ART Appr Ecia Tion

ART APPRECIATION Page |1
Republic of the Philippines

ISABELA STATE UNIVERSITY
ART
APPR
ECIA
TION
Chapter 1: Introduction to Arts

Module 1: The Meaning and Nature of Arts
Introduction
This topic introduces the importance of art as part or component of our

dynamic civilization and art as an essential form of expression and communication in
our daily existence. The meaning of art covers its etymological to modern definition
and how man sees it variably and relatively from person, time and place. The
Assumptions tackle the principles and sources of appreciating art and establish the
margin and boundary of the responsibility and duty in fulfilling what man is capable
of doing (Panison, 2018).
Learning Outcome
At the end of this chapter the learners should be able to:

a. characterize artistic expression based on personal experience with art;
b. discuss the nature of art;
c. categorize works of arts by citing personal experiences; and
d. elaborate the assumptions of arts
Learning Content
What is Art?
Art as a term is taken from the Italian word artis, which means craftsmanship,
skill, mastery of form, inventiveness and the association that exist between form and
ideas between material and techniques. From the Aryan root ar, this means to join or
put together; from the Greek words artezein, which means to prepare, and arkiskein,
meaning to put together.
In addition, Art is derived from Latin word ars, meaning ability or skill. (J.V.
Estolas)
According to Plato,”Art is that which brings life in harmony with the beauty of the
world.” While for F. Zulueta, “Art is the product of man’s need to express himself.”
And for John Dewey, “Art is an attitude of spirit, a state of mind-one which demand
for each own satisfaction and fulfilling, a shaping of matter to new and more
significant from.”
Common Essentials of Art
1. Art must be man-made.

2. Art must be creative, not imitative.
3. Art must benefit and satisfy man.
4. Art is expressed through a certain medium or material by which the artist
communicates himself to his audiences.
Natures of Arts
1. Art is everywhere.
2. Art is a means of expression and communication.
2. Art as a creation
4. Art and experience

5. Art and beauty
5. Art and nature
Summary
Humanities and the art have always been part of man’s growth and
civilization. Since the dawn of time, man has always trid to express his innermost
thoughts and feelings about reality through creating art. Art is present in every part of
the globe and in every period time. Art can be found any where.
Self-Assessment Questionnaire/Activity:
1. Base on your own understanding, what is art? Write your answer inside the
graph
ART
REFERENCES:
Keiran, E. (1992). Imagination in Teaching and Learning, pp. 12-37
Panisan, W.K et,al. (2018). Art appreciation. Mutya Publishing house Inc., pp. 1-7
Ortiz et. al, (1976). Art perception and appreciation, pp. 5-12
https://sites.psu.edu/civicissueswithsm/2017/04/20/why-we-need-art-in-our-lives/
Module 2: Elements and Principles of Art
Introduction
This topic discusses the elements and principles of art and design are essential
components of art and design used as a guide to creating works of art. Different forms
of art share the use of the same concept of elements and principles.
Learning Outcomes
At the end of the topic, you are expected to:
A. identify the elements and principles of art

B. determine elements and principles use in hybrid or modified art of expression
C. create an artwork depicting the various element and principle of art
Learning Content
A. Elements of Art
Are stylistics features that are included within an art piece to help the artist
communicate. The seven most common elements include lines, shape, texture, form,
space, color and value with the additions of mark making, materiality. When
analyzing these intentionally an element, the viewer is guided toward a deeper
understanding of the work.
Types of Elements of Art:
1. Line - can be used for a wide range of purposes: stressing a word or phrase,
connecting content to one another, creating patterns, dividing up space and much
more. Lines can create a sense of movement or direction in your design.
2. Shape- can be used to create a pattern, organize and divide space, and draw the
viewer’s attention.
Categories of Shapes:
 Geometric Shapes- circles, squares, rectangles and triangles. We see them in

architecture and manufactured items.
 Organic Shapes- leaf, seashells, flowers. We see them in nature and with
characteristics that are free flowing, informal and irregular.
 Positive Shapes- In a drawing or painting positive shapes are the solid form in
a design such as a bowl of fruit. In a sculpture it is the form of the sculpture.
 Negative Shapes- In a drawing it is the space around the positive shape or the
shape around the bowl of fruit. In sculpture it is empty shape around and
between the sculptures.
 Static Shape- Shapes that appears stable and resting.
 Dynamic Shape- Shapes that appears moving and active.
3. Colors- Is used to generate emotions, create unity, make something stand out, and
generally create visual interest.
Color wheel a tool used to organize color. It is made up of:
 Primary Colors- Red, Yellow, Blue these colors can be mixed, they must
be bought in some form.
 Secondary Colors- Orange, Violet, Green, and these colors are created by
mixing primaries.
 Tertiary/Intermediate Colors- Red Orange, Yellow Green, Blue Violet,
etc.; mixing a primary with a secondary creates these colors.
 Analogous Colors- The analog colors are those colors which lie on either
side of any given color.
 Complementary Colors- are colors that are opposite to each other on the
color wheel. When placed next to each other they look bright and when
mixed together they neutralize each other.
 Monochromatic- is where one color is used but in different values and
intensity.
 Warm Colors- are on one side of the color wheel and they give the feeling
of warmth for example red, orange and yellow are the color of fire and feel
warm.
 Cool Colors- are on the other side of the color wheel and they give the
feeling of coolness for example blue, violet are the color of water, green
are the color of cool grass.
4.
Texture- refers to what
the surface of an object
looks and “feels” like. In
a graphic design, you can
mimic the look of
different textures to add
depth, contrast, and
visual interest.
Categories of Texture:
 Real Texture- is the actual texture of an object. Artist may create real texture
in art it visual interest or evoke a feeling.
 Implied Texture—is where a piece of art is made to look like a certain texture.
Like a drawing of a free trunk may look rough but in fact it is just a smooth
piece of paper.
5. Size- is how small or large something is. Interesting choices regarding size can
attract attention or define the importance of an element in the design.
6. Space- is the area around or between elements of the design. It can be used to
separate or group information. Used effectively it can lead the eye through a design.
 Positive Space: the space the subject takes up.

 Negative Space: the space surrounding the subject.
7. Text- different texts have different moods. They can be clean and modern, classic
and professional, casual and fun, aggressive, mature historical, and so on. Try to
match fonts together that you believe complement each other.
B. Principles of Design
The principles of good design are the tools every artist uses to create an
effective composition. These tools are: balance, contrast, emphasis, movement,
proportion, repetition, simplicity, space and unity. How well an artist understands the
uses these tools will determine if the composition is a weak or strong one. The desired
outcomes should be a work of art that is both unified and aesthetically pleasing to
look at. In a series of discussions well take a look to each one of these principle.
Principles of Design
1. Balance- is the concept of visual equilibrium, and relates to our physical sense of
balance.
Kinds of Balance
 Asymmetrical Balance - it involves placement of objects in a way that will allow

objects of varying visual weight to balance one another around a central point.
 Symmetrical balance – described as having equal weight on equal sides of a

centrally placed fulcrum.
 Bilateral symmetry – when the elements are arranged equally o either side of
central axis.
 Radial Balance - this axis may be horizontal or vertical. It is also possible to build
formal balance by arranging elements equally around a central point
2. Rhythm- refers to a regular repetition of elements of art to produce the look and
feel of movement. It is often achieved through the careful placement of repeated
components which invite the viewers eyes to jump rapidly from one to another
ART APPRECIATION P a g e | 10
3. Emphasis- creates focal point in the design composition; it is how we bring

