Module 2

MOMENTUM TRANSFER
MODULE 2
CHE 2211
CHEMICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE
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MODULE 2: Fluid flow phenomena
At the end of the module, you should be able to:
1. Apply fluid flow phenomena in solving fluid mechanics problems
Introduction
The flow of fluids in industrial processes is an important unit operation, and the principles
involved should be thoroughly understood by all chemical engineers. In the first place, in
common with many other engineers, he is concerned with transport of fluid from one
location to another through pipes or open ducts. Handling liquids is much simpler, cheaper
and less troublesome than handling solids.
It is essential for a chemical engineer to estimate the pressure drop that occurs during such
a flow in the system, and hence of the power required for pumping, selection of the most
suitable type of pump, and measurement of flow rates.
Potential Flow – flow of an ideal fluid, one that is incompressible and has zero viscosity.
Characteristics:
(1) Neither circulation nor eddies can form within the stream, so that it
is also called irrotational flow
(2) friction cannot develop, so that there is no dissipation of
mechanical energy into heat
F = force required to overcome the friction in the fluid between the plates and to
maintain the velocity “u”.
RHEOLOGY
 Studies the relationships between the shear stress and shear rate
 The study of flowing matter
 The overall science that considers flow and deformation of fluids
 It emanated from the Greek philosopher Heraclitus, who wrote “panta rhei”
translated as “everything flows”
 Study of deformation and flow of matter
 A fluid is a substance that deforms continuously under the action of a shearing
force.
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e.g. Intuitively, a fluid flows!
 Inquiry into the flow behavior of complex fluids
 Complex fluids do not follows Newton’s Law or Hooke’s Law (of elasticity)
What is Rheology Anyway?

 “Rheology is the study of the flow of materials that behave in an interesting or
unusual manner. Oil and water flow in familiar, normal ways, whereas mayonnaise,
peanut butter, chocolate, bread dough, and silly putty flow in complex and unusual
ways. In rheology, we study the flows of unusual materials.”
 “… all normal or Newtonian fluids (air, water, oil, honey) follow the same scientific
laws. On the other hand, there are also fluids that do not follow the Newtonian flow
laws. These non-Newtonian fluids, for example mayo, paint, molten plastics, foams,
clays, and many other fluids, behave in a wide variety of ways. The science of
studying these types of unusual materials is called rheology”
FLUID FLOW
Fluid flow may be steady or unsteady; uniform or non-uniform; laminar or turbulent; one-
dimensional, two dimensional or three-dimensional; and rotational or irrotational.
Definition of Terms
TERM DEFINITION
Streamline An imaginary line in a field of flow at an instant of time such that the
fluid velocity at any point is tangential to it (there can be no flow
across a streamline)
Stream A family of streamlines forming a cylindrical passage of infinitesimal

filament cross-section.
Stream Is bounded by an infinite number of streamlines forming a finite surface

tube across which there is no flow.
Streak line A line made by a dye injected into a fluid at one point and thus marks
the positions of all particles of fluid which have passed that point.
Pathline A line made by a single particle as it moves during a period of time.
While the path line refers to a path of a single particle, a streamline refers to an
instantaneous picture of the velocity directions of a number of particles. In a steady flow,
streamlines, streaklines and path lines are the same.
Types of Fluid flow
TYPES DEFINITION
1. Steady and Steady Flow Type of flow in which the fluid characteristics
Unsteady Flow (velocity, density, pressure and temperature) at a
point DO NOT change with time. Although
velocity does not change with time, it may
change from point to point in space.
Unsteady Flow Type of flow in which the fluid characteristics at a

point changes with time. Flow is time –
dependent.
2. One- One-dimensional True one-dimensional flow of an incompressible

dimensional, Two fluid occurs when the direction and magnitude of
–dimensional the velocity at all points are identical
Two-dimensional Occurs when fluid particles move in planes or

parallel planes and the stream line patterns are
identical in each plane.
Uniform Flow Type of flow in which the velocity at any given

time does not change with respect to space.
Convective acceleration is zero. The velocity
vector is identical in magnitude and direction at
every point in the flow field. The velocity itself may
not be constant with respect to time, but any
3. Uniform and change that may occur at every point
Non-uniform flow simultaneously and the streamline must be
straight.
i.e. Length of direction of flow
Non-Uniform Flow Type of flow in which the velocity at any given

