Paper 2297

Vo.of
que Q. Code
Paper 42354401
the
Course B.Sc. Mathematical Science/ May -2019
neof
B.Sc. (Prog.)
aper Real Analysis
neofthe 4
ester
ztion:3Hrs.
Maximum Marks:75
Q.1.(a) Supposethat Sand T are sets such that
thenTis also finite set. TcS. Showthat if Sis a finite
Ans.If T= 0, then Tis afinite set.
Thus let T#0
The proof isdone by induction on the
IfS has 1element and T is non number of elements of S.
empty set of S
the T=STisfinite.
let S has k elements and let every
subset of S is finite.
Now, we have to show that if S has k+1
elements and TeSthen Tis also
Define S,-S\(f(k+1))
’ S, has k elements
and if f(k+1); eT’ TeS,cS,
and by induction hypothesis T is finite.
Now let f(x+1)ET and for TeS
define T,=T\({(k+1))
’ T,e S,, again. S, has k elements and by induction hypothesis T, is
e.

Since, T=T,U({(k+1)}
’ Tis finite
Hence,ifS is finite then TcSis also finite.
. (0) If A isa countable set for each me N,then show that the union
1A, is countable.
Ans, Refer -2018, Q. 1.(c) first t part Pg.-142
Q.1.(c) Define Supremum and infimum of aset. Prove that every non-empty
of real numbers which is bounded below has an infimum. 6,6
Ans. Supremum of a Set
let Sbe a set of real numbers, areal number 'u' s.t x<u Xe S
then Uis
If the set the
of allupper bound of sets S.
upper bound of a set S has a smallest number say 'w',then
Prenum of set S is
(165)
 166 Amar: B.Sc. (Prog.)II Year Physical/Applied Science
Sup S = W(least upper bound)
Infemum of a Set
let S be aset of real numbers, a real number 'v' s.tv< y" e S
then v is the lower bound of setS.
If the set of all lower bound of set S has a greatest number say "t,then infemiu
of set S is
Inf S = t (greatest lower bond)
1 1 1
eg:-S= (1, 2'3'.)
Since 0Sx VXE S.and x<1 xe S
’ Inf S=0 and SupS= 1
for 2nd part, Refer :-2014, Q. 2.(a) second part Pg-74
0.2. (a) Show that the set of rational numbers isnot order complete.
Ans. Refer :-2017, Q. 1.(a), Pg: 117
0.2. (b) Define the limitof a sequence. Show that sequence <r> converges to
0if Irl<1.
Ans. Refer :-2015, Q. 2.(c) Pg:96
n>1.
Q.2. (c) Let Y= <y,> be defined inductively by y,=1, y.., = (2y.+3)/4 for6,6
Show that lim Y= 3/2.
Ans. Y= <y>
Y,=1
(2y, +3) n>1
4

2
(2y1 +3) 53
4

2y, +3 11 3
Y348 2
2y3 +3 23
16
 Mathematics :Real Analysis (Sem-4) (May-2019) 167

It y, = It
It Y= 1-’o0 n’o 2

Since < > isa sequence:

>cgsto 0i.e, =0

3
lt Y=
2
theorem.
0.3. (a) State and prove Bolzano-Weierstrass
Ans. Bolzano-Weierstrass Theorem
subsequence.
Abounded sequence of real number has a convergent
Proof:-let Sbe a bounded set s.t S= (x,, neN)
for a, beR asx<b xE S
Se interval I,-[a, b]
let n=l and I," and divide the indices
intervals I,'
and bisect I, into two equal sub
N:n>1 }into two parts:
A,=(neN:n>n,,x,e I, B,-{ne N:n>nz,e " I,-I,"and n,eN is small
infinite and let
without any loss of generality let B, be
in B,
equal subintervals I and I" divide the set (ne N:n>n)
Now bisect I, in two
two parts
A,={ne N :n>n, x,e I,), B,={ne N:n> n, x,el,"}
again let B, is infinite and let I,=B, get a sequence of nested intervals
we
Ontinue in this way
2..2......a.nd a subsequence <,> of Xs.t
,e\for Ke N.
(b-a)
Since, length of I
the
and using the result closed boundedintervals s.t.
sequence of
=[4, b], rne N is a nested
"EI,
gth b,-, of l, satisty
{b-a,: ne N} = 0
168 Amar: B.Sc. (Prog.)II Year Physical/ Applied Science
then 3a number E,in I, V ne N is unique"
’ 3a unique point E,e I, ne N
’ for x, and e,e I
b-a
IX,-¬,<gk-i e(let)
>cgs to e,
’ subsequence of bounded sequence is convergent.
Q.3. (b) Let X=<x> be defined by x=1, x2, x=-*n-1*n-2
2
,for n>2. She
that the sequence «>is convergent.
Ans. x,= 1, x,=2

