A PROJECT REPORT ON

EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON THE COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF

CARBON FIBER REINFORCED POLYMER CONCRETE
Submitted in partial fulfillment of requirements for the award of degree of

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY IN CIVIL ENGINEERING

Submitted By

Ms. K. MADHURI 20475A0143

Ms. K. VANDANA 20475A0113

Mr. G. DHARMA TEJA SAI 20475A0153

Ms. Y. NAGALAKSHMI KUMARI 20475A0149

Mr. G.TEJA KIRAN 20475A0131

Mr. T. VENKATA KASI BHARATH 20475A0154

Under the Esteemed Guidance of

Mr. K. JEYAVIGNES., M.E.

Assistant Professor

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

NARASARAOPETA ENGINEERING COLLEGE

(AUTONOMOUS)
(Accredited by NAAC with ‘A+’ grade & an ISO 9001:2015 Certified Institution)

(Approved by AICTE, New Delhi & Permanent Affliated to JNTUK, Kakinada)

Kotappakonda road, Yallamanda, Narasaraopet-522601

2022-2023

I
 NARASARAOPETA ENGINEERING COLLEGE (AUTONOMOUS):
NARASARAOPET
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the project work entitled
EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON THE COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF
CARBON FIBER REINFORCED POLYMER CONCRETE
Submitted By
Ms. K. MADHURI 20475A0143
Ms. K. VANDANA 20475A0113
Mr. G. DHARMA TEJA SAI 20475A0153
Ms. Y. NAGALAKSHMI KUMARI 20475A0149
Mr. G. TEJA KIRAN 20475A0131
Mr. T. VENKATA KASI BHARATH 20475A0154

In partial fulfillment of requirement for the award of the degree of

Bachelor of technology in Civil Engineering of the NARASARAOPETA

ENGINEERING COLLEGE (Autonomous), NARASARAOPET, during

the year 2022-2023.

Project Guide Head of the Department

Mr. K. JEYAVIGNES., M.E. Dr. P. NAGA SOWJANYA., M.Tech., Ph.D.
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR

INTERNAL EXAMINER EXTERNAL EXAMINER

II
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We express our sincere thanks to our Chairman, NARASARAOPETA

ENGINEERING COLLEGE (Autonomous), Narasaraopet, SRI MITTAPALLI
VENKATA KOTESWARA RAO for providing us well equipped infrastructure and
environment.

We thank Dr. M. SREENIVASA KUMAR, M.Tech., Ph.D. (UK)., MISTE., FIE.,

Principal, NARASARAOPETA ENGINEERING COLLEGE (Autonomous), Narasaraopet,
for providing us the resources for carrying out the project.

Our sincere thanks to Dr. P. NAGA SOWJANYA., M.Tech., Ph.D., Head of the
Department, for her co-operation and guidance in helping us to make our project successful
and complete in all aspects.

We also express our sincere thanks and are grateful to our guide
Mr. K. JEYAVIGNES., M.E. Assistant Professor of Civil Engineering for motivating us
to make our projects successful and fully complete. We are grateful for his precious
guidance and suggestions.

We place our floral gratitude for all other teaching staff and lab technicians for their
constant support and advice throughout the project.

III
 DECLARATION

I declare that this written submission represents our ideas in own words and
where others’ ideas or words have been included; we have adequately cited and referenced
the original sources. We also declare that we have adhered to all principles of academic
honesty and integrity and have not misrepresented or fabricated any idea/data/fact/source
in our submission. We understand that any violation of the above will cause for
disciplinary action by the institute and can also evoke penal action from the sources which
have thus not been properly cited or from whom proper permission has not been taken
when needed.

IV
 ABSTRACT

Fibers have the characteristics to enhance the endurance of concrete. One of them is
carbon fiber. These carbon fibers have excellent mechanical properties and may be utilized
more effectively. This study proves that adding 1% of carbon fiber reinforced polymer
material to normal concrete mix increase its compressive strength and to establish it with that
of conventional concrete . The compressive strength of carbon fiber concrete at percentages
by volume of concrete. Result data will clearly show percentage variation in compressive
strength for M25 grade of concrete in 7days, 14days and 28days with respect to the variation
in percentage addition of carbon fiber.

Keywords:- Carbon fiber reinforced polymer, Compressive strength

V
 INDEX
CONTENTS PAGE NO

CHAPTER 1 : INTRODUCTION 1

1.1 General 1

CHAPTER 2 : LITERATURE REVIEW 3

CHAPTER 3 : OBJECTIVES AND SCOPE OF STUDY 7

3.1 Objectives 7

3.2 Scope 7

CHAPTER 4 : MATERIALS USED 8

4.1 Cement 8

4.1.1 Test On Cement 9

4.2 Coarse Aggregate 10

4.3 Fine Aggregate 11

4.4 Watter 12

4.5 Carbon Fibre Reinforced Polymer 13

CHAPTER 5 : EQUIPMENTS USED 18

5.1 Compression Testing Machine 18

5.2 Concrete Moulds 19

5.3 Sieves 20

CHAPTER 6 : PREPARATION OF NORMAL AND 21

CFRP CONCRETE CUBES

6.1 Collection Of Materials 21

6.2 Cleaning Materials 23

VI
6.3 Batching Of Materials 24

6.3.1 Volume Batching 24

6.3.2 Weigh Batching 24

6.4 Mixing Of Materials 25

6.5 Workability Test For Concrete 27

6.6 Placing 28

6.7 Curing 29

CHAPTER 7 : TESTING AND CALCULATION 30

7.1 Testing 30

7.2 Calculation 31

CHAPTER 8 : CHAPTER RESULTS 34

8.1 Average Test Results 37

CHAPTER 9 : CONCLUSION AND DISUSSION 38

9.1 Adavantages 38

9.2 : Disadvantages 39

9.3 : Future Scope Of Project 39

CHAPTER 10 : REFERENCES 41

VII
LIST OF FIGURES PAGE NO

Figure 1.1 CFRP-Strengthened Concrete Structure 2

Figure 4.1 Vicat’s Apparatus 14

Figure 4.2 CFRP Bars 15

Figure 4.3 CFRP Strips 16

Figure 4.4 CFRP Sheets 17

Figure 4.5 CFRP Yarn 18

Figure 5.1 Compressive Strength Machine 19

Figure 5.2 Concrete Moulds 20

Figure 5.3 Sieves 21

Figure 6.1 Cement 22

Figure 6.2 Coarse Aggregate 22

Figure 6.3 Fine Aggregate 22

Figure 6.4 CFRP 23

Figure 6.5 CFRP Shredded Pieces 23

Figure 6.6 Cleaning Of Fine Aggregate 24

Figure 6.7 Weigh Batching 25

Figure 6.8 Mixing Of Normal Concrete 26

Figure 6.9 Mixing Of Concrete By Adding CFRP 26

Figure 6.10 Slump Cone 27

Figure 6.11 True Slump 28

Figure 6.12 Placing Of Concrete Mix 29

VIII
Figure 6.13 Curing Of Concrete Cubes 29

Figure 7.1 Compressive Strength Machine 30

LIST OF TABLES PAGE NO

Table 6.1 - Slump cone values of normal and CFRP concrete 27

Table 7.1 - 7th Day Teat Results 34

Table 7.2 - 14th Day Test Results 35

Table 7.3 - 28th Day Test Results 36

Table 7.4 - Average Test Results 37

LIST OF BAR CHARTS PAGE NO

Chart 7.1 - 7th Day Teat Results 34

Chart 7.2 - 14th Day Test Results 35

Chart 7.3 - 28th Day Test Results 36

Chart 7.4 - Average Test Results 37

IX
 CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION

1.1 GENERAL

Carbon fibre–reinforced polymers are nowadays extensively used in applications where

