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    Fundamental of Mathematics

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    Keshav Agarwal
    The document discusses fundamental concepts in mathematics including intervals, properties of modulus, trigonometric functions and identities, factorisation of trigonometric expressions, and trigonometric equations. It defines four types of intervals and infinite intervals. It also outlines properties of modulus, trigonometric functions of sums and differences, and multiple angle identities. Finally, it discusses solving trigonometric equations and their general and principal solutions.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Fundamental of Mathematics

    Uploaded by

    Keshav Agarwal
    71 views3 pages
    The document discusses fundamental concepts in mathematics including intervals, properties of modulus, trigonometric functions and identities, factorisation of trigonometric expressions, and trigonometric equations. It defines four types of intervals and infinite intervals. It also outlines properties of modulus, trigonometric functions of sums and differences, and multiple angle identities. Finally, it discusses solving trigonometric equations and their general and principal solutions.

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    FUNDAMENTAL OF MATHEMATICS

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    The document discusses fundamental concepts in mathematics including intervals, properties of modulus, trigonometric functions and identities, factorisation of trigonometric expressions, and trigonometric equations. It defines four types of intervals and infinite intervals. It also outlines properties of modulus, trigonometric functions of sums and differences, and multiple angle identities. Finally, it discusses solving trigonometric equations and their general and principal solutions.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    71 views3 pages

    Fundamental of Mathematics

    Uploaded by

    Keshav Agarwal
    The document discusses fundamental concepts in mathematics including intervals, properties of modulus, trigonometric functions and identities, factorisation of trigonometric expressions, and trigonometric equations. It defines four types of intervals and infinite intervals. It also outlines properties of modulus, trigonometric functions of sums and differences, and multiple angle identities. Finally, it discusses solving trigonometric equations and their general and principal solutions.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 3

    FUNDAMENTAL OF MATHEMATICS

    Intervals :
    Intervals are basically subsets of R and are commonly used in solving
    inequalities or in finding domains. If there are two numbers a, b  R such
    that a < b, we can define four types of intervals as follows :

    Symbols Used
    (i) Open interval : (a, b) = {x : a < x < b} i.e. end points are not included.
    ( ) or ] [
    (ii) Closed interval : [a, b] = {x : a  x  b} i.e. end points are also
    included. []
    This is possible only when both a and b are finite.
    (iii) Open-closed interval : (a, b] = {x : a < x  b}
    ( ] or ] ]
    (iv) Closed - open interval : [a, b) = x : a  x < b}
    [ ) or [ [

    The infinite intervals are defined as follows :


    (i) (a, ) = {x : x > a} (ii) [a, ) = {x : x  a}
    (iii) (– , b) = {x : x < b} (iv) (, b] = {x : x  b}
    (v) (– ) = {x : x  R}

    Properties of Modulus :
    For any a, b  R
    |a|  0, |a| = |–a|, |a|  a, |a|  –a, |ab| = |a| |b|,
    a |a|
    = , |a + b|  |a| + |b|, |a – b|  ||a| – |b||
    b |b|
    Trigonometric Functions of Sum or Difference of Two Angles:
    (a) sin (A ± B) = sinA cosB ± cosA sinB
     2 sinA cosB = sin(A+B) + sin(AB) and
    and 2 cosA sinB = sin(A+B)  sin(AB)
    (b) cos (A ± B) = cosA cosB  sinA sinB
     2 cosA cosB = cos(A+B) + cos(AB) and 2sinA sinB
    = cos(AB)  cos(A+B)
    (c) sin²A  sin²B = cos²B  cos²A = sin (A+B). sin (A B)
    (d) cos²A  sin²B = cos²B  sin²A = cos (A+B). cos (A  B)

    cot A cot B  1
    (e) cot (A ± B) =
    cot B  cot A
    tan A  tan B  tanCtan A tan B tan C
    (f) tan (A + B + C) = .
    1  tan A tan B  tan B tan C tan C tan A

    Page # 19
    Factorisation of the Sum or Difference of Two Sines or Cosines:
    CD CD
    (a) sinC + sinD = 2 sin cos
    2 2
    CD CD
    (b) sinC  sinD = 2 cos sin
    2 2
    CD CD
    (c) cosC + cosD = 2 cos cos
    2 2
    CD CD
    (d) cosC  cosD =  2 sin sin
    2 2
    Multiple and Sub-multiple Angles :

    (a) cos 2A = cos²A  sin²A = 2cos²A  1 = 1  2 sin²A; 2 cos²
    2

    = 1 + cos , 2 sin² = 1  cos .
    2
    2 tan A 1tan 2 A
    (b) sin 2A = , cos 2A =
    1  tan 2 A 1 tan2 A

    (c) sin 3A = 3 sinA  4 sin 3A


    (d) cos 3A = 4 cos3A  3 cosA

    3 tan A  tan3 A
    (e) tan 3A =
    1  3 tan 2 A
    Important Trigonometric Ratios:
    (a) sin n  = 0 ; cos n  = 1 ; tan n  = 0, where n  

     3 1 5
    (b) sin 15° or sin = = cos 75° or cos ;
    12 2 2 12

     3 1 5
    cos 15° or cos = = sin 75° or sin ;
    12 2 2 12

    3 1
    tan 15° = = 2 3 = cot 75° ; tan 75°
    3 1
    3 1
    = = 2 3 = cot 15°
    3 1

     5 1  5 1
    (c) sin or sin 18° = & cos 36° or cos =
    10 4 5 4

    Page # 20
    Range of Trigonometric Expression:

    – a 2  b 2 a sin  + b cos   a2  b2

    Sine and Cosine Series :


    sin  + sin (+) + sin ( + 2 ) +...... + sin   n 1 
    n
    sin  n1 
    = 2 sin    
      2 
    sin
    2


    cos  + cos (+) + cos ( + 2 ) +...... + cos   n  1 
    n
    sin n 1 
    2 
    =  cos    
    sin  2 
    2

    Trigonometric Equations
    Principal Solutions: Solutions which lie in the interval [0, 2) are called
    Principal solutions.
    General Solution :
      
    (i) sin  = sin    = n  + (1)n  where    ,  , n  .
     2 2
    (ii) cos  = cos    = 2 n  ±  where   [0, ], n  .

      
    (iii) tan  = tan    = n  +  where    ,  , n  .
     2 2
    (iv) sin²  = sin² , cos²  = cos² , tan²  = tan²    = n  ± 

    Page # 21

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