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    Zahid 2

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    Hk
    This document discusses different types of curves used in transportation infrastructure. It describes circular curves, which provide gradual direction changes, as the most common type. Circular curves are further classified as simple, compound, or reverse curves based on their geometry. The document outlines methods for designating, setting out, and laying out circular curves in the field using linear or angular techniques with tapes, theodolites, or total stations.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Zahid 2

    Uploaded by

    Hk
    28 views14 pages
    This document discusses different types of curves used in transportation infrastructure. It describes circular curves, which provide gradual direction changes, as the most common type. Circular curves are further classified as simple, compound, or reverse curves based on their geometry. The document outlines methods for designating, setting out, and laying out circular curves in the field using linear or angular techniques with tapes, theodolites, or total stations.

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    ZAHID-2

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    This document discusses different types of curves used in transportation infrastructure. It describes circular curves, which provide gradual direction changes, as the most common type. Circular curves are further classified as simple, compound, or reverse curves based on their geometry. The document outlines methods for designating, setting out, and laying out circular curves in the field using linear or angular techniques with tapes, theodolites, or total stations.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    28 views14 pages

    Zahid 2

    Uploaded by

    Hk
    This document discusses different types of curves used in transportation infrastructure. It describes circular curves, which provide gradual direction changes, as the most common type. Circular curves are further classified as simple, compound, or reverse curves based on their geometry. The document outlines methods for designating, setting out, and laying out circular curves in the field using linear or angular techniques with tapes, theodolites, or total stations.

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     Introduction

     Curves.
     Classification of curves.
     Horizontal curves.
     Circular curves.
     Simple circular curve.
     Compound curve.
     Reverse curve.
     Transition curves.
     Designation of curves.
     Element of curves.
     Method of setting out curves.
     Example of circular curves.
    :
    Curves are the regular bends
    provided in line of communication Roads,
    Railways, Canals etc. To bring a gradual
    change in direction.

    USES:
     Gradual change in direction.
     Visibility.
     Gradual change in gradient.
    Provided on vertical
    plane to obtain the gradual change in
    gradient.
    Provided on horizontal
    to have gradual change in direction.
    Horizontal curves are further classified
    as:
    a) Circular curves
    b) Non-circular curves- transition curves

    The basic uniform noncircular


    curves are the ellipse, the parabola, and the hyperbola.
    These curves are derived from conic sections

    Circular curves are used to join


    intersecting straight lines (or tangents). Circular curves are
    assumed to be concave. Horizontal circular curves are used
    to transition the change in alignment at angle points in the
    tangent (straight) portions of alignments.

    Circular curves are divided into


    three types:

     Simple Circular Curve.


     Compound Curve.
     Reverse curve.
    A simple curve consists of an arc
    of circle connecting two straights. It has a radius
    of the same magnitude throughout.
    A compound curve consists of
    two circular curves having different radii lying on
    same side of common tangent. Their centers lie
    on the same side of the curves.
    The reverse curve is made up of
    two arcs having equal or different radii bending
    in opposite direction with common tangent at
    junction. Centers lie on opposite sides of curve.
    A curve may be designated either by the radius or by the angle subtended
    at the Centre by a chord of particular length In India, a curve is designated
    by the angle (in degrees) subtended at the Centre by a chord of 30 meters
    (100 ft.) length. This angle is called the degree of the curve (D).
     Arc definition: The central angle subtended by a circular arc of 30m
    (100ft).
     Chord definition: The angle at the center of a circular arc
    subtended by a chord of 30m (100ft).
    Method of setting of curve is also classified on the basic of Instrument Used.
    1. Tape Method.
    2. Tape & Theodolite Method.
    3. Two Theodolite Method.
    4. Tachometric Method.
    5. Total Station Method.

    Basically curves can be set out by tow method.


    1) Linear method.
    2) Angular method.

    Let T1T2=L= the length of the Long chord


    ED= O0= the offset at mid-point (e) of the long chord (the versed sine)
    PQ=Ox= the offset at distance x from E
    Draw QQ1 parallel to T1 T2 meeting DE at Q
    When the radius of the curve is large as compared with the length of the long chord, the offset may
    be equated by the approximate formula which is derived as follows:

    Note:
    In the exact equation (11.1), the distance x of the point P is measured from the mid-point of the
    long chords; while in the approximate equation (11.11), it is measured from the first tangent
    point (T1).
    (i) Divide the long chord into an even number of equal parts.

    (ii) Calculate the offsets by the equation 11.10 at each of the points of division.
    (i) Locate the tangent points (T1 and T2) and find out their
    changes. From these changes, calculate the lengths of first and
    last sub-chords and the total deflection angles for all points on
    the curve as described above.
    (ii) Set up and level the theodolite at the first tangent point (T1).
    (iii) Set the venire A of the horizontal circle to zero and direct
    the telescope to the ranging rod at the intersection point B and
    bisect it.

    (iv) Loosen the venire plate and set the veneer A to the first
    deflection angle Δ1, the telescope is thus directed along T1D.
    Then along this line, measure T1D equal in length to the first
    sub-chord, thus fixing the first point D on the curve.
    (v) Loosen the upper clamp and set the venire A to the second
    deflection angle Δ2, the line of sight is now directed along T1E.
    Hold the zero end of the chain at D and swing the other end
    until the arrow held at that end is bisected by the line of sight,
    thus fixing the second point (E) on the curve.
    (vi) Continue the process until the end of the curve is reached.
    The end point thus located must coincide with the previously
    located point (T2). If not, the distance between them is the
    closing error. If it is within the permissible limit, only the last
    few pegs may be adjusted; otherwise the curve should be set
    out again.

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