attention to what is important in it.
4. Contrast- is simply defined as difference. Difference between elements or subject

with a work of art or composition.
5. Movement- is a visual flow of your design. It’s the path that you intended your
viewer’s eye to follow.
6. Harmony- is a visual design means all part of the visual image relates to and
complements each other.
7. Repetition- helps to create patterns. When you repeat the use of any design
element, it is also creates cohesiveness.
8. Unity- refers how well the elements of design work together. Visual elements
should have clear relationship with each other in a design.
9. Proportion- refers to the size of an object in relationship to another object
Conclusion
The elements of arts and principles of art are essential to any artwork. Some of
them will be more obvious than others, becoming an anchors in which the viewer may
lagtch on to engage with the artwork. The focal point(s) that draw the attention of the
viewer is also interesting to note, as this provides insight as to the interests and values
that are of most weight to him or her. These perhaps will help create a bridge in which
a person, who may not formally find pleasure in looking at art, may consider future
engagements with it. In short, familiarity of the elements and principles has the
potential to break teh barriers in which art becomes ineffable.
Assessment Task
Express yourself through an artwork!
Use the different elements of arts or principles of design in creating your

artwork (any form). Send your artwork to four (4) of your classmates and ask them to
give comments/reactions to your output.
*Reference:
Cerbo,S et. al, (2010) “An introduction to the Humanities”, Suatengco Publisihing
House, Kalookan City,Philippines.
Module 3: Subject and Content of Art
Introduction
This topic discusses the subject of art, which is a dynamic and forceful as
man’s way of life, culture, and imagination. The subject and content of art never
comes to an end and is never fully worn out and exhausted. The clearness and
simplicity of the subject is vital since the content of the art is the soul of every artistic
creation of masterpiece (Panisan, 2018).
Learning Outcomes

a. differentiate content from subject
b. classify artworks according to subject
c. analyze how artists present their subjects in in relation to the real subject.
d. describe the sources and kinds of art
LEARNING CONTENT
Content in Art
1. Subject – refers to any person, object, scene or event describe or represented in a

work of art; the “WHAT”
2. Content – the meaning that is communicated by the artist or the artwork; the
“WHY”
3. Form – the development and configuration of the art work – how the elements
and the medium or material are put together; “HOW”
Source of Subjects
 Nature
 History
 Mythology
 Religion
 Literature
 Daily Life
 Other Works of Art
1. REPRESENTATIONAL/OBJECT ARTS
--are artworks that depict something easily recognized by most people.

They attempt to copy something that is real. It also attempts to portray the subject as it
is.
Examples:
1. Still Life is a work of art depicting mostly inanimate subject matter. a drawing or
painting of an arrangement of non-moving or non-living objects usually set indoors
2. Portrait - an art showing a person or several people, usually show just the face and
shoulders but it can include all parts of the body. It is may be a painting, drawing,
photograph or engraving of a person.
3. Landscape, Seascapes, Moonscapes and Cityscapes
4. Mythology and Religion, Dreams and Fantasies
2. NON-REPRESENTATIONAL OR NON-OBJECTIVE ARTS
-- are artworks that have no resemblance to any real subject. They do not represent
anything and they are what they are. They rather appear directly to the senses
primarily because of the satisfying organization of their sensuous and expensive
elements
Conclusion
In gaining the basics of deciphering the subject and content of art, it is hoped
that an individual’s sensitivity and perceptiveness to art will be developed. As was
discussed in the chapter, one may begin by looking at a perceivable features of the
artwork. Taking note of what is apparent will provide clues as to what the intended
meaning of the artist might be. Knowing more about the context of its creation -- from
the artist’s inspiration, reference or source, will prove useful in understanding the
meaning of the artwork. However, one must forget that each viewer is armed with his
or her experience, background, and education. These will assist in fleshing out
different levels of meaning taht maybe derived from the artwork. These might not be
as evident as say, the figures depicted on the surface; however, these alternative
readings contribute to the significance of the artwork.
Self-Assessment Questionnaire
1. What are the hurdles of accessing art in terms of its subjects and content?
2. Where do artists source their subjects? Explain at least one source.
Answer of Self-Assessment Questionnaire
1. Answers may vary.

2. Nature, History, Mythology, Religion, Literature, Daily Life, and other artworks.
Explanation may vary.
*REFERENCES:
Art Perception and Appreciation, Ortiz et al., 1978, pp. 27-32
Alampat; An Introduction to Art Appreciation, Perez, Cayas and Narciso, 2013, pp.
23-25
Cultural Appropriation and the Arts, Young, 2008, pp. 1-27
Module 4: Functions of Art
Introduction
This topic discusses the practical usefulness of an art. The functions of art
normally fall under three categories: physical, social, and personal. This will be
further discussed in the module. As you read and analyze, you will differentiate and
observe that these categories can and often do overlap. Moreover, it covers also the
subject of art which is dynamic and forceful as man’s way of life.
Learning Outcomes
a. distinguish between directly functional and indirectly functional art;
b. differentiate content from subject; and
c. apply concepts and theories on beauty and aesthetic in real life scenarios.
LEARNING CONTENT
FUNCTIONS OF ART
PERSONAL PHYSICAL SOCIAL FUNCTION
FUNCTION FUNCTION
 Is used to  This tends to  It is used for social
provide comfort, address our needs for display,
happiness and physical needs for celebration and
convenience to utilitarian objects communication.
human beings. and structures.  It seeks to influence
 It satisfies  The need for the collective
individual needs beauty in behavior of people.
for personal functional objects  It expresses or
expression. for everyday use. describes social or
 It educates our  Planning of collective aspects of
senses and communities existence as
sharpen our according to opposed to
perception of environmental and individual and
colors, forms, operational personal kinds of
textures, designs, efficiency. experience.
etc.
Basic Philosophical Perspectives of Art
1. ) Art as Mimesis (Plato)
“Art is an imitation of the real that was an imitation of the ideal.”

“Art is an imitation of an imitation.”
2. ) Art as Representation (Aristotle)
“The aim of art is not to represent the outward appearance of things but their inward
significance.”
3. ) Art for Art’s Sake (Kant)
“Art has its own reason for being.”

4. ) Art as an Escape
--The sacred level of art not only transforms something into art but also transforms the
artist at the very core of his or her being.
5. ) Art as Functional
-- Art serves a function. Art is meant to be used, to enrich lives to be spiritually

potent, to educate, to support or protest existing power structures, to entertain and so
on.
CATEGORIES/CLASSIFICATIONS OF ART
1. Visua Art (2D, 3D)
a. Painting –It is the application of pigment on any flat two-dimensional surfaces
b. Sculpture –it is the carving, modelling, casting, constructing, and assembling of

materials and objects into primarily three-dimensional works of art.
c. Architecture –It is the art and science of planning, designing, and constructing
buildings and nonbuilding structures for human shelter or use (3D).
2. Performing/ Combined Arts
A. Music –is an art form and cultural activity whose medium is sound organized in
time.
b. Dance –is the movement of the body in a rhythmic way, usually to music and
within a given space to express idea or emotion.
c. Film –also called movie or motion picture, is a series of still images that when
shown on a screen creates an illusion of moving images.
d. Theater –is a collaborative form of art that uses live performers, typically actors
or actresses, to present the experience of a real or imagined event.
e. Literary –is concentrating the writing, study or content of literature, especially
of the kind valued for quality of form.
f. Performance poetry –is poetry specifically composed for or during a
performance before an audience rather on print mostly opens to improvisation.
3. Digital Art- it is the art that is made with the assistance of electronic devices, or
intended to be displayed on a computer, which is the most important element in
digital art.
4. Applied Arts-are the application of design and decoration to everyday objects to

