ICS 27.

100
P 61
REG No.: J 691-2007

ELECTRIC POWER INDUSTRY STANDARDS

DL
OF THE PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC OF CHINA
中华人民共和国电力行业标准
P DL/T 5072-2007

Replace DL/T 5072-1997

Code for Designing Insulation and Painting of

Fossil Fuel Power Plant

火力发电厂保温油漆设计规程

Issued on: July 20, 2007 Implemented on: December 1, 2007

Issued by National Development and Reform Commission of the People’s

Republic of China
 Contents

1 Scope ................................................................................................................................... 1

2 Normative References ......................................................................................................... 2

3 Terms and Symbols ............................................................................................................. 3

4 General Provisions .............................................................................................................. 7

5 Basic Requirements ............................................................................................................. 8

6 Insulation Material ............................................................................................................ 10

6.1 Performance Requirement of Insulation Material................................................... 10

6.2 Slection of Insulation Layer Material ......................................................................11

6.3 Selection of Protective Layer Material ................................................................... 12

6.4 Selection of Dampproof Coating ............................................................................ 13

7 Insulation Calculation........................................................................................................ 15

7.1 Insulation Calculation Principles ............................................................................ 15

7.2 Calculation for Insulating Layer Thickness ............................................................ 16

7.3 I nsulation Auxiliary Calculation ............................................................................... 20

7.4 Selection of Insulation Computational Data ........................................................... 22

8 Insulation Structure ........................................................................................................... 29

8.1 General Provisions.................................................................................................. 29

8.2 Insulation Layer ...................................................................................................... 29

8.3 Protective Layer...................................................................................................... 33

 8.4 Dampproof Layer.................................................................................................... 35

9 Painting and Corrosion Protection..................................................................................... 36

9.1 Painting ................................................................................................................... 36

9.2 Corrosion Protection ............................................................................................... 44

Appendix A Performance of Insulation Material in Common Use (Normative).................. 46

Appendix B Calculation for Insulation Layer Thickness (Normative)................................. 48

Appendix C Insulation Pait SPEC Application (Informative).............................................. 56

Appendix D Meteorological Data (Informative) .................................................................. 57

Appendix E Physical Property Data (Normative) ................................................................ 63

Appendix F Usage of Auxiliary Materials for Insulation Structure (Normative)................. 65

Appendix G Asset of Matched Coating on Common Use (Normative)............................... 68

 Foreword

According to the requirements of Document Fa Gai Ban Gong Ye [2004] NO.872 issured
by National Development and Reform Commission Office-“Announcement on the
Development and Revision Plan of Professional Standards in 2004”, this code is revised from
DL/T 5072-1997.

Compared with DL/T 5072-1997, this code has following changes:

—— Selecting method of insulation and protection materials is revised partially;

—— Contents on painting and corrosion protection are supplemented and revised.

This code replaces DL/T 5072-1997 from the implementation date.

Appendix A, Appendix B, Appendix F and Appendix G in this code are normative

appendixes.

Appendix C, Appendix D and Appendix E in this code are informative Appendixes.

This code is proposed by China Electricity Council.

This code is explained by and under the jurisdiction of Electric power planning and
design standardization technical committee.

This code is prepared by Southwest Electric Power Design Institute.

This code is drsfted by Fan Yonggang, He Qinghui, Ma Aiping, Liao Haiyan, Sun Bing
and Feng Deming.

This code is firstly issured in February 1984, revised firstly in November 1997, and
revised secondly this time.

For any advice and suggestions in the process of the implementation, please contact
China Electricity Council (CEC) Standardization Center (No. 1, Baiguang Rd, Beijing, China,
100761).
 1 Scope

This code specifies basic principles and design requirements on insulation and painting
of equipments, piping, the accessary and subsidiary steel structures in fossil fuel power plants.

This code is applicable to insulation and painting design for equipments, piping, the
accessary and subsidiary steel structures in fossil fuel power plants.

This code is not applicable to insulation and painting design for steam turbine and boiler
body, and insulation and painting design for electric and civilwork related profession.

The code may be referenced for insulation and painting designof Normal Island and BOP
part of nuclear power station, gas-steam combined cycle power plant, and geothermal power
plant.

1
 2 Normative References

The following documents contain contents which, through reference in this text,
composite provisions of this standard. For dated reference, subsequent amendments
(excepting corrigenda content) to, or revisions of, any of these publications do not apply.
Parties to agreements based on this standard are encouraged to investigate the possibility of
applying the most recent editions of the standards indicated below. For undated references,
the latest edition of the normative document referred to apply in the standard.

GB 8624 Classification on Burning Behaviour for Building Materials

GB 8923 Rusting Rating and Derusting Rating of Steel Surface before Painting
Application

GB/T 17393 Specification of Thermal Insulation Materials for Use over Austenitic
Stainless Steel

GB 50126 Specifications for Construction and Acceptance of Industrial

Equipment and Pipeline Heat Insulation

GB 50185 Standard for Inspection and Evaluation of Thermal Insulating Work of

Industrial Equipment and Pipeline

GB 50212 Specification for Construction and Acceptance of Anticorrosive

Engineering of Building

GB 50224 Standard for Inspection and Evaluation of Anticorrosive Engineering

Quality of Buildings

DL/T 934 Specifications for Thermal State Qualification Test and Evaluation of
Insulation Engineering in Fossil Fuel Power Plants

DL/T 5054 Code for Design of Thermal Power Plant Steam/water Piping

2
 3 Terms and Symbols

3.1 Terms

Following terms and definitions are applicable to this code.

3.1.1 Insulation or Hot Insulation

Measures to cover equipments, pipes and the accessories for reducing dissipation heat
loss or decreasing the surface temperature.

3.1.2 Insulation Layer

Isolating layer arranged for insulation.

3.1.3 Composite insulation

Measures that insulation layers of two materials are covered on the external surface of
equipments, pipes and the accessory by layer.

3.1.4 Air-space Layer

Air isolating layer arranged between the external surface and insulation layer of the
plane (fume ventilating and blower fan etc.) with supporting ribs.

3.1.5 Economic Thickness

The theoretical thickness of insulation layer when the sum of the dissipation heat loss
annual cost of insulation structure surface and annual allocated investment expense of
insulation structure is minimized.

3.1.6 Exergic Coefficient of Medium

The ratio of the media working capacity, and the working capacity of outlet superheated
steam of boiler superheater.

3.1.7 Rigid Insulation

The shape doesn’t change basically when the product is on service. Under the load of
2kPa, the condensability is less than 6%, and the product cannot be bent.

3.1.8 Semi-rigid Insulation

3
 When the product is under 2kPa load, the condensability is 6%~30%, and the product
can always restore to the origianl shape when the product is bent at 90°.

3.1.9 Soft Insulation

When the product is under 2kPa load, the condensability is higher than 30%, and the
product cannot be damaged when it is bent at 90°

3.1.10 Maximum Service Temperature

The maximum temperature that the material can bears when normal service is ensured

3.1.11 Temperature for Shrinkage under Hot Load

The temperature that the sample bears constant load on the required heating-up condition,
and the thickness shrinkage is 10%.

3.1.12 Corrosion

The physical/ chemical interaction between metal and environmental media which
changes the metal performance and damages the function of metal, environment or partial
systematized techniques composed of metal and environment.

3.1.13 Corrosion Rate

Quality loss volume of corrosion metal suffers in unit time, mm/a or g/(m2 · h).

3.1.14 Asset of Matched Coating

Composite coating formed by compatible coatings in reasonable combination in material

selection, structure collocation, painting process and so on.

3.1.15 Cathodic Protection

A method that the corrosion potential is decreased to reduce the corrosion rate of pipes
particularly, and to realize electrochemical protectionThe cathodic protection is usually
classified as impressed current protection and anode loss protection.

3.2 Symbols

Following symbols are applicable to this code, and detailed in Table 3.2.

4
 Table 3.2 Symbols Explanation

Symbol Unit Explanation

Ae — Exergic coefficient of medium

Ai % Internal Rate of Return

c kJ/ (kg · K) Media Specific Heat Capacity

D1 mm The outside diameter of insulation layer, the outside diameter of composite insulation inner
layer

D2 mm The outside diameter of composite insulation outer layer

Di mm Internal diameter of pipe

Do mm Outside diameter of pipe

h kJ/kg Media Specific Enthalpy

Kr — Heat dispersion multiplication factor of pipes crossing supporter and hanger

L m Physical length of pipe

3
P1 Yuan/m The unit cost of insulation layer, the unit cost of composite insulation inner layer
3
P2 Yuan/m The unit cost of composite insulation outer layer
2
P3 Yuan/m Unit cost of protective layer

Ph Yuan/GJ Heat cost

q W/m2 Dissipation heat loss of insulation structure external surface

qL W/m Dissipation heat loss of insulation structure line

qm kg/S Media flow

[q] W/m2 Allowable dissipation heat loss of insulation structure external surface

S — Annual absorption rate of insulation engineering investment loan

s kJ/ (kg · K) Media specific entropy

t ℃ Outside surface temperature of equipment and pipe

ta ℃ Environment temperature

tb ℃ temperature of composite insulation inside and outside interface

ts ℃ Outside surface temperature of insulation structure

tm ℃ Temperature mean of heat insulating material inside and outside surfaces

3
v m /kg Media Specific Volume

w m/s Outdoor Wind Speed

τ h Annual Operating Time

2
α W/ (m · K) Thermal transmission coefficient of insulation structure external surface
2
αc W/ (m · K) Convective heat-transfer coefficient
2
αo W/ (m · K) Radiation heat transfer coefficient

δ mm Insulation layer thickness

δ1 mm Thickness of composite insulation inner layer

δ2 mm Thickness of composite insulation outer layer

λ W/ (m · K) Heat diffusivity of insulation layer material (coefficient of heat conductivity)

λ1 W/ (m · K) Heat diffusivity of composite insulation inner layer material (coefficient of heat conductivity)

λ2 W/ (m · K) Heat diffusivity of composite insulation outer layer material (coefficient of heat conductivity)

λk W/ (m · K) Air heat diffusivity (coefficient of heat conductivity)

2
υ m /s Air dynamic viscosity

5
 ø % Volume solids volume of painting

θ1 µm Wet-film thickness of painting

θ2 µm Dry film of painting

2
M1 m /L Theoretical coating rate of painting
2
M2 m /L Actual coating rate of painting

ξ — Coating loss coefficient of painting

6
 4 General Provisions

4.0.1 This code is formulated to reduce dissipation heat loss of equipment and pipes in
fossil fuel power plants, satisfy requirements in production process, improve the production
environment, prevent corrosion of equipments, pipes and subsidiary steel structures, and
propmote economic efficiency.

4.0.2 Insulation and painting design shall live up to state-of-art technology, economic
feasibility, safety and reliability, clear identification, neatness and esthetic appearance, and
shall facilitate construction and attendance.

4.0.3 In order to ensure qualities of insulation, painting and corrosion protection

engineering, and to control engineering cost, design organizations shall propose precise
requirements in selection and performance of insulation, painting and corrosion protection
materials.

4.0.4 New heat insulating material, painting and anti-corrosive paint that has not be
qualified and approved by national legal detection mechanism with corresponding
qualification shall not be applied in insulation, painting corrosion-prevention designs of fossil
fuel power plants.

4.0.5 Not only the requirements stipulated in this code shall be complied with in insulation
and painting design, but also those in the relevant regulations of GB 50126 and GB 50212 in
construction and acceptance of insulation, painting and corrosion protection shall be complied
with.

4.0.6 After finishing insulation, painting and corrosion protection engineering, quality test
and evaluation shall be taken out in accordance with GB 50185 and GB 50224. After the plant
unit goes into service, testing and evaluating of insulation effect shall be taken out in
accordance with DL/T 934, and the report shall be provided.

7
 5 Basic Requirements

5.0.1 Equipments, pipes and accessory that are on following conditions must be treated with
insulation in accordance with different requirements:

1 Ones which outside surface temperatures are higher than 50℃ and dissipation heat
loss needs be reuced;

2 Ones which freeze protection, condensation proof or medium coagulation delay is

required;

3 Positions which need not be treated with insulation in the process of making, the
surface temperature is larger than 60℃, and measures cannot be taken out to prevent
personnel being scalded.

5.0.2 Positions which are required to prevent personnel being scalded shall be arranged with
antiscald insulation in following aspects:

1 Pipes from which the height to the ground or the platform is less than 2100mm;

2 Ones which the horizon distance to the operating platform is less than 750mm.

5.0.3 Except positions required with antiscald insulation, following equipments, pipes and
accessory may not be treated with insulation:

1 Blow-off line, air release pipes;

2 Pulverized coal pipes which the medium temperature is less than 80℃ in unit
pulverized-coal system (except open air arrangement in cold area);

3 Inflammable and explosive media is transferred, pipes accessories like flanges and
manholes, and equipments that leakage is required to be found in time;

4 Pipes and accessories that shall be treated with insulation according to technological
requirements.

5.0.4 Following pipes should be arranged with freeze protection and insulation measures in
accordance with local air conditions and arrangement environment:

1 Industrial water pipeline, cooling water pipes, water blow-off pipeline, water make-
up pipe, de-mineralized water pipes, fire main, steam and water sampling pipes, compressed
air piping for the plant miscellaneous usage and so on which are arranged in the open air. The
bearing cooling water pipes for boiler start-up circulating pump shall be treated with tracing

8
insulation;

2 Safety valve pipe saddle, control valve by-pass pipe, primary meter pipes;

3 Metal powdered coal bin, raw-coal bin and powdered coal bin close to factory
building external wall or exposed;

4 Fuel passage shall be treated with tracing freeze protection and insulation in
accordance with loacal air conditions and fuel characteristic.

5.0.5 When the environment temperature is not higher than 27℃, the outside surface
temperature of equipment and piping insulation structures shall not exceed 50℃; when the
environment temperature is higher than 27℃, the outside surface temperature of insulation
structure may be 25℃ higher than the environment temperature. For antiscald insulation, the
outside surface temperature of insulation structure shall not exceed 60℃.

Note: The environment temperature is refered to the air temperature that is measured 1m away from the external suface of
the insulation structure.

5.0.6 Equipments, pipes and accessory which the medium temperature is lower than 120℃,
and need not be insulated, as well as supporter and hanger, and platform stairway shall be
painted.

Media name and media flow direction arrowhead shall be painted on the pipes external
surface (for uninsulated ones) or the external surface of the insulationstructure (for insulated
ones); only equipment name shall be painted on the external surface of equipments.

9
 6 Insulation Material

6.1 Performance Requirement of Insulation Material

6.1.1 Precise temperatire dependent thermal conductivity equation Figure or Table shall be
available for the insulation material. For loosening or compressible insulation materials,
low-density thermal conductivity values, Figure or Table shall be availble.

6.1.2 Besides main physical and chemical performance of insulation material shall meet
relative current national standards, the thermal conductivity and density in operating
conditions shall comply with requirements in Table 6.1.2.

Table 6.1.2 Max Thermal Conductivity and Density of Insulation Material

Max Density
Max Thermal
Medium Temperature kg/m3
Conductivity
℃ Rigid Insulation Semirigid Insulation Soft Insulation
W/ (m·K)
Product Product Product

450~650 0.11
220 200 150
<450 0.09

Note: The Max Thermal Conductivity is referred to the one when the outside surface temperature of insulation structure is
50℃.

6.1.3 Insulation material and products shall at least comply with following provisions:

1 For calcium silicate products, high temperature resistant fortifying fibre shall be
adopted , the compression resistance shall not be less than 0.4MPa, the quality moist content
rate is not larger than 7.5%, and the drying linear shrinkage is not larger than 2%. Crackes
don't occur at service temperature, and the residual compressive strength is not less than
0.32MPa. Asbestos-free products shall be adopted in this code.

