Unit B: Cell and Cell Systems

1.1 The Characteristics of Living Things

Six Characteristics of ALL Living Things

1) Made of _______________ 4) Respond to the

_______________
2) Need _______________
5) Reproduce
3) Grow and _______________
6) Adaptations for their
_______________

Organism: Living things

1) All living things have _______________. The cell is the basic unit of life.

o All organisms are made up of at least 1 cell

! Usually microscopic in size, trillions of microscopic cells in trees or us!

2) All living things need _______________!

o Energy is the ability to make things _______________ or change

Organisms get energy from the environment

o Plants " _______________

o Animals " Surrounding environment

_______________: Substances that provide the energy and materials that organisms
need to grow, develop and reproduce

Energy is used inside _______________

o Energy is converted for us to use

o Needs to be a balance

! Too much " _______________

! Too little " _______________

 ! The sum of all the different processes that happen in an organism is called
the organism’s _______________

3) Respond to the Environment

! _______________: Anything that causes a response in an organism

! _______________: An organism’s reaction to a stimulus

4) Grow and Develop

o Bigger and change of structure

o _______________: Changing of body shape

5) Reproduce

All living things come from other living things

Reproduction does not mean an individual organism will survive, but the survival of the
_______________

6) Adapt to their Environment

Adaptation: Physical characteristic or behavior of a species that increases the species’

chances of survival in a particular environment

o Allows the organism to live in its _______________

1.2 Structure And Function

_______________: Parts of an organism that perform specific tasks to survive

_______________: Purpose or task

Organisms need to do certain things to stay alive

o Ex. Hunt for food, exchange gases & nutrients

o As such, organisms have developed different ways of doing these tasks

! (termed _______________)

Different Structures for Similar Functions

All organisms have to perform functions to stay _______________

 o But different plants and animals have developed different _______________ for
doing similar _______________

! Example: Using light to respond to the environment

Human – Camera eye

Insects – Compound eye

Amoeba – Phototaxis

1.3 Organs & Organ Systems

_______________: Group of tissues that work together to perform a specific function

_______________ system: Group of organs that work together to perform a certain task

Different Types of Organ Systems in Us:

_______________ system _______________ System

_______________ System _______________ System

_______________ system _______________ System

_______________ System _______________ System

2.1 The Microscope

Without A Microscope our eyesight can only see clear, defined images of things that are
0.1 mm or larger

o Example Fig. 2.3 (p. 99)

o What does this mean? We cannot see any _______________ that could make us
sick

! Created a lot of myths

Micro-organisms first discovered by Anton Van _______________.

o Used lenses to look at blood samples

o He made an object appear larger than it’s actual size…termed magnified.

Robert _______________ was looking at cork

o Fig. 2.1 for his microscope

 o Coined the term ‘cells’

Today’s Microscopes

2 General Types Used in Science Research

o _______________ _______________ Microscope (up to 2000 X magnification)

o _______________ Microscope (up to 2, 000, 000 X magnification)

Field of _______________ – is the entire area you can see when you look through the
microscope

_______________ = Ocular lens (Usually 10 X) X Magnification Lens (5X, 10X, or

20X)

2.2 The Cell Is the Basic Unit of Life

The Cell Theory

All living things are composed of one or more cells

Cells are the basic units of structure & function in all organisms

Cells with similar structure & function are organized into _______________

Tissues work together for a common purpose to form _______________

A group of organs that work together for a common purpose to keep you alive is called
an _______________ _______________!