make them aesthetically pleasing.
a. Fashion Design –is the art of applying design, aesthetics, and natural beauty to
clothing and accessories.
b. Furniture Design –is a specialized field where function and fashion collide.
c.
Interior Design –is enhancing the interior of a

building to achieve a healthier and more aesthetically pleasing environment for the
people using the space.
d. Graphic Design –It is an artistic process of effective communication. Designers
combine words, images, and symbols to create a visual representation of ideas.
Summary
Art has remained relevant in our daily lives because most of it has played
some form of function for man. Since the dawn of the civilization, art has benn the
forefront of giving color to man’s existence. The different functions of art may be
classified as either personal, social, or physical. An art’s function is personal I it
depends on the atist herself or sometimes still, the audience of the art. There is is a
social function in art if and when it has a particular social function, when it adresses a
collective need of a group of people. Physical function, finally has something to do
with direct, tangible uses of art. Not all product of art have function. This should not
disqualify them as art though. As mentioned and elucidated by some of th emost
important thinker in history, art may serve either as imitation, representation, a
disinterested judgment, or simply a communication of emotion.
1. Does art always have a function? Why? Support your response. Provide your own
example.
2. If an artwork ceased to have function, will it remain an art? Why?
Answer to Self-Assessment Questionnaire

1. No. Explanation may vary.

2. Yes. Explanation may vary.
Reference
Keiran, E. (1992). Imagination in Teaching and Learning,

Panisan, W.K et,al. (2018). Art appreciation. Mutya Publishing house Inc.,
Ortiz et. al, (1976). Art perception and appreciation,
Chapter 2 : Western Art History

Module 5: Art in Early Civilizations
Introduction
Stone Age is a term used to describe a period of history when stones were
used to amke tools for survival. The term “conjures an image of men and women
dressed in skins, huddling befo re a fire in a cave” (Fitcher-Rathus,2013). Though
prehistoric humans would not necessarily possess the comple rational capabilities to
tell their story thrugh written records and accounts, some artifacts in the form of cave
paintings and sculptures would serve as the “storytellers”.
In order to talk about prehistoric art, there is a need to situate them within the
context of the three periods of the Stone Age culture (which roughly span the 14,000-
2,000 BCE): Paleolithic (the late years of the Old Stone Age), Mesolithic (Middle
Stone Age), and the Neolithic (New Stone Age).
The unearthning of archaeological artifacts and remains provide modern

society a glimpse of the beliefs, practices, and activities of early civilizations. The
motives and reasons behind the creation of ancient materials such as sculptures,
paintings, and architectural structures may not be clearly defined. Nevertheless, the
early people produced such materials that reflect their attitudes and belief systems on
spiritual, social, political, and economic matters. It can be noted that works of art and
architecture were created from a wide array of materials from limestone to precious
gems and metals to name a few. As the early humans started to transition from being
nomads to permanent settlers, their everyday activities also had some changes, which
is evident throughthe materials and even the works of art they have created. Despite
changes as a result of adapting to their environment, there are central themes in their
artworks. Most ancient artworks depict religious symbols, a wide array of organisms
from nature and activites of everyday life.
A. Prehistoric Art
The stone Age has witnessed how humans were able to lead more stable lives and
eventually come up with permanent shelters and tools for survival. To complement
this stability and sense of permanence, early humans also turned to the creation of
paintings and sculptures that depict humans, animals, and their natural habitats. It
would seem that there were attempts to record the kind of lives they led within that
period of time. Central to the representationof early civilizations would be the
establishing of possible linkages among art,religion, and life.
Learning Outcomes
By the end of this lesson, you should be able to:

1. Discuss how art was used by prehistoric people to depict everyday life
2. Explain how art is linked with religion in early Egyptian civilization
Learning Content
A. Paleolithic Art
Caves became protective havens for the early humans and these caves paved
the way for the birth of their first attempt to create art. Representations in caves,
painted or otherwise, include few humans, but sometimes human heads or genitalia
appear in isolation. Animal figures always constitute the majority of images in caves.
Birds and fish were rarely depicted. Geometric signs are always numerous, though the
specific types vary based on the time period in which the cave was painted and the
cave’s location. Most cave art consists of paintings made with either red or black
pigment.
Cave art is generally considered to have a symbolic or religious function,

sometimes both. The exact meanings of the images remain unknown, but some
experts think they may have been created within the framework of shamanic beliefs
and practices. One such practice involved going into a deep cave for a ceremony
during which a shaman would enter a trance state and send his or her soul into the
otherworld to make contact with the spirits and try to obtain their benevolence.
Examples of paintings and engravings in deep caves—i.e., existing completely

in the dark—are rare outside Europe, but they do exist in the Americas (e.g.,
the Maya caves in Mexico, the so-called mud-glyph caves in the southeastern United
States), in Australia (Koonalda Cave, South Australia), and
in Asia (the Kalimantan caves in Borneo, Indonesia, with many hand stencils). Art in
the open, on shelters or on rocks, is extremely abundant all over the world and
generally belongs to much later times.
B. Mesolithic Art
The Mesolithic Period, or Middle Stone Age, is an archaeological term used to

describe specific groups of cultures defined as falling between the Paleolithic and the
Neolithic Periods. While the start and end dates of the Mesolithic Period vary by
geographical region, we can date it approximately from 10,000 BCE to 8,000 BCE.
Art from this period responds to the changing weather conditions to a warmer
climate and adaptation to relatively sedentary lifestyles, population size, and use of
plant foods—all evidence of the transition to agriculture and eventually the Neolithic.
Mesolithic rock art moves from caves to outdoor sites such as vertical cliffs or
sheer faces of natural rock, often protected from the elements by outcroppings or
overhangs. The human figure is frequently the main theme in painted scenes. When it
appears in the same scene as animals, the human figure runs towards them. Hunting
scenes are the most common, but there are also scenes of battle and dancing, and
possibly agricultural tasks and managing domesticated animals.
These Mesolithic rock arts have been discovered in numerous locations across
Spain, Asia, Africa, Australasia and the Americas.
C. Neolithic Art
In Prehistoric art, the term "Neolithic art" describes all arts and crafts created
by societies who had abandoned the semi-nomadic lifestyle of hunting and gathering
food in favour of farming and animal husbandry.It has developed especially when life
for the early humans has become more stable. By 4000 BCE, there were several
monumentals and architectural structures erected.
Neolithic sculpture became bigger, in part, because people didn’t have to

carry it around anymore; pottery became more widespread and was used to store food
harvested from farms. Alcohol was first produced during this period and architecture,
as well as its interior and exterior decoration, first appears. In short, people settled
down and began to live in one place, year after year.
Stonehenge (Southern England)
Summary
During the Prehistoric period, the early humans had transitioned from a
nomadic lifestyle to taht of a more permanent one, which led to early civilizations.
Some of the works discovered from this period would give modern society a glimpse
of what was life during that period. Through these unearthed and discovered artworks,
the modern world could have a better understanding of the past and how it can affect
the present.
1. What was the importance and significance of art during the prehistoric period?
Answer of Self-Assessment Questionnaire
Answers may vary.
Reference:
Caslib, B. et. al (2018). Art Appreciation. Manila. Rex Book Store, 2018
Module 6: Art of Emerging Europe
Introduction
History shows the intrinsic value of art as a language that narrates the
knowledge, belief and experience of each generation of mankind, it shows the
foundation of civilization through art, where humanity from the past to the present
stipulates their desire for a better life.
Learning Outcome
At the end of the module the students should be able to:

a. Identify the underlying history and philosophy of the era or movement.
b. Classify the various art movement and cite their characteristics such as
historical background, sociopolitical issues, influential persons, prevalent
artists, art forms and media.
c. Present the historical timeline of the arts through the various era and
movement, and
d. Cite/recognize the distinct characteristics of an artwork in an era or movement.
Learning Contents
A THE ROMAN ART ( 500 B.C. to 1453 A.D. )
 Roman art began around 500 B.C. and ended at the fall of Rome in 1453 A.D.
 Roman art was developed largely because of the Roman empire, during the time
of Romulus to Emperor Constantine.
 Roman art often depicted Roman mythology because of their belief in the power
of gods, artists also illustrated Roman emperors particularly in sculpture.
 The Greeks were a great influence in Roman sculpture. But Roman portraiture
showed the skills originality of the Romans by portraying their emperors,
generals and senators with a degree of realism unknown to the Greeks.
Great Roman Arts
The Aqueduct of Segovia, Spain Iconic dome of the Florence Cathedral
Saint Peter’s Basilica, Rome The Colloseum in Rome, Italy

B. MEDIEVAL ART ( c. 450 C.E to 1400 C.E.)
 Medieval art covered almost ten centuries between the Sack of Rome (c. 450
C.E.) and the early Italian Renaissance (1400 C.E.).
 In the beginning of the medieval period, all work of art are commissioned by
religious authorities for churches/monasteries.
 Prominent use of valuable materials such as gold, for objects in churches,
jewelry, mosaic backgrounds.
 Art historians generally classify medieval art into the following periods:
Early Medieval Art, Romanesque Art, and Gothic Art
Early Medieval
 Early medieval architecture was predominantly related to building
sacred buildings, such as churches, which was the primary structure
signifying Christian faith. The Roman basilica was the primary model
of medieval architecture.
 Castles and walls are the most notable examples of non-religious
medieval architecture.
Romanesque Art
 Romanesque Architectural style flourished across the western part of

Europe with France as the center of production and innovation.
- It took shape in the eleventh (11th) century, initially developing
in France then spreading to Spain, Germany, Italy, and other
regions.
- Romanesque buildings were characterized by semi-circular
arches, thick stone walls, sturdy pillars, barrel vaults,large
towers, decorative arcading, and durable construction.
- Pre-Romanesque or Carolingian was the north European style
of the Renaissance in the late 8th and 9th century during the
reign of Charlemagne
- Ottonian architecture was the later period of Romanesque,
developed under the reign of Emperor Otto the Great (936-
975)
 Sculpture were prevalent during this time, where stone was used to
present biblical subject matter and church doctrines.
 Other significant media are stained glass and the tradition of continued
illuminated manuscripts.
Christi illuminated manuscript
Gothic Art
 Originated in the 12th century with the rebuilding of the Abbey Church in
Saint Denis, France.
 Gothic architecture offered revolutionary structural advancements such
as ribbed vaults, flying buttresses, and decorative pinnacles all
contributing to taller and lighter building design.
- Gothic architecture was light, graceful and mostly spacious in
nature. Heavy piers were replaced by slender ones while
window dimensions became larger as vaults and spires
increased in height.
- Gothic sculptures borrowed motifs from the architecture of the
period since it was primarily used to decorate exteriors of
cathedrals and other religious buildings.
Characteristics of Medieval Art

 Rich colors
 Heavily outlined
 Flat and stiff figures showing no depth
 Religious icons
 Architecture is influenced by Greek and Roman- Byzantine, Romanesque
and Gothic styles emerged from this period.
 Mosaics replaced carved decorations
 Large domes central to the church
Medieval Churches and Monasteries

 Romanesque structures featured pointed arches and heavy thick walls,small
windows like the Roman style. A lot of sculptural decorations
 Gothic structures featured pointed arches and have slender feel as if they soar
upward, large stained glass windows filtered in light and color.
 Byzantine structures featured large domes that cover soaring spaces, arches
and lavish decorations.
Types of Medieval Art

 Illuminated Manuscripts- These are religious texts decorated with rich

colors, which often featured the use of gold and silver. The word
“illuminated” comes from the word illuminare, meaning adorn.
 Metalwork-Metals with great luster, such as gold, silver, and bronze were
frequently used as mediums in the creation of religious artifacts. Metal
workers transform these beautiful metals into objects of adornment for the
church (sculptures jewelry, and church doors).
 Paintings- Medieval painting includes artwork in iconography, fresco and
panel painting
 Embroidery- It is made of colored wool sewn together to form a continuous
panel. Story of William the Conqueror, the Norman invasion of England and
the Battle of Hastings were embroidered in a linen 20 inches high and 230
feet long, “The Bayeux Tapestry”.
 Ceramic Art- it is done handmade and not wheel-turned during the medieval
period.
 Mosaics- is the artful creation of pictures with the use of broken pieces of
colored glass, rock, or any other material.
 Sculpture- elongated style of statues used in Romanesque art, a more
naturalistic style in the late 12th and early 13th century.
 Stained Glass- stained glass art makes use of fragmented pieces of glass set
to look like an image or a picture, the pieces are joined together by strips of
lead supported by a hard durable frame. It was displayed to the windows of
medieval churches, cathedrals and castles.
 Heraldry- was the art and custom of creating coats of arms and badges of the
nobles
Famous Medieval Artists

o Donatello
Feast of Herod
www.donatello.net
o Leon Battista Alberti

Santa Maria Novelle

www.britannica.com
C. RENAISSANCE ( Rebirth) 14th to 17th century
 The period in European history, from the 14 th to 17th century, was considered
the link the middle ages and the modern history. The term “Renaissance” is
from the same French word, meaning rebirth or revival. It began as a cultural
movement in Italy in the late medieval period and later spread to the rest of
Europe.
 The revival in classical learning characterized by a sharp increase in secular
values and increased interest in learning the classics.
 Renaissance is reflected in humanism. Humanism focused on developing the
full potential of man. This included not only the traditional virtues of love
and honor but also virtues such as judgement, prudence and eloquence.
 Leonardo da Vinci, making observational drawings of anatomy and nature.
 The most important development of the period was not a specific discovery
but rather a process for discovery, the scientific method. Influential
promoters of these ideas include Copernicus and Galileo.
Early Renaissance
By 1500, because of the rediscovery of the classical world, the art of

painting was radically changed. The Renaissance revived ancient forms and
content. The spiritual content of painting changed, and subjects from Roman
history and mythology were borrowed. Devotional art became classically
humanized. Classical artistic principles , harmony, proportion, realistic
expression and rational postures were followed.
Active artistic regions in Europe during the period: Flanders and Italy. Almost
all early Renaissance art were produced between 1420 and 1550.
 Dome of Florence Cathedral by Filippo Brunelleschi
 Ex
pulsion from the
Garden of Eden
by Masaccio
Pacificrestrail2012.blogspot.com
 Jacob and Esau relief, Gates of Paradise by Lorenzo Ghiberti
www.pinterest.com
 The Adoration of the Kings by Hugo van der Goes
www.nationalgallery.org.uk
 The Birth of Venus by Sandro boticelli
www.ebay.com
 The Nativity in the Lower Church by Giotto di Bondone

