3/2/2021

A/Prof.Dr. Pham Huy Tuan

MARCH 2, 2021

OUTLINE

1. Mathematical modeling
2. Ordinary Differential Equations (ODEs)
3. Laplace Transform
◦ Transforms of Derivatives
◦ Laplace Transform of the Integral

4. Differential Equations
◦ 2nd order Initial Value Problems
◦ Shifted Data Problems
◦ Higher order ODEs
◦ System of ODEs
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Laplace
Transform
 To solve an engineering problem  formulate the
MODELLING
problem as a mathematical expression in terms of
variables, functions, and equations.
ODEs

LAPLACE
TRANSFORM

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 A model can be an equation containing

derivatives of an unknown function (called
differential equation).

 Find a solution in order to:

 Explore its properties
 Graph it
 Find values of it
 Interpret it in physical terms
 Understand the behavior of the physical
system

How science figured out the age of earth?

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Task: Modeling
Friction.
If a body slides on a surface, it experiences friction F (a force against
the direction of motion). Experiments show that:
𝐹 =𝜇𝑁
(Coulomb’s law of kinetic friction without lubrication)
where N is the normal force (force that holds the two surfaces
together) and the constant of proportionality is called the coefficient of
kinetic friction.
The figure beside assumes that:
 The body weighs 45 N.
 𝜇 = 0.20 (corresponding to steel on steel),
 𝛼 = 30 , g=9.81m/s2.
 The slide is 10 m long,
 The initial velocity is zero, and air resistance is negligible.
1) How long will the body reach the end of the slide.
2) Find its velocity at the end of the slide.

2. Ordinary Differential Equations (ODEs)

Laplace
Transform
 ODEs of second order have important engineering
MODELLING
applications, especially in connection with mechanical
and electrical vibrations.
ODEs
 A linear second-order ODE
LAPLACE
TRANSFORM y” + p(x)y’ + q(x)y = r(x)
 The distinctive feature of this equation:
 It is linear in y and its derivatives
 Functions p, q, and r may be any given functions of x.
 Homogeneous Linear ODEs:
y” + p(x)y’ + q(x)y = 0

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Vibration in Engineering

Case study 1:
Vibration of
high building

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Case study 1:
Vibration of
high building

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Case study 2: Vibration Control of a Vehicle’s Seat Suspension

Phu (2015)

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Modeling of Free Oscillations

of a Mass–Spring System

 From previous model, we add a damping force

 The ODE of the damped mass–spring system is

 The characteristic equation

Roots = ?

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Example 1 - Discussion of the Three Cases

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Laplace
Transform
 Laplace transforms solve linear ODEs and related initial value
problems, as well as systems of linear ODEs.
MODELLING
 The process of solving an ODE using the Laplace transform:
ODEs

LAPLACE
TRANSFORM

 Step 1. The given ODE is transformed into an algebraic equation, called the
subsidiary equation.
 Step 2. The subsidiary equation is solved by purely algebraic manipulations.
 Step 3. The solution in Step 2 is transformed back, resulting in the solution of
the given problem.
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 Laplace Transforms: the process of solving an ODE is simplified to an

algebraic problem (and transformations).
 Two main advantages:
Problems are solved more directly: IVPs are solved without first determining a
general solution. Nonhomogenous ODEs are solved without first solving the
corresponding homogeneous ODE.
The method is particularly powerful for problems with inputs (driving forces)
that have discontinuities or represent short impulses or complicated periodic
functions.

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 The Laplace transform changes a function into a new function by using a process
that involves integration.
 If 𝑓 𝑡 is a function defined for all t ≥ 0, its Laplace transform is the integral of
𝑓 𝑡 .𝑒 from t = 0 to 

 Example:

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 Example:

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Clip

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Derivative

Linearity

S-Shifting

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𝑠+1 20
f= 𝐿 = 3𝐿 − 7𝐿
𝑠 + 1 + 20 𝑠 + 1 + 20

𝑓 𝑡 =𝑒 3𝑐𝑜𝑠20𝑡 − 7𝑠𝑖𝑛20𝑡

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 The Laplace transform is a method of solving ODEs and

initial value problems.
 The operations of calculus on functions are replaced by
operations of algebra on transforms.

Prove it

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 Find the Laplace transform of the

function

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 Discuss how the Laplace transform method solves ODEs

and initial value problems (IVP).

 a and b are constant.

 r(t) is the given input (driving force) applied to the mechanical or
electrical system.
 y(t) is the output (response to the input) to be obtained

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In Laplace’s method we do three steps:

 Step 1. Setting up the subsidiary equation.

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 Step 2. Solution of the subsidiary equation by algebra.

 Transfer function

(*)

 Step 3. Inversion of Y to obtain y=L -1(Y)

 We reduce (*) to a sum of terms whose inverses can be found from
the Table of Laplace Transform.

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• For initial value problems with initial conditions given at

some 𝑡 = 𝑡 > 0, instead of 𝑡 = 0.
• For such a problem:
• Set 𝑡 = 𝑡̃ + 𝑡
• so that 𝑡 = 𝑡 gives 𝑡̃ = 0
• and the Laplace transform can be applied

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• Solve the problem:

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• Partial fractions decomposition is an algebraic manipulation designed to

write a quotient P(x)/Q(x) of polynomials as a sum of simpler quotients.

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https://www.symbolab.com/solver/laplace-calculator

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