SORSOGON STATE UNIVERSITY

BSCE-2B
Geology For Civil Engineers

MINERALOGY
AQUINO, ALTHEA
CORNEL. JAMES ANGELO PAGUIRIGAN, ANSHEL
POLINAG, ASHLEY PURA, TYRONE
 MINERALOGY
01
ELEMENTARY KNOWLEDGE ON SYMMETRY
ELEMENTS OF CRYSTALLOGRAPHIC SYSTEMS
02
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF MINERALS
 01

ELEMENTARY KNOWLEDGE
ON SYMMETRY ELEMENTS
OF CRYSTALLOGRAPHIC
SYSTEMS
 MINERALOGY
Mineralogy is the systematic study that
extensively covers description,
crystallography, physical, chemical and
environmental features of all minerals.
CRYSTALLOGRAPHY
BRANCH OF SCIENCE THAT DEALS WITH
DISCERNING THE ARRANGEMENT AND
BONDING OF ATOMS IN CRYSTALLINE
SOLIDS AND WITH THE GEOMETRIC
STRUCTURE OF CRYSTAL LATTICES.
 C RY STAL
A crystal is a regular polyhedral form, bounded by
smooth faces, which is assumed by a chemical
compound, due to the action of its interatomic
forces, when passing, under suitable conditions,
from the state of a liquid or gas to that of a solid.

It is defined as a solid body bounded by plane

natural surfaces, which are the external expression
of a regular arrangement of its constituent atoms or
ions. (Berry, Mason and Dietrich 1983).
CRYSTALLINE STRUCTURE
SODIUM CHLORIDE
(SALT)
Crystal Structure is
obtained by attaching
atoms, groups of atoms
or molecules. This
structure develops as a
result of the constituent
particles' inherent tendency
to arrange themselves in
symmetrical patterns.
Lattice Unit Cell
This is an imaginary three- This is a pattern that yields the entire pattern
dimensional framework that can be when translated repeatedly without rotation in
referenced to a network of regularly space. The repetition yields infinite number of
spaced points, each of which identical unit cells and the pattern is regular. In
represents the position of a motif. order to fill space without gaps, the unit cell
must at least be a parallelogram in 2D (2-
dimensional) space.
CYRSTAL
SYSTEM
7 CYRSTAL SYSTEMS
• Crystal system (Crystal
family or Lattice system) 1) Cubic (Isometric)
describes the classes of 2) Trigonal (Rhombohedral)
crystals, space groups 3) Tetragonal
and lattices. 4) Orthorhombic
• Crystal system is a 5) Hexagonal
method for classifying 6) Monoclinic
crystals based on their 7) Triclinic
atomic structure or lattice.
Crystallographic Axes and Angles

• Crystallographic axes are

imaginary line that can be drawn
within crystal lattice based on the
symmetry of the crystals. They
are used to define different
crystal systems.

• (a, b, c) – It define the edge

lengths (Crystallographic axes)

• (α, β, γ) – gives the angles

between axes (Angles)
01 SYSTEM – CUBIC (ISOMETRIC)
• The three crystallographic axes are all
equal in length and intersect at right
angles to each other.

• Because of the equality of the axes,

minerals in this system, or the cubic
system are singly refractive or
isotropic.

• Four 3-fold axes of rotation

01 SYSTEM – CUBIC (ISOMETRIC)

Minerals that form in the isometric system form in one of these three basic shapes
 01 SYSTEM – CUBIC (ISOMETRIC)

GARNETS DIAMOND FLUORITE GOLD LAPIS LAZULI

PYRITE SILVER SODALITE SPHALERITE SPINEL

02 SYSTEM – TETRAGONAL

• The tetragonal system has three axes

that all meet at 90º. Two of the three
axes are equal in length, and all three
axes are perpendicular to one another.

• A tetragonal prism is one of the 9 forms

in this crystallographic system with 7
classes of symmetry

• One 4-fold axis of rotation

02 SYSTEM – TETRAGONAL

Minerals that form in the tetragonal system form in one of these three basic shapes.
02 SYSTEM – TETRAGONAL

APOPHYLLITE IDOCRASE RUTILE

SCAPOLITE WULFENITE ZIRCON

03 SYSTEM – HEXAGONAL

• Hexagonal system has four axes.

Three of these axes are equal in
length and are all contained within a
single plane at 120°. The C axes or
the vertical axes may be shorter or
longer than the a axes which
intersects the other axes at 90°.

• One 6-fold axes of rotation

03 SYSTEM – HEXAGONAL

Gems that form in the hexagonal system form in one of these two basic shapes
03 SYSTEM – HEXAGONAL

APATITE BERYL
04 SYSTEM – TRIGONAL (RHOMBOHEDRAL)
• Trigonal system has three sides. It
include three-sided pyramids,
scalenohedral and rhombohedra.

• All angles are equal and axes are of

equal length, and none of the axes is
perpendicular to another, but the
crystal faces all have the same size
and shape.

• One 3-fold of rotation

04 SYSTEM – TRIGONAL (RHOMBOHEDRAL)

Minerals that form in the trigonal system form in one of these three basic shapes
04 SYSTEM – TRIGONAL (RHOMBOHEDRAL)

RUBY QUARTZ CALCITE

AGATE JASPER TIGER’S EYE

05 SYSTEM – ORTHORHOMBIC

• The orthorhombic system has three

axes which are unequal in length, and
are all perpendicular to one another.
These axes intersect at 90º angles.

• One 2-fold axes of rotation and 2

mirror planes
05 SYSTEM – ORTHORHOMBIC

Minerals that form in the orthorhombic system form in one of these three basic shapes
05 SYSTEM – ORTHORHOMBIC

PYRAMIDS TOPAZ TANZANITE

IOLITE ZOISITE DANBURITE

06 SYSTEM – MONOCLINIC

• Monoclinic system has three axes

which are all unequal, and the two
axes are perpendicular and at right
angle to each other.