www.pinterest.jp
High Renaissance (c. 1490- 1530)
This was the period when classical ideals of humanism were fully
implemented in both painting and sculpture. The preceding Early Renaissance
had been centered on Florence and paid for by the ruling Medici family while
the High Renaissance was centered on Rome and paid for by the Pontiff.
High Renaissance artists wanted beauty and harmony more than

realism, they looked for ultimate truths in the study of the classical world of
Greek and Roman culture.
Some of the best well-known masterpieces of High Renaissance:
 Genesis, Sistine Chapel Frescoes by Michelangelo
www.easynotecard.com
 Virgin of the Rocks by Leonardo da Vinci
www.telegraph.co.uk
 Last Supper
www.getyourguide.com
 Mona Lisa
www.britannica.com
 Transfiguration
catholicexchange.com
Late Renaissance or Mannerism
The word mannerism is derived from the Italian Maniera, meaning “style”
or “manner”. Mannerism was a European art style that appeared in the later
years of Italian High Renaissance around 1520 to 1580.
In comparison with High Renaissance art that emphasizes proportion,

balance and ideal beauty, Mannerism exaggerates such qualities, often
resulting in compositions that are asymmetrical or unnaturally elegant. It
favored compositional tension and instability rather than the balance and
clarity of earlier Renaissance painting.
Mostly, the mannerist painting was more artificial than natural. This could
be attributed to such characteristics as the unnatural display of emotions,
unproportionate human figures, unnatural poses, uncommon effects of scale,
use of lighting or perspective, and bright loud color.
The end of the Renaissance was caused largely by the beginning of the
protestant Reformation that set off violent conflicts throughout Europe and
eliminated much of the funding for art.
brainsoonweechien.blogspot.com
Mannerist Painters
Among the finest Mannerist Artists
 Michelangelo, Sistine Chapel Frescoes
 Correggio, First to portray light radiating from the child Christ
 Agnolo Bronzino, An Allegory with Venus and Cupid
Characteristics of Renaissance Art

1. Realism and Expression:
 Emotions was depicted in faces
 Humans are natural and lifelike-very realistic
 Nudity
2. Perspective
 Adjustment in size
 Depth
 Making 3D world on 2D surface
3. Classicism
 Influence of ancient Greeks and Romans
 Secularism
 Symmetry and balance
4. Individualism
 Emphasizes on the individual singular subject
 Free-standing figures (statues)
 Human beauty
5. Light and Shadow

 Use of light and shadow to create depth
 Chiaroscuro- contrast between light and dark colors
6. Complex Arrangements
 Complicated arrangement of objects
 Lots of complex interactions
 Can be very busy
D. BAROQUE PERIOD
 In Art, the word Baroque was taken from the Portuguese barocco meaning,
“irregular pearl or stone” and originating in Rome.
 Baroque art showed the religious conflicts of the age, the desire of the Roman
Catholic Church to restate itself after the Protestant Reformation as annunciated
at the council of Trent
 Baroque defined something that was extravagant or intricate and highly detailed.
 The popularity of the style was due to the Catholic Church, which was
determined at the Council of Trent that the art should convey and express
religious ideas and direct emotional involvement in reply to the Protestant
Reformation.
 Catholic- inspired Baroque art served a propagandist role that tended to be large-
scale works of public art, such as monumental wall painting and huge frescoes for
the ceilings and vaults of palaces and churches.
Famous Baroque Artists

 Peter Paul Rubens, The Massacre of the Innocents
 Caravaggio, The Crucifixion of Saint Peter
 Rembrandt
 Bernini, Ecstasy of Saint Teresa
 Gian Lorenzo Bernini, created a remarkable series of monumental statues of
saints and figures whose faces and gestures lively expressed their emotions.
E. ROCOCO PERIOD
 Rococo is referred to as Late Baroque, which is a hybrid word combining

rocaille (French for “shell”) and barocco . It was also known as the age of
artificiality as depicted in artworks showing unreal or artificial subjects.
 Rococo appeared in France and scattered around the world in the late 17 th and
early 18th century.
 It started when King Louis XIV requested more youthful art to be created in his
reign.
 Artists in this period emphasized more attention to detail, ornamentation, and use
of bright colors.
 Rococo is focused on secular, light-hearted, asymmetrical design while
continuing the Baroque taste for decorative style.
 Canvasses were decorated with cherubs and myths of love while keeping with the
playful trend of the period.
Known artists during the Rococo Period

 Francois Boucher, the Toilette of Venus
 Jeane Antoine Watteau, Pilgrimage in the Isle of Cythera known as the father
of the Rococo art
 Jean-Honore Fragonard, The Swing
F. NEOCLASSICAL ART ( 18TH CENTURY)
 Began in Europe around 1750 until the mid-nineteenth century, This movement
aspired to save and resurrect the aesthetic and cultural values of the Greco-
Roman civilization.
 The archaeological findings in the excavation of the roman cities of Pompeii and
Herculaneum in the mid 18th century had rekindled the interest in the art of
Greco-Roman culture.
 The industrial revolution’s effect led to the rise of the Age of Enlightenment that
saw the importance of technological innovation for the advancement of humanity.
 Heroes and beings from the Greco-Roman mythology were repeated

subjects in neoclassical paintings and sculpture.
 In sculpture, artists used natural white marble as medium.
 Cool colors in painting and the removal of perspective is were widely
used
 It gave importance to simplicity and aesthetic purity
Famous Artists of Neoclassical Art

 Anton Raphael Mengs, German portraitist
 Joseph-Marie Vien,French
 Pompeo Batoni, Italian
 Angelica Kauffmann, Swiss
 Jacques-Louis David
 Antonio Canova
 John Flaxman
 Bertel Thorvaldsen
G. ROMANTICISM
The industrial revolution began in the latter part of the 18 th century. This
revolution brought a new market economy based on new technology. During that
same time, there was a growing reaction against the ideals of the enlightenment that
emphasized science, empirical evidence and rational thought.
 The Romantics opposed the idea that reason was the only way to truth.
 Romantics argued that mysteries could be revealed with emotion,
imagination, and intuition.
 Romantics emphasized a life filled with deep feeling, spirituality, and free
expression as a defense against the dehumanizing effects of industrialization.
 Romanticism strongly placed emphasis on emotion and individualism, as
well as glorification of the past and of nature.
Famous Artist
 Theodore Gericualt
 Eugene Delacroix
 Francisco de Goya
 J.M.W. Turner
 John Constable
H. IMPRESSIONISM
Impressionism was created by Claude Monet and the other Paris based artists
in the early 1860. They relaxed their brushwork and included pure intense colors.
They abandoned traditional linear perspectives and avoided the clarity of form.
Because of these, many critics questioned Impressionist paintings for their unfinished
appearance and unprofessional quality.
 Impressionism could be regarded as the first modern movement in painting

