3 VOCABULARY

Words Meanings Examples

1. on-site (adj) taking place or situated The on-site learning is more
at a particular place or practical than online learning by its
^ site nature because there is actual
Frommo teaching in a classroom
environment.
2. attend (v) to be present at an event Most students who fail a course did
not attend classes regularly. This
d
in in .
requires discipline and time
management skills.
3. college (n) a school of higher Students should know the entry
education where requirements of the college before
students go to study making a decision to apply there.
different subjects at an
Tn n du ,N m fn n I u
advanced level

4. transfer (v) to move something to Students can transfer some of their

another place online course grades to their own
ms h U , Tom. university.
5. require (v) necessary according to The university requires students to
the rules or for enroll in at least one subject that is
A nm , Ds DDf . a particular purpose delivered on-campus each semester.

6. credit (n) a unit of study at a Some universities allow students

and college or university use their course credits for further
o o dm .
study.
7. compulsory (adj) Something that must be In each program, students need to
done because of the law take at least one of the university’s
j ne,du,Diosooohm y or rules compulsory courses.

8. fundamental (adj)+ N . forming the necessary Fundamental courses are designed

basis of something to introduce students to basic
: knowledge or concepts that they
N 287
W need to know in their study.
9. curriculum (n) the subjects that are Checking the school curriculum
included in a course of helps students know what they are
study or taught in a going to study.
f
n
ngm s . school, college, etc.

3
 10. certificate (n) an official document Some online course certificates are
that may be used to available for individuals who pay a
I s s m m nde nnims . prove a level of small fee.
education or experience
11. graduate (adj) relating to or working A series of graduate level courses
toward a university are offered for learners to enroll in
di du o do s o oo nnm degree beyond the one various different areas, such as
you earn after four years health sciences, arts, languages and
fmls uo m sd n non, of study more.

12. cheating (n) acting in a dishonest There is a cheating prevention

way in order to gain an when students take an online exam.
m f no advantage
13. virtually (adv) by the use of computer Students have done class
software that makes presentations virtually via MS
m Dr o o nD o m, f .o
something appear to Teams with their lecturer.
exist
14. proctoring (n) watching people while Many institutions have launched
m s N o oN they are taking an exam virtual proctoring for students to
g take exams.
15. collaborate (v) to work together with Google drive is a powerful tool for
somebody in order to coordinating remote teams as it
s fw t' o0 w . produce or achieve allows learners to collaborate in the
something same document at the same time.

Exercise: Complete the sentences with the words from the box.

certificate attend graduate compulsory collaborate

proctoring credit curriculum transfer cheating

1. Language courses are important parts of the school ____________.

2. Not all subjects are ____________. There are some you can choose freely.

3. It’s not easy to launch virtual ____________ with a large group of learners.

4. The consequence of ____________ in a school or university is very severe.

5. Our ____________ programs are designed to help you size up the full range of career
opportunities.

6. I can ____________ my online course credits to my university.

4
 aren't+ subject?
Presentcont... i slarelisn'tl

↳ 5 GRAMMAR Past
Present
simple---didI didn't t subjueet?
simple---do1doesI don't1doesn't+ supjeet?
@
Question tags

Usage
fi like
We use question tags to -confirm or
- check information for agreement or disagreement. We
use be, an auxiliary verb or a modal verb, to change the statement into a yes / no question.

Form Belauxiliaryverblmodalverbt
Tag type Verb form Statement Question tag

With be be DI’m in the beginner class,fronds? Daren’t I? [dofloof

YouO aren’t still getting the course Oare you?
certificate,

there is / are O
There aren’t many available subjects, Oare there?

With Present simple O

Alice chooses to retake the exam, Odoesn’t she?
auxiliary
verbs Past simple O
The teacher didn’t say much, Odid he?
Present TheyD are developing a new Oaren’t they?
continuous curriculum,
Be going to D
She isn’t going to attend the class, Ois she?
Present perfect StudentsDhaven’t taken this course Ohave they?
before,

With modal will Oll call us when you get there,

You’ Owon’t you?
verbs
can LucyOcan speak fluent Japanese, Ocan’t she?

It::÷:::
student,isn'tshe?
Ø With a positive statement, we use a negative tag. EE-Jane i s a

Examples: Alice chooses to retake the exam, doesn’t she? - Sam isn't verysmart, i s he?
He’s taking some online courses, isn’t he?

Ø With a negative statement, we use a positive tag.