2 2 2 ’ 1sx,s2

7
’ l sxs2
13
2 8

ks t *6 27
2 16 ’ 1s xs2

Xn-1tn-2 1sns2 n>2

2

for n>2

Since
1 1

|7 13 1 1
24-1
13 27| 1 1
8 16| 16 25-1
1
27-1
:. Consider, for n m
 169
Mathematics : Real Analysis (Sem-4) (May-2019)

Ix,-xls lx,-,.,l+lx,-t... x-x,|

1 1-+..... 1
+.
Ix,-xls 2-1 2m-2

1 1
Ix, -x,ls 2m-n-1

1
lx,-x|< ()
2n-2
. for e>0 be given m e Ns.t

1
2 4
:. from eq ()
1 22
<¬
Ix,-x!< 2-2 2
n>me N
’ lx,-x I<e
’ «,>is a cauchy sequence.
Since every cauchy sequence is convergent
.. <x> is convergent.
the follwoing
Q.3(c) Investigate the convergence or divergence of
equences :

() n+1 (i)
1

and let <y, > be a seq" defined as

Ans. (i) let <x, > be a seq defined asx,=21
1
Y, nn

1
lt
n+1 lt 1
lt n’ n+1 1+
Consider
nyn
=1>0
170 Amar: B.Sc. (Prog.)II Year Physical/Applied Science
<Xn> and <yn> converges or diverges together
1
since <Y= is Convergent
«> is Convergent

(ii) x, = n
=

for n> m
n² >m?
1 1
VI

1 1
1+ 2S1+.

1 1

x,SXm
for n > m xn s xn :.<xn> is a monotonic decreasing sequence
Since n>1
n'1

s1

n2 s 2

l< xn s V2**e N
<x> is a bounded sequence which is monotonic decreasing seq
<x,> is a Converent
Q.4. (a) Define the Convergence of a series. Show that the series n=1 1

converges whenp>1.
 Mathematics : Real Analysis (Sem-4)
(May-2019) 171

Ans.letS= n and p>1

n=1

1 1

1 2
1
2P + 3P
+ V
2P

1+ 1+ 1 + 1 4
<
4P 5P 6P 4P

1
+ <
2k
(2k+1 +-1) (2ky
Adding Corresponding sides of above relations
1 1 1
1 + + n <11-P +21- +4 (1) +---- (2)
1 2P
+
3P (2k+11
Common ratior
Since, R HS of above inequatily is a geometric series wirth
"which is less than unity (P>1)
1
RHS is less than 1-2l-p

Thus S,*1-2P
Since S is aseries with all term positive
S, >S tn2 m
let ne N s.t for eN, n< 2k*l -1
1
S, <S,kl-< 1-2-p

Sn < 1-2-p
S is bounded
of partial sum of given series
Ihe sequence <Sn>
the series S is Convergent
172 Amar: B.Sc. (Prog.) II Year Physical/Applied Science

n is convergent ifp > 1

n=l
1
Q.4. (b) Show that theseries yl =1 is divergnet.
Jn+1
Ans. Since n + 1>n tneN

1 1
<

Vn+1 Vn

By limit Comparision Test

let & be two series and if nl’ 0 n =]

lis non zero and finite then Ex, and Ey, cgs or dgs together.
1 1
let x, = nl and ynn

yn+1
lt

=
n’0

1
=1(non zero and finite)
n

2x, and y, cag or dgs together.

Since Ey, is divergent by p-Test
y, is divergent.
 Mathematics :Real Analysis (Sem-4) (May-2019) 173

and prove D Alembert's ratio test.