Cell Size & Function

Cells need a constant supply of materials like oxygen, water, nutrients

Also needs to get rid of waste products

All these materials going in/out of cell pass through the cell _______________ (to be
discussed)

Generally, most cells fall into a small range of size (10-50 um)

Looking at Cells

There are certain factors that can affect what you are able to see in the amount of detail
when looking inside a microscope

o _______________ of microscope
 o _______________ of the lens

o _______________ of the prepared slides

Cell Structures

Inside the cell, there are structures that have particular functions to keep the cell alive

o Termed _______________

Some organelles may be found in both plants and animals

o Some may only be found in plant cells

o Some may only be found in animal cells

Why the variety of organelles? Depends on the purpose of the cell (Ex. Muscle cell vs.
leaf cell)

Organelles…

_______________ - The command center

o Control’s the cells activities

o Directs all cellular activities such as movement, growth, and other life functions

o In both plants and animal cells

_______________ -The ‘Powerhouse’

o Chemical reactions occur that convert energy into useable forms

o In both plant cells & animal cells

Cell _______________ - Controllable gateway

o Surrounds & protects the contents of the cell

o Looks like a thick line around the cell

o Lets needed materials in & waste materials out

o In both plant cells & animal cells

_______________ - The Storage Room

 o Membrane bound sac acting as a storage space for excess food & wastes

o Clear, liquid filled space in cytoplasm

o Plants generally have 1 big vacuole, animal cells generally have many small
vacuoles

_______________ - The ‘Kitchen’

o Covers everything inside the cell except the nucleus

o Contains nutrients required by the cell

o Distributes material to different parts of the cell

o Found in both plant cells & animal cells

_______________ _______________ - The Frame

o A rigid frame-like covering that surrounds the cell membrane

o Provides support for the cell

o Found in Plant cells NOT in animal cells

_______________ - Solar panels

o Structures in which photosynthesis takes place

o Greenish structures found only in plant cells

Pg 103 – list of cell structures and features that can help you identify them.

Pg 106 – directions for preparing a wet mount.

Pg 107 – directions for preparing and viewing a cell specimen

Pg 108 – the structures of a cell and their functions.

Pg 109 – Animal and plant cell labelled diagrams.

2.3 Organisms Can Be Single-Celled or Multi-celled

Cells are the individual, living units that make up all living organisms.

_______________: Made of 2 or more cells

 _______________: Made of just one cell

Micro-organisms- Generally unicellular organisms that can be seen only through a

_______________

Unicellular organisms- Developed specialized structures to perform functions such as

eating, moving, reproducing, excreting and reacting to stimuli

Multi-cellular organisms- Rely on many very specialized cells to perform functions such
as to eat, to move, to reproduce, etc…

o All the cells _______________ with one another

! Ex. To eat- cells for digestion, cells for absorption, cells for carrying
nutrients throughout body, cells for the muscle to move

Amoeba

o Lives in water, Moves around using _______________

! Foot-like projections. ‘False feet’

! A pseudopod is extended and the cytoplasm fills it. Moves very slow

o Also uses the pseudopodia to eat by surrounding their food (algae, bacteria, plant
cells) to create a vacuole

Paramecium

o Moves very fast in the fresh water, Covered in _______________ to move

Hair like structures that move back & forth

o Cilia also used to capture food (algae) by channeling food to an

_______________ _______________

! Forms a food vacuole to be digested

1.4 How Substances Move Into & Out of Cells

1) _______________ - Movement of _______________ of a substance from an area of

higher concentration to an area of lower concentration

o It’s a balancing out process of the particles where no _______________ required

2) Osmosis

o Special kind of diffusion

 o Diffusion of _______________ through a selectively permeable membrane

! Water particles are small enough to diffuse through the cell membrane
with ease, depending on the concentration gradient (H " L)

o Osmosis is vital to the survival and health of cells

_______________ permeable: A membrane with very small openings that allow

particles of some substances, but not others, to pass through. (Based on size)

A _______________ membrane allows all materials to go in & out

An _______________ membrane does not allow anything in or out.

Diffusion & the Cell Membrane

Particles of many substances move in & out of cells by diffusion

o However, the cell membrane acts like a filter with its tiny openings, allowing
some particles to go through if they are small enough (I.e. semi-permeable!)