time changes with respect to space. Velocity
vector is dependent on position.
Steady Uniform Flow – flow of fluid through a long pipe of uniform cross-section at a
constant rate.
Unsteady Uniform Flow – flow through a long pipe at a decreasing rate.
Steady Non-uniform Flow – flow through an expanding pipe at a constant rate.
Unsteady Non-uniform Flow – flow through an expanding pipe at an increasing rate.
TYPES DEFINITION
4. Compressible Compressible Type of flow in which the density of the fluid

and changes from point to point (density is not
constant) e.g.GASES
Incompressible Incompressible Type of flow in which the density of the fluid is
Flow constant. e.g. LIQUIDS
5. Rotational Flow Rotational Flow Flow illustrated by fluids in rotating tanks where the
and Irrotational velocity of each particle varies directly as the
Flow distance from the center of rotation
Irrotational Flow  Flow of an ideal fluid

 Flow in which no shear stresses occur and
hence no torques exist and that the fluid
particles cannot experience rotational
motion about their own mass centers.
Laminar Flow  Type of flow in which the fluid particles

move along well-defined paths.
 This occurs at relatively low velocities where
fluid particle move smoothly, parallel
6. Laminar and everywhere.
Turbulent  Moves in thin, straight line
(type of flow  This type of flow is also called stream – line
according to the flow or viscous flow. Influenced by viscous
conditions of flow forces
through a closed  Application: stack gas sampling
channel of any Turbulent Flow  Turbulent flow travels in random, chaotic
cross-section) paths and is characterized by irregular
fluctuations and heavy mixing. Influenced
by inertial forces
 Turbulent flow occurs at relatively high
velocities
LAMINAR FLOW
TURBULENT FLOW
Laminar flow vs Turbulent flow
RHEOLOGY
a)The overall science that considers flow and deformation of fluids
b) The study of the relationship between force and deformation in continuous medium
NEWTON’s Law of Viscosity

States that the shear stress is directly proportional to the shear rate. The constant of
proportionality is the viscosity. The greater the shear stress, the faster will be the fluid flow.
RHEOLOGICAL FLUID TYPES

Rheogram is a plot of shear stress vs shear rate (velocity gradient).
An ideal or perfect fluid is a hypothetical fluid that offers no resistance to shear and
therefore has zero viscosity.
Newtonian fluids are fluids where viscosity is a linear function of shear stress and velocity
gradient and viscosity is constant when static pressure and temperature are fixed while
viscosity of non-newtonian fluids on the other hand is a function of shear stress or velocity
gradient as well as temperature and pressure.
RHEOGRAM
Plot of the shear stress versus the shear rate (velocity gradient).
TYPES OF FLUIDS
TERM DEFINITION
Ideal fluids a) A substance that is unable to resist internal shear and tensile
forces. Do not exist in nature.
b) Assumed to have no viscosity or non-viscous (inviscid), thus no
resistance to shear
c) Incompressible
d) Have uniform velocity when flowing
e) No friction between moving layers of fluid
f) No eddy currents or turbulence
Real fluids a) Fluids that have surface tension, viscosity and compressibility
b) Exhibit infinite viscosities
c) Compressible
d) Non-uniform velocity distribution when flowing
e) Experience friction and turbulence in flow
Newtonian a) Fluids where stress is directly proportional to rate of strain
Fluids b) Fluids that follow Newton’s Law of Viscosity
TERM DEFINITION EXAMPLE
Non-Newtonian Fluids a) A fluid whose flow properties Non-Newtonian Fluids

or Memory Fluids differ in any way from those of or Memory Fluids
Newtonian fluids.
b) The viscosity of non-Newtonian
fluids is dependent on shear
rate or shear rate history.
Time – independent Properties are independent of time Bingham plastic
Fluids under shear Pseudoplastic
Dilatant fluids
Time dependent Properties are dependent upon Thixotropic
Fluids duration of shear Rheopectic
Viscoelastic fluids Properties which exhibit characteristic
of a solid
NEWTONIAN FLUIDS
TIME INDEPENDENT NON-NEWTONIAN FLUIDS
Bingham
Plastic
Time- Pseudoplast
Non-Newtonian
Fluids
Independ ic Fluids
ent Fluids
Dilatant
Fluids
TERM DEFINITION EXAMPLE