:::::::".
Examples: The teacher didn’t say much, did he?
-
Jane chooses toretakee x a m ,
#
They weren’t there, were they?
doesn't s h e . ?
-
marry
and I like dogs,don't w e ? / Marryan Ijam
-
y e9
Jame doesnot like Englishcourse, does he?
 O
Question tags have two different meanings, depending on the intonation:

1. When you are not sure if something is true, and you want to confirm with someone. In
this case, we say a question tag with rising intonation. ↗

2. When you are sure or almost sure if something is true. In this case, we say a question tag
with a falling intonation. ↘

ONote:

Þ Use aren’t with I’m in question tags.

E.g.O O
I’m a bit careless, aren’t I? ( I’m a bit careless, am not I?)

Þ We can make informal suggestions, warnings, and requests with question tags + will /
shall. We use shall when the subject is “I” or “we,” use will when the subject is “you,” “he
/ she / it,” and “they.”

Example: Let’s sort out this course problem, shall we?

Example: Don’t’ forget about your midterm exam, will you?

Exercise A: Match the sentences 1-6 with their question tags A-F.

A. shall we? -
B. will you? -
C. does it?
- D. isn’t there? - E. can’t you? - F. didn’t you?

will you?r
1. You won’t be late to the class tonight, ________
isn'tthere 9.u
2. There’s something good going on at the Clubhouse, ________
didn't
3. You took part in the quiz competition at the college, ________you?✓

4. Let’s take the afternoon off, shall w e ?✓

________

5. You can pick up your friends from college later on, can't you?r
________

6. It doesn’t look good, does i t ?✓

________

Exercise B: Write sentences with question tags.

Many students aren'tsinging,aren't m a n y student they?

1. _________________________________________________________________________
/
Jame i s going t o the
mall, i snot Sam / he?
2. _________________________________________________________________________
I have
s e e n him, haven't
l ?
3. _________________________________________________________________________

10
 will you? I ' m hungry n
Donot forget aboutyour midterm e x a m ,
.
o w .

feel n e r v o u s auxiliary verb +

/
I n o w . Sot S . So I

Agrege.in/n=rtooih&
a m

Language of Agreeing and Disagreeing

Ø Agreeing
When we want to reply to a statement from another speaker by saying that something is
the same or agreeing, we use the pattern:

So / neither + be / auxiliary verb / modal verb + subject

Agreeing with so / neither and too / either

Statement Reply
Positive UI feel nervous now. OSo do I.
OMy son’s going to pass all his exams. OSo is my son.
Negative I’m not very good at science. Neither am I.
I couldn’t make the class yesterday. Neither could I.

Note: We use the auxiliary verb relating to the statement and put it before the subject.

We also can use “too” after a positive verb and “either” after a negative verb.

Statement Reply
Positive I must start attending the online class more Yes, I must, too.
frequently.
Negative My registration page didn’t work. Mine didn’t, either.

Note: We use the possessive pronoun (e.g., our, mine, her) to begin or end the sentence
when the speaker’s subject is possessive, or we use the same subject at the end of the
sentence.

Summary: Agreeing with so / neither and too / either.

Statement Reply
Positive My internet is slow today. So is my internet.
So is mine.
Mine is, too.
Negative My exam wasn’t online. Neither was my exam.
Neither was mine.
Mine wasn’t, either.

11
Ø Disagreeing

To reply to something different or to disagree, we use be / the auxiliary verb / the modal
verb from the statement. Then we change the verb from positive to negative or from
negative to positive.

Statement Reply
Positive This assignment is too difficult to do. No, it isn’t! It’s very easy.

Negative I don’t really like the compulsory Oh, I do. I like it a lot.
course this term.

think so, hope so, expect so

Additionally, no matter if we agree or disagree with the statement, we can use so after
think / hope / expect / suppose to avoid repeating the same phrase.

Statement Reply
Positive Will all your students pass the exam? I think so.
(= I think they will pass the
exam.)

I hope so.
(= I hope they will pass the
exam.)

Negative Do you think she will win the I don’t expect so.
competition? (= I don’t expect she will win
the competition.)

Note:

Þ We don’t use so with a clause e.g., I expect so she will.

Þ To give a negative reply, we normally make the auxiliary verb negative e.g., I don’t

think so. (I think not.), I don’t expect so. (I expect not.).

Þ But we use not after hope e.g., Is there going to be a presentation tomorrow? I hope
not.

12
 Exercise B: Match the statements 1-6 with the replies A-F.

=A.D. Ours doesn’t either.

Neither did my friend.
B. No, neither were they.
E. We won’t either.
C. So did I.
F. So did ours.

1. A:AThey weren’t expecting you to arrive at class so early. ✓ B:B : N o .neither

________
they
were

: O u r sdoesn't either
&
2. A: Our teacher doesn’t give us a lot of homework.
A
✓B: ________

: w ewon'teither
V B:E________
DWe won’t be able to transfer the course credits.
3. A:
✓ c : s o d i dI
4. A:I I really enjoyed the online discussion activity today. B: ________
: Neiter d i d m y friend.
&My friend didn’t go to the college.
5. A: V B: D
________
F : s o d i do u r s .
↳
6. A: Our advisor wanted to meet with us yesterday. ✓
B: ________

6 CONVERSATION

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=asb6mFIfnqw

Situation: Jessy and Tom are sharing opinions on their study at the university.