2 Slag globule content, organic content and average fiber diameter of fibre products
(rock wool slag wool, glass wool and aluminium silicate cotton fiber products) shall meet
provisions of realtive national standards.

3 The expanded perlite product shall be water-repellent, the thermal conductivity shall
not be larger than 0.062W/( m · K) (25℃±5℃), and the water-repellent rate shall not be less
than 98%.

4 Composite calcium silicate product should be water-repellent, and the water-repellent

rate shall not be less than 98%.

6.1.4 For heat insulating material, incombustible materials shall be selected in accordance
with GB 8624, and shall comply with environmental requirements.

10
6.1.5 Inspection report for physicochemical performance of insulation material in insulation
design must be the primary file that provide by legal national detection mechanism with
corresponding qualification in accordance with national standard, and the report shall list
following performances:

1 Heat conductivity equation, Figure or Table, heat conductivity equation, Figure or

Table on the condition of service density for loosened or compressible insulation materials.

2 For loosened or compressible insulation material, the density is the one on the
operating condition.

3 Max service temperature.

4 Incombustibility

5 For rigid insulation product, compression strength, quality moisture content, linear
shrinkage rate and folding strength shall be available; for soft insulation material and
semirigid products, slag globule content, average fiber diameter, organic content heating
permanent line change, hydroscopicity and water-repellent rate shall be available.

6 Implement and pipe surface is of no corrosion.

For insulation material applied to austenitic stainless steel implements and pipes, the
chloride, fluoride, silicic acid radices, and sodion contents shall comply with provisions in
GB/T 17393.

6.2 Slection of Insulation Layer Material

6.2.1 Selection of insulation layer material shall comply with following principles:

1 The recommended service temperature of insulation material and product shall be

higher than the design temperature of implement and pipe or the highest media temperature;
for pipe needing scavenge, the recommended service temperature shall be higher than the
scavenge medium temperature.

2 Based on that the physicochemical performance of insulation material satisfies the

process requirements, insulation material of lower heat conductivity, lower density,
reasonable coat, and convenient construction shall be preferred.

6.2.2 Insulation layer material shall be selected in accordance with following provisions:

1 When the medium temperature is larger than 350℃, high temperature resistant
insulation material shall be adopted, or composite insulation structure may be adopted
through Technical and Economic Comparison. Main performance of insulation material and

11
products are detailed in Appendix A.

2 For insulation layer material of shaped pieces like valve and elbow, soft insulation
material or insulation coating may be adopted.

3 For pipe which outside diameter is less than 38mm, insulation layer material shall be
common aluminium silicate fibre waire.

4 For low-temperature equipment and pipes in moist envelopment, insulation layer

material should be water-repellent material.

6.2.3 For rigid insulation product, dry walling or wet walling may be adopted. In dry
walling, soft insulation material with same heat-conducting property shall be laid or embeded
in seam crossing to take out seam sealing treatment; in wet walling, insulation puddle with
same heat-conducting property shall be embeded in seam crossing to take out seam sealing
treatment.

6.2.4 For choke material in insulation expansion joint and expansion clearance of
implement and pipe, soft fibre material shall be selected in accordance with medium
temperature, common aluminium silicate fibre shall be adopted at high temperature, and rock
wool, slag wool or glass wool shall be adopted at medium and low temperature.

6.3 Selection of Protective Layer Material

6.3.1 Protective layer material property shall meet following requirements:

1 Excellent waterproof, moistureproof and atmospheric corrosion resistance

perfomance

2 Material is of steady chemical property, long service life and uneasy aged
deterioration.

3 High strength, no cracks under temperature change and vibration, and esthetic
appearance.

4 Combustion performance shall meet requirements of incombustible material.

Implements and pipe for storing or transfering inflammable and explosive media, and the
adjacent pipes must be protected through incombustible material.

5 The density of trowelled finish protective layer shall not be larger than 800kg/m3. the
compression strength shall not be less than 0.8MPa, and the Burning loss (including organic
matter and inflammable matter) shall not be larger than 12%; phenomenon like cracks and
decladding shall not occur, and corrosion to metal shall not available.

12
6.3.2 Selection of protective layer material shall be identified in accordance with factors
such as investing condition, unit capacity, arrangement envelopment and insulation material
performance.

6.3.3 Implement, pipes and accessary in fossil fuel power plants should be protected
through metal coating, and other nonmetal protective layer material like glass fiber cloth glass
reinforced plastic and floating coat may be adopted in accordance with provisions in Item
6.3.2.

6.3.4 For metal coating, allautal or galvanized iron sheet should be adopted. When allautal
is adopted, 0.50mm~1.00mm thickness may be adopted for pipes, and 0.60mm~1.00mm
thickness may be adopted for implement and rectangular section flume air conduiting. When
galvanized iron sheet is adopted, 0.35mm~0.75mm thickness may be adopted for pipes, and
0.50mm~0.75mm thickness may be adopted for implement and rectangular section flume air
conduiting. Metal coating for large section rectangle flume air conduiting shall be contour
plate.The thickness of metal coating shall be identified in accordance with implement or pipe
dimension in the design.

6.3.5 Floating coat protective layer is adopted for calcium silicate product, calcium silicate
exclusive floating coat material shall be adopted.

6.4 Selection of Dampproof Coating

6.4.1 The selection of dampproof coating material shall meet following requirements:

1 Dampproof coating material shall be steam penetration resisting performance,

waterproof performance and humidity resistance, and the water absorption is not larger than
1%;

2 The combustion performance of dampproof coating material shall meet provisions in

GB 8624;

3 Dampproof coating material shall be of steady chemical property, innocuity and

corrosion resistance, and shall have no corrosion and dissolution to thermal insulation layer
and protective layer;

4 Dampproof coating material shall not soften, blister and flow in summer, and shall
not embrittle, crack and peel at low temperature;

5 For smearing dampproof coating material, the softening temperature shall not be less
than 65℃, the bonding strength shall not be less than 0.15MPa, and the volatile matter
contern shall not be larger than 30%.

6.4.2 Dampproof coating materials mainly include glass fibre cloth smearing in kerite

13
puddle, composite macromolecule waterproof coiled material and high polymer modified
asphalt waterproof coiled material. For glass fibre cloth, the density of fabric should be 10×10
wire/cm2 and the thickness should be 0.10mm~0.20mm. And the glass fibre cloth should be of
medium alkali, coarse lattice and plain weave. And plastic net checked cloth may be adopted.

14
 7 Insulation Calculation

7.1 Insulation Calculation Principles

7.1.1 In oeder to reduce the heat leakage of insulation structure, the insulating layer
thickness shall be calculated in accordance with Economic Thickness Method, and the
external heat leakage of insulation structure shall not exceed the max heat leakage specified in
Table 7.1.1. And the outside surface temperature of insulation structure shall meet provisions
in Item 5.0.5.

Table 7.1.1 Max Allowable Heat Leakage of Insulation Structure outside Surface

Medium Normal-year Season service Medium Normal-year Season Service

Temperature Service Condition condition Temperature Service Condition Condition
℃ W/m2 W/m2 ℃ W/m2 W/m2

50 58 116 400 227 314

100 93 163 450 244 —
150 116 203 500 262 —
200 140 244 550 279 —
250 163 273 600 296 —
300 186 296 650 314 —
350 209 308

7.1.2 For composite insulation made of two diferent insulation materials, the thickness of
the inner layer shall be calculated through Surface Temperature Method, and the thickness of
outside layer shall be calculated through Economic Thickness Method.

The temperature of composite insulation inside and eoutside layers interface shall not
exceed 90% of recommended service temperature of outside layer insulation material.

7.1.3 The thickness of scald-proof insulating layer shall be calculated according to Surface
Temperature Method.

7.1.4 On the condition of allowable heat drop, the thickness of insulating layer for liquid or
steam pipes shall be calculated according to Thermal Balance Method, and detailed in
Appendix B.1.

7.1.5 The thickness of insulating layer for prolonging pipe media freezing shall be
calculated according to Thermal Balance Method, and detailed in Appendix B.2.

7.1.6 The thickness of insulating layer for preventing air moisture condensation on pipe
external surface shall be calculated according to Surface Temperature Method, and detailed in
Appendix B.3.

15
7.1.7 The thickness of insulating layer for tracing fuel oil passage shall be calculated
according to Thermal Balance Method, and detailed in Appendix B.4. The insulating layer
thickness of steam tracing fuel oil passage is 20mm~100mm.

7.1.8 For implement and pipes (like gas flue, drainage pipe etc.) which the exergic
coefficient of medium is zero, the insulating layer thickness shall be calculated according to
Surface Temperature Method.

7.1.9 For the thickness of insulating layer for pipe which outside diameter is less than
38mm, 20mm~40mm may be adopted for low remperature pipe, and 40mm~70mm may be
adopted for high temperature pipes.

7.1.10 For insulation engineering design, insulation SPEC method should be adopted in the
engineering, planning principles of insulation SPEC are detailed in Appendix C.

7.2 Calculation for Insulating Layer Thickness

7.2.1 Calculation for Insulation Layer Economic Thickness

1 For plane Insulating Layer, the thichness shall be calculated according to Formula
(7.2.1-1),

λτPh Ae (t − t a ) 1000λ
δ = 1.897 − (7.2.1-1)
P1 S α

For pipe Insulating Layer, the thichness shall be calculated according to Formula
(7.2.1-2),

D1 2000λ
D1ln +
λτPh Ae (t − t a ) D0 α
3.795 = (7.2.1-2)
 2000  2000λ
 P1 + P3  S 1−
 D1  αD1

1
δ = ( D1 − D0 ) (7.2.1-3)
2
Where: P1——Insulation layer unit price, Yuan/m3;
Dl——Insulating layer outside diameter, mm.

7.2.2 Calculation for economic thickness of composite insulation made of two different
insulation material

1 For plane insulation, the thickness is calculated according to the following formula.

16
 1) The calculating formula for inner layer thickness is as:

1000λ1 (t − t b )
δ1 = (7.2.2-1)
α (ts − ta )

2) The calculating formula for external layer thickness is as:

λ2τPh Ae (t − ta )  δ 1000 
δ 2 = 1.897 − λ2  1 +  (7.2.2-2)
P2 S  λ1 α 

For pipe Insulation, the thichness shall be calculated according to Formula (7.3.3-3),

D2 2000λ2  (λ1 − λ2 )(t − t b )

D2 ln + 1 − λ (t − t ) 
λ2τPh Ae (t − ta ) D0 α  
3.795 = 2 s a
(7.2.2-3)
 2000  20000λ 2
 P2 + P3  S 1−
 D2  αD 2

1) The inner layer thickness is calculated accordig to Formula (7.2.2-4) and Formula
(7.2.2-5),
D1 2000λ1 (t − t b )
ln = (7.2.2-4)
D0 αD2 (ts − ta )
1
δ =
1 ( D1 − D 0 ) (7.2.2-5)
2

2) The external layer thickness is calculated according to Formula (7.2.2-6),

1
δ2 = (D2 − D0 ) − δ1 (7.2.2-6)
2

Where: D1——The outside diameter of composite insulation inner layer, mm.

7.2.3 Calculation for insulating layer thickness accordin to allowable heat leakage
method
1 For plane monolayer insulation Layer, the thichness shall be calculated according to
Formula (7.2.3-1),

 t − ta 1 
δ = 1000λ  −  (7.2.3-1)
 [q ] α 

2 For pipe monolayer insulation, the thichness is calculated according to Formula

(7.2.3-2) and Formula (7.2.3-3),

17
 D1  t − ta 1 
D1 ln = 2000λ  −  (7.2.3-2)
D0  [q ] α 

1
δ= (D1 − D0 ) (7.2.3-3)
2

3 For plane composite insulation, the thickness is calculated according to Formula

(7.2.3-4) and Formula (7.2.3-5),

1000λ1 (t − t b )
δ1 = (7.2.3-4)
[q]

 t b − ta 1 
δ 2 = 1000λ2  −  (7.2.3-5)
 [q ] α 

4 For pipe composite insulation, the thickness is calculated according to Formula

(7.2.3-6),

D2  λ (t − t b ) + λ2 (t b − ta ) λ2 
D2 ln 2000 1 −  (7.2.3-6)
D0  [q] α

1) The inner layer thickness is calculated accordig to Formula (7.2.3-7) and Formula
(7.2.3-8),

D1 2000λ1 (t − t b )
ln = (7.2.3-7)
D0 [q ]D2

1
δ1 = (D1 − D0 ) (7.2.3-8)
2

2) The external layer thickness is calculated according to Formula (7.2.3-9),

1
δ2= (D2 − D0 ) − δ1 (7.2.3-9)
2

Where: [q]——Allowable heat leakage of insulation structure external surface, selected

as 90% of max allowable heat dispersion density specified in Table 7.1.1,
W/m2.

18
7.2.4 The insulating layer thickness is calculated accordin to Surface Temperature
Method.

1 For plane monolayer insulation Layer, the thichness shall be calculated according to
Formula (7.2.4-1),

1000λ (t − ts )
δ= (7.2.4-1)
α (ts − ta )

2 For pipe monolayer insulation, the thichness is calculated according to Formula

(7.2.4-2) and Formula (7.2.4-3),

D1 2000λ (t − ts )
D1 ln = (7.2.4-2)
D0 α (ts − ta )

1
δ= (D1 − D0 ) (7.2.4-3)
2

3 For plane composite insulation, the thickness is calculated according to Formula

(7.2.4-4) and Formula (7.2.4-5),

1000λ1 (t − t b )
δ1 = (7.2.4-4)
α (ts − ta )

1000λ 2(t b − ts )
δ2 = (7.2.4-5)
α (ts − ta )

4 For pipe composite insulation, the thickness is calculated according to Formula

(7.2.4-6),

D2 2000
D2 ln = [λ1 (t − tb ) + λ2 (tb − ts )] (7.2.4-6)
D0 α (ts − ta )

1) The inner layer thickness is calculated accordig to Formula (7.2.4-7) and Formula
(7.2.4-8),

D1 2000λ1 (t − t b )
ln = (7.2.4-7)
D0 αD2 (ts − ta )

19
 1
δ= (D1 − D0 ) (7.2.4-8)
2

2) The external layer thickness is calculated according to Formula (7.2.4-9),

1
δ2 = (D2 − D0 ) − δ1 (7.2.4-9)
2

Where: ts——The outside surface temperature of insulation structure, for Scald-proof

insulation, ts may be selected as 60℃.

7.3 Insulation Auxiliary Calculation

7.3.1 Calculation for the surface heat leakage of insulation structure

The heat leakage of insulation structure external serface shall not exceed 90% of the max
allowable heat leakage specified in Table 7.1.1.

1 For plane monolayer insulation Layer, the heat leakage shall be calculated according
to Formula (7.3.1-1),

t − ta
q= (7.3.1-1)
δ 1
+
1000λ α

2 For pipe monolayer insulation, the heat leakage is calculated according to Formula
(7.3.1-2) and Formula (7.3.1-3),

t − ta
q= (7.3.1-2)
D1 D 1
ln 1 +
2000λ D0 α

2π (t − ta )
qL = (7.3.1-3)
1 D1 2000
ln +
λ D0 αD1

3 For plane composite insulation, the heat leakage shall be calculated according to
Formula (7.3.1-4),

t − ta
q= (7.3.1-4)
δ1 δ2 1
+ +
1000λ1 1000λ2 α

20
 4 For pipe composite insulation, the heat leakage is calculated according to Formula
(7.3.1-5) and Formula (7.3.1-6),

t − ta
q= (7.3.1-5)
D2  1 D1 1 D2  1
 ln + ln +
2000  λ1 D0 λ2 D1  α

2π (t − ta )
qL = (7.3.1-6)
1 D1 1 D2 2000
ln + ln +
λ1 D0 λ2 D1 αD2

7.3.2 Calculation for outside surface temperature of insulation structure

The outside surface temperature of insulation structure shall meet provisions in Item
5.0.5.

