1.02 - The Cells
1.02 - The Cells
1.02 - The Cells
• The Cell & Cellular Metabolism and Reproduction the same as the
Terminologies concentration of solutes in
the cell
Transport process in which
solutes move from areas of Folds of a cell membrane
lesser to that greatly increase the
Active transport Microvilli
greater concentration. It surface area of a cell to
requires energy in the form facilitate absorption
of ATP Organelle that converts
Hair-like processes on the Mitochondria organic compounds into
surface of the cell that ATP
Cilia Type of cell division in which
propel materials across a
surface the “mother” cells splits into
Mitosis
The gel-like substance two identical
Cytoplasm surrounding the nucleus and daughter cells
filling the cell The cell’s “control center”
Large polymer of a Nucleus that contains a complete set
Deoxyribonucleic acid nucleotide that carries the of 46 chromosomes
(DNA) genetic The structures within the cell
information of a cell that perform specific tasks in
Organelles
A passive transport cellular
mechanism that involves the metabolism
Diffusion movement of particles A passive transport
from an area of higher to mechanism involving the
lower concentration diffusion of water from an
Form of vesicular transport area
Endocytosis that brings substances into of greater concentration of
the cell Osmosis water (and a lesser
concentration of solutes) to
Form of vesicular transport
an area of
Exocytosis that releases substances
lesser concentration of water
outside the cell
(and a greater concentration
Transport process involving
of solutes)
the diffusion of a substance
Facilitated diffusion Water pressure that
through
Osmotic pressure develops in a solution as a
a channel protein
result of osmosis
Transport process in which
Process in which large
water and dissolved
particles are trapped in the
Filtration particles are forced across Phagocytosis
plasma membrane
a membrane from an area of
and brought into the cell
higher to lower pressure
Process in which fluid and
Prepares proteins and
dissolved particles are
packages them for export to
Golgi apparatus Pinocytosis trapped in the plasma
other parts of the
membrane and brought into
body
the cell
Hydrostatic pressure Pressure exerted by water
The external boundary of the
Pertains to a solution that Plasma membrane
cell
contains a higher
Large molecule consisting of
Hypertonic concentration of solutes
Polymer many smaller molecules
compared to the fluid within
joined in sequence
the cell
Nucleotide that assists in
Pertains to a solution that Ribonucleic acid (RNA)
protein synthesis
contains a lower
Hypotonic concentration of solutes Granules of protein and
compared to the fluid within RNA scattered throughout
the cell Ribosomes the cytoplasm; some
are attached to the
Pertains to a solution in
endoplasmic reticulum
Isotonic which the concentration of
solutes in the solution is
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ANPH111 - 1.02 THE CELL AND CELLULAR METABOLISM AND REPRODUCTION – Dr. Ma. Luisa Crisostomo
Cell and its functions Receptor Molecules
If we try to compare the size of a single cell, most of • are part of an intercellular communication system that
its size are from 10 to 15 micrometers enables cell recognition and coordination of the
Blood cell measure 7.7 micrometers activities of cells.
Ovum measures 100 micrometers
Nerve cells can have a meter in length of its Extracellular Substance
extensions • Substances found outside the cell
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ANPH111 - 1.02 THE CELL AND CELLULAR METABOLISM AND REPRODUCTION – Dr. Ma. Luisa Crisostomo
packages Nuclear Pores
proteins in • The small openings contained by the nuclear envelope
secretory • Just like the cell membranes, these nuclear pores
vesicles regulates movement of different substances into and
Contains out of the cells.
materials
produced in the Nucleolus
Secretory cell; formed by
In the cytoplasm • is a round structure that is made of the DNA, RNA and
Vesicle the
proteins.
Golgi apparatus;
• is also the one responsible for making ribosomes
secreted by
which contains small units of RNA.
exocytosis
Contains
enzymes that
In a non-dividing cell, the genetic material is spread
out in the form of chromatin, which encompass the
Lysosome In the cytoplasm digest material
last part of the nucleus.
taken into the
cell In a dividing cell, the genetic material is condensed
Site of aerobic into structures called chromosomes.
respiration and There are 23 pairs of chromosomes, which also
Mitochondrion In the cytoplasm consists of DNA and protein, can be found in the
the major site of
ATP synthesis human cells.