Three Types of Water Solutions

1) _______________ - equal concentration of solutes on each side of semi-permeable

membrane

2) _______________ Solution

o Solution with high concentration of solutes

o Water leaves the cell, and it shrivels

! Potentially fatal

3) _______________ Solution

o Solution with the lower concentration of solutes

o Water enters the cell, and the cell swells

! Potentially fatal

Cells need an optimal amount of water concentration. There needs to be a balance inside
& outside of the cell. If too much water enters and/or leaves the cell, the cell may die

2.5 Cells in Multicellular Organisms Combine to Form Tissues and Organs

 Cells Reproduce. In multicellular organisms generally through mitosis & meiosis. In
unicellular organisms generally through binary division

_______________ cells- cells that have specific structures that help them to perform
particular functions

o Specialization means that the cells of a multicellular organism must work together
to support their own lives, as well as the life of the whole individual.

o Ex. Red blood cells- small, pliable cells that have no nucleus and are specialized
for carrying oxygen to all the cells of the body.

! Do NOT reproduce the same way as other cells

How do RBC’s reproduce?

- Bones in the skeletal system have _______________

which produces red blood cells.

Animal Tissue

All cells in humans and animals can be categorized in four different tissue types:

1) _______________ tissue

2) _______________ tissue

3) _______________ tissue

o Supports and connect

o Blood, fat, tendon, bone, cartilage

4) _______________ tissue

o ‘blanket’ which covers the surface of the body and outside organs

All organs are made of tissues.

o Each organ is made up of different combinations of these 4 types of tissue.

Pg 122 – diagram of the 4 connective tissues.

Tissue in Plants

Plant cells are also organized into tissues, but plants have 3 tissue types:

1) _______________ / storage
 o Example: Inside of a leaf

2) _______________

o Example: Outside portion of a leaf that is the waterproof layer

3) _______________ - transportation of nutrients

o Vascular tissues- connect roots to the leaves

! _______________ tissue- specifically allows sugar to travel to the rest of

the plant from leaves

! _______________ tissue- specifically allows water to travel to the rest of

plant from the roots

Organs in Plants

These tissues are organized into the 3 organs that make up plants:

(i) Leaves
(ii) Roots
(iii) Stems
Leaves are the plant’s food-producing organs

o Where photosynthesis takes place

o Contains chloroplasts which are thin, allowing a large amount of light in

! Contains stomata which are tiny opening that allow air to enter the leaf

Spaces between leaf cells allow the air to flow and the guard cells
open and close the stomata

_______________: The loss of water in a plant which happens through evaporation

o Not a problem unless the plant loses too much water and doesn’t replace it by the
roots

o Movement of water throughout the plant happens because of the differences in

pressure- high pressure in the root hairs to lower pressure in the leaves

Root system contains fine ‘root hairs’

o If the soil water concentration is greater than root water concentration, water will
flow inside of the root hairs
 ! This is done by _______________!

o Water travels from cell to cell until it reaches the xylem tissue

! The xylem cells move the water up the plant by a build up of water
pressure (remember H " L pressure) forcing water up the xylem tissues
into stems and leafs

3.1 Digestive System

Your digestive system is in charge of breaking down the food you eat into parts small
enough to be used by your cells.
Each of the different energy sources (carbohydrates/lipids/proteins) ,ust be broken down
into small usable particles as they travel through your digestive system.
o _______________ Digestion – involves the physical breakdown of food into
very small pieces.

! Ex. Teeth break down food in the mouth.

o _______________ Digestion – involves the breakdown of large particles into

smaller particles by substances called enzymes.

! Ex. Salivary amylase breaks down carbohydrates in the mouth.

o _______________ – substances created by the body to carry out chemical

digestion.

Food’s path through digestive system:

Digestion begins with the mouth and the mechanical breakdown of your food by your
teeth grinding your food into smaller pieces.
Saliva (mouth) contains an enzyme known as salivary amylase that chemically digests
large starch molecules into smaller sugar molecules.
Food is funneled to the esophagus, it by-passes the windpipe which is covered by a flap
of skin called the epiglottis.
Food moves down toward your stomach by peristalsis.
o _______________ – wave-like contractions of muscle tissue that lines the
esophagus.