Bingham plastic /  Fluids that have a linear shear clay suspensions, drilling
Bingham fluids stress/shear strain relationship mud, toothpaste,
(Yield – Stress require a finite yield stress mayonnaise, chocolate,
Fluids) before they begin to flow (the mustard,
plot does not pass through the Water suspensions of
origin) rock or grains,
 Requires finite stress to initiate Highly concentrated
flow suspensions of fine
 Bingham plastic is the simplest particles,
non-newtonian fluid. Sewage sludge
 It is the same as newtonian Digested sewage
fluid in behavior and the only Clay
difference is that a certain Mud
amount of shear is needed to Chewing gum
initiate flow. Tar
 Tendency of a material to flow Thermoplastic
only when stresses are above polymer solutions
a threshold stress High con’cn of
 do not flow at all until a asbestine in oil
threshold shear stress (yield
stress) is applied but then flow
linearly at shear stresses
greater than the yield stress, 0
at 𝝉 < 𝝉𝟎; du/dy = 0
at 𝝉 > 𝝉𝟎;  – 0 =  (du/dy)
 - coefficient of rigidity
Pseudoplastic  The viscosity appears to Blood,
Fluids decrease when the shear rate Nail polish,
(Shear thinning increases. whipped cream,
fluid)  Majority of non-newtonian ketchup,
shear thinning – fluids are pseudoplastic molasses,
tendency of some materials. It exhibits a shear syrups,
materials to thinning effect that is viscosity latex paint,
decrease in decreases with increase in Silly putty
viscosity when shear rate. Examples are GRS latex solutions
driven to flow at polymeric solutions or melts Greases
high shear rates, and suspensions of paper Molasses
such as by pulps or pigments. Paint
higher pressure  The term “pseudoplastic” is Starch
drops discouraged since it is an Soap
old/outdated terminology. Most emulsions (egg)
Printing inks
Paper pulp
Dilatant Fluids The viscosity appears to increase Oobleck (Corn starch
(Shear thickening when the shear rate increases. dissolved in water)
fluid) Paper pulp,
shear thickening Sand in water,
– tendency of Starch in water
some materials to beach sand
increase in Quicksand
viscosity when Feldspar
driven to flow at Mica
high shear rates Candy compounds
Peanut butter
TIME DEPENDENT NON-NEWTONIAN FLUIDS
Thixotropic
Non- Time –
Real Fluids
FLUID Newtonian Dependent
Fluids Fluids Fluids Rheopectic
Fluids
Time-dependent fluids
For time-dependent fluids, the shear stress depends on the past history of the rate of
deformation, as a result of structure or orientation buildup or breakdown during
deformation.
1. THIXOTROPIC
Shear stress decreases with time at constant shear rate. (mayonnaise, clay
suspensions, etc.)
2. RHEOPECTIC
Shear stress increases with time at constant shear rate. (bentonite sols, gypsum
suspension in water, etc.)
VISCOELASTIC NON-NEWTONIAN FLUIDS

Exhibit elastic recovery from deformations which occur during flow. Polymer fluids
comprise the largest fluids in this class.
Viscoelastic Effects:
1. Weissenberg effect
2. Fluid Memory
3. Die Swell
Non-
Real
FLUID Newtonian Viscoelastic
Fluids
Fluids
RHEOLOGICAL PROPERTIES
VISCOSITY
 In everyday terms and for fluids only, viscosity is “thickness” or “internal friction”.
Thus, water is “thin”, having a lower viscosity, while honey is “thick”, having a higher
viscosity. Put simply, the less viscous the fluid is, the greater its ease of movement
(fluidity)
 Ratio of shear stress to shear rate
VARIATION OF VISCOSITY WITH TEMPERATURE
 Temperature affects the viscosity
 The relationship between viscosity and temperature for liquids and gases are:
For Liquids:
 Viscosity of liquid at t0C, in poise

