da
konsultaciebi unda gauwion gamgeobisa da sameTvalyureo sabWos wevrebs,
amasTanave, unda ganixilon arasaxarbielo variantTa moqmedebis gegmac.
Targmna
irakli burdulma
Tsu-is iuridiuli fakultetis asocirebuli profesori
translated by
IRAKLI BURDULI
Associated Professor, TSU, the Faculty of Law
59
Baumbach/Hopt, aaO, 30. Aufl., Anh § 177 a Rn 63 Semdgomi miTiTebebiT.
60
Baumbach/Hopt, aaO, 30. Aufl., § 347 Rn. 24 ff. sasamarTlo praqtikis miTiTebebiT.
246
pasuxismgebeli redaqtori stilze

Tamar gabelaia
pasuxismgebeli redaqtori Targmanze
qeTevan vaxtangaZe
247
gamomcemlobis saredaqcio jgufi: m. giorgobiani

m. ejibia
m. varamaSvili
n. kaWabava
c. jiSkariani
kompiuteruli uzrunvelyofa n. dvali
0128, Tbilisi, i. WavWavaZis gamziri, 14

0128, Tbilisi, 14, I. Chavchavadze Av.
WWW. Press. tsu. ge (25-14-32)
248

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ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo

saredaqcio kolegia: Editorial Board:

levan aleqsiZe (prof., Tsu) Levan Alexidze (Prof.,TSU)

© Tbilisis universitetis gamomcemloba, 2009

didi siamayiTa da, amave dros, sinanuliT minda aR-

Tanamonawileobis sakiTxi qarTul CveulebiT samarTalSi

obieqturi Seracxvis principis arsebiTi gavlena qarTul CveulebiT samar-

1. Tanaamsruleblis pasuxismgeblobis sakiTxi qarTul samarTalSi

Tavdapirvelad ganvixilavT, Tu rogor wydeboda pasuxismgeblobis sakiTxi

rom pasuxismgebloba mkvlelobaSi TanaamsrulebelTagan mxolod erT maTgans

amrigad, jgufuri mkvlelobis SemTxvevaSi CveulebiTi samarTali moiTxovs

komponentebis SesrulebaSi raime saxiT rom CarTuliyvnen arasasikvdilo Wri-

amdenad, xevsuruli `rjuli~ jgufuri mkvlelobisaTvis pasuxismgeblobas

marTla daifica. .... iam kacis Tavsisxli gadaigdo.~19 am orive magaliTidan

naxevars meore. rigis yenebac welgamoSvebiTaa.~21 aq kargad Cans, rom yovelgvari

pasuxismgeblobis zoma (gadasaxdeli qonebrivi sazRauris odenoba) ar iyo

neTis sofelia) gerlianebma mokles lataleli girgvliani. mkvlelobidan cota

2. danaSaulis maprovocireblis pasuxismgebloba qarTul

xevsurul CveulebiT samarTalSi, garkveuli formiT, Tanamonawilis iseT

mimtanic. aseve, sxvisi iaraRiT mkvlelobis SemTxvevaSi, garkveuli pasuxismgeb-

tanis gadasaxads `saenaos~ uwodebs. masTan ar vxvdebiT `arbiTis~ moxseniebas. `sae-

iaraRi danaSaulis Casadenad iqneboda gamoyenebuli. xevsureTSi mkvleloba

amrigad, SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom xevsuruli samarTali mkvlelisaTvis enis

informatoris ganmartebiT, Tu moklulis mxare ar apatiebda iaraRis patrons,

maneTis55 gadaxda. aqedan 12 000 maneTis gadaxda daekisra Wrilobis mimyenebels,

Tanamonawileobis institutTan dakavSirebiT qarTul CveulebiT samar-

danaSaulebi kerZo deliqtis bunebis matarebelni arian. dazaralebulisaTvis

COMPLICITY IN GEORGIAN HABITUAL LAW

danaSauli bralis ori formiT

saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis me-11 muxlis Tanaxmad, `Tu

liswinebulia qmedeba, rodesac janmrTelobis ganzrax mZime dazianebas gauf-

qikurisadmi gakicxvis meqanikuri misadageba bralis cnebas ver mogvcems. fsi-

elementad miiCneven, maSin rodesac gaufrTxilebloba ukve uaryofiTi Sefasebaa

formebs forma-Sinaarsis filosofiuri kategoriebis mixedviT ver asabuTebs. am

vidre am kiTxvaze pasuxis gacemas SevecdebodeT, mokled SevajamebT zemoT

sakmarisi piroba, saxelmwifosTan sisxlis samarTlis subieqtis subieqtur kav-

rebis nairsaxeoba, xolo pozitiur pasuxismgeblobasTan mimarTebiT — saxel-

gaufrTxileblobis faqtidan bralze, viTarca subieqtis upasuxismgeblobaze,

mZime SedegiT kvalificirebul deliqtebSi qmedebisa da misi Sedegebisadmi

CRIME WITH TWO FORMS OF GUILT

evropis kerZo sazogadoeba —

2008 wlis 25 ivniss evropis komisiam warmoadgina dadgenilebis proeqti

rogorc mewarmeTa Soris, ise politikosebSic.8 2006 wlidan iwyeba am proeqtis

II. sazogadoebis dafuZneba

sakorporacio samarTalTa konkurenciis Taobaze evropaSi mimdinare dis-

fizikurma da/an iuridiulma pirma.16 gansxvavebiT evropis saaqcio sazogadoe-

III. sazogadoebis wilebi

gansxvavebiT evropis saaqcio sazogadoebisagan, romlis aqciebic sajaro

dadgenilebis sayuradRebo siaxlea mewileebisaTvis sazogadoebidan gas-

IV. sazogadoebis kapitali

sakorporacio samarTalSi mimdinare diskusiebis erT-erTi mudmivi Tema

gadoeba akmayofilebs sabalanso tests, e.i., roca amgvari gadaxdis Semdeg

V. sazogadoebis organoebis struqtura

dadgenilebis Tanaxmad, evropis kerZo sazogadoebas unda hqondes erTi

evropis kerZo sazogadoebas, gansxvavebiT evropis saaqcio sazogadoe-

EUROPEAN PRIVATE COMPANY – NOVELTY IN EUROPEAN COMPANY LAW

policiis saqmianobis ZiriTadi principebi

`policiis Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos kanonis me-2 muxlis Tanaxmad, policiis

kanonierebis principis mixedviT, policiam zustad da ganuxrelad unda