Q.4. (c) State
Ans. Refer : 2018, Q.3. (c) Pg. 149,
:
o5 (a) Test for convergence and absolute convergence the series
1 1 1

Since Zu, =(-1) 2n+1

1 1

J2n+
Since 2n+1<2n+3
W2n+1 < V2n+3
1 1

V2n+1 V2n+3
un> un +1

1
un
lim lim =0
also n’0 n0 2n+1

’ Conditions of Leibniz Test satisfy

1 1
Eun =1 - a i sconvergent.
For absolute convergence Test

2lun| = .1+
1
Iunl=
V2n+1

let v,=

1
lt lt
lt
1 ’ oUn
V2n+1 = n’0 2n +1
 174 Amar: B.Sc. (Prog.) IIYear Physical/Applied Science

1
1
=; (finite &non zero)
.:. By limit comparison Test }lunl and 2 vn is
convergent of
gether.
divergent
Since Vn is divergent by p-Test
.: Elunlis.
’Eun isnot absolutely convergent
0.5 (b)State and Prove M,test for uniform
valued functions defined on [a, b]. convergence of sequence <{>ofre
Refer: 2015, Q. 6(a) P.g. 111
Q.5. (c) Find the radius of convergence of the
following power series:
3
(i)=o 2-"* (ii) =0
n4

Ans. (i) Since 2-" xn is a power series

n=0

.. let a, = 2

define P= It Sup(la, | m) = I 1 1
1-’0
1’0 2 2

1
.:. radius of convergence=R= =2
P
.:. interval of convergence is (-2, 2)
3"
(i) Since X
n=0 n4"M S a power series

1
let an = x=

Since nYn =1
 Mathematics: Real Analysis (Sem-4) (May-2019) 175

1
It Sup
(n)/»
3
4

1 4
. Radius of Convergence is
3

interval of Convergence is
0.6. (a) Define Reimann integral of function. Iffe R [a, b, then show thatthe
alueof integral offis uniquely determined.
Ans. Let f be a function defined on
f:la, b] ’R is said to be Reimann integrable on [a, b] if3a number LER s.t. for
wery e > 08>0s.t. if Pis any partition of [a, bl with ||P| <8then
IS (f: P) -L<e
To show value of integral of fis unique
let L, and L,both satisfy the defination and let e >0 then 38,, 8,> 0 such that for
rtition P, and P, with |IP,||<S, and | |P,||<å, then
IS(, P)-L, I<e and IS(. P,)-L, I<e
Now let 8=min (,,8,) >0and P be tagged partition with ||PI|<8
’l|P||<ö, and ISf. P)- L,I<e
Consider IL, -L,l=IL,-S(, P) +S (, P) -L,
sS(P)-L +1S(, P) - L4I
<[+E
=2e=gl let )
IL-L le
Show thatfe R[o, 2] and
Q. 6.(b) Let fx) = 2 if 0 <x<1 andf) =1if 1<x<2.integral.
raluate its integral using the definition of Reimann
Ans. letf:(0, 2]’ R
defined as f(x) =2 0<x<1
and f(x) =1 1<x<2
2 1 2
Since
=2,+ [2-1]=3
176 Amar: B.Sc. (Prog.) I Year Physical/ Appied Science
let P be a partition of [0, 2]s.t. IIPI|<ôfor &>0
let P, be partition of [0, 1) be subset of P
and P, be partition of [1, 2] be subset ofP
S(, P)-S.P) +S(, P)
Since | |P|<8
if ue (0, 1-8] »Ue [x,., x]
xs1-8s.t. x,<x,_ +8
> interval of [0, 1) is contained in union of all sub intervals in P
Since, (0, 1)<[0, 1+5)
’ Union of all sub intervals is contained in (0, 1+S)
2(1 -8) sS (, P)<2(1+5)
Similarly
Union of all sub intervals with partition in (1,2] contains in the intervals íL.2
of length1-Sand is contained in (1 - S, 3] of length 1 +S.
1(1-8)<S (f, P) s(1 +5)
adding these in equalities and using equation (1)
3(1-8)<S (, 8) =S(, P) + S(,P) <3 (1+5)
3(1) -36 <S( P)<3+3S
-38<(f, P)<36
S(, P)-3<38
=e (let)
1s((.S)-31 <¬
:. if is integrable on R(4, b] and integration offis 3.
Q.6 (c) Iff: la, b] is monotone on [a, b], then show that fe R[a, b]. 7.5,5
Ans. Refer: 2018, Q.6(b) P. g. 160.