outstanding mechanical properties are necessary in combination with weight saving. carbon
fiber reinforced plastics (CFRPs) have excellent mechanical properties such as high specific
strength and modulus, they have been used as light-weight structural materials for aerospace
vehicle, automobiles and so on. Recently, CFRPs have also been applied to buildings and
infrastructure as materials for repair and reinforcement and a lot of work has been conducted
on CFRP/concrete structures.An attempt has been made to develop new concrete reinforced
with crushed CFRP pieces in a project for establishing crushing and classification technique of
CFRP wastes in Japan. In general, when carbon fibers (CF) are mixed with cement, they
cohere in a form of a sphere, which is called a fiber ball, and are not dispersed sufficiently in
cement. In addition, the bonding strength between cement and virgin CF (2.5–3.4 MPa) is
lower than that between cement and CF coated with polymeric sizing agent (7.7–7.9 MPa) .
Therefore, CFRP reinforced concrete (CFRPRC) is expected to have excellent mechanical
properties since CFRP pieces are supposed to adhere to concrete and be dispersed in concrete
better than CF. From the chemical point of view, CFRP as well as CF is resistant to alkali–
silica reaction.

In the present paper, mechanical properties of CFRPRC were evaluated and its fracture
behavior and adhesion at the interface were characterized. First, compressive and flexural tests
of CFRPRC were conducted to investigate the effect of content and size of CFRP pieces on
compressive and flexural strength and work of fracture (fracture energy). The effect of
specimen size on those properties is also discussed. Next, pull-out and peel tests were
performed to measure the bonding strength at the interface between CFRP and concrete.
Finally, fracture surfaces were observed using both optical and scanning electron microscopes
to understand the fracture mechanism of this material. Quantitative analysis of constituent
elements was conducted to identify elements that exist on the fracture surfaces of CFRP pieces.

The main theme of our project is about to strudy the behaviour of the CFRP concrete
and comparision between compressive strength of the normal concrete cubes and CFRP
concrete cubes. Since carbon fiber reinforced plastics (CFRPs) have excellent mechanical
properties such as high specific strength and modulus, they have been used as light-weight

1
structural materials for aerospace vehicle, automobiles and so on. Recently, CFRPs have also
been applied to buildings and infrastructure as materials for repair and reinforcement and a
lot of work has been conducted on CFRP concrete structures. For example, cement reinforced
with short carbon fiber has been experimentally investigated by Chung. In this case, the
mechanical properties of the reinforced or repaired materials have been improved. However,
materials reinforced with virgin CFRP are not likely to be used to a lot of products because of
high cost.

In addition, CFRP is difficult to be recycled due to its hardness and chemical stability. In
general, recycling methods are classified into three categories; material recycling, chemical
recycling and thermal recycling. In material recycling, wasted CFRPs are directly utilized
through mixture with base material. With the rapid development of construction, the high
quality of the construction material is required. Mixing carbon fiber in concrete attracts more
and more attention as it can reinforce concrete. However, the science research and engineering
application of carbon fiber reinforced concrete is relatively few. The mixing amount of carbon
fiber and the sand ratio in concrete and the curing time of concrete and relationships between
these factors were investigated. Proper carbon fiber and sand ratio can promote the
compressive strength of concrete and it has a good resistance to cracking. The compressive
strength of concrete with mixing amount of 1% carbon fiber is adopted. The mixing amount of
carbon fiber also had a great influence on the early compressive strength to some extent. We
anticipate that the research can offer certain reference for engineering practice.

Fig 1.1 CFRP-strengthened concrete structure

2
 CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW

 Bharath Kumar Banskar and Anil Rajpoot, 2022 June, A review study on mechanical
properties and behaviour of fiber reinforced concrete.

In this project, they reviewed about the mechanical properties and behaviour of fiber
reinforce concrete. As a result, the purpose behind this is to compare the mechanical properties
of self-consolidating concrete reinforced with various types of fibers. Type and varied
percentages of fibers in the study. The mechanical characteristics, toughness, fracture energy,
and supportively of fresh SCC were investigated. Generally its developed in Japan and Europe.
It's freely flowing or filled each section of formwork corner by itself, without the use of
vibration or any other means of compaction, even when heavy reinforcement is present. Prof.
H. Okamura's development of SCC in 1986 had a huge impact on the building industry by
solving some of the issues associated with newly prepared concrete. The SCC, in its current
form, details various challenges relating to worker skill, reinforcing density, structural section
type and arrangement, pumpability, segregation resistance, and, most notably, compaction.
Self-Consolidating Concrete with a high fines concentration has been found to endure longer. It
all began in Japan, where a number of studies on the global development of SCC, as well as its
micro-social system and strong features, were published. BIS has not issued a standard mix
method, a number of building systems and researchers have conducted extensive research to
establish appropriate mix design trials. And its similar to conventional concrete in that it
contains a binder, F.A., C.A. and water, fines, and admixtures. SCC should contain greater
fines content, super plasticizers, and viscosity agents to some level to change SCC properties
from regular concrete, which is a significant difference. When compared to conventional
concrete, the advantages of SCC include increased strength, similar tensile strength to non-
SCC, slightly lower modulus of elasticity and better durability for better surface concrete. With
the inclusion of additional fines and high water lowering admixtures, SCC becomes more
sensitive, and it is developed and designated by the concrete society, which is why it is utilised
in the construction of pre-cast products, bridges, wall panels, and other structures in various
countries. Varied studies are however, to investigate the various features and structural uses of
SCC. Because SCC has proven to be an effective material, it is necessary to provide guidance
on the normalisation of self-consolidating properties and behaviour for use in various structural
constructions, as well as its use in all risky and inaccessible project zones for higher quality
control. Addition of fibers to self-compacting concrete causes loss of basic characteristics of
SCC measured in terms of slump flow, etc. Carbon fibre had the greatest reduction in slump

3
flow, followed by basalt and glass fibre. This is due to the fact that carbon fibres absorb
more water than other

materials, but glass absorbs less. Adding more than 2% carbon fibre to the mix rendered it
harsh, and it failed to meet the requirements for self-compacting concrete, such as slump value
and T50 test. Fibers added to self-compacting concrete improve mechanical qualities such as
compressive strengthening, split tensile and flexural strengthening. An ideal % of each type of
fibre was found to produce the greatest increase in SCC mechanical characteristics.

