FORMAT OF COVER PAGE (Hard Bound for 8th sem and spiral bound for 7th sem)

TITLE OF PROJECT REPORT

by

Names of Students (Roll No)

Department of .................................

Name of Institute Address of Institute

Month, Year

(Example of Title Page)

TITLE OF THE PROJECT

by Full Name (Roll No.)

Submitted to the Department of <Department's Name> in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Bachelor of Technology in <Discipline>

<Institute's Logo> <Institute Name> U.P. Technical University <Month, Year>

(Example)

TABLE OF CONTENTS
DECLARATION ................................................................................................... CERTIFICATE ..................................................................................................... ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .................................................................................. ABSTRACT ........................................................................................................... LIST OF TABLES.................................................................................................. LIST OF FIGURES................................................................................................ LIST OF SYMBOLS .............................................................................................. LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ................................................................................ CHAPTER 1 (INTRODUCTION, BACKGROUND OF THE PROBLEM, STATEMENT OF PROBLEM etc.).............................................................. 1.1. ................................................................................................................. 1.2. ................................................................................................................. CHAPTER 2 (OTHER MAIN HEADING) ......................................................... 2.1. .................................................................................................................. 2.2. .................................................................................................................. 2.2.1. ......................................................................................................... 2.2.2. ......................................................................................................... 2.2.2.1. ................................................................................................ 2.2.2.2. .......................................................................................... 2.3. ................................................................................................................. CHAPTER 3 (OTHER MAIN HEADING) ......................................................... 3.1. ................................................................................................................ 3.2. ................................................................................................................ CHAPTER 4 (CONCLUSIONS) ......................................................................... APPENDIX A ......................................................................................................... APPENDIX B ......................................................................................................... REFERENCES... ....................................................................................................

Page ii iii iv v vii viii ix x 1 5 8 13 15 17 19 20 21 22 23 30 36 39 40 45 47 49

(Example of Certificate-make only one certificate for entire team)

CERTIFICATE

This

is

to

certify

that

Project

Report

entitled

..................................... ................................................................ which is submitted by .... in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of degree B. Tech. in Department of ...................................................... of U. P. Technical University, is a record of the candidate own work carried out by him under my/our supervision. The matter embodied in this thesis is original and has not been submitted for the award of any other degree.

Supervisor

(Head of Department)

Date

(Example of Declaration- make only one certificate for entire team)

DECLARATION
We hereby declare that this submission is our own work and that, to the best of our knowledge and belief, it contains no material previously published or written by another person nor material which to a substantial extent has been accepted for the award of any other degree or diploma of the university or other institute of higher learning, except where due acknowledgment has been made in the text.

Signature: Name :

Roll No.: Date :

Signature: Name :

Roll No.: Date :

(Example of Acknowledgement)

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

It gives us a great sense of pleasure to present the report of the B. Tech Project undertaken during B. Tech. Final Year. We owe special debt of gratitude to Professor Anshuman Singh, Department of Computer Science & Engineering, College of Engineering, Lucknow for his constant support and guidance throughout the course of our work. His sincerity, thoroughness and perseverance have been a constant source of inspiration for us. It is only his cognizant efforts that our endeavors have seen light of the day. We also take the opportunity to acknowledge the contribution of Professor M. S. Dhoni, Head, Department of Computer Science & Engineering, College of Engineering, Lucknow for his full support and assistance during the development of the project. We also do not like to miss the opportunity to acknowledge the contribution of all faculty members of the department for their kind assistance and cooperation during the development of our project. Last but not the least, we acknowledge our friends for their contribution in the completion of the project.

Signature: Name :

Roll No.: Date :

Signature: Name :

Roll No.: Date :

(Example of Abstract)

ABSTRACT
The abstract is to be in fully-justified italicized text, at the top of the left-hand column as it is here, below the author information. Use the word Abstract as the title, in 12-point Times, boldface type, centered relative to the column, initially capitalized. The abstract is to be in 10-point, single-spaced type, and may be up to 3 in. (7.62 cm) long. Leave two blank lines after the abstract, then begin the main text. All manuscripts must be in English. An Abstract is required for every paper; it should succinctly summarize the reason for the work, the main findings, and the conclusions of the study. The abstract should be no longer than 250 words. Do not include artwork, tables, elaborate equations or references to other parts of the paper or to the reference listing at the end. The reason is that the Abstract should be understandable in itself to be suitable for storage in textual information retrieval systems.