Gastric juice components, hydrochloric acid and enzymes, chemically digests proteins
into smaller particles in the stomach. The mucus helps to prevent the gastric juice from
digesting the stomach itself.
o _______________ Juice – composed of mucus, hydrochloric acid, water, and
enzymes.

Chemical digestion continues as the food moves into the small intestine.
 Liver produces a substance called bile, which is stored in the gall bladder.
Gall bladder sends bile to the small intestine to chemically digest large globules of lipids
into much smaller droplets.
Small intestine absorbs some nutrients.
Large intestine absorbs nutrients, water, along with some vitamins and minerals with its
villi & microvilli.
o _______________ – small, finger-like projections. Each villus is covered with
epithelial tissue.

o Microvilli – the cells of the epithelial tissue have modified cell membranes that
form more finger-like projections.

Undigested material forms feces and exits the rectum.

3.2 Respiratory System

Your respiratory system is responsible for supplying your blood with the oxygen and
removing the carbon dioxide from your blood and returning it to the air outside your
body.
Breathing is the process your respiratory system uses to move air in and out of your
lungs.
o Exhalation

- Must increase the pressure in your lungs by decreasing the

volume.

- Decrease volume:

- Pushing diaphragm up

- Contracting rib cage down

Pressure difference forces air out of the lungs.

o Inhalation

- Must decrease the pressure in your lungs by increasing the

volume.

- Increase volume:

- Pulling diaphragm down

- Expanding rib cage up

Pressure difference forces air into the lungs.

 o _______________ – large muscle below the lungs that helps move air in and out
of the lungs.

o Bronchi – two main branches of the trachea that lead into the lungs.

o Alveoli – tiny air-filled sacs in the lungs; the site of gas exchange.

3.3 Circulatory System

- The job of the circulatory system is to deliver nutrients absorbed by your digestive
system to each cell in your body, transport oxygen and remove waste products.
- The heart is part of the circulatory system.
- Right side of the heart receives deoxygenated blood from your body and pumps it to
your lungs (Pulmonary system)
- Left side of the heart receives oxygen rich blood from your lungs and pumps it to
your body (Systemic system)
_______________ – upper chambers of the heart that receive blood from your lungs and
body.

_______________ – lower chambers of the heart that pump blood to the body.

Pg 136 – diagram of the heart.

_______________ – vessels that carry blood away from your heart to all parts of your
body.

_______________ – blood is returned from your body to the heart through these
passages

. _______________ – specialized blood vessels located between the arteries and veins
that allow the diffusion of nutrients and gases.

(i) Made of specialized epithelial tissue, only one layer thick.

(ii) They are very narrow so blood cells must go through in single file.
- Both of these adaptations help increase gas exchange.

- Function of red blood cells is to carry oxygen.

_______________ blood cells – are specialized to fight infections.

_______________ – are cells that help to stop bleeding at cuts.

- Plasma, the liquid portion of your blood, transports nutrients to your cells and carries
wastes, such as carbon dioxide away.

3.4 Excretory System

 Excretion – the removal of waste products formed in the body.

- When cells break down proteins, they produce a very toxic compound called
ammonia.
Urea – the liver takes the highly toxic ammonia and converts it into less harmful
substances called urea.

- The kidneys are the main organs of excretion.

o They filter the blood straining out the unwanted urea, water and other wastes,
and they produce urine.
o Deal with water regulation.
- Urine formation
o Renal artery brings the waste into the kidneys where the waste is filtered into
the nephron.
o Smaller vessels then reabsorb important nutrients and water from the nephron
and secrete wastes still left in the vessels,
o The small vessels then turn into the renal vein and go back to the heart.
o The waste then flows from the kidneys into the ureter, which eventually leads
to the bladder and urethra.
Nephrons – filtering units of the kidney that remove wastes from the blood and produce
urine.

- The skin excretes salt and heat.

Dialysis – a machine that removes all the wastes from the blood that a kidney normally
would.

3.5 Nervous System

Nervous Tissue – tissue of the brain, spinal chord, and nerves.

