UNIT I : GENERAL PRINCIPLES FOR ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTION

1. Draw the (i) Front view. (ii) Top view. (iii) Side view of the block shown pictorially below.
A) B)

C) D)

2. Draw the projections of the following points on the same ground line, keeping the projectors 25
mm apart.
a) A, in the H.P. and 20 mm behind the V.P.
b) B, 40 mm above the H.P. and 25 mm in front of the V.P.
c) C, in the V.P. and 40 mm above the H.P.
d) D, 25 mm below the H.P. and 25 mm behind the V.P.
e) E, 15 mm above the H.P. and 50 mm behind the V.P.
f) F, 40 mm below the H.P. and 25 mm in front of the V.P.
g) G, in both the H.P. and the V.P.

Projections of Straight Lines

1. A line AB of length 75 mm, its inclinations 30° with the H.P. and 45° with the V.P. and the position of
one end A is 10 mm above HP and 15 mm in front of VP. Draw its projections and also show the traces
of the line.
2. A line AB 65 mm long has its end A 25 mm above HP and 15 mm in front of VP. The line is inclined at
35° to HP and 55° to VP. Draw its projections.
3. A line AB 70 mm long has its end A 35mm above HP and 30 mm in front of VP. The plan and elevation
has a length of 45 mm and 60 mm respectively. Draw its projections and find the inclinations the line
with HP and VP. Also show its traces.
4. One end of P of a line PQ 80 mm long is 25 mm above HP and 20mm in front of VP. The line is inclined
at 35° to VP. Its top view has a length of 50 mm. Draw the projections and find its true inclinations
with HP.
5. The midpoint of a straight line AB, 90mm long is 60mm above HP and 50mm in front of VP. It is
inclined at 30° with the H.P. and 45° with the V.P. Draw its projections and show it’s traces.
6. A Line PQ has its end P, in HP in VP. The end Q is 35 mm in front of VP. The elevation of the line
measures 75mm, distance between end projectors is 50 mm. Draw the projections of the line and find
its true length and true inclinations.
7. The line has its end A 20 mm above HP, 25 mm in front of VP. The other end B is 45 mm above HP and
55 mm in front of VP. The distance between the end projectors is 60 mm. Draw its projections. Also
find True Length & True inclinations with HP and VP.

Projections of Planes
1. Draw the projections of a regular pentagon of 40 mm side, having its surface inclined at 45° to the H.P.
and a side parallel to the H.P. and inclined at an angle of 60° to the V.P.
2. Draw the projections of a regular hexagon of 25 mm side, having one of its sides in the H.P. and
inclined at 60° to the V.P., and its surface making an angle of 30° with the H.P.
3. A square ABCD of 50 mm side has its corner A in the H.P., its diagonal AC inclined at 30° to the H.P.
and the diagonal BD inclined at 45° to the V.P. and parallel to the H.P. Draw its projections.
4. Draw the projections of a circle of 50 mm diameter resting in the H.P. on a point A on the
circumference, its plane inclined at 45° to the H.P. and (a) the top view of the diameter AB making 30°
angle with the V.P.; (b) the diameter AB making 30° angle with the V. P.
5. A plate having shape of an isosceles triangle has base 50 mm long and altitude 70 mm. It is so placed
that in the front view it is seen as an equilateral triangle of 50 mm sides and one side inclined at 45° to
HP. Draw its top view.
6. A hexagonal plate of side 30 mm is resting on one of its sides on VP and inclined at 40° to HP. Its
surface is inclined at 35° to VP. Draw its projections.
7. A Pentagonal plate of side 30 mm is rest on VP on one of its corner. The side opposite to that corner is
inclined at 300 HP. Its surface is inclined at 40 ° to VP. Draw its projections.