Jessy: Hi Tom. How are you?

Tom: I’m great. Thank you. How about you?

Jessy: I’m good. You registered for the online courses, didn’t you?

② Tom: Yes. I did it yesterday. My compulsory courses will begin next week.

Jessy: It’s a bit early, -isn’t it?

Tom: Very early! I don’t have time

to rest. Although it’s an

online course, I need to

prepare for taking the virtual
exam in advance.

Jessy: So do I. Otherwise, we might

fail the test and have to retake it.

Tom: I couldn’t agree more. Actually, I still prefer attending a real class. I feel more

13
8. Social bookmarking sites allow users to publicly bookmark webpages they find valuable

in order to share them with other _________________.

9. Online gaming is often based around communities. World of Warcraft is a prime

example of online gaming presence apps. These websites allow you to post micro

_________________ like post to announce what you are currently doing.

10. Twitter is a good example of a _________________.

3 VOCABULARY

Words Meanings Examples

1. access (v) to reach, enter or use Most students at the University

something of Phayao use their mobile
bring miniddroitsaboob.
phones to access the Internet.
2. surf (v) to use the Internet I am a shopaholic so I surf the
%bfimfinfm- Internet to check out new
arrival items on websites.
nnoooohwm
3. online book (n) a book that is available to There is one online book in my
oommokm- read on the Internet laptop which is my favorite.
4. at (one’s) fingertips convenient and easy to find Nowadays, information for
dn.no doing reports is at your
(idiom) -
s.aononucino)
indesalmofossons
fingertips on the Internet.
5. download (v) to move data from a- larger You can download clips or
computer
- system to a videos from YouTube.
mredivarodistorfowro.
- smaller one
6. device (n) good. an object or a piece of Mobile phones are the most
equipment that has been popular devices for all
designed to do a particular teenagers at this time.
- job E F
7. online gaming (n) activity of playing games An XXX online gaming site
innocents. online that requires a will be launched in Thailand
connection to the Internet next year.

19
 ooplmww
8. post (v) w to add your photos, videos, I post my photos on my
internet.
or other information to a Facebook page every day.
social media website
9. face-to-face (adj) directly, meeting someone In the COVID-19 crisis, it was
in the same place found that students prefer face-
µ8zd,
to-face communication more
than online learning.
10. motion picture (n) a film or a movie that is It is very easy to find motion
muntionteolonwarof
made for the cinema pictures on the Internet.
11. YouTuber (n) a person who creates and In May 2021, Mint became a
uploads videos on the successful YouTuber on the
YouTube online video channel “I Roam Alone” with
sharing service about 2.1 million subscribers.

12. upload (v) to move data from aO

smaller These days, Thai teenagers

drafastoy- @
computer system to a larger always upload their videos to
one da-fund. Facebook and TikTok.
13. privacy policy (n) The set of policies that an If you want to post your friends
organization or party uses to photos on your Facebook page,
bfunvanzl@W collect or hide information you have to think about the
about an end user or privacy policy first.
Santo customer of the
organization, particularly
where it concerns private
information.
14. blog (n) a regular, online record of She writes a fashion blog which
Huntoon,Kriston your thoughts, opinions, or talks about the history of
experiences that you put on fashion, fabric, and styles.
Nardroummio,@ the Internet for other people
to read
15. blogger (n) Someone who writes a blog He is a blogger, and he writes
his own blogs about food and
trips around Thailand.

20
Exercise: Fill in the blanks from the words given.

at my fingertips "blog device '

face-to-face '
posts
/ book
online /
online gaming /
privacy /
uploaded /
YouTuber

adv % " v
1. To be honest, I clicked “unfollow” from her Facebook because she always
-

posts
______________
u
about her negative feelings and thoughts every day.
n
worried#o
2. Yes, I am indeed a- book worm, but I do not need to go to the library anymore. I can stay

home and spend time reading one of my favorite novels, I can read it asO
an + n

online book✓from the Literature Society Club website.

______________

3. My teacher assigned me to do a final project about a trip in Phayao. So, I already

uploaded
✓ them to my channel on YouTube
recorded my voice and photos and _______________

and sent the URL link to my teacher.

4. I just realized that I hate online learning and I really want to go back to university to
✓
study in the classroom. I thinkface-to-face
_________________ communication is better than

online communication.