 Dawei Zhang and Tamon Ueda, 2019, Effect of natural fibre reinforced polymers on
confined compressive strength of concrete.
The existing equations proposed by Mirmiran and Shahawy, Teng et al, and Richart et
al, were investigated to predict compressive strength and prove their applicability for NFRP-
confined concrete. Ultimately, existing equations for predicting the peak axial stress of NFRP-
confined concrete were carefully investigated. All NFRP coupons exhibited an approximately
nonlinear stress-strain relationship in tensile mode. The average values of the tensile strength
of the Hemp- NFRP in WEFT direction was the highest (179 MPa), whereas the elastic
modulus of the Jute- NFRP in WEFT direction was the largest (16,350 MPa). The ultimate
strain of the Cotton-NFRP in WARP direction was the largest (5.2%).The NFRPs show
significantly confinement effect on enhancing the compressive strength and improving the
ductility of a concrete. The enhancement in strength and ductility increases with an increase in
amount of NFRP’s plies. The compressive strength of confined concrete increases significantly
up to 42%, 25%, and 28% for Jute-, Hemp- and Cotton NFRP, respectively. At low
confinement layer, Cotton-NFRP (with 1–5 plies) and Jute- NFRP (with 1–4 plies) confined
concretes exhibited nonlinear stress–strain behaviour with a linear- ascending branch at the
first stage, following by softening branch at the second region. When increasing Cotton-NFRP
to 6 layers and Jute-NFRP to 5–6 plies, the second regions show ascending behaviour owing
to a sufficient confinement level. However, only softening behaviour at the end was observed
in Hemp-NFRP confined concrete although the greater amount of Hemp- NFRP is applied (5–6
plies).
This is because Hemp NFRP has a low tensile stiffness of 1.63 GPa-mm and premature
fracture, whereas Cotton-NFRP and Jute NFRP have tensile stiffness of 2.00 and 2.94 GPa-
mm, respectively





4
 Ms. K. Nanchari and Mohammed Akram Khan, 2021 April, An Experimental Study
on Mechanical Properties of Carbon Fiber Reinforced Concrete.
From the results it is observed that addition of 1% carbon fiber by volume of concrete
increases Compressive strength tensile strength and flexural strength and decreases for 1.2%
addition of carbon fibers. Compressive strength for M25 grade of concrete for different
dosages of carbon fibers at 0.3%, 0.6%, 0.9%, 1% and 1.2% when compared with
conventional concrete was found to increase by 24.8%, 42.36%, 53.11%, 60.11% and
25.41% respectively. The maximum percentage increase in compressive strength was
achieved at 1.0% of fibre dosage and was found to reduce for 1.20% of fibre content. When
compared to conventional concrete, the tensile strengths for M25 grade CFRC For varying
percentages of carbon fibers at 0.3%, 0.6%, 0.9%, 1% and 1.20%, increased by 11.34%,
21.79%, 49.85%, 73.13% and 11.44% respectively. The maximum percentage increase in
Tensile strength was achieved at 1.0% of fibre dosage and was found to reduce beyond 1.2%.
Flexural strength for M25 grade of concrete for varying percentages of carbon fibers at 0.3%,
0.6%, 0.9%, 1% and 1.2% was increased by 41.59%, 80.73%, 103.53%, 113.16% and 82.80%
respectively when compared to conventional concrete. The maximum strength was obtained at
1% and decreased beyond addition of 1.2% carbon fibers. From the results it is observed that
addition of 1% carbon fiber by volume of concrete increases Compressive strength tensile
strength and flexural strength and decreases for 1.2% addition of carbon fibers.

5
 Juan wang and Juan Zhang, 2020 October, Effects of concrete on the compression
properties of polymer grout materials.
In this study, the mechanical properties of polymers and SRP under different uniaxial
compression loads were explored. The effects of density on the mechanical properties of
polymers and the SRP were analyzed, and the changes in the structures and properties of
polymer-based composites caused by the addition of concrete was discussed. In this study, the
mechanical properties of polymers and SRP under different uniaxial compression loads were
explored. The effects of density on the mechanical properties of polymers and the SRP were
analyzed, and the changes in the structures and properties of polymer-based composites caused
by the addition of crushed stones were discussed. Under uniaxial compression, both polymers
and the SRP exhibited excellent deformation properties. Polymers have typical plastic
deformation characteristics, whereas the SRP had failure characteristics similar to quasi-brittle
materials. The stress–strain curves of the two types of materials have similar characteristics in
the rising sections, which can be divided into three stages. However, the SRP had strain-
softening characteristics after peak stress. For example, with increasing density, the falling
section became increasingly steep and the brittle deformation characteristics became even more
prominent. Density had a significant effect on the compressive strength and elastic modulus of
the two types of materials. The compressive strength and elastic modulus of both polymers and
the SRP were linearly related to the density. As the density of the polymer matrix increased,
the compressive strength and elastic modulus of both materials increased linearly. Uniformly
distributed cells were observed in the polymeric material. After the addition of crushed stones,
a noticeable zone of microcracks was generated at the junction of the crushed stones and the
polymer matrix. Cells in the matrix of the SRP were relatively sparse, and the cell diameter
was comparatively small. When the matrix densities of the two materials were similar, the
compressive strength of the SRP decreased by approximately 10%–20% and its elastic
modulus increased by 80%–120%. When the nominal densities of the two materials were
similar, the compressive strength of the SRP was 2.5–3 times that of the polymers, and its
elastic modulus was more than 10 times that of the polymers.

6
 Nasif Chowdhury and Habibur Rahman, 2021 February, A Study on Mechanical
Properties of Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer Composite.
The aim of the study is to analyse the tensile and flexural properties of carbon fibre
bolstered chemical compounds (CFRP) together with graphene and styrene butadiene styrene
(SBS). Experimental ways are employed in the study wherever many laboratories take a look
at done on the carbon fibre bolstered polymer (CFRP) graphene and styrene butadiene styrene
(SBS). The take a look at the specimen was cut per ASTM standards. Polymers are especially
desirable as like shape substances fit in conformity with the fact they're effortlessly technique
able or their thickness is noticeably meanwhile of assessment to specific substances. They
exhibit off unusual mechanical homes. Excessive-temperature resins are back namely complex
supplies are currently used interior the procreation on excessive-pace aircraft, rockets yet one-
of-a-kind related space then electronics. The reinforcements portion the important assign mainly
when a multiple consists of handloom reinforcements dispersed into an inclined cast (e.g.,
carbon/epoxy composite), the fibers carry almost whole regarding the load. The strength and
hardness about certain composites are, consequently, managed with the aid over the power yet
strictness concerning constituent fiber. Carbon yet graphite are superior high-temperature
materials with electricity then hardness houses maintainable at heat as tons as 2500⁰ k. Carbon
fiber composites have been chronic because of a variety of aeronautical, biomedical, protection,
commercial, and area programs. The empiric investigations back because of the evaluation of
tensile yet flexural conduct over coal filament reinforced polymer laminates ends into the
consequent conclusions. Inaction over ninety-degree orientation the outdoor tensile lay is in a
similar fashion distributed over each of the fibers yet transmitted alongside the bead on the
fibers. Whereas between suit about ignoble string orientations, string axes are non-parallel to
assign axis, early between off orbit pulling over fibers then increased emphasis consciousness
inflicting the sooner failing on laminates. Even between case on 30 degrees or 45 dimensions
orientations, the displacement into law on laminates along forty 5 dimensions string orientation
is great as like compared after laminates together with ninety rate than 30-degree orientations,
that is fit according to off latitude loading yet sizable string carry out formerly than fracture.
The tensile & flexural strengths are excellent between action about 90-degree string orientation.