1 For plane monolayer insulation Layer, the temperature shall be calculated according
to Formula (7.3.2-1),

δ 1
ta + t
ts = 1000λ α (7.3.2-1)
δ 1
+
1000λ α

2 For plane monolayer insulation Layer, the temperature shall be calculated according
to Formula (7.3.2-2),

1D1 2000
ta +
ln t
λ D0 αD1
ts = (7.3.2-2)
1 D1 2000
ln +
λ D0 αD1

3 For plane composite insulation, the temperature shall be calculated according to

Formula (7.3.2-3),

δ1 δ2 1
ta + ta + t
1000λ1 1000λ2 α
ts = (7.3.2-3)
δ1 δ2 1
+ +
1000λ1 1000λ2 α

21
 4 For pipe composite insulation, the temperature is calculated according to Formula
(7.3.2-4),

1 D1 1 D 2000
ln ta + ln 2 ta + t
λ1 D0 λ2 D1 αD2
ts = (7.3.2-4)
1 D1 1 D2 2000
ln + ln +
λ1 D0 λ2 D1 αD2

7.3.3 Calculation for the temperature of composite insulation inner and external layers
interface

The temperature of composite insulation inside and eoutside layers interface shall not
exceed 90% of the recommended service temperature of outside layer insulation material.

1 For plane Insulating Layer, the temperature shall be calculated according to Formula
(7.3.3-1),
δ1 δ2 1
ta + t+ t
1000λ1 1000λ2 α
tb = (7.3.3-1)
δ1 δ2 1
+ +
1000λ1 1000λ2 α

2 For pipe Insulation, the temperature shall be calculated according to Formula

(7.3.3-2),
1
D1 1 D 2000
ta + ln 2 t +
ln t
λ1 D0 λ2 D1 αD2
tb = (7.3.3-2)
1 D1 1 D2 2000
ln + ln +
λ1 D0 λ2 D1 αD2

7.4 Selection of Insulation Computational Data

7.4.1 Temperature Selection Provisions

1 Outside surface temperature of implement and pipe

For metal implement and piping without inner liner, the surface temperature shall be the
design temperature or the maximum media temperature; for metal implement and piping with
inner liner, the external surface temperature shall be identified through heat-transfer analysis
with insulation layer.

2 Environmental Temperature

22
 The environmental temperature of implements and pipes arranged indoor may be 20℃;
the environmental temperature of implements and pipes arranged outdoor may be the
past-year mean annual temperature for ones of year-around operation, the past-year mean
daily temperature during heating peroid for heating pipes.

The environmental temperature of trench pipes shall be selected in accordance with

Table 7.4.1.

Table 7.4.1 Environmental Temperature of Trench Pipes℃

Medium Temperature <80 80~110 >110

Environmental Temperature 20 30 40

In Scald-proof insulation calculation, the environmental temperature may be the mean

monthly temperature of past-year hottest month.

In calculation for checking the thickness of insulating layer with process requirements,
the environmental temperature shall be the value on the worst condition. Lack of
meteorological data, the environmental temperature may refer to Table D.1 of Appendix D.

3 Average value of insulation material inside and outside surface temperatures

The average value of insulation material inside and outside surface temperatures may be
calculated in accordance with formula (7.4.1-1),

1
tm = (t + ts ) (7.4.1-1)
2

The average value of composite insulation material inside and outside surface
temperatures may be calculated in accordance with formula (7.4.1-2) and formula (7.4.1-3),

1
t m1 = (t + tb ) (7.4.1-2)
2

1
tm 2 = (tb + ts ) (7.4.1-3)
2
Where: tm ————The average value of insulation material inside and outside surface
temperatures, ℃;
tm1——The inside and outside surface temperature average value of composite
insulation inner layer, ℃;
tm2——The inside and outside surface temperature average value of composite
insulation external layer, ℃;

7.4.2 Provisions on selection of insulation material thermal conductivity

23
 Thermal conductivity equation, Figure or Table of insulation material and products shall
be provided by insulation material manufacturing plant, and shall meet provisions in Item
6.1.2. For loosening and compressible insulation material, the thermal conductivity on the
condition of installation density shall be adopted.

Lack of data, the thermal conductivity of insulation material in common use may be
selected according to Appendix A.

7.4.3 Heat Cost Selection Provision

Heat cost shall be selected in accordance with loacal practical situation. Lack of data,
heat cost may be calculated according to Formula (7.4.3-1),

Ph = (1 + Ai )Pb (7.4.3-1)

Where: Ai ——Internal rate of return (IRR) or profit, 15% may be selected;

Pb——Boiler heat production cost, Yuan/GJ.

Boiler heat production cost including fuel cost, boiler installation depreciation cost,
operation and maintenance cost and management cost, shall be identified through calculation
in accordance with engineering actual conditions. The boiler heat production cost may be also
calculated according to formula (7.4.3-2),

Ab Pf
Pb = (7.4.3-2)
ηQnet.ar
Where: Pf ——Actual fuel price, Yuan/t;
Ab——Heat production cost coefficient (boiler installation depreciation cost,
operation and maintenance cost and management cost shall be
considered), 1.05~1.20 may be adopted (the low value shall be selected
for heavy-duty boiler);
η——Boiler efficiency;
Qnet.ar——Fuel low heat value, MJ/kg.

7.4.4 Selection provisions for

The exergic coefficient of medium may be selected according to Table 7.4.4 or

calculated according to Formula (7.4.4),

h − hw − (t w + 273)(s − sw )
Ae = (7.4.4)
hst − hw − (t w + 273)(sst − sw )

Where: hw——Cooling water specific enthalpy, KJ/Kg;

24
 hst——Specific enthalpy of boiler outlet superheated steam, KJ/Kg;
sw——Cooling water specific entropy, KJ/ (Kg·K);
sst——Specific entropy of boiler outlet superheated steam, KJ/ (kg·K);
tw——Temperature of cooling water, ℃.

Table 7.4.4 Exergic Coefficient of Medium

Exergic Coefficient of
Equipment and Pipes
Medium

Blast heating pipe, milling pipes, powder deliver pipes, main steam line, reheat steam pipes, high
pressure feed water pipes, steam pipe which temperature is higher than 450℃, equipment and pipes 1.0
utilizing live steam

Tertiary air pipe, coal grinding mill sealed pipe, steam extraction line, station service steam pipe
line, shaft gland steam supply line, auxiliary steam pipe line and other steam pipe lines, condensate
0.7
pipe, middle and low-pressure feed water pipe, hot well pump, water feed pump, deaerator, heater
and equipments and pipes utilizing regulation or non regulation

Continuous blowdown pipes and equipments, desuperheating water pipes, recirculation water
0.5
pipes and other water pipes, drainage pump, make-up pump, cooler, segregator etc.

Flue, duster and induced draft fan, periodic blowdown pipes and equipment, and Steam and
Water Pipe from drainage, deflation, blow-off line for equipment and pipe to condenser or flash tank 0
(vent to atmosphere)

7.4.5 Selection provisions for insulation layer unit cost and protective layer unit cost

1 Insulation layer unit cost shall include material expenses (including packing charge
and transportation charges), installation expenses (including auxiliary materials charge,
construction managemant charge and others), insulation material waste additional quantity
and construction allowance, and may be calculated according to Formula (7.4.5),

P1 [orP2 ] = (1 + Ad )Pm + Pe (7.4.5)

Where: P 1、P2——Insulation layer unit cost, Yuan/m3;

Pm——Insulation material charge (including packing charge and
transportation charges), Yuan/m3;
Pe——Installation expenses (including auxiliary materials charge,
construction managemant charge and others), Yuan/m3;
Ad——Insulation material waste additional quantity and construction
allowance, and selected according to Table 7.4.9.

Material expenses and installation expenses for insulation material shall be identified in
accordance with engineering practical situation.

2 Unit cost of protective layer shall include protective layer material expenses,
installation expenses and construction allowance. Material expenses and installation expenses
for protective layer shall be identified in accordance with engineering practical situation.

25
7.4.6 Selection provision for Annual Operating Time

The Annual Operating Time shall be selected in accordance with engineering practical
situation. Year-arround, 8000h; heating peroid in heating service, 4000h in northeast region,
3000h in North China region; in region with long heating peroid, the actual heating time shall
be increased.

7.4.7 Selection provision for anuual absorption rate of insulation engineering

investment loan

For anuual absorption rate of insulation engineering investment loan, interest shall be
counted according to compound interest, and may be calculated according to formula (7.4.7),

i (1 + i )
n
S= (7.4.7)
(1 + i )n − 1
Where: S——Anuual absorption rate of insulation engineering investment loan:
i——Annual interest rate (compound interest);
n——Interest bearing years, 5~10 years may be adopted in accordance with
different conditions.

Anuual absorption rate of insulation engineering investment loan may be 0.17 (may be
increased properly for foreign loan item).

7.4.8 Selection provisions for the thermal transmission coefficient of insulation

structure external surface (a)

1 The thermal transmission coefficient of external surface of indoor implements and

pipes insulation structure may be selected in accordance with Table 7.4.8.

Table 7.4.8 Thermal Transmission Coefficient of External Surface of Indoor Implements and Pipes
Insulation Structure

Insulating layer Insulating layer

Metal coating Floating coat Metal coating Ploating
outside diameter outside diameter
W/ (m2 · K) W/ (m2 · K) W/ (m2 · K) W/ (m2 · K)
mm mm

100 7.81 11.86 200 6.91 10.96

150 7.26 11.31 300 6.45 10.50
400 6.15 10.20 900 5.41 9.46
500 5.93 9.98 1000 5.32 9.37
600 5.76 9.81 1200 5.18 9.23
700 5.62 9.67 1500. 5.04 9.08
800 5.51 9.56 Plane 5.00 9.00

2 The thermal transmission coefficient of external surface of indoor implements and

26
pipes insulation structure shall be the sum of protective layer material radiation heat transfer
coefficient and convective heat-transfer coefficient, and may be calculated according to
formula (7.4.8-1),

a = an + ac (7.4.8-1)

Where: a——Thermal transmission coefficient of insulation structure external surface,

W/ (m2 · K);
an ——Radiation heat transfer coefficient, W/ (m2 · K);
ac ——Convective heat-transfer coefficient, W/ (m2 · K).

1) The radiation heat transfer coefficient of plane and pipe may be calculated
according to formula (7.4.8-2),

 273 + t   273 + t  
4 4

5.67ε
an =  s
 − a
  (7.4.8-2)
ts − t a  100   100  

2) The convective heat-transfer coefficient of plane may be calculated according to

formula (7.4.8-3),

w0.8
ac = (5.93 − 0.015ta ) (7.4.8-3)
B 0.2

3) The convective heat-transfer coefficient of pipes may be calculated according to

formula (7.4.8-4),

w0.6
ac = 72.81 0.4 (7.4.8-4)
D1
Where: w——Outdoor wind speed (the annual average windspeed shall be adopoted for
year-running implements and pipes, the average wind velocity in heating
season shall be adopted for heating pipes), m/s;
B ——The width of plane well along wind speed direction, m;
D1——Insulating layer outside diameter (if it si composite insulation, D2 shall be
introduced into), mm;
ε——The blackness of protective layer material, detailed in Table E.5 of
Appendix E.

7.4.9 Selection provisions for insulation and protective layer material losse additional
volume and construction allowance

The insulation and protective layer material losse additional volume and construction

27
 allowance isselected according to Table 7.4.9.

Table 7.4.9 Insulation and Protective Layer Material Losse Additional Volume and Construction
Allowance

Insulation and Protective Layer Material Losse Additional

Insulation and Protective Layer Material
Volume and Construction Allowance

Calcium silicate product 10%

Aluminium silicate product 5%
Rock wool, slag wool and glass wool product 5%
Water-repellent expanded perlite product 12%
Composite calcium silicate product 5%

Galvanized iron sheet 25%

Allautal 25%
Contour plate 25%
Glass Fiber Cloth 25%
Floating coat 10%

28
 8 Insulation Structure

8.1 General Provisions

8.1.1 The insulation structure is normally composed of insulation layer and protective layer.
For for trench pipe, and low-temperature equipments and pipes in moist envelopment,
dampproof coating shall be arranged additionally on the external surface of the insulation
layer.

8.1.2 Insulation structure design shall satisfy following requirements:

1 Insulation structure shall be kept perfectly in design service life, burning out,
perishing, peeling and so on shallnot occur in service process;

2 Insulation structure shall have enough mechanical strength, and shall not be damaged
under additional load like vibration, wind and snow;

3 The insulation structure shall be of good insulation performance, construction

conveniency, fire prevention, waterproof, neaty and esthetic appearance.

8.1.3 For positions that need no inspection and repair like implement and straight pipe,
fixed type insulation structure shall be adopted.

For positions such as pipe crawling supervision block, crawling survey point, flow
measuring equipment , valve, flange, closure plate and compensator, insulation structure shall
be easy to be disassembled, and the insulation for compensator shall not affect its function.
When connecting pipes of above components is covered with metal coating, detachable
insulation structure should be adopted.

8.1.4 In coastal windy region, insulation structure for implements and pipes arranged
outdoor shall be treates with proper reinforcing measures.

8.1.5 Insulation structure component design should be selected in accordance with relative
provisions.

8.2 Insulation Layer

8.2.1 For insulating layer thickness, 10mm should be cell classification unit. The minimum
thickness of rigid insulation product should be 30mm.

8.2.2 When the insulating layer thickness is larger than 80mm, insulation layer shall be laid
by layer, and the thickness per layer shall be approximately equal. Insulation layer shall be of
staggered joint in same layer, and shall be laid down in the form of inner and outside layers

29
seams stressing, snd seams of inner and outside layers shall be staggered 100mm~150mm.
For pipes and implements horizontally installed, the spelling position of insulation external
layer longitudinal seam shall be away from the top of the vertical center line as far as possible,
and the longitudinal single joint seam shall go downward.

8.2.3 When fibrous or granular loose insulation materials are adopted, the amount of
construction compression shall be specified in accordance with the best insulation density of
the material or the density that ensure no denting in longtime running.

8.2.4 For insulation of piping bend, soft insulation material or insulation coating may be
adopted. When rigid or semirigid insulation product is adopted, the product shall be made as
mitre elbow or semicircle tile (right angle bend may be adopted for the elbow of pipe which
outside diameter is less than 89mm), and a expansion joint shall be reserved on the straight
pipes blocks of elbow two ends.

8.2.5 Insulation layer for blow-off pipe at back of safety valve shall be treated with
reinforcing measures.

8.2.6 For insulation of larger section rectangle flume air conduiting and rotary machinery,
insulation structure with air retention layer should be adopted. When the insulating layer
thickness is less than the height of supporting rib, the insulating layer thickness may be
adjusted properly.

8.2.7 For implement which rushing sound level exceeds 85dB (A), acoustic material
insulation shall be adopted, or the insulation structure with sound insulation should be
applied.

8.2.8 The design of strutting piece for insulation structure shall meet following provisions:

1 For vertical implement pipe, sloped pipe which horizontal included angle is larger
than 45°, and the bottom of horizontal implement, the insulation layer shall be arranged with
support members. For flume air conduiting and implement with supporting rib, the supporting
ribs shall be used as support member.

2 The position of support member shall avoid pipe fittings like valve and flange. For
implement and standpipe, the support member shall be over pipe fittings like valve and flange,
and the position shall not affect screw bolt disassembling.