5. One of my friends is becoming a Youtube r

_______________
✓
and her channel is about food and

travel.

device.
6. In the past, students preferred to use laptops, but recently the most popular __________
✓

is the mobile phone.

7. I told her many times to not post my photos. It seems like she is fun but I am concerned

privacy v . If she posts my photo again, I will sue her.

about my _______________

8. It is said that onlinegaming

_______________ relates to video game culture such as PlayStation Network

and Xbox Live.

21
9. I specialize in cooking, especially Thai cuisine, and I want to show people all around the

world that I know about Thai dishes. So, I decided to post all my photos and

blog /
information into my own _______________ that you can visit and give me comments.

10. I want to buy a new computer, but I do not have enough information about the best
at e
fingertip
models. So, I search Google and it is very easy to find information _________________ .
)
my

4 READING

Directions: Read the article below and answer the questions that follow.

Use and Effects of Social Media in Education from Students’ Perspectives

In the era of information and technology, social media has become an important tool for
communication worldwide. Particularly, in education, university students use social media
to access social networks anytime, anywhere. This passage is collected through the
preliminary survey about some positive and negative effects of social media in education
from 146 fourth-year students in the dual degree in B.Ed. Education and B.A. English at the
University of Phayao in semester 1, academic year 2020. Although there are many
Biao
advantages of social media, there are also -disadvantages of using social media. Hopefully,
this article will shed some light on this and help people to use social media more carefully.

Table 1: Purposes for using social media for education in 4th year students
Purposes for using social media for education Percentage
Doing homework assignments 31.65
Chatting with friends or teachers 26.66
Surfing the Internet 20.55
Practicing listening 10.47
Practicing speaking 6.85
Reading online books 3.82

From Table 1, it can be seen that the highest purpose for using social media for
education is for doing homework assignments. Students have information from the Internet

22
T
_____ 8. Teachers use Facebook to post class activities, polls, and assignments for students
in the class.

F 9. YouTube cannot keep students’ attention during online learning.

_____

T 10. If students want to post their friends’ photos to Facebook, Twitter, or Instagram,
_____
they have to think about the privacy policy before posting.

5 GRAMMAR
"
'Sieg,,,,,,

µ¥'
Connecting Words

Normally, we use connecting words, also called “sentence transitions,” as tools to

create coherence and consistency in our writing. In academic English, we use connecting
words to clarify relationships among ideas in sentences and paragraphs. One kind of
relationship between ideas is cause and effect: if something happens, then something else
happens as a result. For example, if you spend most of your time using social media without
talking or communicating with friends, then you will lose your face-to-face communication
skills. In this example, using a lot of social media can become a cause that could result a
negitive effect on your relationships with other people.
In a sentence, we show the relationship between ideas by using connecting words,
as follows:

n o
Cause 1 6 7 Effect
Many people spend most of their time as a result, they damage
using social media; their relationships with
other people.

He forgot to turn in his report paper; as a result, he failed the

class.

You can see that the phrase “as a result” shows the cause and effect relationships above.
You can use many connecting words, as in the table below:
cause,

I acmusesich# I w a s sinning i nthepool for 3 than

26
theda@itisrading S t v

Example of Connecting Words

2710%2800^0714 Nyodondvonnlwo
N ' lien, w o ✓ rd v o n lapwo
Bdnswordo
Cause Connectives Effect Connectives Nouns for Cause Verbs for Cause and
and Effect Effect ✓
because so influence ( N ) influence
,

since
if
}drdm
as a result
therefore
effect
factor
st) affect
cause# N o toma
due to
Itn thus consequence lead to Ndp
because of hence impact 1 result in
consequently Unmurordsdon Swaths
accordingly or.by
hen, to
cause+ Effect( wo)
Source:https://www.open.edu/openlearn/ocw/mod/oucontent/view.php?id=19204&section=1

In addition to this, the relationship of cause and effect can be expressed by using
verbs that describe an action:

G l e n ,’
Cause
Posting other people s photos without permission can lead to
I Effect w o
problems with the
privacy policy.

Spending too much money results in being broke.

It is also possible to mention the effect before cause as follows:

oEffect oCause
John was sued because he posted bad comments
about his friends on Facebook.

They will miss the flight if they do not wake up early.

Exercise A: Circle the appropriate connecting words in each item.

§ /
N N N N
1. Due to / Lead to the huge number of subscribers on YouTube, he will definitely get more

income. "
"I got' e -N

✓2. Using too much social media will1lead 0

to / thus1 ¥ effects, .
negative

✓
3. Nathan became a famous YouTuber becauseo
/ because of the huge number of subscribers

on his channel.

27
X4. On Instagram, Jason wrote a negative comment about a famous actress in Thailand;oas a
f o result / since, she sued him.

o
5. My computer was broken; consequently / since I did not upload my assignment.

