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Fundamental of Mathematics

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Keshav Agarwal

The document discusses fundamental concepts in mathematics including intervals, properties of modulus, trigonometric functions and identities, factorisation of trigonometric expressions, and trigonometric equations. It defines four types of intervals and infinite intervals. It also outlines properties of modulus, trigonometric functions of sums and differences, and multiple angle identities. Finally, it discusses solving trigonometric equations and their general and principal solutions.

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Fundamental of Mathematics

Uploaded by

Keshav Agarwal
82 views3 pages
The document discusses fundamental concepts in mathematics including intervals, properties of modulus, trigonometric functions and identities, factorisation of trigonometric expressions, and trigonometric equations. It defines four types of intervals and infinite intervals. It also outlines properties of modulus, trigonometric functions of sums and differences, and multiple angle identities. Finally, it discusses solving trigonometric equations and their general and principal solutions.

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FUNDAMENTAL OF MATHEMATICS

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The document discusses fundamental concepts in mathematics including intervals, properties of modulus, trigonometric functions and identities, factorisation of trigonometric expressions, and trigonometric equations. It defines four types of intervals and infinite intervals. It also outlines properties of modulus, trigonometric functions of sums and differences, and multiple angle identities. Finally, it discusses solving trigonometric equations and their general and principal solutions.

Copyright:

© All Rights Reserved
Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
Download as pdf or txt
82 views3 pages

Fundamental of Mathematics

Uploaded by

Keshav Agarwal
The document discusses fundamental concepts in mathematics including intervals, properties of modulus, trigonometric functions and identities, factorisation of trigonometric expressions, and trigonometric equations. It defines four types of intervals and infinite intervals. It also outlines properties of modulus, trigonometric functions of sums and differences, and multiple angle identities. Finally, it discusses solving trigonometric equations and their general and principal solutions.

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© All Rights Reserved
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FUNDAMENTAL OF MATHEMATICS

Intervals :
Intervals are basically subsets of R and are commonly used in solving
inequalities or in finding domains. If there are two numbers a, b  R such
that a < b, we can define four types of intervals as follows :

Symbols Used
(i) Open interval : (a, b) = {x : a < x < b} i.e. end points are not included.
( ) or ] [
(ii) Closed interval : [a, b] = {x : a  x  b} i.e. end points are also
included. []
This is possible only when both a and b are finite.
(iii) Open-closed interval : (a, b] = {x : a < x  b}
( ] or ] ]
(iv) Closed - open interval : [a, b) = x : a  x < b}
[ ) or [ [

The infinite intervals are defined as follows :


(i) (a, ) = {x : x > a} (ii) [a, ) = {x : x  a}
(iii) (– , b) = {x : x < b} (iv) (, b] = {x : x  b}
(v) (– ) = {x : x  R}

Properties of Modulus :
For any a, b  R
|a|  0, |a| = |–a|, |a|  a, |a|  –a, |ab| = |a| |b|,
a |a|
= , |a + b|  |a| + |b|, |a – b|  ||a| – |b||
b |b|
Trigonometric Functions of Sum or Difference of Two Angles:
(a) sin (A ± B) = sinA cosB ± cosA sinB
 2 sinA cosB = sin(A+B) + sin(AB) and
and 2 cosA sinB = sin(A+B)  sin(AB)
(b) cos (A ± B) = cosA cosB  sinA sinB
 2 cosA cosB = cos(A+B) + cos(AB) and 2sinA sinB
= cos(AB)  cos(A+B)
(c) sin²A  sin²B = cos²B  cos²A = sin (A+B). sin (A B)
(d) cos²A  sin²B = cos²B  sin²A = cos (A+B). cos (A  B)

cot A cot B  1
(e) cot (A ± B) =
cot B  cot A
tan A  tan B  tanCtan A tan B tan C
(f) tan (A + B + C) = .
1  tan A tan B  tan B tan C tan C tan A

Page # 19
Factorisation of the Sum or Difference of Two Sines or Cosines:
CD CD
(a) sinC + sinD = 2 sin cos
2 2
CD CD
(b) sinC  sinD = 2 cos sin
2 2
CD CD
(c) cosC + cosD = 2 cos cos
2 2
CD CD
(d) cosC  cosD =  2 sin sin
2 2
Multiple and Sub-multiple Angles :

(a) cos 2A = cos²A  sin²A = 2cos²A  1 = 1  2 sin²A; 2 cos²
2

= 1 + cos , 2 sin² = 1  cos .
2
2 tan A 1tan 2 A
(b) sin 2A = , cos 2A =
1  tan 2 A 1 tan2 A

(c) sin 3A = 3 sinA  4 sin 3A


(d) cos 3A = 4 cos3A  3 cosA

3 tan A  tan3 A
(e) tan 3A =
1  3 tan 2 A
Important Trigonometric Ratios:
(a) sin n  = 0 ; cos n  = 1 ; tan n  = 0, where n  

 3 1 5
(b) sin 15° or sin = = cos 75° or cos ;
12 2 2 12

 3 1 5
cos 15° or cos = = sin 75° or sin ;
12 2 2 12

3 1
tan 15° = = 2 3 = cot 75° ; tan 75°
3 1
3 1
= = 2 3 = cot 15°
3 1

 5 1  5 1
(c) sin or sin 18° = & cos 36° or cos =
10 4 5 4

Page # 20
Range of Trigonometric Expression:

– a 2  b 2 a sin  + b cos   a2  b2

Sine and Cosine Series :


sin  + sin (+) + sin ( + 2 ) +...... + sin   n 1 
n
sin  n1 
= 2 sin    
  2 
sin
2


cos  + cos (+) + cos ( + 2 ) +...... + cos   n  1 
n
sin n 1 
2 
=  cos    
sin  2 
2

Trigonometric Equations
Principal Solutions: Solutions which lie in the interval [0, 2) are called
Principal solutions.
General Solution :
  
(i) sin  = sin    = n  + (1)n  where    ,  , n  .
 2 2
(ii) cos  = cos    = 2 n  ±  where   [0, ], n  .

  
(iii) tan  = tan    = n  +  where    ,  , n  .
 2 2
(iv) sin²  = sin² , cos²  = cos² , tan²  = tan²    = n  ± 

Page # 21

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