3 Material for support member shall meet the needs requirements of media
temperature.

4 When the medium temperature is less than 430℃, welding bearing loop may be used
as support member; when the medium temperature is higher than 430℃, tightening bearing
loop may be used as support member. When support member is not allowed to be welded

30
directly on implement or pipe, tightening bearing loop shall be adopted. When support
member is welded directly on stainless steel pipe, stainless steel underboarding shall be
welded additionally.

5 When soft insulation material and semirigid product, metallic framework supporting
metal coating shall be arranged properly to ensure the metal coating of beauty and neat.

6 All implementd that must be treated with heat-treat after welding, the welding
support member should be welded in advance at equipment manufacturer.

7 The striking face width of support member shall be 10mm~20mm less than the
insulating layer thickness.

8 Support member spacing interval: implement or plane well, 1.5m~2m; pipe, 2m~3m
at high temperature, 3m~5m at medium and low temperature; pipe with soft felt and gasket
insulation, 1m; for horizontal implement, support member shall be arranged on the horizontal
center line.

8.2.9 The design of fixing member for insulation structure shall meet following provisions:

1 For insulation layer of pipes, plane well and cylinder implements, should be fixed
through hooked nail or pin when hard material insulation is adopted; should be ficed through
pin and self-locking gasket when soft material insulation is adopted.

2 Hooked nail and pin for fixing insulation layer may be made of ø3~ø6galvanized
iron wire or low carbon round steel.

3 Fixing menbers that are welded directly on stainless steel implement or pipes, must
be made of stainless steel. When fixing menbers are made of carbon steel, stainless steel
underboarding shall be welded additionally.

4 When rigid or semirigid insulation product is adopted for insulation, hooked nail and
pin should be embeded in seams in accordance with product physical dimension to
concatenate insulation layer piles, the pin spacing interval is 300mm~610mm; when soft
material is adopted for insulation, the pin spacing interval shall not be larger than 350mm. Pin
number per square meter area: shall not be less than 6 on side, and shall not be less than 8 at
bottom.

5 At vibratory place, hooked nail or pin shall be reinforced and tightened properly.

6 All implementd that must be treated with heat-treat after welding, the welding fixing
member should be welded in advance at equipment manufacturer.

8.2.10 The design of trussing piece for insulation structure shall meet following provisions:

31
 1 Insulation layer shall be strap through galvanized iron wire or galvanized steel strip,
and double-ply strap of galvanized iron wire shall be adopted. Specification of trussing piece
shall meet provisions in Table 8.2.10.

2 Straping spacing interval: for rigid insulation product, shall not be larger than
400mm; for semirigid insulation product, shall not be larger than 300mm; and for soft
insulation material, shall not be larget than 200mm. Every insulation product shall be strapped
twice at least.

3 When insulation layer is laidd by layer, insulation layer shall be strapped layer by
layer.

4 Strapping shall be reinforced properly at vibratory position.

5 Screw type enwinding strap shall not be adopted.

Table 8.2.10 Trussing Piece Specification (mm)

Outside diameter of
Rigid Insulation Product Soft material and semirigid product
piping insulation layer

<200 ø0.8~ø1.0 Galvanized iron wire ø1.0~ø1.2 Galvanized iron wire

200~600 ø1.0~ø1.2 Galvanized iron wire ø1.2~ø2.0 Galvanized iron wire

ø2.0~ø2.5 Galvanized iron wire or 12×0.5 Galvanized

600~1000 ø1.2~ ø2.0 Galvanized iron wire
steel strip

ø2.0~ø2.5 Galvanized iron wire or

>1000 12×0.5 Galvanized steel strip
12×0.5 Galvanized steel strip

ø0.8~ø1.0 Galvanized iron wire or ø0.8~ø1.0 Galvanized iron wire or 12×0.5 Galvanized
Plane
12×0.5 Galvanized steel strip steel strip

8.2.11 Expansion joint shall be arranged for insulation layer of rigid insulation product, and
expansion joint design shall meet following provisions:

1 Expansion joint shall be arranged at positions such as support and hanger, flange,
supporting rib, support member or fixing ring.

2 Expansion joint spacing interval: 3m~4m at high temperature, 5m~7m at meduim

and low temperature. The width of expansion joint should be 20mm~25mm, the upper limit
shall be adopted at high temperature, the lower limit shall be adopted at low temperature, and
soft insulation material shall be embeded in the expansion joint.

3 When layering insulation is adopted, expansion joints shall be staggered, and the
staggered joint spacing interval shall not be larger than 100mm.

4 Independent insulation structure shall be arranged on outside of the expansion joint

of high temperature pipe.

32
8.2.12 Clearance shall be reserved on insulation layer of following positions:

1 For pipeline valve and flange connections positions, clearance for screw bolt
disassembling shall be reserved on the insulation layer, and soft insulation material shall be
filled in the clearance fully;

2 At creep measurement point of high temperature stream pipe, 200mm clearance shall
be reserved on the insulation layer, and soft insulation material shall be filled on the clearance
fully;

3 Expansion clearance shall be reserved on the insulation layer for pipe nearby
compensator and sliding support;

4 For two parallel or crossed pipes, when the expansion direction or medium
temperatures are different, clearance shall be reserved between two pipe protitive layers;

5 When rigid insulation product adopted meets welding seam, groove shall be picked
on corresponding position of inner wall of rigid insulation product in accordance with weld
width;

6 Expansion clearance shall be reserved between insulation structure and fixing

member like wall, beam, rail, platform and supports, and betweem insulation structure and
pipe passing holes.

8.2.13 For auxiliary materials like support member, fixing menber and trussing piece for
insulation structure, the usage may be calculated according to Appendix F.

8.3 Protective Layer

8.3.1 Metal protective layer design shall meet following provisions:

1 Longitudinal seam of metal coating for rigid insulation product may be scuffed;
longitudinal seam of metal coating for soft insulation material and semirigid product may be
connected by socket joint or lapped, and the lapping size shall not be less than 30mm. Socket
joint seam shall be fixed through self-correcting boltor self-plugging rivet, and lapping seam
shall be fixed through self-plugging rivet. The pin spacing interval should be 150mm~
200mm.

2 Circumferential joints seam of metal coating may be connected by socket joint or

lapped. One end shall be pressed convex ribs in lapping, the lapping size shall not be less than
50mm, vertical piping and sloped pipe shall be fixed through self-correcting bolt or
self-plugging rivet. The pin spacing interval may be 200mm, and the each seam shall have not
less than 4 pins. When metal coating is fixed through support ring, pin hole shall level at
support ring.

33
 3 Longitudinal seam of horizontal pipe shall be arrange on the side face of the pipe,
and for the circumferential joint seam, the higher stubble is lapped on the lower stubble
according to the gradient; for circumferential joint seam of vertical pipe, the upper stubble is
lapped on the lower stubble.

4 Integral waterproofing function shall be available for metal coating. Implement and
piping arranged outdoor or in moist envelopment shall be sealed strickly through nested block
sealing agent or puddle. Pilot nail hole shall be blocked through ethoxyline resin. Support and
hanger pipe aaranged outdoor, threading-out metal coating shall be arranged with rain hood
on the sag rod.

5 For metal coating of large scale equipment and store tank insulation layer, contour
plate or verticalconvex ribs should be adoptd, and the metal coating shall be reinforced
through sprung-connecting metal tension strap radiallyLarge scale equipments and store tanks
arranged outdoor in greatly windy region, reinforcing wire bonding shall be arranged, and the
spacing interval of reinforcing wire bondings shall not be less than 450mm.

8.3.2 For metal coating of straight pipe arranged for thermal expansion, the circumferential
joint seam shall be movable lapped. The allowance of movable lapping shall satisfy
requirements of thermal expansion, shall not be less than 100mm, and the spacing interval
shall meet following provisions:

1 Hard insulating material and movable circumferential joint seam shall be arranged
same to the expansion joint.

2 The spacing interval of movalbe circumferential joint seam of soft insulation material
and semirigid product: medium and low temperature piping, 4000mm~6000mm; high
temperature piping, 3000mm~4000mm.

8.3.3 When floating coat protective layer is adopted, and the outside diameter of piping
insulation layer is less than 200mm, the floating coat thickness should be 15mm; when the
insulating layer outside diameter is larger than 200mm, the floating coat thickness should be
20mm; when plane (plane well) insulation is adopted, the floating coat thickness should be
25mm.

Floating coat protective layer shall not be used for outdoor insulation structure. If
Floating coat protective layer is adopted in outdoor insulation, felt, foil or cloth protective
layer shall be wrapped round on floating coat, and waterproof and weather resistance coating
shall be coated on wrapping layer surface.

8.3.4 For indoor glass cloth protective layer, polyvinyl acetate latex rubber may be adopted
as the conglutination agent between glass cloth and floating coat, and waterproof and weather
resistance coating shall be coated on the glass cloth surface. The glass cloth shall be lapped at
least 50mm radially and longitudinally. For horizontal pipe, circumferential joint seam shall

34
alope along the pipe, and the longitudinal seam should be arranged on bothe sides of the pipe,
and the seam shall open downward.

8.3.5 When the insulation layers of the pipe which outside diameter is less than 38mm are
compact winding monolayer or multilayer (when multilayer is apoted, layers shall be
backwinded reversely and the seams shall be staggered) fiber ropes, galvanized iron wire
(ø1.2) shall be enwinded reversely outside of the fiber ropes for reinforcing, and low alkali
glass with thickness 0.1mm as protective layer shall be coated outside.

8.3.6 Glass cloth protective layer shall not be appied outdoor.

8.3.7 For the protective layer outdoor arranged for large section rectangle flume air
conduiting, drainage slope shall be available at the top of the protective layer, and double
sides drainage shall be available.

8.4 Dampproof Layer

8.4.1 On-site coating structure of dampproof layer is as: first layer puddle, intermediate
layer glass fibre cloth or plastic grid cloth and second puddle. The thickness per layer puddle
should be 2mm~3mm. Radial and longitudinal seam lapping of glass fibre cloth or plastic grid
cloth shall not be less than 50mm.

8.4.2 Rigid trussing piece like galvanized iron wire or Steel Strip shall not be arranged
outside of the dampproof layer.

35
 9 Painting and Corrosion Protection

9.1 Painting

9.1.1 General Provisions

1 External painting must be taken out in accordance with various requirements on

following conditions:

1) Uninsulated implement, piping and the accessary;

2) Insulation implements, piping and accessary which the medium temperature is

lower than 120℃;

3) Support and hanger, platform staircase etc. (field making part).

2 For box, tank and circulating pipe which has bigger diameter, inside painting shall be
taken out in accordance with different requirements.

3 Before painting, the surface preparation for implement, piping subsidiary steel
structure shall be taken out through derusting method required in the design in accordance
with steel surface rusting grade, and shall reach specified pretreatment level. Paints may be
glycerol phthalic resin coating, Ethylene chlamydospore coating, epoxy resin based paint,
polyurethane coating organosilicon coating and so on. Paints shall be applied compatibly, and
coating film is normally composed of precost, intermediate paint and finishing coat. Painting
construction consists of brush painting, roll painting, aerial spraying and airless spraying.

9.1.2 Steel surface preparation before painting

1 Before pretreatment, steel surface shall have no visible oil stain and dirt, and burr
welding slag, spatter, dust deposit and loose scale, rust and coating shall be cleared away.

2 For steel surface preparation before painting, compressed-air blast cleaning, manual
rust removal or power tool rust removal shall be applied in accordance with steel surface
rusting grade to reach the derusting grade meeting the design requirements.

3 Rusting grade of steel surface is classified as 4 levels-Level A, B, C and D, and the

word explaiantion is as following:

Level A, steel surface is cover eith scale roundly, without rust nearly;

Level B, steel surface has ruts, and partial scales have ruts;

Level C, steel surface scale peels because of rustiness, or can be scraped, and a little of

36
pitting erosion occur;

Level D, steel surface scale peels completely because of rustiness, and pitting erosion
occur widely.

4 Compressed-air blast cleaning shall satisfy following requirements:

1) Compressed-air blast cleaning is driven by compressed air, and blasts abrasive onto
steel surface at certain spped to remove rust, scale and other feculence. Through
compressed-air blast cleaning, steel surface has a certain surface roughness.
Compressed-air blast cleaning is classified as sand blasting and shot blasting.

2) This code is applicable to dry blasting rust removal. Rust removal shall be taken
out on site with dust prevention to prevent dust explosion.

3) In compressed-air blast cleaning, applied compressed air shall be treated with oil
moisture seperating.

4) After compressed-air blast cleaning is qualified, steel shall be coated with precoat
in time, and the blanking time shall not exceed 5h. If re-rust occurs before painting,
rust removal shall be taken out again.

5) The surface roughness of steel treated with compressed-air blast cleaning should be
less than 1/3 of the total coating thickness.

6) Levels after compressed-air blast cleaning shall meet following provisions:

Level Sa1: steel surface shall have no visible grease and dirt, as well as scale, rust
and paint coating.

Level Sa2: steel surface shall have no visible grease and dirt, scale, rust and paint
coating has been basicly cleared away, and leftover shall be firm and reliable.

1
Level Sa2 : Steel surface shall have no visible grease, dirt, scale, rust and paint
2
coating, and any residual trace shall be spotted or stripped light color spots.

Level Sa3: steel surface shall have no visible grease, dirt, scale, rust and oil
sediment coating, and the suface shows uniform metal luster.

5 Manual and power tool rust removal shall satisfy following requirements:

1) For manual rust removal, tools like drawknife, hand hammer, steel brush and
emery cloth are normally used.

37
 2) For power tool rust removal, power tools like compressed-air drive or electrical
driven grinding wheel, brush wheel and rust remover are used.

3) After steel rust removal, brush or oil and water free compressed air shall be used to
remove rust dust, and precoat shall be coated on site.

4) Manual and power tool rust removal level shall meet following provisions:

Level St2: steel surface shall have no visible grease and dirt, as well as scale, rust
and paint coating.

Level St3: steel surface shall have no visible grease and dirt, as well as scale, rust
and paint coating. Derusting grade is more comlete than Level St2, ground
exposed part shall show metallic lustre.

6 Steel structure surface derusting grade shall meet provisions in Table 9.1.2.

Table 9.1.2 Steel Surface Derusting Grade

Primer type Mini derusting grade

Asphalt Primer St3 or Sta2

Glycerol phthalic resin precoat, epoxyasphalt precoat St3 or Sta2

Other retinite precoats Sta2

1
Zinc rich primers Sta2
2
1
Note 1: For important componen that is uneasy to repaired, the derusting grade shall not be less than Sta2 ;
2
Note 2: When other retinite coatings are adopted for normal components of steel, the derusting grade may be not less than
Level St3;
Note 3: Derusting grade shall meet provisions in GB 8923.

9.1.3 For implement, piping and subsidiary steel structure, the coating dry film thickness,
paint degree and totaldry film thickness shall be selected in accordance with the envelopment,
coating performance and required corrosion protection life.

1 Coating selection shall meet following provisions:

1) Coating performance shall meet the requiements of corrosive environment;

2) Coating is normally composed of precoat, intermediate paint and finishing coat,

and they shall be used compatibly.

3) Adopted precoat shall meet the requiements of specified steel derusting grade;

4) Of safety and reliability, and economic feasibility.

38
 2 Coating thickness shall meet following provisions:

1) The coating thickness shall meet the requiements of environmental corrosion

degree;

2) The coating thickness shall meet the requiements of steel surface pretreatment
method, derusting grade and surface roughness;

3) In accordance with characteristic and operating envelopment, the mini coating

thickness shall ensure protective action;

4) The coating thickness shall be increased properly at positions where corrosion

protection needs be reinfored and painting is difficul.

3 Based on requirements in Item 9.1.2 and 9.1.3, coating system design may be
selected in accordance with provisions in Appendix G.