Supports
cytoplasm; Ribosomes
assists in cell Ribosomes
Microtubule In the cytoplasm division and • are made of RNA and proteins.
forms
• These organelles are formed by the nucleolus and
components of
were sometimes associated with the rough
cilia and flagella
endoplasmic reticulum, some are located within
Facilitate the
mitochondria, and some are free-floating or termed as
movement of
free-ribosomes. But whether free-floating or
Centrioles In the cytoplasm chromosomes
associated with organelles, ribosomes are involved in
during cell
making new proteins.
division
On the cell Move
• Functions of the ribosomes includes being associated
with the Endoplasmic reticulum so they can
surface with substances over
Cilia synthesize proteins that are allocated for the plasma
many on each surfaces of
membrane. The free ribosomes also synthesize
cell certain cells
proteins that are intended to be used in the cytosol.
On the sperm
Propel sperm Rough and Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
Flagella cell surface with
cells Endoplasmic Reticulum
one per cell
Extensions of • is a large membrane system that extends outward
Increase surface from the outer nuclear membrane throughout the
cell surface with
Microvilli area of certain cytoplasm
many on each
cells There are two types of Endoplasmic Reticulum:
cell
o Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
Nucleus ▪ Those that extends from the nuclear
Nucleus envelope and filled with ribosomes
• is the large organelle usually found centrally. An ▪ These organelles synthesize
important thing about this structure is that it carries glycoproteins and phospholipids that
the genetic material that contains information for cell are then transferred into the plasma
activities and cell division. membrane, or secreted during
exocytosis.
• Some of its functions also includes controlling the
o Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
cell’s activities and cellular structure and produces
▪ Endoplasmic Reticulum without
ribosomes through its nucleoli.
ribosomes
• It has three distinct parts namely nuclear envelope,
▪ It is where fatty acids and steroids
nucleolus and chromatin.
are being made
Nuclear Envelope
▪ detoxifies harmful substances and
• The two layers that covers the outer part of the serves as a storage site for ionized
nucleus. calcium, which gets released as part
of an intracellular signal for muscle
contraction and the actions of some
chemical messengers called
hormones.
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ANPH111 - 1.02 THE CELL AND CELLULAR METABOLISM AND REPRODUCTION – Dr. Ma. Luisa Crisostomo
Golgi Apparatus and Secretory Vesicle Cytoskeleton and Microtubes
Golgi Apparatus Cytoskeleton
• is like a flattened sacs that acts like a pathway for • It is like tree-branches that holds organelles in place
processing proteins and lipids made by the and aid them in changing shape.
Endoplasmic Reticulum. • These protein elements consists of microfilaments,
It forms several things: intermediate filament and microtubules.
o It forms secretory vesicles that discharge
processed proteins via exocytosis into Microfilaments
extracellular fluid. • are small protein strands that provide mechanical
o It forms membrane vesicles that ferry new support and generate force for movement.
molecules to the plasma membrane • They are analogous to muscles in your body.
o And lastly, it forms transport vesicles that
• They also anchor proteins within the plasma
carry molecules to other organelles, such as
membrane and provide support for microvilli.
lysosomes.
Intermediate Filaments
Lysosomes and Peroxisomes
Lysosomes • are protein strands that are larger than micro laments
but smaller than microtubules.
• have a number of digestive enzymes that break down
• They hold organelles in place and attach cells to one
ingested material and worn-out organelles and release
another.
their components into the cytosol.
• It can digest the entire cells (autolysis) and carry out
Microtubules
extracellular digestion.
• are long, hollow protein tubes that determine shape
• The enzymes within the lysosomes break down the
and movement similar to the way bones shape your
materials in the endocytotic vesicle.
body.
• They are also the stiff components of cilia and
Peroxisomes
flagella.
• are small, membrane-bound vesicles containing
enzymes that break down fatty acids, amino acids, Centrosomes and Centrioles
and hydrogen peroxide. Centrioles
• The enzymes in peroxisomes break down hydrogen
• are like mini-tunnels that were stacked together by
peroxide to water and O2.
threes (microtubule triplet) and formed a cylindrical
organelle composed of nine triplets
Mitochondrion
• Putting a pair of these centrioles plus a pericentriolar
Mitochondrion
material will make up a Centrosome
• These bean-shaped organelles (figure 2.6) are the
major structures to produce Adenosine Triphosphate Centrosomes
(ATP)-the main energy source for most chemical
• is found near the nucleus and will be later essential for
reactions within the cell.
cell division called Mitosis.