 It began in Paris and influenced the entire Europe and eventually, the United
States.
 Its founders were artists who refused the official, government exhibitions,
and were rejected by the powerful academic art institutions.
 In the official yearly art salon of 1863, many artist were not allowed to join,
leading to public outcry.
 In 1863, the Salon des Refuses was formed to allow the exhibition of works
by artist who were refused entrance to the official salon.
The Thames Below Westminster
https://www.artst.org/monet-paintings/
Impressionism Artists
 Cezanne
 Pissarro
 Whistler
 Manet
 Renoir
 Sisley
 Degas
POST- IMPRESSIONISM
Post- Impressionism is a French art movement that developed roughly

between 1886 and 1905. Post impressionism emerged as a reaction against
Impressionist’ concern for the naturalistic depiction of light and color. The movement
was led by Paul Cezanne ( known as the father of Post-Impressionism)
 Post-Impressionists rejected the idea of the impressionist that the main focus
of the artwork should be on the opticality of the creation.
 The Impressioniost interest for the depiction of light and color drew a
negative reaction from the Post-Impressionist
 Post-Impressionist artist fought to bring back the emphasis on the subject
matter and the structure in painting that they felt was lost
 Post-Impressionist movement focused on the emotional, structural, symbolic
and spiritual elements that they felt were lacking in Impressionism.
A Sunday Afternoon on the Island of La Grande Jatte
www.theartist.me/art-inspiration/
Post-Impressionist Artist
 Paul Cezanne
 Vincent van Gogh
 Paul Gauguin
Summary
Throughout history, Europe has seen tremendous changes in its political

landscape and social makeup, and witnessed transitions of different art movements on
different timeframes. The use of art as a medium of communication of different
cultural elements originated from the Greek and Roman civilizations. These two
civilizations have greatly influenced the succeeding periods in art history. There were
movements like realism that highlights the primacy of individuality. Man being the
focal point of most work is not new since the Greeks and even during the Renaissance
Period highlighted the centrality of man in any society. The evolution of art in Europe
helped them shaped their culture, which was reflected in their societies.
ASSESMENT TASK:
Fill out the matrix below. ( Identify atleast one Artist and his/her work).
Chronological Matrix
Period Artist Artwork Characteristics
Roman /Medieval
Renaissance
Baroque/ Rococo
Neoclasism
Romantic /Impressionism
References
Ariola, Mariano (2008). Introduction to Art Appreciation. C & E Publishing,
2008
Caslib, B. et. al (2018). Art Appreciation. Manila. Rex Book Store, 2018
Estolas, J. et. al (2010). Introduction to Humanities (Arts for Fine
Living).Mandaluyong City. National Book Store, 2010
Gelb, Michael (1998). How to Think Like Leonardo Da Vinci
Chapter 3: Culture and the Arts

Module 7: Art in Asia
Introduction
When Ancient civilizations in Asia flourished, trade became a very important

activity. In the process of establishing trading relationships among Asian countries,
they started sharing their cultures and belief systems. China, being one of the oldest
civilizations in Asia, has a rich history when it comes to culture and the arts. Most of
their cultural and even religious beliefs and practices are presented through different
artworks. Japan was initially influenced by China in terms of the arts. Later on, they
opened themselves to the Western world, allowing for the fusion of East and West.
Both Chinese and Japanese artworks are concrete manifestations of their cultural
identity as a people. Philippine art was a product of several periods in history
spanning from the pre-colonial period to the contemporary times. Depending on a
given context, art in the Philippines has served various uses from everyday living to
expression of belief systems and advocacies.
Learning Outcomes
1. Identify key influences to Chinese and Japanese Art

2. Compare and contrast Chinese and Japanese artworks

3. Trace the development of Philippine Art
4. Explain how art can be a key element in the formation of a society’s culture
Learning Content
Chinese Art
History shows that China has been at the leading edge of development
especially in terms of cultural development. Inhabitants of China in the past were able
to produce primitive artisan works. Excavated pieces show bronze vessels with
intricate designs depicting a lot of imagery dating from the second millennium BCE.
The Chinese during the Zhou Dynasty was under a feudal kind of social system. It
was parallel period with that of Greece’s Golden Age: a period of culture, particularly
art, has flourished tremendously. During this period, metal works befitting the royal
family were produced in abundance. Jade was also a popular choice of materials of
artworks.
One known philosophers in China is Confucius and those who prescribed to

principles espoused by him believed that in order for society to work, one must learn
how to sympathize to others. These principles became evident in most artworks
depicting everyday life and how these social interactions come to play.
The Chinese also had interactions with Western missionaries who came from
India and brought some of the Indian influences to China. Because of this, Indian
models inspired a lot of Chinese artists for a few centuries. By the start of the sixth
century, Chinese artists started making art that highlighted their very own culture.
Paintings usually depicted magical places and realms that were born out of sheer
imagination while still infusing the Chinese characters that define their culture. It was
a dominant belief that a great power coming from a higher spirit is the moving one
moving the artist and his work together.
Porcelain is one of the commonly used items to make decorative ornaments,

such as vases and jars. Some artifacts from excavation sites show intricate works of
the Chinese in these porcelain vases. Just like most Chinese artworks, the focal point
in these vases depicts a central theme: nature. In addition, some of the common
overarching themes of Chinese artworks include everyday activities, war and
violence, death, and nature. It can also be noted that Chinese artworks are infused
with a lot of symbolisms. Art becomes an avenue for the artist to convey his reflection
of the things he is aware of.
Japanese Art
Art in Japan has undergone a series of transitions and periodization. From

being an isolated nation to that embracing Western influences and modernization,
Japan has transitioned into a modern cultural mixing pot. It is evident how Japanese
were able to infuse local and indigenous materials with modern Western subjects and
focal points.
Based on artifacts such as ceramic figurines and ornaments, it is important to

take note that there are Koreans and Chinese influences evident in Japanese artworks.
One of the ceramic products created by the Japanese is called Haniwa. These are
ceramic figures that are made up of clay.
Buddhism became part of Japanese culture, and so artworks such as images

and sculptures of Buddha were produced. Buddhist temples also became staples in
key places. Art in essence became an expression of worship for the Japanese.
In addition to Buddhism, China also influenced Japan in terms of paintings.

The Japanese style of painting leaned toward abstract and naturalistic handling. Many
artists focused on individual portraits, elements of nature, and scenes from everyday
life in creating their artworks. Japanese adapted minimalist take on paintings. The
Japanese developed a kind of painting called the ukiyo-e, which was crafted through
woodcut prints.
Ukiyo-e Haniwa
Philippine Art
Throughout Philippine history, spanning from the precolonial period to the

contemporary periods, different art forms have emerged in the Philippine art scene.
Before the colonizers came to the Philippines, ethnic minorities have used art not only
for daily activities but also for religious rituals and practices. Most art forms used by
ethnic communities include pottery, weaving, carving, and the use of metalwork and
jewelry.
Pottery is said to be one of the earliest forms used by the early Filipino People.
One of the most prominent artifacts related to pottery is the Manunngul Jar found in
Palawan, this reflects their belief in afterlife--- the crossing of the body of water is a
transition from life here on earth unto the next.
Weaving was also one of the earliet form of art expressions in Philippines.
One of the most popular artisans of weaving is the people from Cordilleras, they are
known for their colorful woven cloth which also have both religious and practical
value. The T’boli people from Mindanao are also known for their woven abaca cloth
called t’nalak.
Woodcarvings from Palawan also depict animals like birds, which are
representations of their religious beliefs. According to local stories, the birds serve as
the messenges of the people to the heavens and vice versa. In Mindanao, the Tausug
and Maranao people are known for their okir, which are designs applied to their
woodcarvings. Their subject is a representation for a certain theme or motif but
generally, these symbols depict their beliefs as a people.
Jewelry were initially used as amulets for protection to drive away evil spirits.
Eventually, some minority groups from the Cordilleras and Cotabato utilized jewelry
as ornaments integrated in their clothing.
When the Spaniards discovered Philippines during the sixteenth century, they
introduced their religion to the local people. Art was used by he Spaniards to
propagate their Christian faith while at the same time, subtly establishing their
foothold in the country. The Church became the sole patron of the arts, this can be
evidently seen through the construction of churches.
Being under colonial rule, it is not surprising for Filipinos to express their
indignation and desire liberation. Art become one of the avenues for Filipino patriots
and nationalists.
The 1960s proved to be a period of modernism and dynamism with a lot of