4 Painting design for uninsulated implement and piping shall meet following
provisions:

1) For implement, piping and subsidiary steel structure arranged indoor, alkyd paint,
epoxy coating etc. may be adopted; for implement, piping and subsidiary steel
structure arranged outdoor, high chlorinated polyethylene coating, polyurethane
coating etc. may be adopted.

2) For the external wall of oil-piping and implement, epoxy coating and polyurethane
coating may be adopted; for the external wall of oil tank, weather resistance heat
reflection insulating coating may be adopted; for inner wall of oil box, epoxy
gasoline-resistant coating may be adopted; for the inner wall of oil tank, oil-proof
electricity conductive coating shall be adopted.

3) Epoxyasphalt coating may be adopted for trench pipes.

4) For circulating pipe, industrial water pipe, industrial water tank external wall and
so on, epoxyasphalt coating may be adopted; for bigger-diameter circulating pipe
inner wall, epoxyasphalt coating or high solid modified epoxy coating may be
coated.

5) Polyurethane heat-resistant paint, organosilicon heat-resistant paint etc. may

dopted for oil blow-off line.

6) For desulfuration gas flue and gas flue required by corrosion protection, the inner
surface may be coated with glass scale resin-emulsion paint.

39
 7) For implements (like water pump, blower fan and container) and support and
hanger, if coating is damaged, same 1~2° finishing coat may be coated.

Coating colour of implement, piping and subsidiary steel structure may be selected in
accordance with provisions in Table 9.1.3.
Table 9.1.3 Coating Colour

No. Piping and Equipment Name Finish-Coat Colour

1 Main steam and reheat steam pipes —
2 Steam extraction, backpressure steam, and heat supply pipes —
3 Other steam pipes —
4 Condensate pipe (insulation) —
5 Condensate pipe (uninsulated) Light green
6 Feed Water Piping —
7 De-mineralized water and chemical water make-up piping Light green
8 Water blow-off line and drainage pipeline —
9 Heat net water pipe —
10 Circulating water, industrial water, injection water, ash-swashing water pipes Black
11 Fire main Red
12 Oil-piping Yellow
13 Cold air pipe Baby blue
14 Hot air pipe, dust collector heat air pipe —
15 Gas flue —
16 Raw coal piping Sky blue
17 Milling, powder reansfer piping (insulation) —
18 Powder reansfer piping (uninsulated) Light gray
19 Natural gas, blast furnace gas pipes Yellow
20 Air duct Sky blue
21 Oxygen pipe line Blue
22 Nitrogen, carbon dioxide pipelines Light gray
23 Hydrogen gas pipe Orange
24 Acetylene pipe White
25 Ferrous sulfate and aluminum sulfate piping Brown
26 Brine pipe line White
27 Chlorine gas pipe Dark green
28 Ammonia gas piping Yellow
29 Hydrazine Orange yellow
30 Acid liquor Red
31 Alkali liquor Yellow
32 Trisodium phosphate solution Green
33 Lime slurry Light gray
34 Infitration water Baby blue
35 Buried piping Black
36 Industrial water tank Sky blue
37 Sweet-water tank, water make-up tank Light green
38 Support and hanger Silver gray
39 Platform staircase Silver gray

40
 5 Painting design for insulation implement and pipes shall meet following provisions:

1) Whent the medium temperature is lower than 120℃, 1~2° epoxy zinc rich primer
shall be overcoated on the surface of implement and pipe;

2) 2° high temperature resistant precoat shall be painted on the inner wall of drain
tank, expansion tank, lower water box and production backwater tank, corrosion
protection mode for other equipment and containers inner wall shall be determined
in accordance with process requirements.

6 For indoor steel platform staircase and field making support and hanger, alkyd paint
and epoxy coating may be adopted; for outdoor steel platform staircase and field making
support and hanger, high chlorinated polyethylene coating and polyurethane coating may be
adopted.

9.1.4 Painting Construction

1 Steel surface preparation shall be taken out in accordance with provisions in Item
9.1.2, and reach derusting grade specified in the design.

2 Painting construction envelopment shall meet following requirements:

1) The environmental temperature of onstruction Site should be 10℃~30℃, and the

environmental humidity should not be less than 85%. The surface temperature of
stell must be 3℃ higher than the dew-point temperature.

2) Painting outdoot should not be taken out in wathers like strong wind, rain, fog and
snow, as well as strong sunniness.

3 In painting construction, brush coat, roller coating, aerial spraying and high pressure
airless sprraying may be adopted, and proper painting methoid should be selected in
accordance with painting site condition, painted object shape and size, coating type and
design requirements.

4 For double coating surface, salinity, oil, soil and dust on the surface shall be cleared
away before next painting, and tools like steel wool is adopted to roughen original paint film,
and repaired in accordance with original painting design.

9.1.5 Painting construction must comply with national and proffesional provisions in fire
prevention, explosion protection and toxicant prevention.

9.1.6 Quality Inspection and Acceptance

1 Quality Inspection

41
 1) Coating appearance: coating film shall be of smoothness, neatness and uniform
colour, without rust, bubble, sagging, crack and peeling.

2) Coating surface shall be tested through electric spark, and no needle pitch occurs.

3) The coating thickness shall be uniform, the dry film thickness shall be controled in
accordance with two 85%, namely, the dry film thickness measured by 85% of
survey points must be larger than or equal to the required thickness, and the dry
film thickness of other 15%survey points shall not be less than 85% of the
required thickness.

4) Coating adhesive force shall meet design requirements, and circumscribing method
may be adopted.

5) Coating layer shall have no omited coating, and mistake coating.

2 Paiting engineering acceptance consisits of midcourse acceptance and completion

acceptance. If the acceptance of the engineering is not taken out, the engineering
shall not be put into service.

9.1.7 To facilitate identification, pipe media name and media flow direction arrowhead shall
meet following provisions:

1 Pipe bend, wall crossing and position where pips are of denseness and uneasy
discrimination, media name and media flow direction arrowhead must be painted. Media
name may be marked through full name or chemical symbol.

2 Position and shape of pipe media name and media flow direction arrow head is
detailed in Figure 9.1.7, and the size data in the Figure is detailed in Table 9.1.7. The sharp
corner of media flow direction arrow head is 60°.

1– Media flow direction arrow head; 2– Media name

Figure 9.1.7 Position and Shape of Pipe Media Name and Media Flow Direction Arrow Head

42
 Table 9.1.7 Size of Pipe Media Name and Media Flow Direction Arrow Head (mm)

Outside diameter or insulating layer outside diameter a b c d

≤100 40 60 30 100

101~200 60 90 45 100

201~300 80 120 60 150

301~500 100 150 75 150

>500 120 180 90 200

3 If media flow has two possible directions, flow direction arrowheads of two
directions shall be marked.

4 Media name and flow direction arrow head may be painted through black or white
paint.

5 For pipe which outside diameter is less than 76mm, if the media name and media
flow direction arrow head that are directly pianted on the pipe can not be distinguished, mark
plate may be arranged on the position needing marking. Media name shall be marked on the
marking plate, and direction sharp corner on the marking plate shall indicate the media flow
direction.

9.1.8 Coating Consumption

1 The practical coating consumption for steel shall be calculated in accordance with
film thickness, theoretical coating rate and loss coefficient.

2 The film thickness is classified as dry film thickness and wet-film thickness, and
calculated according to formula (9.1.8-1),

θ1φ
θ2 = (9.1.8-1)
100
Where: θ1——Coating wet-film thickness, µm;
θ2——Coating dry film thickness, µm;
ø ——Coating volume solid content, %.

3 The theoretical coating rate shall be identified by the coating manufacturer in

accordance with the product volume solid content, and may also be calculatd according to
Formula (9.1.8-2),

10φ
M1 = (9.1.8-2)
θ2
Where: M1——Coating theoretical coating rate, m2/L;
ø——Coating volume solid content, %;
θ2 ——Coating dry film thickness, µm.

4 The practical coating rate shall be identified in accordance with the theoretical
coating rate and the loss coefficient, and calculated according to formula (9.1.8-3),

43
 M 2 = M 1 (1 − ξ ) (9.1.8-3)

Where: M2——Coating practical coating rate, m2/L;

ξ——Coating loss coefficient.

5 The coating loss coefficient shall be selected from 0.2 to 0.8 in accordance with
construction scheme (brush coat, roller coating, aerial spraying and high pressure airless
sprraying) and coated ground structure type.

6 Thinner shall be identified in accordance with paint type, dosage and coating
manufacturer requirements.

7 For support and hanger, and platform staircase, the unit degree overcoating area per
ton steel may be 38m2, and may be adjusted correspondingly in accordance with platform
staircase, and support and hanger structure type.

9.2 Corrosion Protection

9.2.1 For corrosion protection of buried piping, coal tar epoxy coating, interpenetrating
networks anti-corrosive paint or other anti-corrosive paints may be adopted.

1 The soil corrosivity level and the corrosion protection level for buried piping shall be
identified in accordance with provisions in Table 9.2.1-1.

Table 9.2.1-1 Soil Corrosivity Level and Corrosion Protection Level

Soil corrosivity
Soil Corrosivity Corrosion
Electrical Salinity mass Water content Current density
Level PH Value protection level
resistivity Ωm ratio % mass ratio % Ma/cm2

Strong <50 >0.75 >12 >0.3 <3.5 Extra strong

Medium 50~100 0.75~0.05 5~12 0.3~0.025 3.5~4.5 Reinforced

Weak >100 <0.05 <5 <0.025 4.5~5.5 Common

Note: If any one item exceeds the index specified in the table, the corrosion protection level shall be increased one level.

2 Epoxy coal tar pitch coating structure shall meet provisions in Table 9.2.1-2.

Table 9.2.1-2 Coal Tar Epoxy Corrosion Protection Structure

Corrosion
Total coating thickness
Protection Corrosion Protection Layer Structure
mm
Level

Common Asphalt primer - 3 asphalt layers intercalated with 2 layer of glass cloth 0.60

Reinforced Asphalt primer - 4 asphalt layers intercalated with 3 layer of glass cloth 0.80

Extra strong Asphalt primer - 5 asphalt layers intercalated with 4 layer of glass cloth 1.00

44
 3 Interpenetrating networks erosion resistant coating structure shall meet provisions in
Table 9.3.1-3.

Table 9.2.1-3 Interpenetrating Networks Corrosion Protection Structure

Corrosion Total coating

corrosion protection layer structure
Protection Level thickness mm

Common Precoat - finishing coat - finishing coat 0.20

Reinforced Precoat - finishing coat - glass cloth - finishing coat - finishing coat 0.40

Precoat - finishing coat - glass cloth - finishing coat - glass cloth - finishing coat -
Extra strong 0.60
finishing coat

9.2.2 For buried piping crosseing water constructionsl works, railway and highway, or
buried piping at region with stray current action, extra strong corrosion protection structure
shall be arranged. Corrosion protection coating system shall be combined with cathodic
protection measures, and longer service life would be available.

9.2.3 For external wall of buried steel pipe, other corrosion protection coating with perfect
performance and convenient construction, for instance, 2° high solid modified epoxy coating
may be adopted, and the total dry film thickness reaches 500µm.

45
 Appendix A

Performance of Insulation Material in Common Use (Normative)

Performance of Insulation Material in Common Use isdetailed in Table A.1.

46
 Table A.1 Performance of Insulation Material in Common Use
Recommended Compression Thermal Conductivity
Service Density
NO. Insulation Material Service Resistance λ0 (70℃) Thermal Conductivity Reference Equation
kg/m3
Temperature ℃ MPa W/ (m · K)

1 Expanded Perlite Product 220 400 0.4 0.065 λ=λ0+0.00012 (tm-70)

170 0.4 0.055
2 Calcium Silicate Product 550 λ=λ0+0.00011 (tm-70)
220 0.5 0.062
Blanket 64
Aluminium Silicate Felt 96 If tm≤400℃, λL=λ0+0.0002 (tm-70) and tm>400℃, λH=λL+0.00036 (tm-400)
3 800 — 0.056
Wool Product Plate 128 (where,λL shall be the result when tm =400℃)
Shell 192

Wool 40~150 600 ≤0.044

Rock wool, slag Felt 60~100 400 ≤0.049
4 — λ=λ0+0.00018 (tm-70)
wool and products Plate 60~200 350 ≤0.044
Pipe 60~200 350 ≤0.044
Wool 40 0.042
40~48 ≤0.042
Plate
Glass wool and 64~96 ≤0.042
5 300 — λ=λ0+0.00017 (tm-70)
products Pipe ≥45 ≤0.043
40 ≤0.048
Felt
48 ≤0.043
Paint 180~200 (dry) 550 0.065 λ=λ0+0.00017 (tm-70)
Composite
60~80 450 ≤0.050
6 water-glass paint Felt —
80~110 500 ≤0.050 λ=λ0+0.00015 (tm-70)
and products
Pipe 80~130 500 ≤0.050
Note 1: Technical data adoped in the design calculation must be data that is provided by the manufacturer, and verified by national detection mechanism with corresponding qualification.
Note 2: The density in this table is the service (installation) density; tm is the average value of insulation layer inside and outside surface temperatures.
Note 3: In the coefficient of heat conductivity reference equation, (tm-70), (tm-400) Are One Degree Terms of the equation, values like λ0 and λL are introduced into the equation correspondingly when tm is 70℃ and 400℃.

47
 Appendix B

Calculation for Insulation Layer Thickness (Normative)

B.1 Calculation for insulating layer thickness on allowable heat drop condition

The thickness of heat preservation layer for liquid piping without branch (without nodes)
shall be calculated according to following formulas:

ti − ta
If ≥2, the calculating formula is as:
tn − ta

D1 2πλK r L 2000λ
ln = − (B.1-1)
D0 1000q c ln ti − ta αD1
m
tn − ta

1
δ= (D1 − D0 ) (B.1-2)
2

ti − ta
If <2, the calculating formula is as:
tn − ta

D1 πλK r L(ti + t n − 2ta ) 2000λ

ln = − (B.1-3)
D0 1000qm c(ti − t n ) αD1

1
δ= (D1 − D0 ) (B.1-4)
2

The node temperature of liquid piping with branch (with nodes) shall be calculated
according to Formula (B.1-5),

Lc −1→c
q
tc = tc −1 − (ti − t n ) n m.c−1→c (B.1-5)
Li −1→i
∑
i = 2 qm.i −1→i

The thickness of steam piping heat preservation layer shall be calculated according to
Formula (B.1-6),

48
 D1 πλK r L(ti + t n − 2ta ) 2000λ
ln = − (B.1-6)
D0 1000qm(hi − hn ) αD1

1
δ= (D1 − D0 ) (B.1-7)
2
Where: D1——Insulating layer outside diameter, mm;
ti——Medium temperature of piping initial end, ℃;
tn——Medium temperature of piping end, tn=ti－∆t, ℃;
∆t——Media allowable heat drop, ℃;
tc——Temperature of Node c, ℃;
tc-1——Temperature of last node c－1, ℃;
Kr ——Heat dispersion additional coefficient of piping passing support and
hanger, 1.05~1.15 may be adopted;
L ——Piping physical length, m;
Lc-1→c——Length of pipe block between node c and last node c－1, m;
Li-1→i ——Length of pipe block between any node i and last node i－1,, m;
qm——Media flow, kg/s;
qm.c-1→c ——Media flow between node c and last node c－1, kg/s;
qm.i-1→i ——Media flow between any node i and last node i－1, kg/s;
c——Media specific heat capacity, KJ/(kg · K) ;
hi——Media specific enthalpy under Piping initial end media pressure pi and the
temperature ti, KJ/kg;
hn——Media specific enthalpy under Piping end media pressure pn and the
temperature tn, KJ/kg.