✓6. She really loves travellingoso / impact she will become a travel blogger
✓7. Surinyon always posts about his favorite dishes on his Instagram obecause / because of he
loves cooking in his free time and he wants to be a chef in the future.

✓
8. Yai Nang is a well-known YouTuber who lives in Denmark with her family;O
therefore /

affect she always uses Thai, English, and Danish in her videos.

A.
9 As a consequence of / therefore being a book worm, she decided to buy online books from

the Internet to save more space in her room.

e c
10. As a result of
o
/ Consequently useful and informational writing in his blog, Apinan

became a famous food blogger in 2021.

-Conditional Sentences
A conditional sentence consists of two parts; one part begins with “if”, which is used
to describe a possible situation, and the second part describes the consequence as follows:

If it rains, we will get wet.

If clause Main clause

From the sample above, the first sentence “if it rains” is an if clause and the second sentence
“we will get wet” is a main clause.

There are 3 basic types of conditional sentences in the English language.

o First conditional (type 1)
o Second conditional (type 2)
o Third conditional (type 3)

28
The Structure of Conditional Sentences

Type If Clause Main Clause Example

First If + Simple Present (s, es), will + v1 (base verb) If I see him, I will tell
him the truth.

Second If + Simple Past (v2), would + v1 If I were Mark

Zuckerberg, I would be
rich.

Third If + Past Perfect (had + would have + v3 If I had studied hard last
v3), semester, I would have
passed the exam.

First Conditional

The first conditional uses the present to talk about possible situations that can really
happen at present time or in the future. The tense in the if clause uses simple present and
the future tense in the result clause. This form is used to talk about something that is a
probable future result of a condition.

Form: If + simple present, will + base verb

If I am a blogger, I will write about my own fashion blog.

If you get 100% in Step UP English course, you will get an A.

Second Conditional

In second conditional sentences we speculate about situations that will probably

never happen in the present or in the future. The second conditional uses the past tense in
the if clause and a modal and base verb in the result clause.

Form: If + simple past, modal + base verb

If I were you, I would not do that.

If I had over 100 million subscribers on my YouTube channel, I would get lots of money.

Third Conditional

Third conditional sentences always refer to the past. We speculate about situations
that happened or did not happen in the past. The third conditional uses the past perfect in
the if clause and a modal and present perfect in the result clause.

29
 Form: If + past perfect, modal + present perfect

If I had downloaded all the exercises from the Facebook group, I would have read them all
before my final exam.
If we had started our fashion blog earlier, we would have got more followers.

Exercise B: Fill in the blanks with the appropriate answers.

v,
studies
1. If he __________ (study) hard,5 0 pass the final exam.
he will
will get (get) a taxi to the theater.
2. If you arrive late, you __________
Va
3. If I- have enough money, I willbuy (buy) a new iPhone for my online study.
__________

had ±
4. If I __________ (have) more time, I would travel around Sydney.
"2
5. If you- were a food blogger, youwould write. (write) about your favorite foods from all
__________
over the world.
h a d' 3 wouldh a v e h a d
6. If you- had stopped playing online game, you __________ (have) time for your study.
v
s
hadaccessed
7. If they __________ (access) the Internet before 9.00 a.m., they would have finished
- . -

their online test in time.

v2
w e r e
8. If I __________ (be) you, I- would study hard.
'2
had
9. If I __________ (have) a girlfriend, -I would post her photos on my Facebook everyday.
had-1 V3
10. If I had downloaded all the video clips in English for the Everyday Life course, I
wouldh a ]
__________ (listen) them before my speaking exam.
listened.

I 30
Exercise: Match the best headline for each news story.

1. News Story 1: ____ a) Snow Storm's Grip Strands Family on Outing

2. News Story 2: ____ b) Woman Missing After Tornado Hits Town

3. News Story 3: ____ c) Man Battles Burned Fish in House

4. News Story 4: ____ d) Giant Crocodile Eats Dog and Bites Man
e) Huge Creature Lashes out at Man and Canine
f) Injured Woman and Missing Cat Result of Twister
g) Kitchen Sink Holds Man Hostage

h) Man Disposes of Ring Out the Window

3 VOCABULARY

Words Meanings Examples

1. headquarters (n) the main office or The headquarters of our
quinoasHung,
n oinions,
,
administrative center of an company has been moved to
Rinawley'Caprio,
organization Shanghai.
2. abuser (n) a person who cruelly or The boy didn’t recognize his
uh.mu/
wind
'
n'ne,
unfairly treats another abuser without the moustache
om9oefooiw- person and the baseball cap.
&uoowooosow,nh
3. investigate (v) to examine carefully, The chief of police gave orders
oDo9n0nnoyos, especially to discover the to investigate the house after the
m o o - omommas,
o truth about a problem or a burglary last night.
crime
4. phenomenon (n) something that exists and Taking selfies is a relatively new
monton'string
ldnnymsmf- of can be seen, felt, tasted, social phenomenon.
mwmsr- etc., especially something