(Example)

LIST OF SYMBOLS
[x] _ _o Integer value of x. Not Equal Belongs to Euro- A Currency Optical distance Optical thickness or optical half thickness

(Example)

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
AAM ICA ISC PCA ROC Active Appearance Model Independent Component Analysis Increment Sign Correlation Principal Component Analysis Receiver Operating Characteristics

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION

It is the first chapter of the Report. The purpose of an introduction in the B. Tech Project Report is to justify the reasons for writing about the report. The goal in this section is to introduce the topic to the reader, provide an overview of previous research on the topic, and identify the own hypothesis. The goals just mentioned could, if abused, lead to write an introduction that is pages and pages long. It can be noted here that the introduction should not contain every bit of detail in the report, and it should not include support for the report. An introduction might, however, include the reasons for supporting the report. In order for readers to trust the writer, the introduction must be well written with few errors. In order to keep readers reading, the writer needs to catch the attention of the reader and write in an interesting way. The unique language enhancement feature may suggest words to strengthen the writing. Strong writing may hold readers' attention. In addition to well-written English with strong vocabulary, there are a few other strategies to hold readers' attention. It should be noted that to excite the readers' interest, one may also want to sound as though the readers know the topic that are considered in the report. Some of the following strategies in the bullet-list above may help. To pose a specific question that can invite the readers to keep reading for the answer-- A provocative question works well to engage readers, so long as it doesn't put them off To choose statistics to surprise readers or to go against the common belief about a topic To mention a short, interesting anecdote (or story) related to the topic To provide an interesting (and relevant) quote To develop an unusual or unexpected comparison

It has been observed that the difficulty level to write the Introduction is average and it takes the variable amount of time. Following sub headings are to be included in this chapter depending on the project1.1. Problem Introduction

10

1.1.1. Motivation 1.1.2. Project Objective 1.1.3. Scope of the Project 1.2. Existing Systems It briefly includes previous work carried out in this field 1.3. Organization of the Report.

11

CHAPTER 2 Software Requirement Specification

Describe the general factors that affect the product and its requirements. This section does not state specific requirements. Instead, it provides a background for those requirements, which are defined in section 3, and makes them easier to understand. In a sense, this section tells the requirements in plain English for the consumption of the customer. Section3 will contain a specification written for the developers.

2.1 Product Perspective

Put the product into perspective with other related products. If the product is independent and totally self-contained, it should be so stated here. If the SRS defines a product that is a component of a larger system, as frequently occurs, then this subsection relates the requirements of the larger system to functionality of the software and identifies interfaces between that system and the software. If you are building a real system, compare its similarity and differences to other systems in the marketplace. If you are doing a research-oriented project, what related research compares to the system you are planning to build.

A block diagram showing the major components of the larger system, interconnections, and external interfaces can be helpful. This is not a design or architecture picture. It is more to provide context, especially if your system will interact with external actors. The system you are building should be shown as a black box. Let the design document present the internals.

The following subsections describe how the software operates inside various constraints.

2.1.1 System Interfaces

List each system interface and identify the functionality of the software to accomplish the system requirement and the interface description to match the system. These are external systems that you have to interact with. For instance, if you are building a business application that interfaces with the existing employee payroll system, what is the API to that system that designers will need to use?

12

2.1.2 Interfaces

Specify: (1) (2) The logical characteristics of each interface between the software product and its users. All the aspects of optimizing the interface with the person who must use the system

This is a description of how the system will interact with its users. Is there a GUI, a command line or some other type of interface? Are there special interface requirements? If you are designing for the general student population for instance, what is the impact of ADA (American with Disabilities Act) on your interface?

2.1.3 Hardware Interfaces

Specify the logical characteristics of each interface between the software product and the hardware components of the system. This includes configuration characteristics. It also covers such matters as what devices are to be supported, how they are to be supported and protocols. This is not a description of hardware requirements in the sense that This program must run on a Mac with 64M of RAM. This section is for detailing the actual hardware devices your application will interact with and control. For instance, if you are controlling X10 type home devices, what is the interface to those devices? Designers should be able to look at this and know what hardware they need to worry about in the design. Many business type applications will have no hardware interfaces. If none, just state The system has no hardware interface requirements If you just delete sections that are not applicable, then readers do not know if: a. this does not apply or b. you forgot to include the section in the first place.