7
 CHAPTER 3
OBJECTIVES AND SCOPE OF STUDY

3.1 OBJECTIVES

 CFRP is a composite material, which consists of a polymer matrix reinforced with carbon
fibers. A simple adding of CFRP tapes to the structures allows increasing their strength,
which is advantageous, when the change of the load occurs in the construction.
 To find out the compressive strength of the Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer concrete. To
comparing the compressive strength between normal concrete and CFRP concrete. To
determine the behaviour of Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer concrete cube.
 In our project we are going to achieve the more compresive strength of CFRP concrete
cubes than normal concrete cubes.

3.2 SCOPE

The scope of the research presented in this thesis is to investigate a method to strengthen
concrete structures with using Carbon Fibre Reinforced Polymer quadratic rods. The aim is to
build both a theoretical as well as practical understanding of prestressing CFRP sheets. Three
factors are to be studied particularly to see what effect they have on the strengthening result;
length of the rod, level of prestress and stiffness of the strengthening material.The structure of
the thesis is consisting of an extensive main body and three papers. The results from the
research are presented in the papers and the main body contains an overview of what has been
done in the area of prestressed CFRP for upgrading concrete structures and introduction to the
subject.

8
 CHAPTER 4
MATERIALS USED

For the preparation of brick mainly consists of following raw materials;

 Cement
 Coarse Aggregate 20mm Sieve
 Fine Aggregate 4.75mm passed
 Carbon Fibre Reinforced Polymer
 Water

4.1 CEMENT
A cement is a binder, a chemical substance used for construction that sets, hardens, and
adheres to other materials to bind them together. Cement is seldom used on its own, but rather
to bind sand and gravel (aggregate) together. Cement mixed with fine aggregate produces
mortar for masonry, or with sand and gravel, produces concrete. Concrete is the most widely
used material in existence and is behind only water as the planet's most-consumed resource.

Cements used in construction are usually inorganic, often lime or calcium silicate
based, which can be characterized as hydraulic or the less common non-hydraulic, depending
on the ability of the cement to set in the presence of water.

 The initial setting time of 53 grade cement is 45 minutes

 The final setting time of 53 grade cement is 550 minutes
 To prove that 53 grade cement used for concrete mix has gaining high compressive strength
at 28 days
 The specific gravity of cement is 3.12
 Specific gravity of coarse aggregate 2.86
 Specific gravity of aggregate 2.56

9
4.1.1 Test on cement:
1) Setting time of cement

Fig 4.1 Vicat’s Apparatus

2) Apparatus required:
1. Vicat’s apparatus conforming to IS: 5513-1976
2. Plunger
3. Glass plate
4. Weighing balance of capacity 1000g and sensitivity to 1g
5. Gauging trowel conforming to IS 10086-1982
6. Stop watch
7. Dial guage

3) Preparation of test mould:

 Before testing the setting time of cement, do the consistency test to obtain the required
quantity of water to give the paste normal consistency.

 Prepare a neat 300g cement paste by gauging the cement with 0.85 times the water
required to give a paste of standard consistency. Potable or distilled water will be used in
preparing the cement paste.
 Take care that the time of gauging is not less than 3 minutes, not more than 5 minutes and
the gauging will be completed before setting occurs.
 The gauging time will bge counted from the time of adding the water to the dry cement
until starting to fill the mould. Record this time.
 Fill the Vicat mould eith a cement paste gauged as above and also the mould resting on a
non porous plate.
10
 Fill the mould completely and smooth off the surface of the cement paste making it level
with the top of the Vicat mould.
 In filling, the mould operators hands and the blade of the gauging trowel will only be used.

 After moulding, immediately place the test block within the moist closet or moist room
and allow it to remain there except determinations of the time of setting are being made.

4) Determination of initial setting time of cement:

 Place the test block confined in the mould and rsting on the non porous plate, under the rod
bearing lower the needle gently until it comes in touch with the surface of the test block
and quickly release, allowing it to penetrate into the test block.
 In the beginning, the needle will completely pierce the test block.
 Repeat this procedure until the needle, when brought in touch with the test block and
released as described above, fails the to pierce the bl;ock beyond a p[oint 4.5 to 5.5mm
measured from the bottom of the mould.
 The period elapsing between the moments when the cement is mixed with water and the
moment at which the needle fails to pierce the test block beyond a point 4,5mm to 5.5mm
measured from the bottom of the mould will be the initial setting time of the cement paste.

 Record this time.

5) Determination of final setting time of cement:

 Replace the needle of the vicat apparatus by the needle with an annular attachment.

 The sample of cement paaste willl be considered as finally set when, upon applying the
needle gently to the surface of the test block, the needle makes an impression there on,
while the attachment fails to do so.
 The period elapsing between the time when the cement is mixed with water and the time at
which the needle makes an impression on the surface of test block while attachment fails
to do so will be the finbal setting time of the cement paste.
6) Result:
1. The initial seting time of the cement paste sample is found to be 45 minutes.

2. The final setting time of the cement paste is found to be 550 minutes.

4.2 COARSE AGGREGATE

Construction aggregate, or simply aggregate, is a broad category of coarse-to medium-

grained particular material can be used including sand, gravel, crushed stone, slag, recycled
concrete and geosynthetic aggregates. Aggregates are the most mined materials in the world.
Aggregates are a component of composite materials such as concrete and asphalt; the aggregate

11
serves as reinforcement to add strength to the overall composite material. Due to the relatively
high hydraulic conductivity value as compared to most soils, aggregates are widely used in
drainage applications such as foundation and French drains, septic drain fields, retaining wall
drains, and roadside edge drains.

Aggregates are also used as base material under foundations, roads, and railroads. In
other words, aggregates are used as a stable foundation or road/rail base with predictable,
uniform properties (e.g. to help prevent differential settling under the road or building), or as a
low-cost extender that binds with more expensive cement or asphalt to form concrete.
Although most kinds of aggregate require a form of binding agent, there are types of self-
binding aggregate which do not require any form of binding agent.

Properties of good quality aggregates:

 Size

 Shape.

 Texture.

 Strength.

 Specific gravity.

 Absorption and Moisture content.

 The soundness of aggregates.

4.3 FINE AGGREGATE

Fine aggregate is the essential ingredient in concrete that consists of natural sand or
crushed stone. The quality and fine aggregate density strongly influence the hardened
properties of the concrete.

The concrete or mortar mixture can be made more durable, stronger and cheaper if you
made the selection of fine aggregate on basis of grading zone, particle shape and surface
texture, abrasion and skid resistance and absorption and surface moisture.