uwwmsrwsauhs unusual or interesting

5. conspiracy (n) a secret plan between two They were charged with
nwso.nu domain or more people to do conspiracy to murder and were
g u m ,India?
indonesian
something bad or illegal sentenced to life imprisonment.
6. criticize0(v)
9ms to disagree with or The book was strongly criticized
vimeo.su, Taiwanowns},l disapprove of something or for its blatant sexism.
m a w
someonen a iBo!
7. disappear (v) to stop existing and/or
- A number of animal species may
metal become invisible soon disappear as a result of
sonar
climate change.

39
 8. snowball (v) to quickly increase or With creativity and dedication,
noninodrosonto
/ sina.mn become more important her YouTube channel started to
snowball within a year.
9. mainstream (n, adj)having or using ideas, The mainstream media often
Inman,m o n n'rumroon' values, or attitudes portrays women as sex objects to
m a n y[ns.nonrn1 commonly accepted by a boost the sales of a product.
society
* nonsmokin
10. falsehood (n)g a lie or an untrue statement Truth or falsehood, only time
Foudinknmn
Hinwas, will tell.
11. debunk (v)Taiwanw a s , to show that something is Let’s debunk some of the gender
"onfrinwhsnhsin.no, not true(doorwoman) myths; of course boys do cry.

12. belittle (v) to make someone or It should not be tolerated when

gnometonorn
something seem less someone bullies or belittles
sidsonwodirdood,
significant another based on their ethnic
Indo background.
13. opponent (n) a competitor, someone in
- To everyone’s surprise, the
'www.av/q'dogL an opposite position novice tennis player beat her
opponent in the semifinal.
Inman's
68078
14. reliable (adj) - trustworthy, dependable You should always make sure
1%8048/0%8. that the information you get
comes from a reliable source.

15. figure (n) a number or a person The figure will continue to rise
minor/ s n o w / yano. unless the government takes
serious action towards the
pandemic.

Exercise: Complete each sentence with the correct form of the words from the list.

1. In September 2021, UN Women reported that there were 26 women serving as Heads of
State and/or Government in 24 countries. The ______________ represents 25 per cent,
going up from 11 per cent in 1995.
2. I’m not a fan of ______________ cinema. The plots are usually predictable and
stereotypical.
3. A mental problem will not ______________. You might need to seek professional help
from a psychiatrist.
4. The northern lights are a natural ______________ which can be seen in the sky at night.
5. The news has constantly _________________ the government policy, yet nothing has
changed so far.

40
 4 READING

THE RISE OF FAKE NEWS 2

In December 2016 Edgar M. Welch drove six hours from his home to Washington DC,
where he opened fire in a pizzeria with a rifle. He had previously read an online news
story about the restaurant being the headquarters of a group of child abusers run by
Hillary Clinton. He decided to investigate for himself; fortunately, no one was hurt.

The story about Hillary Clinton is one of the most famous examples of the growing
phenomenon called ‘fake news.’ The conspiracy theory about the pizzeria began to
appear on websites and social
networks in late October, before
the US election. This was quickly
criticized by publications such as
The New York Times and The
Washington Post. However, many
people thought that these papers gnowmsm.info
themselves were lying for political-

- -
ends, and, instead of disappearing,
the fake story snowballed. Tweets
from ‘Representative Steven Smith
of the 15th District of Georgia’ claimed that the mainstream media were telling
falsehoods. Even though both this name and district were invented, the message was re-
tweeted many times.

Fake news stories can be hard to control for several reasons. Many people do not trust
mainstream news sources and others just do not read them, so the debunking of a fake
story by a serious newspaper or TV channel939mm,'d
has limited effect. In addition, the internet is
morrow
very hard to- police. When users -are caught misusing one media platform, they simply go

to another one or start up a website themselves. lingdomsmandoo,

nondnodoon.

There are also various reasons why peopleI create fake news. Some have political motives,
such as to belittle their opponents. Other websites, like The Onion, publish fake news as
humorous comments on society and current issues. Another group is in it for the profit:
Ta t a .

2
Adapted from British Council. (n.d.). Reading skills practice: The rise of fake news. Retrieved April 20, 2021,
from http://learnenglishteens.britishcouncil.org/teens/files/the_rise_of_fake_news_-_exercises.pdf

41
 many people clicking on entertaining fake news stories can bring in a lot of advertising
income. One man Mintodandong
running fake news sites from Los Angeles said he was making up to US$30,000 a month
in this way. There are also those, like the small-town teenagers in Macedonia who wrote
fake news stories about Donald Trump, who seemed to be motivated partly by money and
partly by boredom.