2.1.4 Software Interfaces

Specify the use of other required software products and interfaces with other application systems. For each required software product, include: (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) Name Mnemonic Specification number Version number Source

13

For each interface, provide: (1) (2) Discussion of the purpose of the interfacing software as related to this software product Definition of the interface in terms of message content and format

Here we document the APIs, versions of software that we do not have to write, but that our system has to use. For instance if your customer uses SQL Server 7 and you are required to use that, then you need to specify i.e. 2.1.4.1 Microsoft SQL Server 7. The system must use SQL Server as its database component. Communication with the DB is through ODBC connections. The system must provide SQL data table definintions to be provided to the company DBA for setup.

A key point to remember is that you do NOT want to specify software here that you think would be good to use. This is only for customer-specified systems that you have to interact with. Choosing SQL Server 7 as a DB without a customer requirement is a Design choice, not a requirement. This is a subtle but important point to writing good requirements and not over-constraining the design.

2.1.5 Communications Interfaces

Specify the various interfaces to communications such as local network protocols, etc. These are protocols you will need to directly interact with. If you happen to use web services transparently to your application then do not list it here. If you are using a custom protocol to communicate between systems, then document that protocol here so designers know what to design. If it is a standard protocol, you can reference an existing document or RFC.

2.1.6 Memory Constraints

Specify any applicable characteristics and limits on primary and secondary memory. Dont just make up something here. If all the customers machines have only 128K of RAM, then your target design has got to come in under 128K so there is an actual requirement. You could also cite market research here for shrink-wrap type applications Focus groups have determined that our target market has between 256512M of RAM, therefore the design footprint should not exceed 256M. If there are no memory constraints, so state.

14

2.1.7 Operations

Specify the normal and special operations required by the user such as: (1) (2) (3) (4) The various modes of operations in the user organization Periods of interactive operations and periods of unattended operations Data processing support functions Backup and recovery operations

(Note: This is sometimes specified as part of the User Interfaces section.) If you separate this from the UI stuff earlier, then cover business process type stuff that would impact the design. For instance, if the company brings all their systems down at midnight for data backup that might impact the design. These are all the work tasks that impact the design of an application, but which might not be located in software.

2.1.8 Site Adaptation Requirements

In this section: (1) Define the requirements for any data or initialization sequences that are specific to a given site, mission, or operational mode (2) Specify the site or mission-related features that should be modified to adapt the software to a particular installation If any modifications to the customers work area would be required by your system, then document that here. For instance, A 100Kw backup generator and 10000 BTU air conditioning system must be installed at the user site prior to software installation. This could also be software-specific like, New data tables created for this system must be installed on the companys existing DB server and populated prior to system activation. Any equipment the customer would need to buy or any software setup that needs to be done so that your system will install and operate correctly should be documented here.

2.2 Product Functions

Provide a summary of the major functions that the software will perform. Sometimes the function summary that is necessary for this part can be taken directly from the section of the higher-level specification (if one exists) that allocates particular functions to the software product.

15

For clarity: (1) The functions should be organized in a way that makes the list of functions understandable to the customer or to anyone else reading the document for the first time. (2) Textual or graphic methods can be used to show the different functions and their relationships. Such a diagram is not intended to show a design of a product but simply shows the logical relationships among variables. AH, Finally the real meat of section 2. This describes the functionality of the system in the language of the customer. What specifically does the system that will be designed have to do? Drawings are good, but remember this is a description of what the system needs to do, not how you are going to build it. (That comes in the design document).

2.3 User Characteristics

Describe those general characteristics of the intended users of the product including educational level, experience, and technical expertise. Do not state specific requirements but rather provide the reasons why certain specific requirements are later specified in section 3.

What is it about your potential user base that will impact the design? Their experience and comfort with technology will drive UI design. Other characteristics might actually influence internal design of the system.

2.4 Constraints
Provide a general description of any other items that will limit the developer's options. These can include:

(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7)

Regulatory policies Hardware limitations (for example, signal timing requirements) Interface to other applications Parallel operation Audit functions Control functions Higher-order language requirements (8) Signal handshake protocols (for example, XON-XOFF, ACK-NACK)
16

(9) Reliability requirements (10) Criticality of the application (11) Safety and security considerations
This section captures non-functional requirements in the customers language. presentation of these will occur in section 3. A more formal

2.5 Assumptions and Dependencies

List each of the factors that affect the requirements stated in the SRS. These factors are not design constraints on the software but are, rather, any changes to them that can affect the requirements in the SRS. For example, an assumption might be that a specific operating system would be available on the hardware designated for the software product. If, in fact, the operating system were not available, the SRS would then have to change accordingly.

This section is catch-all for everything else that might influence the design of the system and that did not fit in any of the categories above.