0 Viscosity of liquid at 00C, in poise
,  Constants for the liquid
WATER:
0 = 0.00179 Poise
 = 0.03368
 = 0.000221
For Gases:
AIR:
0 = 0.000017 Poise
 = 0.000000056
 = 0.1189 x 10-9
UNITS OF VISCOSITY:
NOTE:
1. The viscosities of liquids are generally much greater than those of gases
2. The viscosity of a liquid increases with pressure, but the effect is generally
insignificant at pressures less than 40 atm.
NEWTON’s Law of Viscosity
States that the shear stress is directly proportional to the shear rate. The constant of
proportionality is the viscosity.
NEWTONIAN FLUIDS:
Newtonian fluids follows or are characterized by a plot which is a straight line passing
through the origin. Fluids of this type follow Newton’s Law of Viscosity. In Newtonian Fluid,
the shear stress is proportional to shear rate, and the proportionality constant is called the
viscosity.
PROPERTIES OF FLUIDS
TERM Symbol DEFINITION FORMULA
DENSITY or  Amount of mass in

Mass (rho) a unit volume of
density substance.
SPECIFIC VS The volume

VOLUME occupied by a unit
mass of fluid
SPECIFIC  The weight per unit

WEIGHT or (gamma) volume of a
Unit weight material
SPECIFIC SG A dimensionless
GRAVITY or or ratio of a material’s
Relative S density to some
Density or standard reference
Relative density.
Gravity
For water at 40C:

H2O = specific weight = 62.4 lbf/ft3 = 9.81 kN/m3
H2O = density = 1.94 slugs/ft3 = 62.4 lbm/ft3 = 1000 kg/m3
SGH2O = specific gravity = 1.0
TERM Symbol DEFINITION FORMULA
VISCOSITY  a) A material property

or (mu) that measures the
Dynamic fluid's resistance to
Viscosity flow. The measure of
a fluid’s resistance to
internal shear stresses
or angular
deformation.
Dependent on
temperature.
b) Viscosity is the
constant of
proportionality
between shear stress
and the gradient
(spatial derivative) of
velocity
KINEMATIC  The ratio of the dynamic
VISCOSITY (nu) viscosity (μ) to the density of
or the fluid ( ρ )
Momentum Unit: m2/s, ft2/s
diffusivity cm2/s = stoke
SURFACE  a) It is the intermolecular Pressure inside a droplet of
TENSION (sigma) cohesive forces that liquid:
causes bubbles and
droplets to take on a
spherical shape,
since any other
shape would have
more surface area
per unit volume.
b) The capacity of P = gage pressure (N/m2)
liquids to resist tensile = surface tension (N/m)
stresses at their d = droplet diameter (m)
surface is called
surface tension.
REYNOLDS NUMBER (Re/NRe)

Osborne Reynolds (1883) gave a visual demonstration of the transition from laminar to
turbulent flow in a pipe, using an experimental set-up that is still popular today.
The Reynolds number (Re) is a dimensionless quantity that is used to help predict similar
flow patterns in different fluid flow situations. The concept was introduced by George
Gabriel Stokes in 1851, but the Reynolds number is named after Osborne Reynolds (1842–
1912), who popularized its use in 1883.
Sir George Stokes

Osborne Reynolds
The Reynolds number is defined as the ratio of inertial forces to viscous forces and
consequently quantifies the relative importance of these two types of forces for given flow
conditions. Reynolds numbers frequently arise when performing scaling of fluid dynamics
problems, and as such can be used to determine dynamic similitude between two
different cases of fluid flow. They are also used to characterize different flow regimes within
a similar fluid, such as laminar or turbulent flow
A. Reynolds Number for Newtonian Fluids:
Re Reynolds Number
D Diameter of the tube or pipe
V Average velocity of fluid
 Density of the fluid
 Viscosity of the fluid
 Kinematic viscosity
G Mass velocity
NOTE:
Laminar flow when Re<2100
Transition flow when 2100<Re<4000
Turbulent flow when Re>4000
B. Reynolds Number for Non-Newtonian Fluids:
Flow Property Indexes for Pseudoplastic Fluids:

Re Reynolds Number
D Diameter of the tube or pipe
V Average velocity of fluid
 Density of the fluid
 Viscosity of the fluid
n' Flow property index for non-Newtonian Fluids
K’ Flow property index for non-Newtonian Fluids
FLUID n' K’ x 10-3