UNIT II PROJECTION OF SOLIDS

1. A square prism, base 40 mm side and height 65 mm, has an edge of its base, on the H.P. and its axis
inclined at 45° to the H.P. and parallel to VP. Draw its projections.
2. Draw the of a pentagonal prism, base side 25 mm side and axis 50 mm resting on one of its faces on
the HP with the axis inclined at 45 to the V.P.
3. A pentagonal prism is resting on one of the corners of its base on the H.P. The longer edge containing
that corner is inclined at 45° to the H.P. and parallel to the V.P. Draw the projections of the solid.
4. A hexagonal prism, with the side of the hexagon 30 mm and height of 70 mm is resting on the H.P. on
one of the edges of its hexagonal base in such a way that the base is inclined at 30° to the H.P. Draw to
scale 1:1, the view from the front and the view from the top using auxiliary plane method.
5. Draw the projections of a cylinder 75 mm diameter and 100 mm long, lying on the ground with its
axis inclined at 30° to the V.P. and parallel to the ground.
6. A regular pentagonal pyramid, base 30 mm side and height 80 mm rests on one edge of its base on the
ground so that the highest point in the base is 30 mm above the ground. Draw its projection when the
axis is parallel to the V.P.
7. A pentagonal pyramid, base 25 mm side and axis 50 mm long has one of its triangular faces in the V.P.
and the axis parallel to and 60 mm above H.P. Draw its projections.
8. A hexagonal pyramid, base 25 mm side and axis 55 mm long, has one of its slant faces perpendicular
to ground and vertical plane. Draw its projections.
9. Draw the projections of a cone, base 45 mm diameter and axis 50 mm long, when it is resting on the
ground on a point on its base circle with the axis making an angle of 60° with the H.P. and parallel to
VP.
10. Draw the projections of a cube of 25 mm long edges resting on the H.P on one of its corners with a
solid diagonal perpendicular to the H.P. and parallel to V.P.
11. A square pyramid of base side 30mm & axis 60mm is freely suspended by means of a string from one
of its base corners with its axis parallel to VP. Draw the projections.
12. A square pyramid of 50 mm side of base and 50 mm length of axis is resting on one of its triangular
faces on the H.P. and the axis parallel to the V.P. Draw the projections of the pyramid.
13. Draw the projections of a cone, base 75 mm diameter and axis 100 mm long, lying on the H.P. on one
of its generators with the axis parallel to the V.P.

UNIT III: SECTIONING OF SOLIDS

Sectioning of solids:
1. A cube of 35 mm long edges is resting on the H.P. on one of its faces with a vertical face inclined at 30°
to the V.P. It is cut by a section plane parallel to the V.P. and 9 mm away from the axis and further
away from the V.P. Draw its sectional front view and the top view.
2. A square prism, base 40 mm side, axis 80 mm long, has its base on the H.P. and its faces equally
inclined to the V.P. It is cut by a plane, perpendicular to the V.P., inclined at 60° to the H.P. and passing
through a point on the axis, 55 mm above the H.P. Draw its front view, sectional top view and true
shape of section.
3. A pentagonal prism, base 25 mm side and height 65 mm has base on the H.P. and an edge of base
perpendicular to the V.P. A section plane, inclined at 60° to HP and perpendicular to VP passing
through the top corner of the base, cuts the prism. Draw the sectional top view and true shape of the
section.
4. A hexagonal prism has a base on the H.P. with two edges of the base perpendicular to VP. It is cut by a
inclined section plane, at an angle of 45° with HP and perpendicular to VP and which cuts the axis at a
point 20 mm from top end. Draw its sectional front view and the true shape of the section. Side of
base 25 mm long; height 65 mm.
5. A cylinder 50 mm diameter and 60 mm long, is resting on its base on the ground. It is cut by a section
plane perpendicular to the V.P. which cuts the axis at a point 40 mm from the resting base and makes
an angle of 45° with the H.P. Draw its front view, sectional top view and true shape of section.
6. A pentagonal pyramid, base 30 mm side and axis 50 mm long, is lying on the H.P. on its base and edge
of base parallel to V.P. with its axis parallel to the V.P. and perpendicular to HP. It is cut by a horizontal
section plane, at a distance of 15 mm above the ground. Draw its front view and sectional top view.
7. A square pyramid, base 40 mm side and axis 65 mm long, has its base on the H.P. and all the edges of
the base equally inclined to the V.P. It is cut by a section plane, perpendicular to the V.P., inclined at
45° to the H.P. and bisecting the axis. Draw its sectional top view, sectional side view and true shape
of the section.
8. A hexagonal pyramid, base 30 mm side and axis 65 mm long, is resting on its base on the H.P. with
two edges parallel to the V.P. It is cut by a section plane perpendicular to the V.P. inclined at 45° to
the H.P. and intersecting the axis at a point 25 mm above the base. Draw the front view, sectional top
view and true shape of the section.
9. A cone, base 60 mm diameter and axis 75 mm long is resting on its base on the H.P. Draw the sectional
views and true shape of section if
a. It is cut by a section plane perpendicular to the V.P. inclined at 45° to the H.P. and cutting the
axis at a point 35 mm from the apex.
b. It is cut by a section plane perpendicular to the V.P. and parallel to and 12 mm away from one
of its end generators.
10. A cone, 50 mm diameter axis 75 mm long and resting on its base on the H.P., is cut by a vertical
section plane, which makes an angle of 60° with VP and is 12 mm away from the top view of the axis.
Draw the sectional front view and the true shape of the section.
 UNIT IV: DEVELOPMENT OF SURFACES