For pipw which media specific volume changes less, the terminal pressure pn shall be
calculated according to Formula (B.1-8),

qm2 v
pn = pi − 8.1067ξ z 4
× 105 (B.1-8)
Di
Where: Pn ——Pipe end media pressure, MPa;
Pi ——Piping initial end media pressure, MPa;
v——Media specific volume ( if Pn≥0.9Pi, Known pipe initial end or end
media specific volume may be adopted; if 0.6Pi≤Pn<0.9Pi, The average
value of pipe initial end and end media specific volumes shall be
adopted) , m3/kg;
Di——Pipe inner diameter, mm;
ξz ——Pipe total resistance coefficient, selected in accordance with materials on
resistance coefficient in DL/T 5054.

B.2 Calculation for the thickness of insulating layer for prolonging piping media
freezing

49
 D1 7.2πλK rτ fr 2000λ
= −
D0 2(t − tfr )(ρ L c + ρ Lp cp ) 0.25 ρ L H fr
ln (B.2-1)
αD1
−
t + tfr − 2ta tfr − ta

1
δ= (D1 − D0 ) (B.2-2)
2
Where: λ——The heat conductivity of insulating layer material, the low temperature
heat conductivity of heat insulating material should be identified through
the expriment, W/ (m · K);
tfr ——The residence time of media in the pipe for preventing freeezing, h;
τfr ——Media frozen temperature, ℃;
ta——Environmental temperature, the average value of past-year extreme
minimum temperatures, ℃;
ρL——Media linear density, kg/m;
ρLp ——Pipeline material linear density, kg/m;
c ——Media specific heat capacity, KJ/ (kg · K) , Detailed in Table E.1 or Table
E.2 in Appendix E;
cp——Pipeline material specific heat capacity, KJ/ (kg · K) , Detailed in Table
E.3 of Appendix E;
Hfr——Media melting heat, the melting heat of ice is 334.9KJ/kg.

B.3 Calculation for the insulation thickness for prevent air moisture condensation on
the pipe surface

λ  td − t 
K c = 275   (B.3-1)
D0  ta − td 

D0  D1 
δ=  − 1 (B.3-2)
2  D0 
Where: td——Dew-point temperature, selected as the dew-point temperature
corresponding to the past-year outdoor average relative temperatures of
the hottest month and the past-year outdoor summer temperature with air
conditioning (dry bulb), and may be selected in accordance with Table
D.2 in Appendix D,℃;
ta——Environmental temperature, selected as the pastyear summer outdoor
temperature with air conditioning (dry bulb), ℃;
Kc——Condensation coefficient.

D1
The relation of Kc and is detailed in Table B.3.
D0

50
 D1
Table B.3 Relation of Kc and
D0

D1 D1 D1
Kc Kc Kc
D0 D0 D0
0.0 1.000 0.6 1.997 1.2 2.741
0.1 1.210 0.7 2.130 1.3 2.841
0.2 1.393 0.8 2.259 1.4 2.965
0.3 1.559 0.9 2.384 1.5 3.075
0.4 1.713 1.0 2.506 1.8 3.390
0.5 1.853 1.1 2.625 2.0 3.600

B.4 Calculation for the thickness of insulating layer for steam tracing fuel oil passage
(detailed in Figure B.4)
D0 + 2δ 2π − β 2000λ (t − ta ) 2000λ
ln = − (B.4-1)
D0 β α k D0 (tk − t ) α (D0 − 2δ )
Where: δ ——Insulating layer temperature, mm;
D0——Fuel oil passage outside diameter, mm;
t ——Fuel oil temperature, ℃;
ta——Environmental temperature, selected as the average value of mini extreme
temperatures, ℃;
β——Included angle of tracing insulation shell, calculated according to Formula
(B.4-2) or Formula (B.4-6), rad;
tk ——Air temperature of tracing insulation shell, calculated according to
Formula (B.4-3) or Formula (B.4-7), ℃;
αk——Coefficient of thermal transmission form tracing insulation shell to fuel oil
passage, detailed in Table B.4-1, W/ (m2 · K) .

1–Steam tracing pipe; 2–Fuel oil passage; 3–Insulation layer

Figure B.4 Insulation for Steam Tracing Fuel Oil Passage

Table B.4-1: αk Value

Trace pipe steam temperature ℃ 138 151 164 180

αk
13.4 14.0 14.5 15.0
W/ (m2 · K)

51
 The included angle of tracing insulation shell and the shell air temperature are calculated
according to following formulas:

With one trace pipe:

 D0 − Dh − 21 
β = 2 cos −1   (B.4-2)
 D0 + Dh + 21 
β Lk
πDhα h t h + D0α k t + K t
ta
tk = 2 R (B.4-3)
β L
πDhα h + D0α k + K t k
2 R
β
Lk = (Dh + 2l + 2δ ) + 2 D0 (Dh + 2l ) (B.4-4)
2
1 δ 1
R= + + (B.4-5)
14 1000λ α

1
With two trace pipes, the center distance of two trace pipes is D 0 , Centers of three
2
pipes form isosceles triangle:

D0 D02 + 16(D0 − l ) + (Dh + l )

β = 2tg −1 − 2tg −1 (B.4-6)
2(D0 + Dh ) 2(D0 − Dh − 2l )

β Lk
2πDhα h t h + D0α k t + K r
ta
tk = 2 R B.4-7)
β L
2πDhα h + D0α k + K r k
2 R

β
Lk = (Dh + 2l + 2δ ) + D0 + 1 D02 + 16(D0 − l )(Dh + l ) (B.4-8)
2 2 2

1 δ 1
R= + + (B.4-9)
14 1000λ α

Where: Lk——Heat dispersion length that air transfers from shell, through insulation
layer, to surrounding air, mm;
R ——Entire thermal resistance of insulation structure, m2 · K/W;
Dh ——Tracing pipe outside diameter, mm;
l——Clearance from tracing pipe to fuel oil pipe and insulation layer inner wall,
should be 10mm;
th——Trace pipe steam temperature, ℃;
αh ——Coefficient of thermal transmission that air transfers from trace pipe to
tracing insulation shell, detailed in TableB.4-2, W/ (m2 · K) .

52
 Table B.4-2 αh Value

Tracing pipe outside diameter mm 25 32 48 57

Trace pipe steam temperature αh

℃ W/ (m2 · K)

120 18.4 17.8 17.1 16.6

138 19.8 19.1 18.4 18.0
150 20.8 20.4 19.5 19.1

164 22.1 21.5 20.7 20.4

180 23.7 23.1 22.4 21.9

B.5 Calculation for the thickness of plane insulation layer in air layer (detailed in
Figure B.5)

If Ae=0, the calculating formula is as:

λd 1000λ (t − ts ) λ 
δ= − b (B.5-1)
λd − λ  α (ts − ta ) λd 

If Ae>0, the calculating formula is as:

λd  λτPh Ae (t − ta ) λ 1000λ 
δ= 1.897 − b−  (B.5-2)
λd − λ  P1S λd α 

Where: b——Plane (flume conduiting) supporting rib height, mm;

λd——Equivalent heat conductance of air layer, calculated according to Formula

(B.5-3), W/ (m · K).

1–Flume air conduiting; 2–Air layer cushion block (Multihole hard plate material);
3–Galvanized steel wire net; 4–Insulation layer; 5–Protective layer

Figure B.5 Insulation Structure of Flume Air Conduiting Air Layer

53
 The air layer is calculated according to the limited space heat release, and the equivalent
heat conductance is calculated according to Formula (B.5-3),

λd = ε k λk (B.5-3)

g (b − δ )
3
Gr = β v (t − tk )×10−9 (B.5-4)
v2

1
βv = (B.5-5)
t + tk
273 +
2

Where: λk——Air heat conductivity, detailed in Table E.4 of Appendix E, W/ (m · K) ;

εk——Convection coefficient;
Pr——Prandtl number, detailed in Table E.4 of Appendix E;
Gr ——Grashof number;
tk——Temperature of air layer and insulation layer interface, ℃;
g——Gravitational acceleration, m/s3;
v——Air dynamic viscosity, m2/s, Detailed in Table E.4 of Appendix E;
βv——Air volume expansion coefficient, K-1.

εk is calculated according to following formulas:

If GrPr<103, εk=1;

If 1×103≤GrPr<1×106, εk=0.105 (GrPr) 0.3;

If 1×106≤GrPr<1×1010, εk=0.4 (GrPr) 0.2.

If the calculated value of insulating layer thickness δ>b, Air layer may not be arranged,
λd=109 is inreoduced in to Formula (B.5-1) or (B.5-2) to re-calculate the insulation thickness.

Finnaly, the outside surface temperature of the insulation structure, and the temperature
of air layer and insulation layer interface shall be checked respectively in accordance with
Formula (B.5-6) and Formula (B.5-7):

b −δ δ 1
ta + ta + t
1000λd 1000λ α
ts = (B.5-6)
b −δ δ 1
+ +
1000λd 1000λ α

54
 b −δ δ 1
ta + t+ t
1000λd 1000λ α
tk = (B.5-7)
b −δ δ 1
+ +
1000λd 1000λ α

The heat leakage insulation structure external surface of air layer is calculated according
to Formula (B.5-8),

t − ta
q= (B.5-8)
b −δ δ 1
+ +
1000λd 1000λ α

55
 Appendix C

Insulation Pait SPEC Application (Informative)

C.1 Introduction of SPEC

Insulation SPEC is referred simply to insulation specifications, namely, heat insulating

material, protective layer material and insulation purpose are discriminated through code.
Insulation SPEC marked on a pipe indictes applied heat insulating material, protective layer
material, insulation purpose and insulation thickness of the pipe (in accordance with pipe
medium temperature and pipe inside nominal diameter, the insulation SPEC thickness can be
planned in advance to identy the insulation layer thickness). Insulation SPEC Thickness is
indicated as following:

Insulation Spec: PT01

Temperature range Inside Nominal Diameter Insulation thickness

101~200 80~100 40

101~200 100~120 50

201~400 80~90 70

…..

C.2 SPEC Application

If the code is adopted, and the insulation SPEC is applied to take out insulation design,
following 5 aspects shall be considered for insulation specifications coding: insulation layer
material, protective layer material and thickness, pipe media coefficient, pipe inside nominal
diameter and outside diameter comparison relation, insulation purpose, and insulation
calculation procedure meet ing this code shall be adopted to calculate out the thickness
sequence table of insulation SPEC. Insulation SPEC in this code is relatively complex,
because overseas insulation SPEC planning diffs from aspects out country considers currently,
and the factors effecting insulation design is less than in China.

56
 Appendix D

Meteorological Data (Informative)

D.1 Outdoor meteorological parameters of partial cities are detailed in Table D.1.

Table D.1 Outdoor Meteorological Parameters of Partial Cities

Mean temperature
Average extreme Average Outdoor
during heating
Annual Mean Mean Outdoor (dry bulb) temperature ℃ Wind Speedm/s Mean relative Max. frozen
Sea Level Mean Annual period ℃
Site Atmospheric temperature in temperature (Summer temperature in soil density
Altitude m Temperature ℃ Daily Mean
Pressure hPa hottest month ℃ Air-conditioning) ℃ hottest month % cm
Temperature Lowest Highest Winter Summer
≤5℃ ≤8℃

Beijing 31.2 1009.5 11.4 -1.6 -0.2 25.8 33.2 -17.1 37.1 2.8 1.9 78 82

Tianjin 3.3 1015.7 12.2 -0.9 0.3 26.4 33.4 -14.7 37.1 3.1 2.6 78 69

Shanghai 4.5 1015.2 15.7 4.1 5.3 27.8 34.0 -6.7 36.6 3.1 3.2 83 8

Chongqing 259.1 982.2 18.3 — 7.5 28.6 36.5 0.2 39.1 1.2 1.4 75 —

Chengde 375.2 971.4 8.9 -4.2 -3.0 24.4 32.3 -21.3 36.0 1.4 1.1 72 126

Tangshan 25.9 1012.8 11.1 -1.5 -0.6 25.5 32.7 -17.8 36.3 2.6 2.3 79 73
Hebei
Baoding 17.2 1013.7 12.3 -0.9 0.3 26.6 34.8 -16.8 38.9 2.1 2.1 76 55

Shijiazhuang 80.5 1006.3 12.9 -0.2 1.0 26.6 35.1 -16.6 39.2 1.8 1.5 75 54

Datong 1066.7 893.9 6.5 -5.0 -3.7 21.8 30.3 -25.1 34.5 3.0 3.4 66 186

Yangquan 741.9 929.5 10.8 -0.9 1.1 24.0 32.5 -15.3 36.2 2.4 1.5 71 68
Shansi
Taiyuan 777.9 926.1 9.5 -2.1 -1.2 23.5 31.2 -21.4 35.2 2.6 2.1 72 77

Yuncheng 376.0 972.5 13.6 0.3 1.7 27.3 35.5 -14.7 39.2 2.6 3.4 69 43

57
 Table D.1 (continued)

Hailar 612.8 941.4 -2.1 -14.2 -12.3 19.6 28.1 -41.2 33.2 2.6 3.2 71 242

Inner Tongliao 178.5 993.6 6.0 -7.3 -5.4 23.9 32.5 -27.7 35.8 3.4 3.1 73 179
Mongolia Chifeng 571.1 947.9 6.8 -5.9 -4.1 23.5 32.6 -25.9 36.1 2.4 2.1 65 201

Hohhot 1063.0 895.2 5.8 -5.9 -4.8 21.9 29.9 -27.0 34.1 1.6 1.5 64 143

Fuxin 144.0 998.6 7.5 -5.4 -3.9 24.2 31.9 -24.6 35.3 2.3 2.1 59 140

Fushun 118.1 1001.5 6.6 -6.5 -5.0 23.7 31.6 -30.7 34.3 2.8 2.6 80 143

Shenyang 41.6 1010.8 7.8 -5.7 -4.0 24.6 31.4 -26.8 34.0 3.1 2.9 78 148
Liaoning
Jinzhou 65.9 1007.5 9.0 -3.9 -2.5 24.3 31.0 -21.4 34.6 3.9 3.8 80 113

Dandong 15.1 1014.5 8.5 -3.0 -1.8 23.2 29.0 -21.4 32.2 3.8 2.5 86 88

Dalian 92.8 1004.3 10.2 -1.5 -0.1 23.9 28.4 -16.2 31.5 5.8 4.3 83 93

Jilin 183.4 993.0 4.4 -9.0 -7.1 22.9 30.3 -35.0 33.7 3.0 2.5 79 190

Changchun 236.8 986.0 4.9 -8.0 -6.6 23.0 30.5 -30.2 33.8 4.2 3.5 78 169
Jilin
Siping 164.2 995.2 5.9 -7.6 -5.2 23.6 30.6 -29.3 33.5 3.1 2.9 78 148

Tonghua 402.9 967.6 4.9 -7.4 -5.9 22.2 29.4 -32.8 32.5 1.3 1.7 80 133

Qiqihar 145.9 996.2 3.2 -9.8 -8.5 22.8 30.6 -32.6 35.2 2.8 3.2 73 225

Kiamusze 81.2 1003.5 2.9 -10.2 -8.5 22.0 30.3 -34.6 33.8 3.4 3.0 78 220
Heilongjiang
Harbin 171.7 993.3 3.6 -9.5 -7.8 22.8 30.3 -33.4 34.2 3.8 3.5 77 205

Mudanjiang 241.4 985.4 3.5 -9.1 -7.5 22.0 30.3 -33.1 34.3 2.3 2.1 76 191

Xuzhou 41.0 1011.3 14.2 1.7 2.6 27.0 34.8 -11.7 37.8 2.8 2.9 81 24

Huaiyin 15.5 1014.0 14.0 2.2 3.0 26.9 33.8 -12.4 36.7 3.6 3.2 85 23
Jiangsu
Nantong 5.3 1015.3 15.0 3.4 4.5 27.3 33.0 -7.5 35.5 3.3 3.1 86 12