• It also participates in the regulation of intracellular
ionized calcium. Mitosis
• Each mitochondrion is composed of a smooth outer
• the pericentriolar material of the centrosome contains
membrane and a folded inner membrane, which
tubulins that build microtubules in nondividing cells
contain numerous enzymes that are involved in
and form the mitotic spindle during cell division.
making ATP.
Cilia, Flagella and Microvilli
ATP
Cilia and Flagella are surface organelles that resembles
• ATP is the main energy source for most chemical projections on the surface that help cells move, beat or vibrate.
reactions within the cell, and cells with a large energy
requirement have more mitochondria than cells that Cilia
require less energy.
• are hairy-like projections that propels materials across
the surface.
Cristae
• The folds of the inner membrane Flagella
• It is on the cristae that cellular respiration occurs, • is like a whip tail placing itself at the terminal end of a
where food (chemical energy) is converted into cell.
another usable form of chemical energy, ATP. • Unlike cilia that were numerous to be found in a cell,
o For this reason, the mitochondria are known flagella usually appears singular like in the sperm
as the powerhouses of the cell. cells.
• This structure allows cells to mobilize like again in the
Mitochondrial Matrix
case of sperm cells that travels its way to find the egg
• the fluid that fills the inside of the membrane cells.
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ANPH111 - 1.02 THE CELL AND CELLULAR METABOLISM AND REPRODUCTION – Dr. Ma. Luisa Crisostomo
Microvilli Channel
• are folds of the cell membrane that greatly increase • It was mentioned that cell membranes has bilipid
the surface area of a cell. layers. This means that those substances which are
• Typically found in cells charged with absorbing lipid soluble like oxygen, carbon dioxide and steroids
nutrients—such as the intestines—microvilli can can easily pass-through the phospholipid bilayer.
increase a cell’s absorptive area as much as 40 times. While these substances can readily pass, other
substances needs channels for cell to accommodate
Cell Transport them.
o Leak Channels
As they move across cells and within the cells substances ▪ constantly allow ions to pass
including gases, nutrients and ions are dissolved in the various through
fluids. Certain terms in concentration also applies: o Gated Channels
a substance that is being ▪ limit the movement of ions across
Solute dissolved in the various the membrane by opening and
fluids closing.
a fluid or gas in which solute
Solvent Osmosis
is being dissolved
the amount of solute Osmosis
Concentration dissolved in given volume of ▪ involves the diffusion of water down the concentration
solvent gradient through a selectively permeable membrane.
the difference in ▪ is important to cells because large volume changes
Concentration Gradient concentration of a substance caused by water movement can disrupt normal cell
between two areas functions.
▪ Occurs when the cell membrane is less permeable,
Cell membranes has the unique capability to only allow certain selectively permeable, or not permeable to solutes and
substances to pass through its walls—Selective Permeability. a concentration gradient for water exists across the
Because of this, coupled with the transport capacity, cells cell membrane.
maintains its concentration of molecules. Movement of
substances may include two processes: Osmotic Pressure
▪ is the force required to prevent the movement of water
no cellular energy required across a selectively permeable membrane.
during transport. Examples ▪ is a measure of the tendency of water to move by
includes osmosis across a selectively permeable membrane.
Passive transport
Diffusion, osmosis and Hydrostatic Pressure
facilitated diffusion ▪ moves water out of the tube back into the distilled
Certain amount of cellular water surrounding the tube.
energy is needed to help
transport to be Concentrations of Solutes
Active transport Successful. Includes itself, o Isotonic
secondary active transport, ▪ The solute concentration outside the
endocytosis cell is the same as that inside the
and exocytosis cell. Therefore, water concentration
is also the same on both sides of the
Diffusion cell, and the net movement of water
Diffusion is zero.
