J. Entomol. Res. Soc.

, 25(1): 1-10, 2023 Research Article

Doi:10.51963/jers.v25i1.1995 Online ISSN:2651-3579

New and Additional Records for the Ant Fauna (Hymenoptera,

Formicidae) of Morocco

Ahmed TAHERI1* Joaquín L. REYES-LÓPEZ2

1*
Laboratory of Plant Biotechnology, Ecology and Ecosystem Valorization / URL-CNRST
n°10. Faculty of Sciences of El Jadida, Chouaïb Doukkali University, P.O. Box 20, El Jadida
24000, MOROCCO
2
Area of Ecology, University of Cordoba, Building C-4 “Celestino Mutis,” Rabanales Campus,
14071-Cordoba, SPAIN
e-mails : 1*taheri.ahmed@ucd.ac.ma, 2cc0reloj@uco.es
ORCID IDs: 10000-0001-7402-525X, 20000-0002-0702-4588
*Corresponding Author

ABSTRACT
Morocco hosts a high diversity of animal and plant species, including a diverse ant fauna. Here,
we report collection records of four ant species not previously known from Morocco: Goniomma kugleri
Espadaler, 1986, Strumigenys rogeri Emery, 1890, Temnothorax longipilosus (Santschi, 1912) and
Proceratium numidicum Santschi, 1912. G. kugleri is mentioned for the first time for continental Africa.
This raises the number of ant species known from Morocco to 242. In addition, we report new data on
six ant species in Morocco for which there is little information: Technomyrmex vexatus (Santschi, 1919),
Temnothorax convexus (Forel, 1894), Messor brevispinosus Santschi, 1923, Strumigenys baudueri
(Emery, 1875), Strumigenys membranifera Emery, 1869 and Monomorium andrei Saunders, 1890. This
number of ant species known from Morocco greatly exceeds from neighboring countries in North Africa.
In addition, vast regions of Morocco have never been surveyed and probably host many undiscovered
species.
Keywords: Ants, Biodiversity, Goniomma kugleri, Morocco, Proceratium numidicum, Strumigenys rogeri,
Temnothorax longipilosus.

Taheri A. & Reyes-López J. L. (2023). New and additional records for the ant fauna (Hymenoptera,
Formicidae) of Morocco. Journal of the Entomological Research Society, 25(1), 1-10.
Received: January 18, 2021 Accepted: January 12, 2023
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TAHERI, A., REYES-LÓPEZ, J. L.

INTRODUCTION
Morocco possesses a diverse geography, from the highest mountains in Africa north
of the Sahara to long coastlines on both the Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean
Sea. Morocco’s wide variety of climates have given rise to diverse ecosystems that
are home to a high diversity of animal and plant species (ONEM, 2001).
Arthropods are the most diverse animal phylum in Morocco, with 17893 known
species, constituting 73% of listed land animal species (SNCUDB, 2004). These
include 13461 insect species, nearly 75% of the known arthropods (SNCUDB, 2004).
The most recent published list of the ants of Morocco (Cagniant, 2006) includes
214 species, and subsequent studies have increased this number to 238 (Taheri &
Reyes-López, 2015; 2018; Ajerrar, Gomez, Bouharroud, Zaafrani, & Cagniant, 2018;
Seifert, 2020). Here, we report collection records of four ant species not previously
known from Morocco, and six ant species for which there is interesting additional
information about their natural history and distribution.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

Between 2014 and 2021, we sampled ants in three regions of Morocco : the northern
Tangiers-Tetouan region (Talassemtane National Park, Bouhachem Natural Park,
Atlantic coast of Tangier, Dardara, Jebha, Ksar El Majaz and Ksar El Kebir), central
Morocco (Casablanca, Rabat and Maamora), and Marrakech city. The specimens
were collected using an aspirator, through sifting leaf litter, and by soil washing.
Specimens were studied under a Leica S4D stereomicroscope and identified
using available keys (Cagniant & Espadaler, 1997; Bolton, 2000; Barech, Khaldi,
Espadaler, & Cagniant, 2017; 2020, Galkowski & Cagniant, 2017, Sharaf, Al Dhafer,
& Aldawood, 2018), following the taxonomic nomenclature of Bolton (2023). The
examined specimens were deposited in the insect collections of Chouaïb Doukkali
University (AT collection, Morocco) and Cordoba University (JRL collection, Spain).
We presented the results as follows: AT-XXXX: # ☿, where AT-XXXX refers to the
collection code of Ahmed TAHERI, and where # ☿, refers to # workers. This information
is followed by the date, locality, GPS coordinates, altitude in meters above sea level
and habitat.

