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Conditionals and Logic in PHP

PHP else statement

A PHP else statement can follow an if block. If the $condition = FALSE;
condition of the if does not evaluate to TRUE , the
if ($condition) {
code block following else will be executed.
// This code block will not execute
} else {
// This code block will execute
}

PHP comparison operators

PHP comparison operators are used to compare two // Comparison operators
values and return TRUE or FALSE depending on the
1 > 3; // FALSE
validity of the comparison. Comparison operators
include: 3 > 1; // TRUE
identical ( === ) 250 >= 250; // TRUE
not identical ( !== )
1 === 1; // TRUE
greater than ( > )
1 === 2; // FALSE
less than ( < )
greater than or equal ( >= ) 1 === "1"; // FALSE
less than or equal ( <= )

PHP If Statements
PHP if statements evaluate a boolean value or if (TRUE){
expression and execute the provided code block if the
echo "TRUE is always true";
expression evaluates to TRUE .
}

$condition1 = TRUE;
if ($condition1) {
// This code block will execute
}

$condition2 = FALSE;
if ($condition2) {
// This code block will not execute
}
PHP switch statement
PHP switch statements provide a clear syntax for a switch ($letter_grade){
series of comparisons in which a value or expression is
case "A":
compared to many possible matches and code blocks are
executed based on the matching case . echo "Terrific";
In PHP, once a matched case is encountered, the code break;
blocks of all subsequent cases (regardless of match) will
case "B":
be executed until a return , break , or the end of the
statement is reached. This is known as fall through. echo "Good";
break;
case "C":
echo "Fair";
break;
case "D":
echo "Needs Improvement";
break;
case "F":
echo "See me!";
break;
default:
echo "Invalid grade";
}

PHP readline()
The PHP built-in readline() function takes a string with echo "\nWhat's your name?\n";
which to prompt the user. It waits for the user to enter
$name = readline(">> "); // receives user
text into the terminal and returns that value as a string.
input
PHP elseif statements
PHP elseif statements must be paired with an if $fav_fruit = "orange";
statement, but many elseif s can be chained from a
single if .
elseif s provide an additional condition to check (and if ($fav_fruit === "banana"){
corresponding code to execute) if the conditional echo "Enjoy the banana!";
statements of the if block and any preceding elseif s } elseif ($fav_fruit === "apple"){
are not met.
echo "Enjoy the apple!";
} elseif ($fav_fruit === "orange"){
echo "Enjoy the orange!";
} else {
echo "Enjoy the fruit!";
}
// Prints: Enjoy the orange!

PHP Truthy and Falsy

PHP values within a condition will always be evaluated to if ("What's going on?"){ // evaluates to
TRUE or FALSE . Values that will evaluate to TRUE
TRUE
are known as truthy and values that evaluate to FALSE
are known as falsy. echo "Let us explain…";
Falsy values include: }
false
// Prints: Let us explain…
0
empty strings
null
undefined
NaN .
All other values are truthy.

PHP Boolean Values

PHP Boolean values are either TRUE or FALSE , // booleans
which are the only members of the boolean type
$is_true = TRUE;
$is_false = FALSE;

echo gettype($is_true);
// Prints: boolean
echo gettype($is_false);
// Prints: boolean
PHP ternary operator
In PHP, the ternary operator allows for a compact syntax // Without ternary
in the case of binary ( if/else ) decisions. It evaluates a
$isClicked = FALSE;
single condition and executes one expression and returns
its value if the condition is met and the second if ($isClicked) {
expression otherwise. $link_color = "purple";
The syntax for the ternary operator looks like the
} else {
following:
condition ? expression1 : expression2 $link_color = "blue";
}
// $link_color = "blue";

// With ternary
$isClicked = FALSE;
$link_color = $isClicked ? "purple" :
"blue";
// $link_color = "blue";

PHP Nested Conditionals

In PHP, nested conditional statements deepen the $num = 5;
complexity of our programs’ decision-making capabilities.
They allow us to create programs where each decision
made sends our program on a different route where it // nested conditional
might encounter additional decisions. if ($num > 0){
echo 'The number is positive. <br>';
if ($num % 2 === 0){
echo 'The number is
even.';
}
} else {
echo 'The number is negative.';
}
PHP Logical Operators
In PHP, expressions that use logical operators evaluate to // Examples of Logical Operators:
boolean values. Logical operators include:
or ( || )
and ( && ) TRUE || TRUE; // Evaluates to: TRUE
exclusive or ( xor ) FALSE || TRUE; // Evaluates to: TRUE
not ( ! )
TRUE && TRUE; // Evaluates to: TRUE
FALSE && TRUE; // Evaluates to: FALSE
!TRUE; // Evaluates to: FALSE
!FALSE; // Evaluates to: TRUE
TRUE xor TRUE; // Evaluates to: FALSE
FALSE xor TRUE; // Evaluates to: TRUE

PHP && Operator

The logical operator && returns: TRUE && TRUE; // Evaluates to: TRUE
TRUE only if both of its operands evaluate to
FALSE && TRUE; // Evaluates to: FALSE
true.
FALSE if either or both of its operands TRUE && FALSE; // Evaluates to: FALSE
evaluate to false. FALSE && FALSE; // Evaluates to: FALSE

$passingGrades = TRUE;
$extracurriculars = TRUE;
if ($passingGrades && $extracurriculars){
echo "You meet the graduation
requirements.";
}
// Prints: You meet the graduation
requirements.

PHP ! (not) Operator

In PHP, the not operator ( ! ) is used to invert a Boolean !TRUE; // Evaluates to: FALSE
value or expression.
!FALSE; // Evaluates to: TRUE

PHP Operator Precedence

Each operator in PHP holds a different operator TRUE || TRUE && FALSE // Evaluates to:
precedence.
TRUE
We can avoid operator precedence confusion by using
parentheses for force the evaluation we want. (TRUE || TRUE) && FALSE // Evaluates to:
FALSE
PHP Xor Operator
In PHP, the logical operator xor stands for exclusive or. TRUE xor TRUE; // Evaluates to: FALSE
It takes two different boolean values or expressions as its
FALSE xor TRUE; // Evaluates to: TRUE
operands and returns a single boolean value.
xor evaluates to TRUE only if either its left operand TRUE xor FALSE; // Evaluates to: TRUE
or its right operand evaluate to TRUE , but not both. FALSE xor FALSE; // Evaluates to: FALSE

Logical Operators - Alternate Syntax

PHP provides an alternate syntax for the || operator — // The or Operator:
the or operator.
TRUE or TRUE; // Evaluates to: TRUE
It also provides an alternate syntax for && operator —
the and operator.
FALSE or TRUE; // Evaluates to: TRUE
These operators have the advantage of making our code TRUE or FALSE; // Evaluates to: TRUE
more human readable.
FALSE or FALSE; // Evaluates to: FALSE

// The and Operator:

TRUE and TRUE; // Evaluates to: TRUE
FALSE and TRUE; // Evaluates to: FALSE
TRUE and FALSE; // Evaluates to: FALSE
FALSE and FALSE; // Evaluates to: FALSE

Multi-File Programs: include

A way to improve our code and separate concerns is with // one.php
modularity, separating a program into distinct,
echo "How are";
manageable chunks where each provides a piece of the
overall functionality. Instead of having an entire program
located in a single file, code is organized into separate // two.php
files.
echo " you?";
In PHP, files can be included in another file with the
keyword include . An include statement is followed by a
string with a path to the file to be included. The code // index.php
from the file will be executed.
echo "Hello! ";
include "one.php";
include "two.php";
// Prints: Hello! How are you?

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