1.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose in water 0.554 3.13
3.0% Carboxymethyl cellulose in water 0.566 9.31
4.0% paper pulp in water 0.575 20.02
14.3% clay in water 0.350 0.173
25% clay in water 0.185 1.59
Applesauce 0.645 0.500
EXAMPLE PROBLEMS
Example No. 1
For the following situations of steady flow, determine whether flow is laminar or turbulent:
a) water at 100C flowing at an average velocity of 2 m/s in a 100 mm pipe
b) air at 2 atm pressure and 1800F flowing at 50 ft/s in a 12 inch duct
c) oil with a specific gravity of 0.78 and viscosity of 20 cP flowing at 5 ft/s in a 2 inch
pipe
d) polymer melt with a density of 900 kg/m3 and a viscosity of 1 Pa-s flowing at 0.2m/s
in a 15 mm tube.
Given: Refer to the problem statement
Required: 𝑅𝑒
Solution:
a)
H2O
T = 10oC ID = 100
V = 2 m/s mm
ρ = 1000.32 kg/m3
𝑚 𝑘𝑔
𝐷𝑉𝜌 (0.1 𝑚)(2 ⁄𝑠 ) (1000.32 ⁄𝑚3 )
𝑅𝑒 = =
𝜇 (1.31 𝑥 10−3 𝑐𝑃)
𝑅𝑒 = 152,720.61 (𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑏𝑢𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑡)
b)
Air
P= 2 atm ID = 12 in
T = 180oF
V = 50 ft/s
@ 180 OF: μ = 0.02 cP
𝑃𝑀 (2 𝑎𝑡𝑚)(29 𝑙𝑏𝑚⁄𝑙𝑏𝑚𝑜𝑙 )
𝜌= =
𝑅𝑇 (0.7302 𝑎𝑡𝑚 − 𝑓𝑡 3⁄
𝑙𝑏𝑚𝑜𝑙 − °𝑅) (180 + 460 °𝑅)
𝑃𝑀 𝑙𝑏𝑚
𝜌= = 0.1241
𝑅𝑇 𝑓𝑡 3
12⁄ 𝑓𝑡) (50 𝑓𝑡⁄ ) (0.1241 𝑙𝑏𝑚⁄ )

𝐷𝑉𝜌 ( 12 𝑠 𝑓𝑡 3
𝑅𝑒 = =
𝜇 𝑙𝑏𝑚
6.72 𝑥 10−4
𝑓𝑡 − 𝑠
(0.02 𝑐𝑃 𝑥 )
1 𝑐𝑃
𝑅𝑒 = 461,681.5476 (𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑏𝑢𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑡)
c)
Oil
V = 5 ft/s ID = 2 in
μ = 20 cP
SG = 0.78
2 𝑓𝑡⁄ 𝑙𝑏𝑚⁄ )
𝐷𝑉𝜌 ( ⁄12 𝑓𝑡) (5 𝑠 ) (0.78 𝑥 62.4 𝑓𝑡 3
𝑅𝑒 = =
𝜇 𝑙𝑏𝑚
6.72 𝑥 10−4
𝑓𝑡 − 𝑠
(20 𝑐𝑃 𝑥 )
1 𝑐𝑃
𝑅𝑒 = 3,017.8571 (𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑏𝑢𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑡)
d)
Polymer melt
V = 0.2 m/s ID = 15 mm
μ = 1 Pa-s
ρ = 900 kg/m3
15 𝑚 𝑘𝑔⁄
𝐷𝑉𝜌 ( ⁄1000 𝑚)(0.2 ⁄𝑠 ) (900 𝑚3 )
𝑅𝑒 = =
𝜇 𝑁 − 𝑚2
(1 )
𝑠
𝑅𝑒 = 2.7 (𝑙𝑎𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑟)
Example No. 2
The distance between the two parallel plates is 0.00914 m and the lower plate is being
pulled at a relative velocity of 0.366 m/s greater then the top plate. The fluid used is soy
bean oil with a viscosity of 4 x 10–2 Pa.s at 303K.
(a) Calculate the shear stress and the shear rate in fps and SI units.
(b) If glycerol at 293 K having a viscosity of 1.069 kg/m-s is used instead of soybean
oil, what relative velocity, in m/s is needed using the same distance between
the plates so that the same shear stress is obtained as in part (a). Also, what is
the new shear rate?
Given:
Required: a) du/dy, shear stress in Pa-s