RESULTS
We collected ten notable ant species in Morocco. Four are new records for the
country (Figs. 1-5): Goniomma kugleri Espadaler, 1986, Strumigenys rogeri Emery,
1890, Temnothorax longipilosus (Santschi, 1912) and Proceratium numidicum
Santschi, 1912, and six were rarely collected species with new data on the distribution
and natural history: Technomyrmex vexatus (Santschi, 1919), Temnothorax convexus
(Forel, 1894), Messor brevispinosus Santschi, 1923, Strumigenys baudueri (Emery,
1875), Strumigenys membranifera Emery, 1869, and Monomorium andrei Saunders,
1890.
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New and Additional Records for the Ant Fauna

New records

Goniomma kugleri Espadaler, 1986

Material examined: AT-2341: 32 ☿, 01/11/2019, Bouhachem Natural Park, Tétouan. 35.2603, -5.4333,
1081 m., open area surrounding a peat bog, dominated by the Cistus spp. border of a Q. suber forest.
AT-1031: 6 ☿, 15/01/2014, Atlantic coast of Tangier. 35.6988, -5.9096, 93 m, very degraded forest of
Quercus suber L., 1753. AT-1034: 4 ☿, 15/01/2014, Atlantic coast of Tangier. 35.6988, -5.9096, 93 m, very
degraded forest of Q. suber.

This Iberian endemic ant species was previously known solely from a few southern
Spanish and Portuguese localities (Espadaler, 1985; Boieiro, Espadaler, Azedo &
Serrano, 2002); its presence in the African continent was unknown. Based on our
capture, the species’ range is extended to the southern Mediterranean shore (Figs.
1, 5a).

Figure 1. Distribution map of Goniomma kugleri Espadaler, 1986. Green area = countries where the
species is cited as native, blue circle = new records.

Strumigenys rogeri Emery, 1890

Material examined: AT-2700: 1♀, 30/06/2021, Forest of Maamora, Khémisset. 34.0193, -6.5815, 175
m, cork oak forest.

S. rogeri is native to tropical Africa, but has spread through with human commerce
to many parts of the globe (Wetterer, 2012). It occurs in Africa, Americas, Asia, Europe,
and Oceania (Wetterer, 2012). There are no reports from the North African countries nor
in the Mediterranean Basin (Borowiec, 2014; AntWeb.org) (Figs. 2, 5b). It constitutes
the sixteenth known invasive ant species in Morocco, and the seventeenth in all the
Maghrebian countries (Taheri & Reyes-López, 2018, Oussalah, Marniche, Espadaler,
& Biche, 2019). The species was captured in a natural habitat, 100 m from the road,
in the largest cork oak forest in the world.
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TAHERI, A., REYES-LÓPEZ, J. L.

Figure 2. Distribution map of Strumigenys rogeri Emeryi, 1890. Green area = countries where the species
is cited as native, red area = countries where the species is cited as non-native, blue circle = new
record.

Proceratium numidicum Santschi, 1912

Material examined: AT-2701: 1 ☿, 04/04/2021, Bouhachem Natural Park, Beni Layeth, Tétouan.
35.258470, -5.418806, 992 m, cork oak forest with a dense undergrowth of Arbutus unedo L., 1753, Erica
arborea L., 1753, Pistacia lentiscus L., 1753, Cistus crispus L., 1753 and Cistus monspeliensis L., 1753.

Very little is known about the biology of this species. Its known distribution is
very scattered across several countries of the southern and eastern Mediterranean
(Antmaps.org) (Figs. 3, 5c). But given the general rarity of all species in this genus,
much remains to be discovered.

Figure 3. Distribution map of Proceratium numidicum Santschi, 1912. Green area = countries where the
species is cited as native, blue circle = new record.

Temnothorax longipilosus (Santschi, 1912)

Material examined: AT-0974: 4 ☿, 13/06/2013, Bouhachem Natural Park, Dardara, Chefchaouen.
35.1059, -5.2995, 484 m, Q. suber forest with thick, tall under storey of Erica arborea L., 1753, Cistus
crispus L., 1753, Cistus monspeliensis L., 1753 and Arbutus unedo L., 1753, adjacent to an open area
with low scrub of C. crispus and some grassy clearings. AT-0976: 1 ☿ and AT-0977: 3 ☿ (same data as
AT-0974).