2.6 Apportioning of Requirements.

Identify requirements that may be delayed until future versions of the system. After you look at the project plan and hours available, you may realize that you just cannot get everything done. This section divides the requirements into different sections for development and delivery. Remember to check with the customer they should prioritize the requirements and decide what does and does not get done. This can also be useful if you are using an iterative life cycle model to specify which requirements will map to which interation.

2.7.

Use case

Use case Model

Some Guide Lines for use cases

Place Your Primary Actor(S) In The Top-Left Corner Of The Diagram Draw Actors To The Outside Of A Use Case Diagram Name Actors With Singular, Business-Relevant Nouns Associate Each Actor With One Or More Use Cases Actors Model Roles, Not Positions Use <<system>> to Indicate System Actors

17

Actors Dont Interact With One Another Introduce an Actor Called Time to Initiate Scheduled Events

Associations are depicted as lines connecting two modeling elements with an optional open-headed arrowhead on one end of the line indicating the direction of the initial invocation of the relationship. Generalizations are depicted as a closeheaded arrow with the arrow pointing towards the more general modeling element.

Figure 2.1 Use case model examples

2.7.2

Use Case Diagram (you can use either use case diagram or scenario)

Registration Process Example

18

Figure 2.2 Use case diagram example

2.7.3 Use Case Scenario (Following details can be provided for a use case scenario)

Use Case Element Use Case Number Application Use Case Description Primary Actor Precondition Trigger Basic Flow

Description ID to represent your use case What system or application does this pertain to

Use Case Name The name of your use case, keep it short and sweet Elaborate more on the name, in paragraph form. Who is the main actor that this use case represents What preconditions must be met before this use case can start What event triggers this use case The basic flow should be the events of the use case when everything is perfect; there are no errors, no exceptions. This is the "happy day scenario". The exceptions will be handled in the "Alternate Flows" section.

Alternate Flows The most significant alternatives and exceptions

19

Sequence diagrams ( Example for Registration Process)

Figure 2.3 Sequence Diagram example

20

Chapter 3 System Design

This chapter starts with a brief introduction of the System Design you have followed for your project (do not give title to this paragraph). System Design should include the following sections (Refer each figure or table in some text). Figure number should be provided below the figure and the table numbering should be provided above the table.

Architecture diagrams

Figure 3.1 3-Tier Architecture Diagram example

21

Class diagrams

Figure 3.2 Class Diagram example

3.1.Data Flow Diagram (Example of a registration process)

Figure 3.3 Data Flow Diagram example

3.2. Activity Diagram (Example for Registration and Login) Name of Activity diagram: Registration and login. Description: To create users account and sign in for playing chess.

22

Normal flow of events: All the details regarding profile are asked from the user. Details will be saved. User id is generated. User enters the id and password for access. Alternate flow of events: A message appears for wrong login id and password. Post condition: A login id is generated with its details. User is logged in.

Figure 3.4 Activity Diagram example

23

ER Diagrams Database schema diagrams

And finally add a paragraph to conclude the chapter (do not give title to this paragraph).

24

CHAPTER 4 Implementation and Results

This chapter starts with a brief introduction of the implementation you have followed for your project (do not give title to this paragraph).

4.1. Software and Hardware Interfaces In this section provide the details of any software or hardware requires for the implementation of the project. 4.2. Assumptions and dependencies 4.3. Constraints( if applicable) 4.4. Implementation Details 4.4.1. Snapshots Of The Implemented Interfaces (If Applicable) 4.4.2. Test Cases List the test cases used to test your work. 4.4.3. Results Include the output of your work here. The result can be in tabular and/or graphical format depending on the project
And finally add a paragraph to conclude the chapter (do not give title to this paragraph).

25

CHAPTER 5
Conclusion
5.1. Performance Evaluation 5.2. Comparison with existing State-of-the-Art Technologies 5.3. Future Directions

It must indicate whether the work carried out suggests any interesting further avenues. It should discuss the possibility of improving the work by future workers. A paragraph should be written on the practical implications of the work. This chapter should usually be reasonably short---a few pages perhaps. As with the introduction, it is a good idea to ask someone who is not a specialist to read this section and to comment

26

Appendix
If there is material that should be in the project report but which would break up the flow or bore the reader unbearably, include it as an appendix. Some things which are typically included in appendices are: important and original computer programs, data files that are too large to be represented simply in the results chapters, pictures or diagrams of results which are not important enough to keep in the main text. Thus in the appendix, one may include 1. All data used in the report 2. Reference data/materials not easily available 3. Tables (where more than 1-2 pages) 4. Calculations (where more than 1-2 pages) 5. All key articles 6. List of all additional resource materials 7. List of equipment used for an experiment or details of complicated procedures.
8. In case of more than one appendix , they should be numbered as Appendix A, Appendix B etc

Listings of the developed computer software should be given in an appendix. However, if the code is longer than 300 lines the listing should be given in a separate CD following proper indentation and comments.