b) du, du/dy
Solution:
a)
𝑑𝑢 0.366 𝑚/𝑠
= = 40.044/𝑠
𝑑𝑦 0.00914 𝑚
𝑑𝑢 40.044
𝜏=𝜇 = (4 𝑥 10−2 𝑃𝑎 − 𝑠)( )
𝑑𝑦 𝑠
𝜏 = 1.6018 𝑃𝑎
b)
𝜏 = 1.6018 𝑃𝑎
𝑑𝑢
1.6018 𝑃𝑎 = (1.069 𝑃𝑎 − 𝑠)
0.00914 𝑚
𝑑𝑢 = 0.0137 𝑚/𝑠
𝑑𝑢
𝜏=𝜇
𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑢 𝜏 1.602 𝑃𝑎
= =
𝑑𝑦 𝜇 1.069 𝑃𝑎 − 𝑠
𝑑𝑢
= 1.499/𝑠
𝑑𝑦
Example No. 3
A 15-cm long cylindrical metal rod slides inside a tube filled with oil. The inner diameter of
the tube is 5 cm and the clearance is 0.05 mm. The mass of the bar is 0.5 kg when
immersed in the oil. What is the viscosity of the oil, if the steady-state velocity of the rod is
0.1 m/s?
Given:
Required: viscosity of the oil

Solution:
𝑑𝑢 = 0.1 𝑚/𝑠
𝑑𝑦 = 0.05 𝑚𝑚
𝑑𝑢
𝜏=𝜇
𝑑𝑦
𝑚
𝐹 𝑚𝑔 (0.5 𝑘𝑔)(9.81 2 )
𝜏= = = 𝑠 = 208.1747 𝑃𝑎
𝐴 𝜋𝐷𝐿𝑔𝑐 𝜋(0.05 𝑚)(0.15 𝑐𝑚)(1)
𝜏 208.1747 𝑃𝑎
𝜇= = 𝑚
𝑑𝑢 0.1 𝑠
𝑑𝑦
. 05
1000 𝑚
𝜇 = .1041 𝑃𝑎 − 𝑠 = 104.0874 𝑐𝑃
Example No. 4
The apparent viscosity of a non-newtonian liquid at a given shear rate is the value indicated by a
viscometer operating on the liquid at that shear rate. It is the viscosity that would be indicated by
the viscometer if the liquid were newtonian. (a) Calculate the apparent viscosity of a 4 percent
suspension of paper pulp in water at shear rates du/dy of 10 s–1 and 1000 s–1. (b) Repeat for a 25
percent suspension of clay in water.
Given:
From the table Flow Property Indexes for Pseudoplastic Fluids:
a) for 4 % suspension of paper pulp
n’ = 0.575 K’ = 20.02
b) for 25% clay suspension
n’ = 0.185 K’ = 1.59
𝑑𝑢 10 𝑑𝑢 1000
Required: μ if = and = for a) for 4 % suspension of paper pulp
𝑑𝑦 𝑠 𝑑𝑦 𝑠
b) for 25% clay suspension
Solution:
for Non-Newtonian (Pseudoplastic):
′
′(
𝑑𝑢 𝑛
𝜏=𝐾 )
𝑑𝑦
for Newtonian:
𝑑𝑢
𝜏=𝜇
𝑑𝑦
a) for 4 % suspension of paper pulp a) for 25% clay suspension