So, what can we do to stop fake news spreading? First, make sure that the websites you
read are reliable, for example by looking carefully at the domain name and the About Us
section of the website. Check the sources of any quotes or figures given in the story.
Remember that stories about famous people will be covered by the mainstream media if
they are true. Only share stories you know are true and let your friends know when they
share fake news. Together we can turn around the post-truth world!

Exercise: Read each statement below. Write T on the line if you think it is TRUE. Write F
if you think it is FALSE.

F
1. Edgar Welch worked in a pizzeria in Washington DC. ____

2. The fake news story said that the headquarters of child abusers was run by Hillary
-
I
Clinton. ____
-
I
3. The fake news about the pizzeria continued to spread even after it was debunked. ____
Yornobt
T
4. Some people earn their living by inventing fake news. ____
-

F
5. The author believes it is impossible to stop fake news. ____

↳
- I w a s h i to nt h ero a d .
5 GRAMMAR

Passive voice intrudmnash.

Passive voice is used when we focus more on the action rather than the actor of a
sentence.
S passive voice ,

* Example: The fake news was invented. s

ooh,%
shadow,
-

The focus is on the fake news being invented. We do not know, do not care, or do not
*
want to say who invented it. Ifrising'
we www.mmmos
want to add the- actor, we may add the preposition ‘by’
to the structure. by.

42
 Thedogbitem aetive
EI e
dog)pissi
I a m biter byt h eve
That book w a polished
s byHarcourt grace.
s p .v .
* Examples: The fake newsI was inventedl by small-town teenagers in Macedonia.
-
-
s p .v
The inspiring speech/ was given/ by an environmental activist.
s P r
Dune/ was written
/ by American author Frank Herbert in 1965.
Compare the sentences to their active voice equivalent.

Passive Voice: The fake news was invented by small-town teenagers in Macedonia.
Active Voice: Small-town teenagers in Macedonia invented the fake news.
Passive Voice: The inspiring speech was given by an environmental activist.
Active Voice: An environmental activist gave an inspiring speech. s u o

EE@aette.v. I s e ejohn.
The structure of the passive voice is as follows: passive-v. i -
John,i s s e e n bym e

V y
Subject + verb to be + Past Participle.

To form a passive voice sentence:

01) TheDobject of the active voice becomes the subject of the passive voice
2) The verb is changed from active to passive (finite form of verb to be + past participle)
3) The subject of the active sentence becomes the object of the passive sentence with
by before it (or is omitted)

Look at the examples from the reading passage:

Subject Verb Object

Active The mainstream media will cover stories about famous people.
Passive Stories about famous people willobe covered oby the mainstream media.

Let’s look at the structure in various tenses.

Tense Subject Verb Object

Present Simple Active The media covers stories.
# Passive Stories are covered by the media.
Past Simple Active The media covered U z stories.
' Passive ÷ Stories were covered . by the media.
Present Cont. Active The media is covering stories.
dinner. Passive Stories I are
t ebeing
m scovered
vs
gby the media.
÷ .
Past Cont. Active The media was covering stories.
www.gnubowodm.fvtoeingv# Passive Stories were being covered by the media.
Present Perfect Active The media hasI covered b stories.
hauelhaser, Passive Stories ¥have 3 been covered yby the media.

43
 had
+ b

Past Perfect Active The media had

b
covered stories.
b b
#
Passive Stories had been covered 0by the media.
Future (will)
common@ne.
Active The media will vcover
m m
b e + Vs
to
stories.
\ Passive Stories will be covered Oby the media.
Modal Verb Active The media mayr tcover
o.ee Vs
stories.
Passive Stories may be covered Oby the media.
Passive Sentences with Two Objects

When changing an active voice sentence with two objects (direct object and indirect
object) into passive voice, either of the two can be placed as a subject depending on the
focus of the speaker.

For examples:

Active Subject Verb Indirect Object Direct Object

My friend showed me the fake news.
Passive The fake news was shown to me by my friend.
I was shown the fake news by my friend.

Exercise: Rewrite the sentences from active voice to passive voice and vice versa. 5
F
O1. We cannot trust the news.
h en e w cannotb e trustedby w e ,
T_______________________________________________________________________

0 2. I will submit the assignment tonight.

T h e assignment tonight will b e
submitted
bym e .
_______________________________________________________________________

O 3. A giant crocodile attacked a man.

w a s attackedby a giant
crocodile.
[man _______________________________________________________________________
4. The storm hit the bridge.
was
Thebridgei s hitbyThestorm.
_______________________________________________________________________
/ 5. Two men were caughtoby the police.
Thepolicew a s b e caughted by twom e n . The police caught twom e n
_______________________________________________________________________

0 6. The buildings have been destroyed0by the fire.