Development of Surfaces:
1. Draw the development of the lateral surface of the remaining part of the cube, which resting on HP
with one of its face, such that one edge of the face inclined at 30° to VP. It is cut by a section plane
perpendicular to VP and inclined at 30° to HP which is passing through the axis at 8 mm from the top
face.
2. A pentagonal prism of base side 20 mm and axis 40 mm long resting on HP with one of its base such
that one edge of base is parallel to VP and further away from it. It is cut by a section plane which is
inclined at 45° to HP and perpendicular to VP bisects the axis. Draw the development of the lateral
surface of the pentagonal prism
3. A hexagonal prism of base side 25 mm and axis 60 mm long is resting on HP with one its base and
edge of the base inclined at 45° to VP. It is cut be section plane, whose VT passing through the top
base right corner and 10 mm above from the bottom base on left side longer edge. Draw the
development of the lateral surface of the prism.
4. A cylinder of base diameter 50 mm and 60 mm long resting on HP with one of its base. A section
plane inclined at 45° to HP and perpendicular to VP cuts the axis of the cylinder at 15 mm from the
top base. Draw the development of the lateral surface of the cylinder.
5. Draw the development of the lateral surface of the square pyramid of base side 30 mm and axis 50
mm which is resting on HP with its base, such that two sides of the base equally inclined to VP and it is
cut by a section plane inclined at 30° to HP and perpendicular to VP passing through at the midpoint
of the axis.
6. A frustum of a square pyramid has its base 50 mm side, top 25 mm side and height 75 mm. Draw the
development of its lateral surface. Also, draw the projections of the frustum (when its axis is vertical
and a side of its base is perpendicular to the V.P.) showing the line joining the mid-point of a top edge
of one face with the mid-point of the bottom edge of the opposite face, by the shortest distance.
7. A pentagonal pyramid of base side 30 mm and axis 60 mm long is resting on HP with its base and an
edge of the base is parallel to VP. It is cut by a section plane inclined at 45° to HP and perpendicular
to VP passing through a corner of the base. Draw the development of the lateral surface of the
truncated pyramid.
8. A hexagonal pyramid of base side 30 mm and axis 60 mm long is resting on HP with the base and two
edges of the base are perpendicular to VP. It is cut by a section plane inclined at 60° to HP and
perpendicular to VP passing through a point on the axis 25 mm from the base. Draw the development
of the lateral surface of the truncated pyramid.
9. A cone of based diameter of 60 mm and axis 70 mm long is resting on HP with the base. It is cut by a
section plane inclined at 45 to HP and perpendicular to VP passes through midpoint on the axis. Draw
the development of the lateral surface of the truncated cone.
10. Draw the projections of a cone resting on the ground on its base and show on them, the shortest path
by which a point P starting from a point on the circumference of the base and moving around the cone
will return to the same point. Base of cone 60 mm diameter; axis 75 mm long.

UNIT V: ISOMETRIC PROJECTION

Isometric projection:
1. Draw the isometric projection of a square prism, side of the base 20 mm long and the axis 40 mm
long, when its axis is (i) vertical and (ii) horizontal
2. A pentagonal prism having the side of base 30 mm and the height of 60 mm is resting on HP with one
of the longer edge and axis parallel to VP. Draw the isometric view of the prism in the above stated
condition.
3. A hexagonal prism, base 50 mm side and axis 100 mm long, resting on its base on H.P. is cut by a
section plane perpendicular to V.P. and makes the angle of 45° with the H.P., passes through a point
on the axis 20 mm from it's top. Draw the isometric view of the prism when, (a) Two rectangular faces
of the prism are equally inclined with V.P. (b) One rectangular face of the prism is parallel to V.P.
4. Draw the isometric projection of the cylinder of diameter 50 mm and axis 60 mm long when its axis is
(i) vertical and (ii) horizontal.
5. A cylinder 50 mm diameter and 60 mm long, is resting on its base on the ground. It is cut by a section
plane perpendicular to the V.P. cuts the axis at a point 40 mm from the resting base and makes an
angle of 45° with the H.P. Draw the isometric view of the cut solid.
6. A square pyramid of base side 40 mm and axis 50 mm long is resting on HP with two edges are
equally inclined to VP. It is cut by a section plane inclined at 30 ° to HP and perpendicular to VP at a
point 30 mm above the base. Draw the isometric view of the truncated solid.
7. Draw the isometric view of the frustum of the hexagonal pyramid whose base side 30 mm and 15 mm
with the axis length 40 mm in vertical position.
8. Draw the isometric view of a cone of diameter 40 mm and axis 50 mm long is resting centrally on the
top of a square prism of base side 50 mm and axis 25 mm long.