Santschi (1912) described this species from two workers from Le Kef, Tunisia. Our
record from Morocco is the only additional record of this species (Figs. 4, 5d). This
rediscovery was presented in a poster at the 11th Iberian Congress of Myrmecology
(Reyes-López & Taheri, 2016), but without including any data about the material
collected nor the exact coordinates.
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New and Additional Records for the Ant Fauna

Figure 4. Distribution map of Temnothorax longipilosus (Santschi, 1912). Green area = countries where
the species is cited as native, blue circle = new record.

Figure 5. Profile view of a) Goniomma kugleri, photo by Zach Lieberman, AntWeb.org (CASENT0915447);
b) Strumigenys rogeri, photo by April Nobile, AntWeb.org (CASENT0006035); c) Proceratium
numidicum, photo by Estella Ortega, AntWeb.org (CASENT0281855) and d) Temnothorax
longipilosus, photo by Will Ericson, AntWeb.org (CASENT0912959).

New Data on Distribution and Natural History

Technomyrmex vexatus (Santschi, 1919)

Material examined: AT-0709, 5 ☿, 31/08/2012, Zaouiyat sidi Kassem, Tamrabat, Tetouan, 35.5322,
-5.1916, 88 m, reforested pine forest. AT-2293, 20 ☿, 23/10/2019, Jebha, Chefchaouen, 35.1656, -4.6315,
757 m, reforested pine forest on a scrub of Q. ilex and P. lentiscus.

Technomyrmex vexatus was originally described from Tangier in north Morocco,

based on a male (Santschi, 1919). It was subsequently reported from Ceuta by
Cagniant & Espadaler (1993) as Technomyrmex sp., but later confirmed as T. vexatus
(Guillem & Bensusan, 2008). The species was omitted in the latest list of Moroccan
ants (Cagniant, 2006), which had only mentioned Technomyrmex sp 1 (not determined
with certainty) located in Tetouan (north Morocco) and Ceuta (Spain). In Europe, it
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TAHERI, A., REYES-LÓPEZ, J. L.

was recorded twice; in Gibraltar (Guillem & Bensusan, 2008) and in Spain (Guillem
& Bensusan, 2019). It is also newly recorded from Yemen and the Arabian Peninsula
(Sharaf et al., 2018). It seems that the species exploits thick maquis as a habitat on
both sides of the Strait of Gibraltar. In Morocco, these maquis have recently been
reforested with Pinus halepensis Mill., 1768. Nests have been found in dead branches
of P. lentiscus, in the ground, and on trees in Europe (Guillem & Bensusan, 2008;
Guillem & Bensusan, 2019). In Morocco, all the colonies were found under stones.
It should be noted that there are two other Tertiary relict ant species that have a
similar ecology and natural history as T. vexatus: Anochetus ghilianii (Spinola, 1951)
and Stigmatomma emeryi (Saunders, 1890). The status of A. ghilianii was clarified
by Jowers, Taheri, & Reyes-López (2015) following a genetic approach; it is not a
native species in Europe, but a recent introduction from North Africa, possibly via
maritime traffic between ports on either side of the Strait of Gibraltar. In the absence
of a genetic study, the hypothesis of an accidental introduction of T. vexatus from
northern Morocco into Spain still remains possible.

Temnothorax convexus (Forel, 1894)

Material examined: AT-1454, 7 ☿, 27/04/2017, Ryade El Ouchak, Tetouan, 35.5673, -5.3687, 63 m,
public garden.

This species was originally described as Leptothorax convexus from workers

captured in northern Algeria in M’Sila cork oak Quercus suber forest. Few published
records exist. In Morocco, it is only known from Tangier (= L. submuticus Emery, 1915
and L. convexus var. timida Santschi, 1912). In their revision of the Temnothorax
angustulus group, to which this species belongs, Galkowski & Cagniant (2017) state
that T. convexus has not been collected again either in Morocco or in Algeria since the
description of it and of its junior synonym. Recently, the species has been reported in
southern Iberia in Gibraltar, and in the Spanish province of Cadiz (Guillem & Bensusan,
2019). Our findings confirm that it also inhabits the Rif area in Morocco.

Messor brevispinosus Santschi, 1923

Material examined: AT-2343, 19 ☿, 19/07/2019, Talassemtane National Park, Chefchaouen. 35,1738,
-5,1390, 1520 m, riverside, degraded area.

The workers we examined correspond to Messor foreli brevispinosus Santschi,

1923 described from the Atlantic coast of the Sahara (sensu Cagniant & Espadaler,
1997) with a shorter and straight propodeal spine. Currently, this species is only
known from Atlas Saharien Oranais in Algeria and from the south of Agadir to Tan-Tan
along the Atlantic coast. Our record from Talassemtane National Park (Chefchaouen)
indicates that this species also exists in the Rif area in the north of the country.