Properties of fine aggregate:

While making the selection for appropriate aggregate to be used in particular concrete
mix, few properties needs to be considered, such as:

 Void content: How much amount of cement paste will be required for the mix
eventually depends on the empty spaces between the aggregate particles. Always
keep in mind that angular aggregates increase the void content, whereas well-graded aggregate
and improved grading .
12
 Shape and texture: Size and shape greatly influence the quality of the concrete mix. For the
preparation of economical concrete mix, you should know that rough-textured, angular,
and elongated particles require more water for the formula. However, you will need less
water to produce workable concrete when the aggregates are smooth, rounded compact
aggregate.
 Absorption and surface moisture: The fine aggregate density depends on the inside solid
material and void content, thus you need to measure the absorption rate prior to ensure
how much water will be required in the concrete mixture.

 Abrasion and skid resistance: In order to minimize the wear in high traffic areas, such as
heavy duty floors and pavements you can consider the relative measure when the fine
aggregate is rotated in a cylinder along with some abrasive charge.

4.4 WATER

Combining water with a cementitious material forms a cement paste by the process of
hydration. The cement paste glues the aggregate together, fills voids within it, and makes it
flow more freely. Water is the key ingredient, which when mixed with cement, forms a paste
that binds the aggregate together. The water causes the hardening of concrete through a process
called hydration.Potable water is generally considered satisfactory for mixing.

The pH value of water should be not less than 6. It has been observed that certain
common impurities in water affect the quality of mortar or concrete. Many times in spite of
using best material cement, coarse sand, coarse aggregate etc.The water–cement ratio (w/c
ratio, or water-to- cement ratio, sometimes also called the water-cement factor, f) is the ratio of
the mass of water (w) to the mass of cement (c) used in a concrete mix:The typical values of
this ratio f = w⁄c are generally comprised in the interval 0.40 and 0.60.

The water-cement ratio of the fresh concrete mix is one of the main, if not the most
important, factors determining the quality and properties of hardened concrete, as it directly
affects the concrete porosity, and a good concrete is always a concrete as compact and as dense
as possible. A good concrete must be therefore prepared with as little water as possible, but
with enough water to hydrate the cement minerals and to properly handle it.

Properties of water:

 Water is polar.
 Water is an excellent solvent.
 Water has high heat capacity.

13
 Water has high heat of vaporization.

 Water has cohesive and adhesive properties.

 Water is less dense as a solid than as a liquid.

4.5 CARBON FIBRE REINFORCED POLYMER

Carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) is a type of composite materials consist of

carbon fiber and polymer. The carbon fiber provides the strength and stiffness while the
polymer acts as cohesive matrix to protect and held the fibers together. CFRP are manufactured
as a strips, bars, and sheets using different production technique like filament winding,
pultrusion, and hand lay-up processes.
CFRP materials possess good rigidity, high strength, low density, corrosion resistance,
vibration resistance, high ultimate strain, high fatigue resistance, and low thermal conductivity.
They are bad conductors of electricity and are non-magnetic.

The CFRP provide remedies for many problems associated with the deterioration and
strengthening of infrastructure such as bridges and buildings. Using CFRP reinforcing bars in
new concrete can eliminate potential corrosion problems and substantially increase a member’s
structural strength. Effective use of carbon fiber reinforced polymer could significantly
increase the life of structures, minimizing the maintenance requirements. Carbon fibers have
also been used as reinforcement for ablative plastics and for reinforcements for lightweight,
high strength and high stiffness structures.

Properties of CFRP:

 Alkali resistant.

 Corrosion resistance that is why it is used for corrosion control and rehabilitation of
reinforced concrete structures.

 It has low thermal conductivity.

 CFRP has high strength to weight ratio and hence it eliminates requirements of
heavy construction equipment and supporting structures.
 It needs short curing time. Therefore, the application takes a shorter time. This
reduces the project duration and down time of the structure to a great extent.
 CFRP possess high ultimate strain
 High fatigue resistance. So, they do not degrade, which easily alleviates the
requirement of frequent maintenance.
 CFRP is bad conductor of electricity and is non-magnetic.

 Due to its lightweight, prefabricated components in CFRP can be easily transported. This
thus
14
 encourage prefabricated construction, reduce site erection labour cost and capital
investment requirements.

There are different types in Carbon Fibre Reinforced Polymer, they are

1. CFRP Bars

2. CFRP Strips

3. CFRP Sheets

4. CFRP Yarn

1. CFRP Bars

Carbon fibre-reinforced polymer (CFRP) bars are currently used to reinforce concrete in
an attempt to overcome the corrosion issue encountered with ordinary steel. In order to exploit
more efficiently their tensile capacity, it is interesting to use CFRP bars as prestressing
tendons.

Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer Bar is an extremely strong and light fiber-reinforced
polymer which contains carbon fiber. It is used primarily as an alternative to steel
reinforcement in concrete structures such as parking structures, bridge decks, highways under
extreme environments, and structures highly susceptible to corrosion and magnetic fields.

As a result of its excellent properties, CFRP Bar is used primarily in the construction
industry to assist in building structures such as condominiums, office buildings, and shopping
malls.

Fig 4.2 CFRP Bars

2. CFRP Strips

This material makes it easy to build small, lightweight carbon fiber structures, as the flat
surface facilitates easy epoxy bonding. It can be used to build trusses and space frames. It can
be bonded to Dragonplate, plywood, or even aluminum to provide local stiffening.
15
Unidirectional carbon fiber running longitudinally. CFRP strip and bar are ideal for scale
aircraft, gliders, musical instrument construction or any project that requires strength, rigidity
and lightness.
Advantages of carbon fiber:

 Short construction period

 No maintenance required

 Easy installation, low installation cost

 Light weight, no influence to original structure

 Corrosion resistance, long-term effect of 50 years

 Cost effective compared with other retrofitting method

 1 layers of CFRP laminate is equivalent to 4-8 layers of CFRP fabric.

Fig 4.3 CFRP Strips

3. CFRP Sheets

Carbon fiber sheet is manufactured by carbon fiber in which carbon fabric is

saturated or infused with epoxy resins and heated at high temperatures. Shaped pieces are made
by layering several pieces of fabric over a mould, saturating them with resin and heating it until
the resin has infused through all layers.

Uses of Carbon Fiber Sheets

 Automotive Uses. Carbon fiber's strength and durability make them valuable in the
automotive industry.

 Décor and Interior Design.

16
 Sporting Equipment.

 Carbon Fiber Sheets Use in Aerospace.

 Apply Carbon Fiber Technology.

Fig 4.4 CFRP Sheet

4. CFRP Yarn

Carbon fibers or carbon fibres (alternatively CF, graphite fiber or graphite fibre) are fibers
about 5 to 10 micrometers (0.00020–0.00039 in) in diameter and composed mostly of carbon
atoms.

CFRP(carbon fiber reinforced plastic)is an extremely strong and light fiber-reinforced

plastic which contains carbon fibers.As a composites material，it is strength and rigidity.
Unlike isotropic materials like steel and aluminum, CFRP has directional strength properties.

Carbon fiber-reinforced plastics (CFRP) are used in the aerospace industry and for
machine tool spindles, power-transmission shafts, and robotic arms. It was found that: Surface
roughness of the CFRP improved substantially for grinding with diamond wheels of increasing
mesh number up to #4000.