Nanjing 8.9 1014.6 15.3 3.2 4.3 28.0 35.0 -8.6 37.4 2.6 2.6 81 9
Hangzhou 41.7 1010.7 16.2 4.2 5.4 28.6 35.7 -6.0 37.8 2.3 2.2 80 —
Ningbo 4.2 1015.6 16.2 4.4 5.5 28.1 34.5 -6.2 36.9 2.9 2.9 83 —
Zhejiang
Jinhua 64.1 1008.3 17.3 5.0 6.1 29.4 36.4 -5.8 38.4 3.0 2.4 74 —
Wenzhou 6.0 1014.5 17.9 — 7.4 27.9 32.8 -2.4 36.4 2.2 2.1 84 —

58
 Table D.1 (continued)

Pengpu 21.0 1013.2 15.1 1.6 2.3 28.1 35.6 -10.7 38.3 2.6 2.3 80 15

Hefei 29.8 1011.6 15.7 3.1 4.3 28.3 35.0 -9.4 37.6 2.5 2.6 81 11
Anhwei
Wuhu 14.8 1013.4 16.0 3.5 4.9 28.7 35.0 -7.8 37.4 2.4 2.3 80 —

Anqing 19.8 1013.3 16.5 4.0 5.1 28.8 35.0 -6.9 37.6 3.5 2.8 79 10

Fuzhou 84.0 1004.5 19.6 — — 28.8 35.2 0.9 37.7 2.7 2.9 78 —

Shanghang 205.4 990.6 19.9 — — 27.9 34.6 -2.0 37.6 2.8 2.0 77 —
Fujian
Zhangzhou 30.0 1010.3 21.0 — — 28.7 34.9 1.3 37.6 1.6 1.6 80 —

Xiamen 63.2 1006.5 20.9 — — 28.42 33.4 4.1 36.4 3.5 3.0 81 —

Jiujiang 32.2 1011.4 17.0 4.4 5.6 29.4 36.4 -5.6 38.2 3.0 2.4 76 —

Jiangdezhen 61.5 1007.9 17.0 4.8 6.1 28.7 36.0 -7.4 38.5 2.0 2.0 79 —
Jiangxi
Nanchang 46.7 1009.0 17.5 5.0 6.1 29.6 35.6 -5.0 38.1 3.8 2.7 75 —

Ganzhou 123.8 999.6 19.4 — 7.7 29.5 35.4 -2.5 38.2 2.1 2.0 70 —

Yantai 46.7 1011.0 12.4 0.3 1.5 25.2 30.7 -10.4 35.2 3.3 4.8 80 43

Dezhou 21.2 1013.5 12.9 -0.5 0.8 26.9 34.7 -16.5 38.9 2.8 2.0 76 48

Weifang 44.1 1010.2 12.3 -0.4 0.9 25.0 34.0 -15.4 38.0 3.5 3.2 81 50
Shandong
Jinan 51.6 1009.4 14.2 0.9 1.8 27.4 34.8 -13.7 38.6 3.2 2.8 73 44

Qingdao 76.0 1007.1 12.2 0.9 2.2 25.1 29.0 -10.2 32.6 5.7 4.9 85 49

Heze 49.7 1009.8 13.6 0.7 2.0 27.0 34.8 -13.1 38.5 2.8 2.4 79 35

Anyang 75.5 1006.6 13.6 0.6 1.6 26.9 35.0 -14.3 39.5 2.4 2.3 .78 35

Xinxiang 72.7 1006.8 14.0 1.3 2.4 27.1 35.1 -12.4 39.0 2.7 2.3 78 28

Zhengzhou 110.4 1002.3 14.2 1.6 2.6 27.3 35.6 -12.5 39.7 3.4 2.6 76 27
Henan
Luoyang 154.5 998.2 14.6 1.9 3.0 27.5 35.9 -11.3 40.2 2.5 2.1 75 21

Pingdingshan 84.7 1005.6 14.9 2.3 3.3 27.7 35.5 -10.7 39.6 3.3 2.5 78 14

Xinyang 114.5 1001.7 15.1 2.8 3.8 27.7 35.1 -10.9 37.6 2.1 2.1 80 8

59
 Table D.1 (continued)

Yichang 130.4 999.6 16.8 4.7 6.1 28.2 35.8 -4.3 38.6 1.6 1.7 80 —

Wuhan 23.3 1012.5 16.3 3.7 5.0 28.8 35.2 -9.1 37.4 2.7 2.6 79 10
Hubei
Jiangling 32.6 1011.0 16.1 4.0 5.4 28.1 34.6 -6.8 36.7 2.5 2.3 83 8

Huangshi 19.6 1012.5 17.0 4.1 5.7 29.2 35.7 -6.4 38.3 2.1 2.2 78 6

Yueyang 51.6 1007.0 17.0 4.5 5.8 29.2 34.1 -6.0 36.3 2.8 3.1 75 —

Changsha 44.9 1009.7 17.2 4.6 5.8 29.3 35.8 -5.4 38.2 2.8 2.6 75 5
Hunan Shaoyang 248.6 985.8 17.1 5.0 6.0 28.5 34.8 -4.5 37.4 1.5 1.6 75 5

Hengyang 103.2 1002.6 17.9 5.0 6.4 29.8 36.0 -3.8 38.8 1.7 2.3 71 —

Chenzhou 184.9 993.2 17.8 4.9 6.6 29.2 35.4 -4.7 38.3 1.5 1.9 70 —

Shaoguan 69.3 1005.5 20.3 — — 29.1 35.4 -1.2 39.3 1.8 1.5 75 —

Shantou 1.2 1012.7 21.3 — — 28.2 32.8 2.9 35.4 2.9 2.5 84 —
Guangdong
Guangzhou 6.6 1012.0 21.8 — — 28.4 33.5 1.9 36.3 2.4 1.8 83 —

Zhanjiang 25.3 1008.2 23.1 — — 28.9 33.7 5.2 36.2 3.5 2.9 81 —

Hainan 海口 14.1 1009.2 23.8 — — 28.4 34.5 7.0 36.4 3.4 2.8 83 —

Guilin 161.8 994.5 18.8 — 7.9 28.3 33.9 -1.8 37.0 3.2 1.5 78 —

Liuzhou 96.9 1001.6 20.4 — — 28.8 34.5 0.1 37.6 1.7 1.4 78 —
Gangxi
Nanning 72.2 1003.7 21.6 — — 28.3 34.2 2.0 37.3 1.8 1.6 82 —

Beihai 14.6 1009.8 22.6 — — 28.7 32.4 4.3 34.9 3.6 2.8 83 —

Nanchong 297.7 978.3 17.6 — 7.0 27.9 35.5 -0.9 38.2 0.8 1.1 74 —

Chengdu 505.9 955.5 16.2 — 6.5 25.6 31.6 -3.1 34.7 0.9 1.1 85 —
Sichuan
Yibing 340.8 973.5 18.0 — 7.7 26.9 33.2 0.6 37.1 0.8 1.3 82 —
Xichang 1590.7 836.5 17.0 — — 22.6 30.2 -2.0 33.8 1.7 1.2 75 —
Zunyi 843.9 917.5 15.2 4.4 5.7 25.3 31.7 -4.3 35.3 1.0 1.1 77 —
Bijie 1510.6 847.4 12.8 3.5 4.6 21.8 29.0 -5.7 32.4 0.9 1.1 78 —
Guizhou
Guiyang 1071.2 892.7 15.3 4.9 6.2 24.0 30.0 -4.6 33.2 2.2 2.0 77 —
Anshun 1392.9 859.1 14.0 4.3 5.6 21.9 27.3 -5.1 30.9 2.4 2.2 82 —

60
 Table D.1 (continued)

Shaotong 1949.5 803.4 11.6 3.2 4.3 19.8 27.1 -8.2 31.0 2.9 1.9 78 —

Lijiang 2393.2 761.9 12.6 5.0 6.6 18.0 25.1 -6.0 28.7 3.9 2.2 81 —
Yunnan
Kunming 1891.4 809.8 14.7 — 7.7 19.8 25.8 -2.9 29.5 2.5 1.8 83 —

Jinghong 552.7 947.2 21.8 — — 25.6 34.3 5.8 38.0 0.4 0.7 76 —

Naqu 4507.0 586.5 -1.9 -5.9 -3.8 8.8 16.0 -32.2 19.8 3.3 2.4 71 281
Tibet Lhasa 3658.0 651.2 7.5 0.7 1.8 15.1 22.8 -14.8 26.0 2.2 1.8 54 26

Xigaze 3836.0 644.7 6.3 -0.4 0.9 14.1 22.2 -19.0 26.0 1.9 1.5 53 67

Yenan 957.6 906.8 9.4 -2.2 -0.7 22.9 32.1 -20.3 36.0 2.1 1.6 72 79

Baoji 612.4 944.6 12.9 1.4 2.4 25.5 33.7 -10.6 37.8 1.0 1.4 70 29
Xianxi
Xi' an 396.9 969.0 13.3 1.0 2.1 26.6 35.2 -11.8 39.4 1.8 2.2 72 45

Hanzhong 508.4 955.8 14.3 3.2 4.2 25.6 32.4 -6.7 35.9 0.9 1.1 81 —

Dunhuang 1138.7 886.5 9.3 -3.8 -2.6 24.7 34.1 -22.9 38.6 2.1 2.2 43 144
Gansu Lanzhou 1517.2 847.3 9.1 -2.5 -1.1 22.2 30.5 -18.0 35.2 0.5 1.3 61 103
Tianshui 1131.7 886.4 10.7 0.0 1.3 22.6 30.3 -13.4 34.1 1.3 1.2 72 61
Xining 2261.2 774.3 5.7 -3.2 -1.8 17.2 25.9 -20.5 30.6 1.7 1.9 65 134
Qinghai Golmud 2807.7 723.8 4.2 -4.5 -3.4 17.6 26.6 -25.7 31.4 2.6 3.5 36 88
Yushu 3681.2 649.0 2.9 -3.2 -1.0 12.5 21.5 -23.4 25.6 1.2 0.9 69 >103
Yinchuan 1111.5 889.6 8.5 -3.4 -2.1 23.4 30.6 -22.5 35.1 1.7 1.7 64 103
Ningxia Wuzhong 1127.4 887.8 8.8 -2.2 -1.3 22.9 30.3 -21.0 35.1 3.2 2.3 65 112
Guyuan 1753.2 823.8 6.2 -3.3 -2.0 18.9 27.2 -23.1 31.1 2.8 2.7 71 114
Karamay 427.0 969.8 8.0 -8.8 -6.5 27.4 34.9 -30.0 40.4 1.5 5.1 32 197
Urumchi 917.9 913.3 5.7 -8.5 -7.3 23.5 34.1 -29.7 38.4 1.7 3.1 44 133
Xinjiang
Turpan 34.5 1013.1 13.9 -4.2 -2.6 32.7 40.7 -20.1 45.5 1.0 2.3 31 83
Hetian 1374.6 861.8 12.2 -1.8 -0.4 25.5 34.3 -16.3 38.5 1.6 2.3 40 67
Taipei 9.0 1012.5 22.1 — — 28.6 33.6 4.8 36.9 3.7 2.8 77 —
Hong Kong 32.0 1012.6 22.8 — — 28.6 32.4 5.6 34.4 6.5 5.3 81 —
Note: The table is taken from GBJ 19-1987 “Specifications for the Design of Heating Ventilating and Air-conditioning” (Edition 2000).

61
D.2 Cross-references of relative temperature and dew point are detailed in Table D.2.
Table D.2 Cross-references of Relative Temperature and Dew Point
ø
30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95
%
ta (℃) Dew Point ta (℃)
10 -7.0 -5.0 -3.0 -1.3 0.0 1.5 2.5 3.6 4.8 5.3 6.7 7.3 8.4 9.2
11 -6.5 -4.0 -2.0 -0.5 1.0 2.5 3.5 4.8 5.8 6.7 7.7 8.6 9.4 10.2
12 -5.0 -3.0 -1.0 0.5 2.0 3.3 4.4 5.5 6.7 7.7 8.7 9.5 10.9 11.2
13 -4.5 -2.0 -0.2 1.4 2.8 4.1 5.3 6.6 7.7 8.7 9.6 10.5 11.4 12.2
14 -3.2 -1.0 0.7 2.2 3.5 5.1 6.4 7.5 8.6 9.6 10.6 11.5 12.4 13.2
15 -2.3 -0.3 1.5 3.1 4.6 6.0 7.3 8.4 9.6 10.6 11.6 12.5 13.4 14.2
16 -1.3 0.5 2.4 4.0 5.6 7.0 8.3 9.5 10.6 11.6 12.6 13.4 14.3 15.2
17 -0.5 1.5 3.2 5.0 6.5 8.0 9.2 10.2 11.5 12.5 13.5 14.5 15.3 16.2
18 0.2 2.3 4.0 5.8 7.4 9.0 10.2 11.3 12.5 13.5 14.5 15.4 16.4 17.2
19 1.0 3.2 5.0 6.8 8.4 9.8 11.0 12.2 13.4 14.5 15.4 16.5 17.3 18.2
20 2.0 4.0 6.0 7.8 9.4 10.7 12.0 13.2 14.4 15.4 16.5 17.4 18.3 19.2
21 2.8 5.0 7.0 8.6 10.2 11.7 12.9 14.2 15.3 16.4 17.4 18.4 19.3 20.2
22 3.5 5.8 7.8 9.5 11.0 12.5 13.8 15.2 16.3 17.3 18.4 19.4 20.3 21.2
23 4.4 6.8 8.7 10.4 12.0 13.5 14.8 16.2 17.3 18.4 19.4 20.4 21.3 22.2
24 5.3 7.7 9.7 11.4 13.0 14.5 15.8 17.0 18.2 19.3 20.4 21.4 22.3 23.1
25 6.2 8.6 10.5 12.3 14.0 15.4 16.8 18.0 19.1 20.3 21.3 22.3 23.2 23.9
26 7.0 9.4 11.4 13.2 14.8 16.3 17.7 19.0 20.1 21.2 22.3 23.3 24.2 25.1
27 8.0 10.3 12.2 14.0 15.8 17.3 18.7 19.9 21.1 22.2 23.2 24.3 25.2 26.1
28 8.8 11.2 13.2 15.0 16.7 18.1 19.6 20.9 22.0 23.1 24.2 25.2 26.2 27.1
29 9.7 12.0 14.0 15.9 17.6 19.2 20.6 21.8 23.0 24.1 25.2 26.2 27.2 28.1
30 10.5 12.9 15.0 16.8 18.5 20.0 21.4 22.8 23.9 25.1 26.2 27.2 28.2 29.1
31 11.4 13.7 15.9 17.8 19.4 20.9 22.4 23.7 24.8 26.0 26.9 28.2 29.2 30.1
32 12.2 14.7 16.8 18.6 20.3 21.9 23.3 24.6 25.8 27.0 28.1 29.2 30.1 31.1
33 13.0 15.6 17.6 19.6 21.3 22.9 24.2 25.6 26.8 28.0 29.0 30.1 31.1 32.1
34 13.9 16.5 18.6 20.5 22.2 23.8 25.2 26.5 27.7 29.0 29.9 31.1 32.1 33.1
35 14.9 17.4 19.5 21.4 23.1 24.6 26.2 27.5 28.7 29.9 31.0 32.1 33.1 34.1
36 15.7 18.1 20.3 22.2 24.0 25.7 27.0 28.4 29.7 30.9 32.0 33.1 34.1 35.2
37 16.6 19.2 21.2 23.2 24.9 26.5 27.9 29.5 30.7 31.8 33.0 34.1 35.2 36.2
38 17.5 19.9 22.0 23.9 25.8 27.4 28.9 30.3 31.5 32.7 33.9 35.1 36.0 37.0
39 18.1 20.8 23.0 24.9 26.6 28.3 29.8 31.2 32.5 33.8 34.9 36.2 36.8 —
40 19.2 21.6 23.8 25.8 27.6 29.2 30.7 32.1 33.5 34.7 35.8 36.8 — —
Note: The environment temperature of condensation-proof in the table (ta) shall be the outdoor temperature (dry bulb) with air conditioning in summer, and the relative temperature (ø) shall be mean relative
humidity of hottest month.