Strumigenys baudueri (Emery, 1875)

Material examined: AT-1041, 28 ☿, 13/08/2014, Ain Chouka, Ksar El Majaz, Fahs-Anjra, 35.8289,
-5.5481, 162 m, open scrub dominated by P. lentiscus. AT-0810, 1 ☿, 15/01/2013, Akerrat forest, Dardara,
Chefchaouen. 35.1173, -5.2907, 490 m, dense cork oak forest.
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New and Additional Records for the Ant Fauna

The species is recorded in all Mediterranean countries except those in the southeast
(Borowiec, 2014; Antmaps.org). In Morocco, it has been reported once in Agadir, fallen
in a pool (Bolton, 2000; Cagniant, 2006), and once in the Rif, extracted from a soil
sample (Taheri & Reyes-López, 2015). Its cryptic lifestyle (Braschler, 2002; Marko,
2008) makes it difficult to be detected. The capture of these kinds of subterranean ants
requires specific methods (Wong & Guénard, 2017). Here, we have used the “washing
soil” technique developed by Normad (1911) for the capture of endogenous beetles.
Thanks to this method, several species of ants, qualified as rare (Cagniant, 2006), have
been recently collected in Morocco. In particular the genera of Hypoponera, Leptanilla,
Proceratium, Ponera, Solenopsis, Stenamma and Strumigenys (unpublished data).

Strumigenys membranifera Emery, 1869

Material examined: AT-1946, 2 ☿, 16/07/2018, Forest of Maamora, Salé. 34.0193, -6.7183, 124 m,
cork oak forest.

This species of Afrotropical origin was distributed worldwide through commerce

and human activities (Wetterer, 2011). It has successfully established in a wide range
of habitats including forests, cultivated fields, pastures, and even manicured gardens
and lawns (Deyrup, 1997). Its first discovery in Morocco beginning in 2011 (Taheri &
Reyes-López, 2011; Taheri & Reyes-López, 2018). In all cases, the records were from
urban areas. The importance of our discovery is that this species has been recorded
for the first time in a natural habitat which is the largest cork oak forest in the world.
It should also be noted that the forest area where the species has been found is
heavily frequented by families for entertainment. Moreover, a continuous urbanization
expansion is also remarkable such as: the construction of sports complexes, roads
and gardens, which can probably explain the introduction of this tramp species.

Monomorium andrei Saunders, 1890

Material examined: AT-1514: 1 ☿, 17/04/2017, Ksar El Kebir, 35.0095, -5.9068, 11 m, AT-1527: 3
☿, 17/04/2017, Ksar El Kebir, 34.9972, -5.9117, 16 m, public garden. AT-1311: 1 ☿, 13/04/2017, Mnar,
Marrakech, 31.6183, -8.0084, 466 m, public garden. AT-1520: 8 ☿, 17/04/2017, Ksar El Kebir, 34.9964,
-5,9135, 12 m, urban area.

The species is known in the western Mediterranean region: Algeria, Gibraltar,

Spain (including Balearic Islands), and Lebanon (Borowiec, 2014; Tohmé & Tohmé,
2014). In Algeria, two subspecies can be distinguished: M. a. bernardi Ettershank,
1966 in Tassili and M. a. fur Forel, 1894 in Oran (Barech et al, 2017). In Morocco,
the species was recently captured for the first time, in an oasis in the south of the
country (Taheri, El Mahroussi, Reyes-López, Bennas & Brito, 2021). So far, it was
only detected in human-disturbed areas and could be considered as an introduced
species. In Marrakech, it was collected using the sifting leaf litter method and in Ksar
El Kbeir by pitfall trap.
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TAHERI, A., REYES-LÓPEZ, J. L.
CONCLUSION
The number of ant species known from Morocco has increased from 214 species
in 2006 (Cagniant, 2006) to 242 with the data presented here. This number greatly
exceeds that of ants in neighboring countries, estimated at 180 species in Algeria
and Tunisia combined (Cagninat, 2006). The number of exotic ant species known has
been steadily increasing (Taheri and Reyes-López, 2018). In addition, vast regions of
Moroccan Sahara and in the Atlas Mountains have never been surveyed and probably
host many undiscovered species.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
We thank the “National Agency for Water and Forests” of the Kingdom of Morocco
for providing us with the scientific permit to collect the samples cited in this article.
We thank also Pr. James Wetterer (Florida Atlantic University, USA) for his help with
the English language.

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