17
Fig 4.5 CFRP Yarn

18
 CHAPTER 5
EQUIPMENTS USED
For preparing of cubes and tests conducted for cubes we must use some equipments.
The equipments are used for this project was given below:
1. Compression testing machine
2. Moulds
3. Sieve

5.1 COMPRESSION TESTING MACHINE

Fig 5.1 Compression testing machine

19
 Compression strength is one of the most important engineering properties of cubes.
The range we offer includes manually operated, semi automatic compressive testing
equipment, electrically cum manually operated equipment and more. compressive test is
used to determine how a product or material reacts when it is crushed or flattened by
measuring fundamental parameters that determine the specimen behaviour under a
compressive load.
compressive testing provides data on the integrity and safety of materials, components and
products, helping manufactures ensure that their finished products are fit-for-purpose and
manufactured to the highest quality.
The data produced in a compressive test can be used in many ways including:
1) To determine batch quality.
2) To aid in the design process
3) To reduce material costs and achieve lean manufacturing goals.
4) To ensure compliance with international and industry standards. Applications
of compressive strength testing in the construction industry include:
1) Measuring of brick strength
2) Measuring strength of concrete cube

5.2 CONCRETE MOULDS

Fig 5.2 Concrete Moulds

A concrete mould employs resilient side shuttering, made of rubber for example, which
is prevented from deflecting, when concrete is poured, by tensioning wires extending along
the length of the shuttering.

The concrete moulds are manufactured by HYSD steel.Moulds can be made of a rigid
material, such as plaster or plastic resin or more commonly, a flexible material such as rubber.
The material to use should be chosen considering the material of the model, the material to be
used to make castings, and whether there are any undercuts.
20
5.3 SIEVES
Sieves that are used in the project was for the purpose of seperating soil as per thegrain
sizes in the soil. The sieves that are used in the laboratory was ranging from 4.75mm-
0.75microns. Generally, we have the sieves of sizes from 80mm-0.75 microns but, the greater
size sieves cannot be used for sieve the soil because of the greater grain soil can be identified
by our eyes. So, we can remove the greater size paricles by using our naked eye without using
the sieves. The size of sieves are arranged as per their size in decreasing order shown in the fig

Fig 5.3 Sieves

21
 CHAPTER 6
PREPARATION OF NORMAL AND CFRP
CONCRETE CUBES

In the process of concrete cubes, the following distinct operations involved.

There are five different operations are involved in the process of manufacturing of bricks.

 Collection of raw materials

 Cleaning of raw materials

 Batching of materials

 Mixing of raw materials

 Placing

 Curing

6.1 COLLECTION OF RAW MATERIALS

For manufacturing of cubes we discussed the required maaterials in previous concept. In
that concept we discussed about the usage of materials for our project. In collection of
materials we discuss about the places where we collected the raw materials. The material
collection was discussed below:

Cement
We use 53 grade of cement.

Fig 6.1 Cement

22
Coarse Aggregate

We use 20mm sieve for coarse aggregate.

Fig 6.2 Coarse aggregate

Fine Aggregate
We use 4.75mm passed sieve for fine aggregate.

Fig 6.3 Fine Aggregate

23
Carbon Fibre Reinforced Polymer
We adopted 1% of Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer to concrete.

Fig 6.4 CFRP

6.2 CLEANING OF RAW MATERIALS

 Cleaning of raw materials has to be mandatory for removing of unusal particles from
materials.
 In fine aggregate we remove pebbles and the size of the particles which were retained in
4.75mm and also the unusal things was retained on sieve.
 After collecting of CFRP, we cut into shredded pieces by using spatula’s and converted
into granual size.

Fig 6.5 CFRP shredded pieces

24
 Fig 6.6 Cleaning Fine Aggregate

6.3 BATCHING OF MATERIALS

In general batching is the process of measuring and combining the ingredients as per
the proportion. There are two types of batching
1. Volume batching
2. Weigh batching

6.3.1 Volume Batching

Volume batching is not a good method for proportioning the material because of the
difficulty it offers to measure granular materials in terms of volume. The amount of solid
granular materials in a cubic metre is an indefinite quantity. Because of this, for quality
concrete material have to be measured by weigh only.

6.3.2 Weigh Batching

Weigh batching is the correct method of measuring the materials. For important works,
invariably, weigh batching system should be adopted. Use of weight system in batching,
facilitates accuracy, flexibility and simplicity. We have used weigh batching process here in
the preparation of cubes.

The cement is weighed upto 35Kgs but we considered the amount of 50Kgs due to mix
proportion we considered the 35Kgs of cement in the experiment.

The CFRP is considered by the mix ratio upto 3.06% to 3.09% CFRP is added to
concrete mix.
For our project we use weigh batching method. Because of amount of CFRP would be
less when compare with volume batching. CFRP occupies more space in volume batching .

25
 Fig 6.7 Weigh Batching

6.4 MIXING OF RAW MATERIALS MATERIALS

Mixing of concrete with the CFRP material (which is 4.75mm passing) into the pan
and mix it properly by using trowel. Add sufficient waterto the mix and make sure the mix
having without lumps and any other waste things. Generally, there are two types of mixing,
Hand mixing and mechanical mixing. In thisproject, we adopted hand mixing.
The soil and plastic should be properly batched according to the required proportion. The
required proportions for mixing is named as mixing proportions.
 For this experiment we use 53 grade of cement, 20mm size of coarse aggregate, sieve
sand and CFRP material.
 The materials are taken by weighing them in required quantity. The total quantity of
cement is 33.66kgs, sand is required up to 37.44kgs and it is dried under sun light to
remove moisture content and the coarse aggregate is required up to 55.98kgs. The total
quantity of materials is 127.08kgs.
 The total number of cubes which are needed to be casting are 18. These are divided into 9
cubes of normal concrete mix and another 9 cubes of CFRP concrete mix. The mixing of
concrete is done by hand mixing method.

26
 Fig 6.8 Mixing of normal concrete

Fig 6.9 Mixing of concrete by adding CFRP

27
6.5 WORKABILITY TEST FOR CONCRETE:

Workability or consistency of concrete mix is determined by concrete slump test which is

performed as per IS 1 199-1959. The slump test is a very simple technique adopted to analyse
the workability of concrete within a short duration of time.
The slump cone test is done using slump cone apparatus. The cone which is used for slump
cone test is having a height of 30 cm, bottom diameter 20 cm and top diameter 10 cm. The
tamping rod which is made up of steel has 16 mm diameter, 60 cm long and rounded at one end
as illustrated in Figure 5.1 & 5.2. The metal base plate having a dimension of 400x400mm
provides a flat and stable platform to perform the test.
After CFRP is thoroughly mixed, the internal surface of the mould is cleaned and oiled for
easy removal of the cone and to prevent concrete from adhering to the surface of the cone. The
prepared Workability of modified CFRP was clearly influenced by the ingredients used for
modifying CFRP. Slump cone results of nominal and geopolymer concrete represented in table

Fig 6.10 Slump Cone

28
 Fig 6.11 True Slump

Table 6.1: Slump cone values of normal and CFRP concrete

M25 Grade NORMAL CONCRETE CFRP CONCRETE

Slump of Cone 25 mm 25 mm
Degree of Workability Medium (True slump) Medium (True slump)

6.6 PLACING
After mixing process we should fill the mould with the mix. The standard size of the mould
is 150mm X 150mm X 150mm which is the standard modular size. Moulding can be done in
two ways they are:
1. Hand moulding
2. Machine moulding
Generally, we are using hand moulding for manufacturing of concrete cubes. The
moulds are in cubical shape made up of steel which are opened at the top and bottom.
The sides of moulds are projected out of the box to serve it as handles.