Neurons – specialized cells of the nervous system that receives and transmit information.

Dendrites – the part of the neuron that receives messages from the cell.

Axon – receive the message from the dendrites, and transmit the message across synapses
to other neurons.

_______________ Nervous System – is composed of the brain and the spinal cord.

_______________ Nervous System – includes the sensory and motor neurons that carry
messages to and from the central nervous system.

Sensory Neurons – carry information from the body to the central nervous system.
 Motor Neurons – carry information from the central nervous system to the muscles or
organs.

Somatic Nervous System – controls voluntary responses.

Autonomic Nervous System – controls automatic responses.

Interneuron – connects one neuron to another.

_______________ – is an automatic response by the nervous system to an external

stimulus.

o Because of possible dangers it skips the brain to save time, and reduce the
impact of the danger (eg. Touching a stove).

4.1 Developing a Theory for Disease

_______________ – disease that produces a rash and high fever and can cause blindness
and death; the first disease to be controlled by a vaccine.

_______________ – substance that is taken by or injected into an animal or person to

produce an immunity to a disease; usually prepared from a mild form of the disease.

- Louis Pasteur was the first person to identify living micro-organisms.

_______________ – the process of heating food.

- Nutrition affects body health

4.2 Factors that affect the health function of body systems.

- Asthma is a condition where the airways become narrowed temporarily.

- Many factors affect the health of your cells:
(i) Diseases or conditions inherited from your family.
(ii) Sensitivity to environmental conditions.
(iii) How you respond to physical, emotional, and psychological stress.
(iv) How you treat your body in general.

- The contents of cigarettes:

- There are over 4000 different chemicals in a cigarette.

(i) Tar – is a dark, sticky substance that forms as a cigarette burns, settles on the
surface of the organs of the respiratory system
 (ii) Carbon _______________ – is a colourless, odourless gas that is released
when a cigarette burns. During the gas exchange process this gas attaches to red
blood cells quicker than oxygen, which can seriously reduce oxygen to the body.

(iii) _______________ – is a drug that speeds up the heart, and raises the blood
pressure. The addictive part of a cigarette.

Bronchitis – occurs when mucus builds up in the bronchi and causes them to become
narrower.

Emphysema – occurs when the smoke from a cigarette damages lung tissue.

Lung Cancer – 40 chemicals in a cigarette are known to cause cancer, a tumour or

cancerous growth.

- Factors that affect the circulatory system.

(i) Diet
(ii) Atherosclerosis – the build up of cholesterol in the arteries.
- Many factors can that affect the digestive system.
Ulcers – painful sores of the stomach lining.

Basic Disease Information

1) Asthma
Effects the respiratory system
Inflammation and mucus build up blocking the bronchioles
Medication is usually inhaled
2) Scurvy
Caused by a lack of vitamin C
Becomes serious with bleeding gums & losing teeth
Effects sailors because of a lack of fresh fruit on long voyages
3) Atherosclerosis
Effects the circulatory system
Build up of plaque blocks arteries
Can lead to strokes, heart attacks, & angina
4) Bronchitis
Build up of substances that block the bronchioles
#1 cause is smoking
5) Smallpox
Eradicated by vaccinations (1st vaccine by Edward Jenner)
6) Lung Cancer
#1 cause is smoking
Treated with Chemotherapy (radiation treatment)
7) Food Poisoning
Caused by bacteria and germs (identified by Louis Pasteur)
Important process called Pasteurization
 ! Heat the milk (kills bacteria) and then cool it
Fridge – slows down bacteria growth
Freezer – stops the bacteria growth
Cook – kills the bacteria (E. coli)
Dry/Smoked – eliminates moisture that bacteria thrive in
8) Allergies
Over-response to a non-hazardous substance
Immune system acts too quickly
9) Emphysema
#1 cause is smoking
Damages the alveoli and capillaries surrounding them
10) Ulcers
Effects the digestive system
The bacteria H. pylori breaks down the mucus layer in the stomach
Cause painful holes in the stomach
Also influence by stress