styles, techniques, and methods emerging. Most artworks were reflections of the
political, social, and economic situation of the Philippines during the Marcos
administration. This the reason why there was a paradigm shift of subjects in the
artworks. Beautiful and idealistic imagery was replaced with aggressive undertones.
When former Pres. Marcos declared Martial Law, social realism became the norm.
Most artworks were forms of protest against the government’s suppression of freedom
of speech and expression.
Eventually, photography has evolved into an art form, which highlights

various artistic expressions evident in a variety of events, scenes, and activities.
Summary
Asian Art, particularly Chinese and Japanese arts, has helped in the
establishment of their identities as a people. A common thread between the twon
cultures is the emphasis on religion and how man is an integral part of the society.
China may have influenced Japan during the early part but later on, Japan eventually
welcomed Western ideas. There is a difference in terms of allowing Western
influences to be integrated in their works: China remained conventional whereas
Janapn chose to let Western ideals be embodied in their artworks. The Philippines, on
the other hand, has undergone some changes when it comes to the art scene. From the
time of the early Filipinos to the contemporary times, art has been used in a myriad of
ways.
Assessment Task
Write an essay answering this question: How art become a reflection of a society’s
culture?
Reference:
Casaul, J et.al.2018. Art appreciation, first edition. Rex Book Store. Wuezon City,
Philippines.
Module 8: Indigenous Art
Learning Outcome
At the end of the lesson, the student should be able to:
a. trace and summarize the indigenous art;

b. create a symmetry art inspired by Okir/Ukkil; and
c. appreciate better the history and development of Philippine arts.
Introduction
Filipinos are probably one of the most creative and colorful people around.
You can tell this just by looking at the types of art that we have. Sadly, some of these
art forms are now dying as the younger generation does not seem to have any interest
in learning about them. But the fact remains that not a lot of young ones know the
process and hardwork that go with these arts.
The indigenous arts most sensitively reflect this communal orientation. Being
the most lucid and expressive symbols of a culture’s values, the arts are the most
powerful instruments of inquiry into the essential character of a culture. It is
undeniable that the following basic concepts and attributes of art and the conditions of
artistic creation, expression and expression and experience could only have arisen in
communal or integral Filipino cultural settings.
Art is not synonymous with big production costs because because what
matters is artistic excellence or the creative idea as well as making art part of
everyday life. Thus, the least expensive medium, e.g. paper for kites, is regarded
highly and not considered inferior to the costlier ones. And even the most practical
objects like a coconut grater, container, knife handle, tree stump, mat, or hat can
become a medium for the finest art.
Learning Content
Indigenous Arts are those native arts that have grown naturally through the
years in a certain locality. Indigenous arts include the Torogan of Muslim Mindanao
(previously discussed), bahay-kubo, bahay bale, bahay na bato, and other indigenous
house. Traditional arts and crafts are not indigenous arts per se since these arts did not
naturally existed in the particular area from time immemorial.
Some of these Indigenous Art are:
1. Architecture
Indigenous materials are widely used in architecture such as in the

construction of bahay-kubo, bahay bale, bahay na bato and other indigenous
architectural structures.
Bahay Kubo
-is a cultural icon, a cultural heritage and as a symbol of togetherness. Bahay

kubo is also known as “nipa-hut”. This typical hut symbolizes the typical Filipino
family as a close knit family.
Bahay na Bato
- it is also known as “house of stone” or better still, “stone house”. This type
of house is considered as an updated version of the traditional bahay kubo whereas in
the bahay. This type of indigenous house uses a Chinese tiled roof or sometimes nipa
or cogon roof but today, these roofings are being replaced by styled galvanized irons
with various shapes and designs.
Ifugao Bale (or Native House)
-This type of indigenous house is sometimes referred to as “No-Nail House”

because it was constructed without the use of nails.it is considered to be one of the
most indigenous and nearly perfect architectural constructs ever made by man. They
are known as the “architectural marvel” of the century.
Local carpenters of Banaue who are called “munhabats” built the Ifugao bale
as part of dangah or free service.the bale evolved from primitive dwelling called
“abong” which is equivalent to “house” in Pangasinan dialect.
The Ifugaos observe the “ngilin” which is a pagan ritual, and during the
construction of this house, the munhabats abstain from sex right before they start
building the bale.
2. Sculpture
Sculpture is three-dimensional artwork created by shaping or combining hard

materials, typically stone such as marble, metal, glass, or wood, or plastic materials
such as clay, textiles, polymers and softer metals. Carving is one of the techniques
used in sculpture. The most important type of sculpture, in its quality, quantity and
continuing use, are wooden bulul or bulol carved by Ifugao craftsmen of Mountain
Province, Luzon. Often made in pairs, male and female, bulul represent guardian
deities and are placed in rice granaries to ensure beautiful rice.
3. Weaving
Weaving means to make cloth and other objects. Threads or strands of

material are passed under and over each other. Most of the common forms of weaving
in the Philippines are in the form of hats, mats, bags, baskets and textiles (clothes and
blankets). This brought the ikat technique of resist – dyeing of the warp thread and the
concept of using textiles in death ceremonies. Weavers were further influenced by
imported materials: they imitated the new designs, integrating them with their
traditional textiles. Weaver imigrants appear to have brought the ikat technique to the
Isinai and Ifugao people of Luzon.
Abaca fiber derived from the abaca plant is widely grown in certain regions ‘n
the country. It is woven mainly to make ‘sinamay’ fabric and abaca rope, as well as
specialty papers like vacuum bags, currency, and tea bags.
4. Pottery
Pottery are objects that are first shaped of wet clay, then hardened by baking.
Pottery includes both decorative and practical items such as bowls, vases, dishes, and
lamps. Pottery in the Philippines varies in forms and functions. The forms of the pots
are directly influenced by the functions of the pots and the tradition of the community
or local area. An example of this is the palayok, which is used for cooking, Banga and
Tapayan are used for storing liquids. There is also the clay-made stove or kalan. The
burnay pottery in Ilocos Sur is still a lively tradition that continues up to the present.
5. Body Adornment
Physical ornamentation can be categorized into three areas specifically the use
of traditional costumes (textile), jewelries and tattoos. The design vary depending on
the location, users and function of the ornaments. Since the early 16 th century, jewelry
making in the country has been practiced.
Indigenous Materials
The materials in indigenous arts come from native materials or local materials
that are found in the locality. Some of these are the sawali, coco coir, bagasse, abaca,
bamboo, palm frond stems, mud bricks, rattan, rice husks, cogon, wood, and stone.
1. Sawali. This material comes from the outer covering of bamboo poles. It is woven
into mats and ideal for cement backing.
2. Coco coir. This by-product of coconut is used to minimize the use of cement and as
sandwich panels for insulation.
3. Bagasse. This is sugar cane waste used for insulation or cement backing.
4. Abaca. This is a fiber material obtained from the leaf stalk of a banana plant. Most
of these materials are found in the Bicol Region.
5. Bamboo. This indigenous material has low degree of elasticity, low concrete
adhesion, but wide variable moisture content. It is very useful in architectural forms
and designs, mainly as reinforcement to concrete.
The use of bamboo materials can lead to substantial savings and increased
employment in the locality.
6. Palm frond stems. This material is often used for non-structural panels, walls,
screens, and bases of houses. Despite being widely used, it is susceptible to termites
and have to be replaced every 4 to 5 years. To raise its life span to 15 years and
above, the material must be treated with anti-termite chemical like solignum or the
structure must be raised above the ground.
7. Mud Bricks. This material is brittle, has less strength, and cannot stand up well to
tension. However, it is the choice of the building materials in places with hot, dry
climates due to its low thermal conductivity
Summary
In every society, indigenous artworks really exist. In the Philippines, it ca be