 In this stage we need 18 moulds which are adjusted properly with the base plate. The
inner surface of the moulds are coated with the grease on the 4 sides.

 Then the first 9 moulds are filled with the normal concrete mix and second 9 moulds are
filled with the CFRP concrete mix.

 By the help of tampering rod the mix is properly tampered for the removal of air

 Then the filled moulds are kept in rest condition for 24 hours.

29
 Fig 6.12 Placing of concrete mix

6.7 CURING
Concrete curing is the process of maintaining adequate moisture in concrete within a
proper temperature range in order to aid cement hydration at early ages. There are different
methods in curing such as water curing, steam curing and membrane curing etc. In this project,
we use water curing which is very easy method and less cost but the water does not contain
with any impurities and chemicals.

 After 24 hours, those 18 moulds are to be decasted.

 The decasted cubes are marked with a paint for the identification of which are normal
concrete cubes and which are CFRP concrete cubes.

 Then, the cubes were placed into the curing tank for strength gaining.

Fig 6.13 Curing Of Concrete Cubes

30
 CHAPTER 7
TESTING AND CALCULATION
7.1 TESTING

Compressive strength : A compression testing machine is a universal testing machine (UTM)

specially configured to determine a material’s strength and deformation behavior under
compressive (pressing) load. A typical compression tester consists of a load cell, crosshead(s),
compression test tools, electronics, and a drive system. It is controlled by testing software used
to define machine and safety settings and store test parameters specified by testing standards
such as ASTM and ISO. To choose the right compression test equipment, it is important to
consider the material to be tested and the standard(s) that must be followed. Measuring the
force until a specified load or distance has been reached, or until the specimen cracks or breaks,
helps designers and manufacturers predict how a material will perform when implemented for
its intended purpose.

Test was conducted on cured cube specimen at 7 days , 14 days , 28 days age using
compression testing machine. The cubes were fitted at the center of compression testing
machine and fixed to keep the cube in position. The load was slowly applied on the cube until
failure.

Fig 7.1 Compression testing machine

31
 7.2 CALCULATION

7th Day Cubes Strength Calculation :

 Normal concrete cube :

1st cube = 277.1 KN

Strength = P/A = 277.1 X 103 / 150 X 150

= 12.31 N/mm2

2nd cube = 326.4 KN

Strength = P/A = 326.4 X 103 / 150 X 150

= 14.50 N/mm2

3rd cube = 302.7 KN

Strength = P/A = 302.7 X 103 / 150 X 150

= 13.45 N/mm2

Average = 12.31 + 14.50 + 13.45 / 3 = 13.42 N/mm2

 CFRP concrete cube :

1st cube = 330.9 KN

Strength = P/A = 330.9 X 103 / 150 X 150

= 14.70 N/mm2

2nd cube = 375.7 KN

Strength = P/A = 375.7 X 103 / 150 X 150

= 16.69 N/mm2

3rd cube = 374.6 KN

Strength = P/A = 374.6 X 103 / 150 X 150

= 16.64 N/mm2

Average = 14.70 + 16.69 + 16.64 / 3= 16.01 N/mm2

32
14th Day Cubes Strength Calculation:

 Normal concrete cube :

1st cube = 378.6 KN

Strength = P/A = 378.6 X 103 / 150 X 150

= 16.82 N/mm2

2nd cube = 433.6 KN

Strength = P/A = 433.6 X 103 / 150 X 150

= 19.27 N/mm2

3rd cube = 411.9 KN

Strength = P/A = 411.9 X 103 / 150 X 150

= 18.30 N/mm2

Average = 16.82 + 19.27 + 18.30 / 3 = 18.13 N/mm2

 CFRP concrete cube :

1st cube = 482.9 KN

Strength = P/A = 482.9 X 103 / 150 X 150

= 21.46 N/mm2

2nd cube = 530.6 KN

Strength = P/A = 530.6 X 103 / 150 X 150

= 23.58 N/mm2

3rd cube = 555.9 KN

Strength = P/A = 555.9 X 103 / 150 X 150

= 24.70 N/mm2

Average = 21.46 + 23.58 + 24.70 / 3 = 23.24 N/mm2

33
28th Day Cubes Strength Calculation :

 Normal concrete cube :

1st cube = 540.2 KN

Strength = P/A = 540.2 X 103 / 150 X 150

= 24.02 N/mm2

2nd cube = 566.0 KN

Strength = P/A = 566.0 X 103 / 150 X 150

= 25.15 N/mm2

3rd cube = 548.8 KN

Strength = P/A = 548.8 X 103 / 150 X 150

= 24.39 N/mm2

Average = 24.02 + 25.15 + 24.39 / 3 = 24.52 N/mm2

 CFRP concrete cube :

1st cube = 562.9 KN

Strength = P/A = 562.9 X 103 / 150 X 150

= 25.01 N/mm2

2nd cube = 620.9 KN

Strength = P/A = 620.9 X 103 / 150 X 150

= 27.59 N/mm2

3rd cube = 582.2 KN

Strength = P/A = 582.2 X 103 / 150 X 150

= 25.87 N/mm2

Average = 25.01 + 27.59 + 25.87 / 3 = 26.15 N/mm2

34
 CHAPTER 8
RESULTS
Table 8.1: 7th day test results

7th day Test Results Normal Cube ( N/mm2) CFRP Cube (N/mm2)

1st Cube 12.31 14.70

2nd Cube 14.50 16.69

3rd cube 13.45 16.64

Average Results 13.42 16.01

Graph 8.1: 7th day test results

From the above shown 7th day results it is observed that the CFRP concrete has 0.36% more
compressive strength than that of normal concrete.

35
 Table 8.2: 14th day test results

14th day Test Results Normal Cube ( N/mm2) CFRP Cube ( N/mm2 )

1st Cube 16.82 21.46

2nd Cube 19.27 23.58

3rd cube 18.30 24.70

Average Results 18.13 23.24

Graph 8.2: 14th day test results

From the above shown 14th day test results i t i s observed that the CFRP concrete has 0.51%
more compressive strength than that of the normal concrete.

36
 Table 8.3: 28th day test results

28th day Test Results Normal Cube ( N/mm2) CFRP Cube ( N/mm2 )

1st Cube 24.02 25.01

2nd Cube 25.15 27.59

3rd cube 24.39 25.87

Average Results 24.52 26.15

Graph 8.3: 28th day test results

From the above shown 28th day test results i t i s observed that the CFRP concrete has 0.16%
more compressive strength than that of the normal concrete.