27

References
Thumb rules followed to refer some ones work are given below. 1. Cite all ideas, concepts, text, data that are not own by the project group 2. If author makes a statement, he must back it up with his own data or a reference 3. All references cited in the text must be listed 4. List all references cited in the text in alphabetical 5. Follow the format or citation style as discussed in chapter 4.

(Example of References using the Numeric System)

Examples of Journal Article referencing: 1. Drucker, D. C., "Photoelastic Separation of Principal Stresses by Oblique Incidence", Journal of Applied Mechanics, Vol. 65, pp. 156-160, 1943. 2. Maiers, J., and Sherif, Y. S. , "Application of Fuzzy Set Theory," IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, Vol. SMC-15, No.1, pp. 41-48, 1985. Example of Book referencing: 3. Doe, N., Control System Principles, New York: John Wiley, 1999.

Example of Referencing of an Article in a Book: 4. Hwang, C. J., "Rule-based Process Control," in E. Kumarmangalam and L. A. Zadeh (Eds.), Approximate Reasoning in Intelligent Systems, Decision and Control, pp. 145-158, Oxford: Pergamon Press, 1987.

Example of referencing of a B. Tech. Report: 5. Nayak, T., "Application of Neural Networks to Nuclear Reactors," M.Sc. Report, U.P. Technical University, 2005.

Example of referencing of a Ph. D. Dissertation: 6. Muskn, H. L., "Development of A Knowledge-Based System for a Nuclear Power Plant," Ph.D. Dissertation, U. P. Technical University, 2003. Example of referencing of a Conference Paper :

28

7. Lokhande, R., Arya, K. V., and Gupta, P., "Identification of Parameters and Restoration of Motion Blurred Images", Proceedings of the 2006 ACM Symposium on Applied Computing (SAC 2006), pp. 89-95, Dijon, France, April 2- 7, 2006. Example of referencing of a Paper presented at Conference but not Published : 8. Lokhande, R., and Gupta, P., "Identification of Parameters of Motion Images", presented at 5th International Conference on Cyber Systems, New Delhi, India, April 12- 17, 2004 Example of referencing of a Report [Technical, Internal, or Memoranda]: : 9. Das, A. R., Murthy D., and Badrinath J., A Comparison of Different Biometrics Traits, RSRE Memorandum No. 4157, RSRE Malvern, 2001.

Example of referencing of a Manual 10. Bell Telephone Laboratories Technical Staff, Transmission System for Communications, Bell Telephone Laboratories, 1995. Example of referencing of a Class Note 11. "Signal integrity and interconnects for high-speed applications," class notes for ECE 497JS, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois at UrbanaChampaign, Winter 1997. Example of referencing of a Private Communication 12. Banerjee, T., (Private Communication), 1998 Example of referencing of an Article from Internet 13. Biometrics Group, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, "Multimodal Biometrics System," December 2006, http://www.cse.iitk.ac.in/users/biometrics.html 14. Gupta, P. (pg@iitk.ac.in), "Biometrics System," Usenet post to sci.electronics.design, July 4, 2007. Example of referencing of an Article from Catalog 15. Catalog No. MWM-1, Microwave Components, M. W. Microwave Corp., Brooklyn, NY Example of referencing of an Article from Application Note 16. Hewlett-Packard, Appl. Note 935, pp. 25-29. Example of referencing of an Article from Application Note

29

17.

Kar, K. and Majumder, D., "Fuzzy Controller Component," U. S. Patent 23,160,040, December 21, 2006.

FORMAT OF CD CONTAINING COMPUTER SOFTWARE

Each software developed by the Project's Group should be burnt in a CD with proper documentation. The CD should contain files containing the source code, one or more sample input and corresponding output separately. Other than these there must be another file named "READ.ME". In this ASCII text file, the following sections must be appear. Author's Identity. A file should contain the name of each project group member along with the Supervisor's name. Files in the CD. In this section, the names of the files together with their contents must be listed. Hardware Requirements. In this section, we should note down the hardware requirements along with any special type of equipments/ components such as graphics card, numeric coprocessor, mouse, RAM capacity etc. needed to run the software. Software Requirements. In this section, the operating system, the compiler, linker, and the libraries etc. necessary to compile and link the software must be listed. There is a need to obtain the necessary license from the copyright owner before one incorporates the copyrighted material file in CD.