62
 Appendix E

Physical Property Data (Normative)

E.1 The specific heat capacity of saturated water is detailed in Table E.1.

Table E.1 Specific Heat Capacity of Saturated Water

Medium Temperature ℃ 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70

Specific Heat Capacity KJ/ (kg · K) 4.217 4.193 4.182 4.179 4.179 4.181 4.184 4.190

Medium Temperature ℃ 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150

Specific Heat Capacity KJ/ (kg · K) 4.196 4.205 4.216 4.229 4.245 4.263 4.285 4.310

E.2 The specific heat capacity of conventional oil is detailed in Table E.2.

Table E.2 Specific Heat Capacity of Conventional Oil

Name Raw Oil Heavy Oil Light Diesel Oil Lubricating Oil Turbine Oil

Specific Heat Capacity KJ/ (kg · K) 2.093 1.633~2.093 1.740 1.796~2.307 1.800~2.118

E.3 The specific heat capacity of material in common use is detailed in Table E.3.

Table E.3 Specific Heat Capacity of Material in Common Use

Name Steel Iron Aluminium Copper Stainless Steel

Specific Heat Capacity KJ/ (kg · K) 0.481 0.461 0.900 0.398 0.500

E.4 The physical property data of dry air at the pressure of 0.1MPa is detailed in Table E.4.

Table E.4 Physical Property Data of Dry Air at the Pressure of 0.1MPa

Temperature Thermal Conductivity Specific Heat Capacity Dynamic Viscosity Prandtl number
t ℃ λk W/ (m · K) c KJ/ (kg · K) v×10-6m2/s pτ
20 0.02603 1.007 15.13 0.703
40 0.02749 1.008 16.92 0.699
60 0.02894 1.009 18.88 0.696
80 0.03038 1.010 21.02 0.692
100 0.03181 1.012 23.15 0.688
120 0.03323 1.014 25.33 0.686
140 0.03466 1.017 27.53 0.684
160 0.03607 1.020 29.88 0.682
180 0.03749 1.023 32.43 0.681
200 0.03891 1.026 34.94 0.680
250 0.04243 1.035 41.18 0.677
300 0.04591 1.046 48.09 0.674
350 0.04931 1.057 55.33 0.676
400 0.05257 1.069 62.95 0.678
450 0.05564 1.081 70.64 0.680
500 0.05848 1.093 78.86 0.687

63
E.5 The blackness of protective layer material is detailed in Table E.5.

Table E.5 Blackness of Protective Layer Material

Material Surface Condition Blackness ε

Galvanized Iron Sheet Luster 0.23~0.27

Galvanized Iron Sheet Oxidized 0.28~0.32

Iron Oxide Scale Rusted 0.80~0.90

Aluminium Plate Oxidized 0.20~0.30

Stainless Steel Plate — 0.20~0.40

Cement Mortar Smooth 0.93

Fabric — 0.70~0.80

Black Paint Lacklustre 0.96

Paint — 0.80~0.90

64
 Appendix F

Usage of Auxiliary Materials for Insulation Structure (Normative)

F.1 The material usage of support members (welding bearing loop) is detailed in F.1.
Table F.1 Material Usage of Support Members (Welding Bearing Loop)

Steel Plate Angle Steel

Outside Diameter of Insulation Layer Thickness mm
Welding Bearing Loop Model
Pipe mm Thickness mm 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 Specification Quantity m/piece
Quantity m2/ piece
76 0.010 0.020 0.032 0.047 0.065 0.084 0.106 0.131 0.159
89 0.011 0.022 0.035 0.051 0.069 0.090 0.113 0.138 0.167
108 0.013 0.025 0.039 0.056 0.075 0.097 0.122 0.148 0.178
133 A 3 0.015 0.029 0.045 0.063 0.084 0.108 0.133 0.162 0.193 — —
159 0.018 0.033 0.050 0.071 0.093 0.118 0.146 0.176 0.208
219 0.023 0.042 0.064 0.087 0.114 0.143 0.174 0.208 0.244
273 0.029 0.051 0.075 0.103 0.132 0.165 0.199 0.237 0.276
325 — 0.013 0.041 0.072 0.105 0.140 0.180 0.218 0.262 1.335
377 — 0.015 0.046 0.080 0.116 0.155 0.196 0.240 0.286 1.499
426 — 0.016 0.051 0.087 0.127 0.169 0.213 0.260 0.309 1.653
480 — 0.018 0.056 0.096 0.139 0.184 0.232 0.282 0.335 1.822
3
430 B — 0.019 0.060 0.104 0.150 0.198 0.249 0.302 0.358 1.979
630 — 0.023 0.070 0.119 0.172 0.226 0.283 0.343 0.405 2.293
720 — 0.025 0.078 0.134 0.191 0.252 0.315 0.380 0.448 2.576
820 — 0.029 0.088 0.149 0.213 0.280 0.349 0.421 0.495 2.890
∠50×50×5
920 — 0.032 0.097 0.165 0.235 0.308 0.384 0.461 0.542 3.205
1020 — 0.035 0.107 0.181 0.257 0.337 0.418 0.502 0.589 3.519
1220 — 0.041 0.125 0.212 0.301 0.393 0.487 0.584 0.683 4.147
1420 C 3 — 0.047 0.144 0.244 0.345 0.450 0.556 0.666 0.778 4.775
1620 — 0.054 0.163 0.275 0.389 0.506 0.626 0.747 0.872 5.404
1820 — 0.060 0.182 0.306 0.433 0.563 0.695 0.829 0.966 6.032
Quantity m2/piepe
Plane D 4 —
— 0.02 0.06 0.10 0.14 0.18 0.22 0.26 0.30

65
F.2 The material usage of support members (tightening bearing loop) is detailed in F.1.

Table F.2 Material Usage of Support Members (Tightening Bearing Loop)

Outside Tightening Steel Plate Angle Steel Screw Bolt Screw Nut Gasket Ribbed Plate
Diameter Bearing Insulation Layer Thickness mm
Thickness Quantity Quantity Quantity Quantity Quantity
of Pipe Loop 60 100 140 180 220 260 300 Specification Specification Specification Specification Specification
mm m/piece piece/set piece/set piece/set piece/set
mm Model Quantity m2/piece
76 0.037 0.071 0.114 0.168 0.222 0.305 0.388
89 0.041 0.076 0.121 0.176 0.231 0.316 0.402
108 0.046 0.083 0.131 0.188 0.244 0.333 0.421
133 A 3 0.052 0.093 0.144 0.205 0.260 0.356 0.446 — — M8×25 2 M8 2 8 2 — —
159 0.059 0.103 0.157 0.221 0.277 0.379 0.473
219 0.075 0.127 0.188 0.260 0.317 0.433 0.534
273 0.090 0.148 0.216 0.295 0.352 0.481 0.589
325 B 0.013 0.072 0.140 0.219 0.307 0.406 0.514 1.335 M
3 M12×50 2 2 12 2 40×40×8 4
377 0.015 0.080 0.155 0.240 0.335 0.440 0555 1.499 12
426 0.016 0.087 0.169 0.260 0.361 0.472 0.594 1.653
480 0.018 0.096 0.184 0.282 0.390 0.508 0.636 1.822
530 0.019 0.104 0.198 0.302 0.417 0.541 0.675 1.979
630 B 3 0.023 0.119 0.226 0.343 0.470 0.607 0.754 2.293 M12×50 2 M12 2 12 2 40×40×8 4
720 0.025 0.134 0.252 0.380 0.518 0.666 0.825 2.576
820 0.029 0.149 0.280 0.421 0.571 0.732 0.903 2.890
∠50×50×5
920 0.032 0.165 0.308 0.462 0.625 0.798 0.982 3.205
1020 0.035 0.181 0.337 0.502 0.678 0.864 1.060 3.519
1220 0.041 0.212 0.393 0.584 0.785 0.996 1.217 4.147
1420 C 3 0.047 0.244 0.450 0.666 0.892 1.128 1.374 4.775 M12×50 4 M12 4 12 4 40×40×8 8
1620 0.054 0.275 0.506 0.747 0.999 1.260 1.532 5.404
1820 0.060 0.306 0.563 0.829 1.106 1.392 1.689 6.032
Quantity m2/m
Plane D 4 — M12×50 — M12 — 12 — 100×40×8 —
0.02 0.10 0.18 0.26 0.34 0.42 0.50

66
F.3 Material usage of fixing member is detailed in Table F.3.

Table F.3 Material usage of fixing member

Do>630 Pipe Plane

Fixing Member Specification
Kg/m Kg/m2

Hooked Nail ø3~ ø6 4D1 (δ+45) ×10-6 4D1 (δ+45) ×10-4

Pin ø3~ø6 4D1 (δ+60) ×10-6 4D1 (δ+60) ×10-4

Hook ø8 0.8 0.15

Self-locking Gasket δ=0.5 ø65 0.5 0.06

Self-tapping Screw
M4×12 0.006+18D1×10-6 0.03
Self-plugging Rivet

F.4 Usage of galvanized iron wire and galvanized steel strip is detailed in Table F.4.

Table F.4 Usage of Galvanized Iron Wire and Galvanized Steel Strip (kg/m)

Trussing Outside Diameter of

≤108 133~159 219~273 325~426 530~720 >720 Plane
Piece Pipe

Steam and Water

0.12 0.20 0.40 0.50 0.60 0.75 —
Pipe
Galvanized
Pulverized Coal
Iron Wire 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.16 0.26 0.33 —
Pipe
Fume Ventilating 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.40 0.40 0.60 0.26

Steam and Water

— — — — 0.70 0.85 —
Pipe
Galvanized
Pulverized Coal
Steel Strip — — — — 0.40 0.50 —
Pipe
Fume Ventilating — — — — 0.60 0.70 0.4

F.5 Material usage of dismountable metal protection cover is detailed in Table F.5.

Table F.5 Material Usage of Dismountable Metal Protection Cover m2/piece

Outside Diameter of Pipe Valve

Flange
mm Middle and low temperature High temperature

57 0.39 0.47 0.22

89 0.57 0.69 0.41

108 0.59 0.71 0.44

159 0.88 1.08 0.46

219 1.2 1.5 0.68

273 1.8 2.2 0.81

325 2.2 2.6 0.96

377 2.7 3.2 1.2

426 3.0 3.6 1.3

480 3.4 4.2 1.4

67
 Appendix G

Asset of Matched Coating on Common Use (Normative)

G.1 Asset of matched coating in common use is detailed in Table G.1.

Table G.1 Asset of Matched Coating in Common Use

Thickness of
per Degree
Paint Type Asset of matched coating Degree Coating Dry Applicabe Type
Film
µm

Iron Red Alcohol Acid

Precoat 1 40
Precoat
Intermediate Micaceous Iron Alcohol Normal atmospheric
Alkyd Paint 1 40
Paint Acid Anti-rust Paint corrosion environment
Finishing Alcohol Acid Finishing
2 40
Coat Coat
High Chlorinated
Precoat Polyethylene Red Oxide 2 30
Precoat Industril atmospheric
High Chlorinated High Chlorinated corrosion environment,
Intermediate
Polyethylene Paint Polyethylene Micaceous 2 40 especially sulfide
Paint
Iron Intermediate Paint corrosive environment
Finishing High Chlorinated
2 30
Coat Polyethylene Finishing Coat
Precoat Zinc Rich Precoat 1 60

Intermediate Epoxy Micaceous Iron Indoor corrosive

1 80
Epoxy Paint Paint Intermediate Paint
environment
Finishing Epoxy Corrosion Protection
2 40
Coat Finishing Coat
Precoat Zinc Rich Precoat 1 60

Intermediate Epoxy Micaceous Iron Industrial atmospheric

1 80
Polyurethane Paint Paint Intermediate Paint
corrosion environment
Finishing Aliphatics Polyurethane
2 40
Coat Finishing Coat
Polyurethane Aluminum
Precoat Powder Anti-corrosive Paint 2 (1) 30 (60)
Environment of resisiting
Poly-propylhomoserin (Or zinc rich primer)
temperature lower than
Heat-resistant Paint Polyurethane Heat Resisting
Finishing 150℃
Corrosion Protection 2 30
Coat
Finishing Coat
Phenolic Aldehyde Epoxy Inner wall of hot water
Precoat 1 125
Phenolic Aldehyde Precoat
tank which temperature
Epoxy Paint Finishing Phenolic Aldehyde Epoxy
1 125 is lower than 200℃
Coat Finishing Coat

68
 Table G.1 (continued)
Thickness of
per Degree
Paint Type Asset of matched coating Degree Coating Dry Applicabe Type
Film
µm
Precoat Inorganic Zine-rich Primer 2 30 Environment of resisiting
Finishing Organosilicon Aluminum temperature lower than
2 25
Coat Powder Anti-corrosive Paint 400℃
Organosilicon
Organosilicon Aluminum
Heat-resistant Paint Precoat 1 25 Environment of resisiting
Powder Heat-resistant Paint
temperature lower than
Finishing Organosilicon Aluminum
2 25 600℃
Coat Powder Heat-resistant Paint
Epoxy-asphalt Slurry Moist environment like
Precoat 1 150
Precoat pipe trench, corrosion
protection for oil tank
Epoxy-asphalt High
external wall bottom
Build Paint Finishing Epoxyasphalt Thick Slurry
1 150 plate, corrosion
Coat Finishing Coat
protection for circulating
pipe inner wall
Precoat Long-acting corrosion
High Solid Modified High Solid Modified Epoxy protection for circulating
Finishing 1 250
Epoxy Paint Paint pipe inside and outside
Coat
wall
Precoat Zinc Rich Precoat 1 100 Long acting corrosion
Intermediate Epoxy Micaceous Iron protection in atmospheric
1 100
Paint Intermediate Paint corrosion environment,
Acroleic Acid
corrosion protection for
Polyurethane Paint
Finishing Acroleic Acid Polyurethane oil tank outer wall,
2 40
Coat Finishing Coat satisfy requirements
“three proofings”
Precoat Zinc Rich Precoat 1 60
Epoxy Electrostatic

Epoxy Electrostatic Intermediate Conducting Corrosion

1 100
Paint Protection Intermediate Corrosion protection for
Conducting
Paint oil tank internal surface
Anti-corrosive Paint
Epoxy Electrostatic
Finishing
Conducting Corrosion 1 100
Coat
Protection Finishing Coat
Solar Heat Reflective
Precoat 2 40
Insulation Precoat
Solar Heat Reflective Heat insulation and
Solar Heat Reflective Intermediate
Insulation Intermediate 1 30 corrosion protection for
Insulation Paint Paint
Paint oil tank outer wall
Finishing Solar Heat Reflective
3 30
Coat Insulation Finishing Coat
Note 1: For zinc rich primer mentioned above, epoxy zinc rich, inorganic silicate zinc rich or inorganic phosphate zinc rich
primers may be adopted, and inorganic zine-rich precat may be adopted for long-acting corrosion protection.
Note 2: If inorganic zine-rich precoat is adopted, dry film may be coated by 2 degrees, and the thickness of per degree dry
film is 30µm~ 40µm.

69
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