37
8.1 AVERAGE TEST RESULTS:

Table 8.4: Average test results

Duration Normal Cube ( N/mm2) CFRP Cube ( N/mm2 )

7 Days 13.42 16.01

14 Days 18.13 23.24

28 Days 24.52 26.15

Graph 8.4: Average test results

The above finally average test results observed that the CFRP concrete has increased
compressive strength then that of the normal concrete.
38
 CHAPTER 9

CONCLUSION AND DISCUSSION

In this study we discussed about the compressive strength of concrete by adding CFRP,
finally we conclude that,

 The CFRP is fibre material which having a SMC(Sheet Moulded Compound ).Its act as a
reinforcement to concrete.

 The strength of concrete which is provided by CFRP gives the good resistance towards
the load compared with normal concrete. The CFRP is a recycled material and it is added
to the concrete for increasing its mechanical properties but the compressive strength
property is rapidly increased by the water absorption to the cocrete for certain.

 The cost of CFRP which is recycled is low and its availability in many areas so thus the
CFRP concrete can also be used for the construction purpose.

 The time duration of CFRP concrete cubes increases its compressive strength as per the
tests we conducted for 7 days curing the normal cube contains 13.42 N/mm2 and CFRP
cube contains 16.01 N/mm2.

 So the next 14 days the curing of normal cube contains 18.13 N/mm2 and CFRP cube
contains 23.24 N/mm2

 Finally the 28 days curing of normal concrete cube contains the 24.52 N/mm2 and CFRP concrete
cube contains the 26.15 N/mm2.

The advantages and disadvantages of a CFRP to be added to the concrete as stabilizer

is given below:

 ADVANTAGES

 CFRP has excellent physical and mechanical properties.

 The advantages of carbon fiber reinforced polymer composites are particularly outstanding.

 The structural strength is enhanced so that the structure is not easy to crack and more
toughness.

 The first and the most widely known benefit of carbon fiber reinforced polymer its strength
to weight ratio.

 It increases the concrete’s durability.

 It reduces crack growth and increases impact strength.

 Fibre-reinforced concrete improves resistance against freezing and thawing.

39
 Prevents maximum corrosion in civil structures.

 Reduces cracking and shrinkage.

 The thermal expansion will lower by using the carbon fiber reinforced concrete.

 The expansion of the material will low by the effect of temperature by using carbon
fiber reinforced concrete.
 DISADVANTAGES

 Rain might expose the fibres.

 Fibres randomly orient in the concrete and could result in poor quality concrete, if not
uniform.
 Reinforced concrete is about 10% to 15% costlier than non-reinforced concrete.
 The brittleness of carbon fiber reinforced concrete, if the carbon polymer proportion is not
good.
 The other draw backs are the high repair cost.
 Carbon fiber reinforced concrete possess unique qualities needed in several technical areas.

 It has several drawbacks that restrict the scope of its application significiantly.

 FUTURE SCOPE OF THE PROJECT

There is a vast scope of research on the manufacturing of bricks from black cotton soil in
the future. The possible investigations that can be done are mentioned below:

 The strength of both fresh and harden state concrete should be desirable and according
to requirement.

 Behaviour of fibrous concrete should be more than conventional concrete and hence
fibrous concrete can be used in certain structural members.

 The effect of fibres on compressive strength of concrete.

 From present investigation we find the behavior of structural member cast with fibre
based concrete.

 To determine the increase in tensile strength of concrete.

 Mechanical properties such as flexural strength, compressive strength and split tensile
strength of the fibre reinforced concrete should be improved by adding fibre into it.

 A further research for development of new technologies in composite construction such as

slim-floor slabs with semi continuous connections to the coloumns, new steel sheets or
systems to minimize the time of erection and assembly is desirable.

 Preparation of miniature specimens for testing may be thought of to avoid costly

experimentation generally caried out on full sixe models to known the exact behaviour.

40
 Recent development in composite construction technology, which have successfully
transformed the market place in other countries, providing added value to the customers
and rapid return on the invested capital. These, if adopted in India for Residential and
Commercial Building, could be very beneficial to the Indian community. In this regard,
development of suitable design aids may be very fruitful. Preparation of guide lines for
modeling different type of connections may also prove very helpful.

41
 CHAPTER 10
REFERENCES
1. A. K. Patnaik, and C. L. Bauer, Calgary, Canada.2004. “Strengthening of steel beams with
carbon FRP laminates, Proceeding of the 4th Advanced Composites for Bridges and
structures conference”.
The purpose of research is the analysis of applicability and effectiveness of cascade type
multilayer models in design of structural elements strengthening by gluing on their surfaces
fiber reinforced polymers (FRP).

2. Anders Carolin “Carbon Fibre Reinforced Polymers for Strengthening of Structural

Elements”

The purpose of this research is When applying composites for increased shear capacity,
special consideration needs to be taken for design with the truss model.

3. Bharat Kumar Banshkar and Anil Rajpoot in 2022 June, “A review study on
mechanical properties and fracture behavior of chopped fiber reinforced self-
compacting concrete”. The purpose of research is Self Compacting Concrete's rise to
prominence in constructional represents a watershed moment in the industry's history.

4.
. 4. E. Mello, C. Ribellato, E. Mohamed elhassan," Improving Concrete Properties with
Fibers Addition", 2014.
The purpose of research is The dry density and wet density of the mixes showed a positive
sign due to incorporation of normal fibers.

5 Juan Wang and Juan Zhang in 2020 October, “Effects of crushed stones on the
compression properties of polymer grout materials”.
The purpose of research is The two-component foaming polyurethane is a kind of grouting
material that has recently been widely used in engineering structural repair

6 K.Nanchari and Mohammed Akram Khan in 2021 April, “An experimental study
on mechanical properties of carbon fiber reinforced concrete”.
This study is focused towards analyzing the variation in strength of carbon fiber concrete at
variable fiber contents and to establish it with that of conventional concrete.

42
7 M. Sharma, S. Gao, E. Mäder, H. Sharma, L. Yew, and J. Bijwe, “Carbon fiber surfaces
and composite interphases”, July 2014.
The purpose of research is Carbon fiber reinforcements with an excellent mechanical
performance to weight ratio are primarily preferred for advanced composite applications.

8 Nasif Chowdhury and Habibur Rahman in 2021 February, “A Study on Mechanical

Properties of Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer Composite”.
The aim of the study is to investigate the tensile and flexural properties of carbon fiber-
reinforced polymer (CFRP).

9 S. M. Kinayekar & et al, " The Effect of Addition of Carbon Fibers on Mechanical
Properties of High Strength Concrete", January 2014.
The purpose of research is as fiber reinforcing material in precast concrete applications. The
technique of dispersing short pitch based carbon fibers randomly in the concrete mix is
carried out by two methods in the carbon fiber reinforced concrete technology

10 Tamon Ueda and Dawei Zhang in 2019, “Effect of natural fibre reinforced
polymers on confined compressive strength of concrete”.
This study aims to establish an in-depth understanding of the compressive behaviour of
concrete confined with low-cost natural fibre reinforced polymer (NFRP).

43