30

TEXT PROCESSING INFORMATION

It is important to note that type format of all reports should be uniform. So there is a need to follow some guidelines on typesetting and other aspects. Some of such guidelines are given below. 1. The original copy shall be typed on 75 or 80 gr./m2 white paper. All photocopies shall be run on the same grade of paper. Size of paper shall be 210 x 297 mm, i.e. A4. 2. Only Near Letter Quality or sharper dot matrix printer or Laser printer and Ink Jet printer and electrical typewriter outputs are acceptable. In case of dot matrix printers or a typewriter, black ribbon must be used and replenished as frequently as necessary to maintain clear and high contrast constant density copy throughout the report. 3. As a character font, one should use Times, Times Roman, Courier, Geneva, Helvetica or equivalent which are available in most word processors. The font size must be 12 point in the text and at least 8 point in the figures. However, if a typewriter is used, then typing must be done on an electric typewriter and with an Elite, Pica, or Letter Gothic typeface, and preferably with a carbon film ribbon to avoid a fading effect. 4. Whenever titles and headings are to be centered the centering shall be such that 112 mm. from the left edge of the paper or 98 mm. for the right edge of the paper is the center point of the title or heading. 5. Margins of pages shall conform to the following specifications. a. Left margin - 3 1/2 cm. from edge of paper. b. Right margin - 2 cm. from edge of paper. c. Top margin - 3 1/2. from edge of paper. d. Bottom margin - 2 cm. from edge of paper. The above margins shall be observed on charts, graphs, tables, and drawings. Folded papers will not be accepted unless there is absolutely no other way for the material to be presented. 6. Spacing of the text material shall be 1.5 with the following exceptions: a. Footnotes - single spacing b. Long biographical quotes - single spacing c. Extensive quotations - single spacing and indented eight (8) spaces relative to the text material.

31

7. Headings used in the report shall conform to the following rules: a. Chapter Headings - CHAPTER 1,CHAPTER 2, CHAPTER 3 etc. . (1) Must begin a new page and be centered using the Font Size 18 with Bold Fold. Omit period at the end of the heading. (2) Must be typed in upper case letters. (3) Chapter headings are to be titled names that reflect content of the text that follows. (4) It should be centered and Font Size to be used is 18 with Bold Face. (5) Must be typed in upper case letters. (6) Provide 3 blank lines after the chapter name. b. Second Headings - 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, etc. (1) Must be towards left margin and be typed in capital and lower case letters; i.e., the first letter of each word except conjunctions, prepositions, and articles must be a capital letter. Omit period at the end of heading. (2) The letter designation of the heading shall be followed by a period and two blank spaces. (3) Must be three spaces below preceding text and two spaces ahead of succeeding text. (4) Font Size to be used is 14 with Bold Face. (5) In case it is found that first line of the succeeding text starts from the next page, then this heading should start from the next page using page break. c. First sub-headings - 2.2.1, 2.2.2 , etc. (1) Must be typed on separate lines beginning at the left margin line of the text, but need not begin a new page. (2) Must be typed in capital and lower case letters except conjunctions, prepositions, and articles. (3) The number designation of the heading shall be followed by a period and two spaces. Omit period at the end of the heading.

32

(4) Must be separated from the succeeding text by three spaces. (5) Font Size to be used is 12 with Bold Face. (6) In case it is found that first line of the succeeding text starts from the next page, then this sub-heading should start from the next page using page break. d. Second sub-headings- 2.2.1.1, 2.2.1.2 etc.. (second sub-headings should be avoided if possible) (1) Must be typed on the same line as the text it introduces beginning at the left margin line of the text. (2) Must be typed in capital and lower case letters except conjunctions, prepositions, and articles. (3) Must be followed by a period at the end of the heading and must be underscored by a line. (4) The letter designation shall be followed by a period and two spaces. (5) Font Size to be used is 12. (6) In case it is found that first line of the succeeding text starts from the next page, then this second sub-heading should start from the next page using page break. 8. Figures and Tables: Ideally, every result claimed in the text should be documented with data, usually data presented in tables or figures. If there are no data provided to support a given statement of result or observation, one should consider adding more data, or deleting the unsupported "observation." Examine figure(s) or table(s) pertaining to the result(s). Author should assess whether: 1. the data support the textual statement 2. the data contradict the textual statement 3. the data are insufficient to prove The actual figures and tables should be embedded/inserted in the text, generally on the page following the page where the figure/table is first cited in the text. All figures should be numbered and cited consecutively in the text as Figure 2.1, Figure 2.2, to indicate the first and second figures in Chapter 2 respectively. Similarly it is the case with tables such as Table 3.1, Table 3.2, etc.