seen in the architecture of houses or churches, sculpture, pintings, pottery, woven
clothes, and even body adornment like tattoo. These artworks also reflect the life of
the people in the society.
Also, part of being artists Filipinos also use indigenous materials that are just
found around them. Some example of these materials are leaves, trunks of trees, and
soil.
Assessment Task
Make an artwork of your choice that can be a reflection of the culture of

Philippines. Use Indigenous materials in making your artworks.
As a class, create a facebook page that serves as e-museum and individually

post your creations in the page.
References
Ariola, Mariano M. 2018. Art Appreciation. Intramuros Manila: Unlimited

Books Library Services and Publishing Inc.
Leano Roman D., Agtani, Jenny Marsha B. Art Appreciation. Manila.

Mindshapers Co.,Inc.
Module 9: Caught in Between: Modern and Contemporary Art

Introduction
This lesson attempts to provide a glimpse of contemporary art and how it was
understood, defined,a nd represented, not only within the bounds of the art world, but
also beyond it.
Learning Outcomes
1. Define modern and contemporary art

2. Classify specific artworks into the different movements under contemporary
art.
Learning Content
The term contemporary seems simple and straightforward enough to define

but the complexity of defining the term is attributed to the fact taht people have
dissenting views on the interpretation of the “present,” of “today” or what the “now”
means--- these are often ideas that follow the word contemporary. Even more so, is
when it is hinged on the word “art” and suddenly it becomes a bit fuzzy.
Contemporary art was heavily driven by ideas and theories, and even the
blurring notions of what is and and can be considered as “art” with the involvement of
television, photography, cinema, digital technology, performance, and even objects of
the everyday. It was the idea that was more important than its visual articulation.
One of the maindevelopments during this time was the turn from the
traditional notions of what art is: from paintings and sculptures to the more
experimental formats. These included film, photography, video, performance, and
earth works. Even these formats tended to overlap, leading to interesting and dynamic
, and otherwise “unheard of” combinations of concepts, subjects, materials,
techniques, and methods of creation, experience, and even analysis. Compared to
other periods, it can be argued that contemporary art is the most socially aware and
involved form of art. The subject matter of its works was one of the most pressing,
heated,a nd even controversial issues of contemporary society.
Contemporary Arts
1. Photography
Photography is the art of capturing light with a camera, usually via a digital
sensor or film, to create an image. Photography is an art as it possesses everything to
be an ideal medium for creative expression.
2. Performance Arts
Artworks that are created through actions performed by the artist or other
participants, which may be live or recorded, spontaneous or scripted . It is generally
an event rather than an artifact, though it is often recorded on video and by means of
still photography. It may be acting, reciting poetry, singing, dancing and painting.
3. Earth Art
Sometimes considered as a kind or a spin-off installation art, earth art (or land
art) is when the natural environment or a specific site or space is transformed by
artists. It is a kind of human intervention into a specific landscape or terrain.
4. Street Art
These works are most commonly found in the public sphere, various people
who have access to them formed the impression and perception of the artworks
themselves. Some of the examples of this include murals, stenciled images, and
stickers.
5. Literature
Literature is the art-form of language, and words are its tools. As a painter
uses paint, as a musician uses musical instruments, as a sculptor uses stone-and-
chisel, so a writer uses words.
Summary
Some of the arts discussed are examples of the rich array of works produced
and are still being produced today. The twenty-first century is steeped in promise and
excitement, it would not be surprising if in the future, art students like yo will be
confronted wiht even more diverse movements that attempt to come into terms with
himself, society, and the world in which he lives.
Assessment Task
Choose at least one of the discussed Contemporary Art and make your own
sample artwork of it. Post your creation in our Facebook group.
Reference
Casaual ,J et.al. 2018. Art appreciation. Rex Book Store, Inc. Quezon
City,Philippines.

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ART APPRECIATION Page |1

Republic of the Philippines

Chapter 1: Introduction to Arts

This topic introduces the importance of art as part or component of our

At the end of this chapter the learners should be able to:

Common Essentials of Art

1. Art must be man-made.

2. Art is a means of expression and communication.

4. Art and experience

5. Art and beauty

5. Art and nature

Module 2: Elements and Principles of Art

At the end of the topic, you are expected to:

A. identify the elements and principles of art

Types of Elements of Art:

 Geometric Shapes- circles, squares, rectangles and triangles. We see them in

Color wheel a tool used to organize color. It is made up of:

 Positive Space: the space the subject takes up.

 Asymmetrical Balance - it involves placement of objects in a way that will allow

 Symmetrical balance – described as having equal weight on equal sides of a

3. Emphasis- creates focal point in the design composition; it is how we bring

4. Contrast- is simply defined as difference. Difference between elements or subject

9. Proportion- refers to the size of an object in relationship to another object

Express yourself through an artwork!

Use the different elements of arts or principles of design in creating your

Module 3: Subject and Content of Art

At the end of the topic, you are expected to:

1. Subject – refers to any person, object, scene or event describe or represented in a

--are artworks that depict something easily recognized by most people.

3. Landscape, Seascapes, Moonscapes and Cityscapes

4. Mythology and Religion, Dreams and Fantasies

2. NON-REPRESENTATIONAL OR NON-OBJECTIVE ARTS

Answer of Self-Assessment Questionnaire

1. Answers may vary.

Module 4: Functions of Art

Basic Philosophical Perspectives of Art

1. ) Art as Mimesis (Plato)

“Art is an imitation of the real that was an imitation of the ideal.”

2. ) Art as Representation (Aristotle)

3. ) Art for Art’s Sake (Kant)

“Art has its own reason for being.”

-- Art serves a function. Art is meant to be used, to enrich lives to be spiritually

1. Visua Art (2D, 3D)

a. Painting –It is the application of pigment on any flat two-dimensional surfaces

b. Sculpture –it is the carving, modelling, casting, constructing, and assembling of

2. Performing/ Combined Arts

4. Applied Arts-are the application of design and decoration to everyday objects to

Interior Design –is enhancing the interior of a

2. If an artwork ceased to have function, will it remain an art? Why?

Answer to Self-Assessment Questionnaire

1. No. Explanation may vary.

Keiran, E. (1992). Imagination in Teaching and Learning,

Chapter 2 : Western Art History

The unearthning of archaeological artifacts and remains provide modern

By the end of this lesson, you should be able to:

Cave art is generally considered to have a symbolic or religious function,

Examples of paintings and engravings in deep caves—i.e., existing completely

The Mesolithic Period, or Middle Stone Age, is an archaeological term used to

Neolithic sculpture became bigger, in part, because people didn’t have to