• One 2-fold axes of rotation or one

mirror plane
06 SYSTEM – MONOCLINIC

Gems that form in the monoclinic system form in one of these three basic shapes
06 SYSTEM – MONOCLINIC

DIOPSIDE PETALITE KUNZITE

GYPSUM HIDDENITE VIVIANITE

07 SYSTEM – TRICLINIC
• Unlike the other six crystal systems,
the axes of the triclinic system are
not controlled by symmetry.

• Triclinic systems axes are of usually

unequal length and intercept each
other at unequal and usually oblique
angles. However, there is nothing in
the symmetry, or lack of it, that
prevents one of the angles from
being 90o.
07 SYSTEM – TRICLINIC

Gems that form in the triclinic system form in one of these three basic shapes
07 SYSTEM – TRICLINIC

LABRADORITE AMAZONITE KYANITE

RHODONITE AVENTURINE FELDSPAR

CRYSTAL SYMMETRY

CENTER OF PLANE OF AXIS OF

SYMMETRY SYMMETRY SYMMETRY
SYMMETRY
What is symmetry in
- Is a the set of mathematical rules that
crystallography?
describe the shape of an object
In crystallography, symmetry is a
perfect symmetry? key characteristic of the regular
Infinite planes of atomic groupings found in
symmetry pass through crystalline crystals. Each
its center, infinite arrangement of atoms contains a
rotational axes are specific number of symmetry
present, and no matter elements, such that adjustments to
how little or much you the arrangement's orientation
rotate it on any of its
infinite number of axes,
appear to have no effect on the
it appears the same! atoms themselves.
01 CENTER OF SYMMETRY
If an imaginary straight
line can be passed
through a crystal from
any point on the surface
of crystal such that the
point of entry is similar to
the point of exit, then the
crystal has a center of
symmetry.
02 PLANE OF SYMMETRY
When an imaginary plane is
passed through a crystal
such that the portion of the
crystal on one side of the
plane is a reflection, or
mirror image, of the portion
on the other side of the
plane, the plane is a plane
of symmetry (often called a
mirror plane).
03 AXIS OF SYMMETRY
When an imaginary line
can be passed through a
crystal such that the
crystal can be
rotated 360o about the
line to fill the same space
two, three, four, or six
times, it has an axis of
symmetry.
 02
PHYSICAL
PROPERTIES
OF MINERALS
PHYSICAL
PROPERTIES
 Color
 Streak
 Luster
 Hardness
 External Crystal
Form
 Cleavage
 Fracture
 Specific Gravity
 Special Properties
 Chemical Tests
COLOR

- One of the most obvious properties of a mineral but it is often of

limited diagnostic value, specially in minerals that are not opaque.

• Muscovite mica - silvery white or colorless

• Biotite mica - black or dark brown
• Ferromagnesian minerals(iron/magnesium-bearing) such as
augite, hornblende, olivine – green or black
STREAK LUSTER
- The quality and intensity of light that is
- The color of the powder formed when a reflected from the surface of mineral
mineral is crushed
• Metallic luster - gives a substance
• Metallic minerals – dark-colored the appearance of being made of
streak metal.
• Nonmetallic minerals – white or pale- • Nonmetallic luster – more common
colored streak o Glassy (vitreous) Luster – gives a
substance a glazed appearance
o Earthy Luster – less common;
resembles the surface of unglazed
pottery and is characteristic of the
various clay materials.
 EXTERNAL
HARDNESS
CRYSTAL FORM
- The harder mineral or substance must
be able to make a groove or scratch on a
smooth, fresh surface of the softer - The crystal form of a mineral is a set of
mineral. faces that have a definite geometric
- Substances can be compared to Moh’s relationship to another.
hardness scale, in which ten minerals
are designated as standards of hardness. - Nicolas Steno, a Danish naturalist of
the 17th century, first noted that the
angle b/w two adjacent faces of quartz
is always exactly the same, no matter
what part of the world the quartz
sample comes from or the color or size
of the quartz.
Law of constancy
of interfacial
angle
The law of the constancy of interfacial
angles (or 'first law of crystallography')
states that the angles between the crystal
faces of a given species are constant,
whatever the lateral extension of these
faces and the origin of the crystal, and are
characteristic of that species.
CLEAVAGE
- the tendency of a mineral to
break along certain planes to
make smooth surfaces.
 FRACTURE
- The way a substance breaks
where not controlled by
cleavage.

• conchoidal fracture – minerals

breaks along curved fractures;
these looks like the inside of
clam shells; particularly
common in glass, including
obsidian.
SPECIFIC GRAVITY CHEMICAL TEST
-”heaviness” of a mineral

- One chemical reaction is routinely

-defined as a number that expresses
used for identifying minerals
the ratio between the weight of a
- Chemical analysis of minerals
mineral and the weight of an equal
and rocks are dine in labs using
volume of water.
wide range techniques.
- Chemical analysis can accurately
tells the amount of each element
present in a mineral
- But cannot be used to
conclusively identify a mineral
alone.
Special Properties
-some properties apply to only one mineral
or two only a few minerals
* Smell
* Distinctive Taste
Pyrite (striations- straight, parallel lines
on the flat surfaces of crystal faces)
Magnetite (iron oxide) owes its name to
its characteristic physical property of
being attracted to a magnet.
Quartz- generate electricity when
squeeze in a certain crystallographic
direction (piezoelectricity)
Clear crystal calcite exhibits an unusual
optical property double refraction
caused by light splitting two
components when it enters some
crystalline material
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