33

A caption for each figure and table is to be given with proper citation about reference, data sources, etc. and by highlighting the key findings. One should include an index figure (map) showing and naming all locations discussed in the report. Author is always encouraged to make his own figures, including cartoons, schematics or sketches that illustrate the derived processes. He should see all his figures keeping in mind that: 1. Each figure is self-explanatory. 2. Axes of figures are labeled and the units, if used, are indicated. 3. Uncertainty are shown in data with error bars. 4. If the data are fitted by a curve, its goodness of fit should be determined. 5. Junk data must be eliminated. 6. Non-data ink must be eliminated. 7. Redundant data ink must be eliminated. 8. An effort has to be made to increase data density by eliminating non-data bearing space. 9. Whether data is sparse set that could better be expressed as a table. 10. Whether the figure distorts the data in any way. 11. Whether the data are presented in context. 12. Whether its caption guides ones eye to the "take-home lesson" of the figure. Figures should be oriented vertically, in portrait mode, wherever possible. If they must be oriented horizontally, in landscape mode, so that one can read them from the right, not from the left, where the binding will be. Examples are given below.

34

I p tL y r nu ae

H d nL y r e ae d 1

Ot u L y r up t a e

1 2 2 . . . n 3 . . n0

2 . . . n '

Figure 2.2. A typical neural network.

TABLE 9.12. Comparison Of Various Data Structures. Operation Search Delete Insert Sequential List O(log n) O(n) O(n) Linked List O(n) O(1) O(1) AVL-Tree O(log n) O(log n) O(log n)

9. Footnotes, Specially Designated Expressions and Paragraphs a. Footnotes (Footnotes should be used only if absolutely necessary): Footnote references shall be indicated in the text by an Arabic number placed superior to the of the text and immediately following the word phrase or sentence which the footnote concerns. Footnotes shall be sequential for each page and for the entire report. Footnotes shall be placed at the bottom of the page on which they are indicated. They shall be indented from the margin line of the text by eight spaces and placed under a broken line made of 15 dashes. Footnotes shall be single spaced typing. b. Specially Designated Expressions: Specially equations, formulas, etc. designated expressions usually mean

35

Specially designated expressions shall be centered on the page according to instruction number 6 and shall be set below the preceding text and before the succeeding text by three line spaces. The expressions shall be identified by an Arabic number in parenthesis placed opposite the expression and in line with the right margin of the text. They should be numbered in each chapter in the order of their appearance together with the chapter number, e.g. (6.14). The expression in the body of the report can be referred to (6.14). Avoid to start a sentence in the text with the expression number. This can be avoided by using changing the voice. 10. Pagination and Paragraphs: Each page in the report or dissertation is expected to bear a number. Only one side of the paper may be used. The following plan should be used exclusively: a. The preliminary section, including the title page; copyright page, if any; foreword, preface, or acknowledgements; table of contents; etc., should be numbered, using lower case Roman Numerals, e.g., i, ii, iii, etc. The title page counts as Page i, but the number does not appear. The sequence of the preliminary section is as follows: Title Page ........................................................ Declaration...................................................... Certificate........................................................ Acknowledgements......................................... Abstract ........................................................... Table of Contents ........................................... List of Tables.................................................. List of Figures................................................. List of Symbols .............................................. Page i - number does not appear Page ii Page iii Page iv Page v Page vi Page vii Page viii Page ix

For the remainder of the report, Arabic numbers are used. Each page must be numbered. Page numbers are to be placed 2 centimeters from the top and right hand margins on the pages. All pages for illustrations, tables, appendices, bibliography, etc are included. Use of suffixes, such as 25a, 25b ... are not allowed. The numbering in the main body should begin with Page 1 and run consecutively to the last page. No punctuation, such as dash or a period, should accompany the page number.