The fire hasdestroyed T h e buildings.
_______________________________________________________________________

O7. The roof was blown awayoby the wind.

windblownaway theroof.
The
_______________________________________________________________________

44
 / 8. UNESCO is promoting press freedom.
Pressfreedom.i s being promoted by U N E S C O.
_______________________________________________________________________

r 9.
unni
Over 3.96 billion people were actively- using social media
- in 2020.
social media W h o w a s being activelyused by o v e r 3.96 billionpeople.a r e activelyi n2 0 2 0
_______________________________________________________________________

O 10. COVID-19 has hit businesses and tourism hard.

-

a d have been hitted. hard

Businesses a n dtourismh a v i d - 1 9.
by
_______________________________________________________________________

↳
Reported speech
ahah
ya
omfnon→ Fran.
Reported speech, also called indirect speech, is used to ‘report’ or tell someone what
someone else said or thought.

I don’t watch news

on television.

All my classes will be

online next semester.

The sentences “I don’t watch news on television” and “My classes will be online this
semester” are examples of direct speech. If you want to report them, you might need
reporting verbs including say, tell, ask, think, believe, etc., and you may add or omit that
in the reported speech. So, you may say something like:

The woman said that she didn’t watch news on television.

The lecturer told us all his classes would be online the following semester.

As you can see, there are a few things to consider when constructing indirect speech.

O1. Change of tense

O
Usually, the tense in reported speech is one tense back in time from the tense in direct
speech. For example;

am starving.”/= The boy said (that) heOwas starving.

The boy said, “IO
-
~

45
This is called tense backshift. Look at a summary of these changes.

Direct speech Reported speech

Present simple" " Past simple
She said,0
“I sleep eight hours.” O "
She said (that) she slept eight hours.
Past simple Past perfect
She said, “I slept eight hours.” She said (that) she had slept eight hours.
Present perfect Past perfect
She said, “I have slept eight hours.” She said (that) she had slept eight hours.
Present continuous Past continuous
She said, “I am sleeping eight hours.” She said (that) she was sleeping eight hours.
Past continuous Perfect continuous
O
She said, “I was sleeping eight hours.” D =
She said (that) she had been sleeping eight hours.

Future (will) would + verb

She said, “I will sleep eight hours.” She said (that) she would sleep www.ss/
eight hours.
Future (going to) Present continuous (still true)Rooiooos=tdoioydodcovBwo3m.
-

She said, “IOam going to sleep eight She said (that) she is going to sleep eight hours.
hours.” Past continuous (no longer true)
She said (that) sheOwas going to sleep eight hours.
Interrogative (Question)
She said, “Do you sleep eight hours?” She asked me if I slept eight hours.
She said, “How many hours do you She asked me how many hours I slept.
- -
sleep?
Imperative Infinitive
She said, “Sleep eight hours.” She said to sleep eight hours.

Note:
• There is no tense change in indirect speech if: 1) the reporting verb is in the present
tense, or if 2) the original statement was about something that is still true.
For example:
Jesse says, “I have already finished my assignment.”
Jesse says (that) she has already finished her assignment.

The weather forecast said, “Rainy season in Thailand starts in May.”

The weather forecast said rainy season in Thailand starts in May.

• Modal verbs (might, could, would, should, and ought to) do not change in reported
speech. However, must will be changed to had to.
Prim says, “I must pay my rent today.”
Prim said (that) she had to pay her rent today.

46
2. Change of pronouns

First person pronoun in direct speech (I, me, my, mine, we, us, our, ours) is changed into
third person pronouns (he, she, it, they, him, his, her, hers, them, their, theirs) according
to the pronoun of the reporting verb if the pronoun in the reporting verb is third person
pronoun (he, she). For example:

She said, “I walk my dog every day.”

She saidOthat she walked her dog every day.

Pronouns do not change if the reporting verb refers to first person pronouns. Compare:

I said, “I walk my dog every day.”

I saidOthat I walked my dog every day.

Second person pronouns in direct speech (you) changes according to the “object” of the
reporting verb. For example:

They said to him, “You work really hard.”

They said to himOthat he worked really hard.

They told me, “You are a great listener.”

The told meOthat I was a great listener.

3. Changes in expressions of time and place

Direct Speech Indirect Speech

now then, at that moment
today that day
tonight that night
last night the night before, the previous night
tomorrow the next day, the following day
yesterday the day before, the previous day
this week that week
next week the next week, the following week
here there

For example:
I said, “It has been raining since yesterday.”
I said it had been raining since the day before.

47