n’ = 0.575 K’=20.02 n’ = 0.185 K’=1.59
𝑑𝑢 10 𝑑𝑢 10
if 𝑑𝑦 = if 𝑑𝑦 =
𝑠 𝑠
𝑛′ 𝑛′
′ 𝑑𝑢 ′ 𝑑𝑢
𝜏= 𝐾 (𝑑𝑦) 𝜏= 𝐾 (𝑑𝑦)
10 0.575 10 0.185
𝜏 = 20.02 ( 𝑠 ) 𝜏 = 1.59 ( 𝑠 )
𝜏 = 75.2426 𝑃𝑎 𝜏 = 2.4344 𝑃𝑎
𝜏 75.2426 𝑃𝑎 𝜏 2.4344 𝑃𝑎
𝜇= 𝑑𝑢 = 𝜇= 𝑑𝑢 =
10/𝑠 10/𝑠
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
𝜇 = 7.5243 𝑃𝑎 − 𝑠 𝜇 = 0.2434 𝑃𝑎 − 𝑠
𝑑𝑢 1000 𝑑𝑢 1000
if 𝑑𝑦 = if 𝑑𝑦 =
𝑠 𝑠
′ ′
𝑑𝑢 𝑛 𝑑𝑢 𝑛
𝜏= 𝐾 ′ (𝑑𝑦) 𝜏 = 𝐾 ′ (𝑑𝑦)
1000 0.575 1000 0.185
𝜏 = 20.02 ( ) 𝜏 = 1.59 ( )
𝑠 𝑠
𝜏 = 1062.8307 𝑃𝑎 𝜏 = 5.7069 𝑃𝑎
𝜏 1062.8307 𝑃𝑎 𝜏 5.7069 𝑃𝑎
𝜇= 𝑑𝑢 = 𝜇= 𝑑𝑢 =
1000/𝑠 1000/𝑠
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
𝜇 = 1.0628 𝑃𝑎 − 𝑠 𝜇 = 5.7069𝑥10−3 𝑃𝑎 − 𝑠
THE VELOCITY PROFILE

When a fluid is flowing over a surface or through a pipe, its velocity at various points in a
plane perpendicular to the direction of flow is rarely uniform. Because of the resistance
encountered by the flowing fluids at the surface of the pipe wall, the fluid particles in
contact with the surface of the wall may be considered to have no net forward velocity.
That is, there is no slip at the wall surface and the velocity of the fluid is zero. Thus, a cross-
sectional view of the velocity distribution of the fluid flowing in a long straight pipe would
show the maximum velocity at the center of the pipe, with the velocity gradually
decreasing to zero as the wall is approached.
If the fluid is frictionless and the conditions of slip exist at the wall, the velocity becomes
uniform throughout the cross section of the pipe and the velocity profile becomes flat or
the ultimate flow beyond both laminar and turbulent flow is ideal or plug flow where all the
velocities across the tube cross section are the same. The plug or ideal flow concept is
used in a number of applications. Particular examples are such systems as flow reactors or
flow-through packed beds.
TYPE OF FLOW SHAPE OF VELOCITY PROFILE
LAMINAR FLOW true parabola or parabolic
TURBULENT FLOW Blunter parabola
PLUG FLOW or Ideal Flow flat
Average Velocity of Newtonian Fluids with Laminar Flow in pipes
For Laminar Flow in a circular tube:
For Turbulent Flow in a Smooth Circular Tube:
Symbol Definition
u Maximum velocity
or
uMAX
U Constant, equal to the velocity at the centerline
of the tube
r Radial distance from the centerline
R Radius of the tube
n =1/7 for values of NRe < 1 x 105
=1/8 for values of Nre > 1 x 105 to
4 x 105
V Average velocity
Flow in Boundary Layers