36

b. Paragraphs: Paragraph indentations must be uniformly eight letter spaces long. Series of paragraph items which are to be listed without headings under any of the regular headings may, for clarity be designated as follows: (A), (B), (C), No period is necessary between the parenthesis and the first sentence. Series of items listed in the interior of a paragraph may be designated as follows: (a), (b), (c). A period must not follow the parenthesis. Each item must begin with a lower case letter and must end with a semi-colon, unless it is a complete sentence. A new paragraph must not begin at the bottom of a page if there is not sufficient space for at least two lines. 11. Size of Thesis: There is no limit on the number of pages to be used in the report. But it should be complete in all respect. However it is expected that the number of pages in the report will not exceed 100 pages of typed matter reckoned from the First page of Chapter 1 to the last page of the Appendix. 12. Binding Specifications: Beside the supervisor's and personal copies, two copies of the project report should be bound in light Blue color (Matt finish) hard rexin binding with golden engraved letters. Ensure that the side face of thickness of the thesis should have the surname of the students, and month of submission at top and bottom edge respectively. 13. Number of Copies: Two hardcopies (one for supervisor, one for departmental library) along with softcopy of the thesis are to be submitted before the due date to the Department.

37

CITATION STYLE
In a project report there is a need to make references in the text, and relate them to notes, or to a list of bibliographical references, at the end of the description of the work. A number of elements must be present for a document to be identifiable with certainty. It is better to give extra or redundant information than to omit vital features.

4.1 Citation of Books

The standard format or citation Style for a book is

author(s) title edition (if applicable) place of publication publisher date

Some citation styles omit place of publication, but it is useful, e.g. when filling out inter-library loan requests, where it can simplify and limit the searching process. Examples (books) are given below. one author: Williams, G. State and Society Nigeria, Afrographika, 1980. in. Onco State,

two authors: Phizacklea, A & Miles, R. Labour and Racism. London, Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1980. 3 + authors: O'Donovan, P., et al. The United States. Amsterdam, Time-Life International, 1966. ('et al.' is a Latin abbreviation meaning 'and others'.) no authors: Generals and Tupamaros: The Struggle for Power in Uruguay, 1969-1973.London, Latin America Review of Books, 1974. one editor: Oyediran, O.,ed. Nigerian Government and Politics under Military Rule, 1966-1979. London, Macmillan, 1979. (Contemporary African Issues) ('Contemporary African Issues' is a 'series note'.) To some extent, the details of punctuation are up to the author as long as he is consistent. He may, for instance, decide to write authors' names in upper case (capitals), or to give their forenames in full ,if it is available.

38

The purpose of using italics is not just to give emphasis, but to show which element in the citation is a separately published unit. It is especially important when one is citing a section (an article, a paper, or a chapter) in a collection or other composite work, e.g. Watson, R. 'Racial and Ethnic Relations', in Anderson, R. and Sharrock, W.W., eds., Applied Sociological Perspectives. London: Allen & Unwin, 1984. pp.3-65. If one makes this kind of reference correctly, the reader will immediately know what is the book to look for (i.e. Anderson and Sharrock) and not waste time searching for a non-existent (or a different) work with the title, Racial and Ethnic Relations. Inverted commas are often used to signal a part or contribution in a larger work - they show that it is not separately published in its own right, and it is not good practice to use them to show a book title.

4.2 Citation of Periodicals

The same principles that apply to a book apply when he is citing articles from periodicals journals, magazines, newspapers, reviews, etc. For an article format is given below.

author(s) title of the article title of the periodical, or its accepted abbreviation. date , volume, and part number of the issue in which it appears page numbers

Examples are given below.

Davis, R.D. 'Sludge disposal - keeping it safe'. Water and waste treatment, 1984, 27 (9) 38-42 or Zlotnik, M. D. 'Chernenko succeeds'. Problems of Communism 33 (2) March-April 1984, pp.1731. The detail of order and punctuation may vary between one writer and another, or with the same writer on different occasions; the important thing is to decide firmly at the start how the author is going to proceed, and stick to that style. Publishers of books and journals have their own 'housestyles', and editorial staff to apply them rigorously; for these purposes, clarity and consistency are enough -- one should not cite something unless the author is quite sure, he has enough information for a reader to identify it. It is not necessary to use Roman numerals for volume numbers, even if the periodical the author is citing uses them itself, or if he has seen them in a citation elsewhere. Single inverted commas are used again here, to show which is the article, and which is the periodical title. It is sometimes needed to cite an issue by date, rather than part number, even if it has one, e.g.

39

Wood, Nick. 'Multiracial Study Pioneer in Grenada Coup'. Times Educational Supplement, 28th October 1983, p.1. or to cite the whole of an issue, rather than an article: Curriculum, 1980, vol 1(3).

40