• is the process wherein solutes moves from an area of o Hypotonic
high concentration to areas of low concentration. ▪ The solute concentration outside the
It can occur in two conditions: cell is less than the concentration
o One, the membrane must be permeable inside the cell. Therefore, the water
enough to allow passage of substances concentration outside is greater than
o Two, there must be a concentration gradient that inside, and water flows into the
of the particular substance across the cell.
membrane because it will be the driving force o Hypertonic
for the process to occur. o The solute concentration outside the
cell is greater than the concentration
inside the cell. Therefore, the water
concentration is greater inside the
cell than outside, and water flows
out of the cell.
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ANPH111 - 1.02 THE CELL AND CELLULAR METABOLISM AND REPRODUCTION – Dr. Ma. Luisa Crisostomo
Carrier-Mediated Transport Mechanism Secondary Active Transport
Certain molecules just need a medium to bind to be transported Secondary active transport involves the active transport of
inside the cell. These usually involves the use of specificity one substance, such as Na+, across the cell membrane,
wherein a molecule can only be accommodated by specific establishing a concentration gradient. Contransport, the
carrier diffusing substance moves in the same direction as the
molecule. transported substance; countertransport, the diffusing
substance moves in a direction opposite to that of the
Carrier Molecules transported substance.
• are protein present in the cell membranes that serves
as a flexible gate that changes shape.
• There are three kinds of carrier-mediated transport
and these are facilitated diffusion, active transport,
and secondary active transport.
Active Transport
• is the process in which energy is used to move
substances across a membrane against a
concentration gradient, that is, from lower
concentration to higher concentration.
• sodium-potassium pump moves Na+ out of cells and
K+ into cells
Facilitated Diffusion
• is a carrier-mediated transport process that moves
substances across the cell membrane from an area of
higher concentration to an area of lower concentration
of that substance.
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ANPH111 - 1.02 THE CELL AND CELLULAR METABOLISM AND REPRODUCTION – Dr. Ma. Luisa Crisostomo
Endocytosis and Exocytosis Metaphase - chromosomes align at the center of the
The cells forms a vesicle or a round, small sac through ATP cell.
and Anaphase - chromatids separate at the centromere
contractions of microfilaments enabling the contents to be and migrate to opposite poles
ingested. Telophase - the two new nuclei assume their normal
structure, and cell division is completed, producing two
Endocytosis new daughter cells.
o involves ingesting material by forming a vesicle from As a result of mitosis, each cell contains 23 pairs of
the plasma membrane chromosomes. This make-up, which is identical to that of the
There are three types of endocytosis: starting cell, is called diploid.
o Phagocytosis
▪ The cell “eats” large particles such Specialized cells called gametes undergo a different process of
as bacteria, viruses, and dead cells. cell division called meiosis. During meiosis, a starting cell
White blood cells and some other undergoes two rounds of cell division to produce four cells.
cell types phagocytize bacteria, cell Each cell has one-half the genetic material of the starting cell
debris and foreign particles. (only one set of chromosomes).
o Pinocytosis Meiosis is very similar to mitosis. In fact, the two are so similar
▪ The cell periodically “drinks” by that their stages are rather confusingly referred to by the same
forming small vesicles around names. One difference is that, in the first prophase of meiosis
droplets of extracellular fluid. These (prophase I), pairs of homologous chromosomes (that is, pairs
droplets may have small particles of chromosome #1, pairs of
dissolved in them as well. These chromosome #2, and so on) remain close together in tight
vesicles fuse with lysosomes and groups called tetrads. During this
release their contents. phase, the chromosomes may exchange pieces of DNA in a
process called crossing over.
o Receptor-mediated endocytosis Crossing over “shuffles” the genetic material, which allows
▪ When hormones bind to receptors genetic variation from one generation
on the plasma membrane, the to the next. In the first anaphase of meiosis (anaphase I), the
hormone–receptor complex is often tetrads get pulled apart. Ultimately,
ingested by endocytosis after the the two stages of meiosis divide the chromosome complement
hormone has produced its effect. of the parent in half, a status
Cholesterol and growth factors are called haploid.
samples of which.
Cell Division
Mitosis is one part of the cell’s normal life cycle, called the cell
cycle. The cell is continually changing from the time it forms
until it divides. Although the cell cycle is continuous, it is
commonly divided into interphase and mitosis.
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