A boundary layer is defined as that part of a moving fluid in which the fluid motion is
influenced by the presence of a solid boundary. When a fluid enters a pipe, viscous
effects due to the pipe wall will develop. The region where viscous effects are important is
referred to as the boundary layer. The boundary layer is the layer of fluid in the immediate
vicinity of a bounding surface where the effects of viscosity are significant.
When the velocity profile reaches a constant, meaning the velocity profile no longer
changes along the pipe, the flow is said to be fully developed.
FULLY
DEVELOPED
REGION
Transition Length
The length of the entrance region of the tube necessary for the boundary layer to reach
the center of the tube and for fully developed flow to be established. The approximate
length of straight pipe necessary for completion of the final velocity distribution is
For laminar flow:
𝑥𝑡
= 0.05𝑅𝑒
𝐷
For turbulent flow:
𝑥𝑡 = (40~50)𝐷 = 45𝐷
Where:
xt = transition length
D = pipe diameter
FULLY
DEVELOPED
FLOW
In PERRY’s HANDBOOK: ENTRANCE and EXIT EFFECTS in a PIPE:
Example No. 1
a) Estimate the transition length at the entrance to a 15 mm tube through which 100 percent
glycerol at 600C is flowing at a velocity of 0.3 m/s. The density of glycerol is 1240 kg/m3.
b) Repeat part a for 100 percent n-propyl alcohol entering a 3 inch pipe at 30 0C and a velocity
of 7 ft/s. The density of n-propanol is 50 lbm/ft3.
Given:
a) 100% glycerol
T=60oC
V=0.3 m/s
ID = 15 mm
a) 100% n-propanol
T=30oC
V=7 ft/s
ID = 3 in
Required: 𝑥𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
Solution:
a) 100% glycerol
15 𝑚 𝑘𝑔
𝐷𝑉𝜌 (1000𝑚)(0.3 𝑠 )(1240 3 )
𝑚
𝑅𝑒 = = 𝑘𝑔
𝜇 0.001
85 𝑐𝑃 ( 𝑚−𝑠)
1 𝑐𝑃
𝑅𝑒 = 65.6471 (𝑙𝑎𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑟)
𝑥𝑡
= 0.05 𝑅𝑒
𝐷
𝑥𝑡
= 0.05 (65.6471)
15 𝑚𝑚
𝑥𝑡 = 49.2353 𝑚𝑚
b) 100% n-propanol
3 𝑓𝑡 𝑙𝑏𝑚
𝐷𝑉𝜌 (12𝑓𝑡)(7 𝑠 )(50 3 )
𝑓𝑡
𝑅𝑒 = = 𝑙𝑏𝑚
𝜇 6.72𝑥10−4
𝑓𝑡−𝑠
1,78 𝑐𝑃 ( )
1 𝑐𝑃
𝑅𝑒 = 73150.7491 (𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑏𝑢𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑡)
𝑥𝑡 = (40~50)𝐷 = 45𝐷
𝑥𝑡 = 45(3)
𝑥𝑡 = 135 𝑖𝑛
Module/Unit Assessment: Module 2 Evaluative Assessment

Graded Quiz # 2
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MOMENTUM TRANSFER

CHEMICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE

What is Rheology Anyway?

Stream A family of streamlines forming a cylindrical passage of infinitesimal

Stream Is bounded by an infinite number of streamlines forming a finite surface

Pathline A line made by a single particle as it moves during a period of time.

Types of Fluid flow

Unsteady Flow Type of flow in which the fluid characteristics at a

2. One- One-dimensional True one-dimensional flow of an incompressible

Two-dimensional Occurs when fluid particles move in planes or

Uniform Flow Type of flow in which the velocity at any given

Non-Uniform Flow Type of flow in which the velocity at any given

4. Compressible Compressible Type of flow in which the density of the fluid

Irrotational Flow  Flow of an ideal fluid

Laminar Flow  Type of flow in which the fluid particles

Laminar flow vs Turbulent flow

NEWTON’s Law of Viscosity

RHEOLOGICAL FLUID TYPES

Non-Newtonian Fluids a) A fluid whose flow properties Non-Newtonian Fluids

TIME INDEPENDENT NON-NEWTONIAN FLUIDS

TERM DEFINITION EXAMPLE

TIME DEPENDENT NON-NEWTONIAN FLUIDS

VISCOELASTIC NON-NEWTONIAN FLUIDS

 Viscosity of liquid at t0C, in poise

DENSITY or  Amount of mass in

SPECIFIC VS The volume

SPECIFIC  The weight per unit

For water at 40C:

TERM Symbol DEFINITION FORMULA

VISCOSITY  a) A material property

REYNOLDS NUMBER (Re/NRe)

Sir George Stokes

Flow Property Indexes for Pseudoplastic Fluids:

FLUID n' K’ x 10-3

12⁄ 𝑓𝑡) (50 𝑓𝑡⁄ ) (0.1241 𝑙𝑏𝑚⁄ )

Required: a) du/dy, shear stress in Pa-s

Required: viscosity of the oil

a) for 4 % suspension of paper pulp a) for 25% clay suspension

THE VELOCITY PROFILE

LAMINAR FLOW true parabola or parabolic

TURBULENT FLOW Blunter parabola

PLUG FLOW or Ideal Flow flat

Average Velocity of Newtonian Fluids with Laminar Flow in pipes

For Laminar Flow in a circular tube:

For Turbulent Flow in a Smooth Circular Tube:

Flow in Boundary Layers

Module/Unit Assessment: Module 2 Evaluative Assessment

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