Evolution and Origin

of Biodiversity:
Patterns of Descent
with Modification
 Show patterns of
descent with
modification from

Agenda common ancestors to

produce the
organismal diversity
observed today
Evolution is a dynamic process. It is on-going and
constantly active. Every act of predation, mutation, and
migration is in accordance with a species’ fundamental
need—to survive.

Evolution is also defined as descent with modification.

As evolution arose, biodiversity came along with it. Biodiversity

is defined as "the diversity of organisms that have evolved or
existed."
What is Descent With Modification?
Descent with modification refers to the passing
on of traits (heredity) from parent organisms to
their offspring.
Traits are passed on from one generation to the
next, perhaps changing or developing over time.
It is to describe changes in a species over
generations.
-Descent means "the process of inheriting characteristics from
previous generations".
-Modification refers to the concept that "these qualities we
inherit can be altered or
changed". Back to Agenda Page
What is species?
"Species" originates from the word "kind" which is a
translation of the Greek word eidos (idea)

According to Ernst Mayr, "Species are groups of interbreeding

natural populations that are reproductively isolated from other
such group."

George Gaylord Simpson's definition is that "Species is a

lineage(an ancestral-descendant sequence of populations)
evolving separately from others and with its own unitary
evolutionary role and techniques."
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What is species?
According to Leigh Van Valen, " a species is a lineage ( or a
closely related set of lineages) which occupies an adaptive
zone minimally different from that any other lineage in its
range and which evolves separately from all lineages
outside its range."

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 According to the BSC
( Biological Species concept)

Organism are part of the same species if they

can produce offsprings that can also breed.

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Biological species are
reproductively isolated from
each other. This mechanism
prevents nascent species from
interbreeding.
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Reproductive Isolating Mechanism-
a collection of evolutionary mechanisms,
behaviors and physiological processes
critical for speciation. They prevent
members of different species from
producing offspring, or ensure that any
offspring are sterile. These barriers maintain
the integrity of a species by reducing gene
flow between related species. Back to Agenda Page
 Isolating
Mechanisms

Pre-zygotic Post-zygotic
isolation isolation
Pre-Zygotic Mechanism
Prevents fertilization and zygote formation
Happens before fertilization occurs between gametes.

1. Geographic or Ecological or Habitat Isolation-

Two closely related species occupy different areas or
habitat thus, they never come in contact. If two
populations of flies exixst in the same geographical
area, but one group lives in the soil and another lives
on the surface of water, members of two populations
are very unlikely to meet and reproduce.
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Geographic or Ecological or Habitat Isolation
2. Temporal or Seasonal Isolation-
Different groups may not be reproductively mature at
the same time season or month or year. Time is the
barrier that prevents species from inter breeding and
producing sterile hybrids. Timing of the day when
they are sexually active, the best exmaples will be
that of the two fruit fly species. Drosophila persimilis
and Drosophila pseudoobscura. The D. Persimilis are
generally active in the early morning. D.
pseudoobscura is active in the afternoon.
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Temporal or Seasonal Isolation
3. Behavioral Isolation-
Patterns of courtship are different. For example, male fireflies of a
variety of species signal to their female counterparts by flashing their
lights in specific patters. Females will only respond to the signals
flashed by their own species, preventing them from mating with other
closely related firefly species.
4. Mechanical Isolation-
Differences in reproductive organs prevent successful interbreeding.
It is cause by structures or the keep species isolated from one another.
For example, in flowering plants, the shape of the flower will tend to
match up with a natural pollinator. Plants that do not have the correct
shape for pollinator will not receive a pollen transfer.
Mechanical isolation occurs when mating is physically impossible.
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Behavioral Isolation Mechanical Isolation
5. Gametic Isolation-
Incompatibilities between the egg and sperm prevent
fertilization. There is a couple of possible reasons why the egg
and the sperm cannot unite in case of gametic isolation.
Often this occurs because the female immune system
recognizes sperm as foreign and attacks it.
Male gametes may not be able to recognize and fertilize an egg
of different species
For example, sea cucumbers release their sperm and eggs into
open water. The sperm recognizes their own species through
chemical markers

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Gametic Isolation
Post-zygotic Mechanism
Allow fertilization but nonviable or weak or sterile hybrids are
formed. In these cases, the zygote formed is called a hybrid.
However, even after a hybrid zygote forms, reproduction
may still not be successful.

1. Hybrid Inviability-
Fertilized egg fails to develop past the early embryonic
stages.
For example, when tigers and leopards are crossed, the
zygote begins to develop but the pregnancy ends in
miscarriage or stillborn.
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Hybrid Inviability

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2. Hybrid Sterility-
Their hybrids are sterile because gonads develop abnormally
or there is abnormal segregation of chromosomes during
meiosis. A horse and a donkey may produce a hybrid
offspring, a mule. Mules are sterile.
3. Hybrid Breakdown-
F1 hybrids are normal, vigorous and viable, but F2 contains
many weak or sterile individuals.
Example: Different cotton species can produce fertile hybrids,
bt breakdown occurs in the next generation when offspring of
the hybrids die as seeds or grown into weak and defective
plants
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Hybrid Sterility Hybrid Breakdown

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 SPECIATION
is how a new kind of plant or animal species is
created.
occurs when a group within a species separates
from other members of its species and develops
its own characteristics
is the evolutionary process by which populations
evolve to become distinct species. It is the
process by which new species develop from
1 2

existing species
 Mode of Speciation
Allopatric Speciation or Geographic Speciation
- Allo- other, Patric- place; 'other place'
- occurs when some members of a population become
geographically separated from the other members
thereby preventing gene flow. Examples of geographic
barriers are bodies of water and mountain ranges.
Allopatric Speciation
 Mode of Speciation
Peripatric Speciation
- as in allopatric speciation, physical barriers make it
impossible for members of the groups to interbreed
with one another.
- The main difference between alloptaric speciation and
peripatric speciation is that in peripatric speciation,
one group is much smaller than the other. Unique
characteristics of the smaller groups are passed on to
future generations of the group, making those traits
more common among that group and distinguishing it
from the others.
Peripatric Speciation
 Mode of Speciation
Parapatric Speciation
- para- beside, patric- place; 'beside each other'
- occurs when the groups that evolved to be separate species
are geographic neighbors. Gene flow occurs but with great
distances is reduced. There is also abrupt change in the
environment over a geographic border and strong disruptive
selection must also happen.
Parapatric Speciation
 Mode of Speciation
Sympatric Speciation
- sym- same, patric- place; 'same place'
- occurs when members of a population that initially occupy the
same habitat within the same range diverge into two or more
different species. It involves abrupt genetic changes that
quickly lead to the reproductive isolation of a group of
individuals. Example is change in chromosome number
(polyploidization).
Sympatric Speciation
3 TYPES OF
EVOLUTION
DIVERGENT EVOLUTION
closely related species become increasingly different
Species adapts to the environment where they live.

Divergent evolution might result as a response to changes in:

- Abiotic factors, like a change in environmental conditions,
or when a new niche becomes available.
- Biotic factors, such as increased or decreased pressure
from competition or predation.
Example:
Pentadactyl limb structure of vertebrates
DIVERGENT EVOLUTION
CONVERGENT EVOLUTION
Different species evolve similar traits due to similar
environment.

EXAMPLE:
the relationship between bat and insect wings
shark and dolphin bodies
vertebrate and cephalopod eyes.
CONVERGENT EVOLUTION
COEVOLUTION
2 or more species evolve in respinse to changes in
each other.
Usually, the interacting populations are different
species, like plant–pollinator, predator–prey, or host–
parasite.
EXAMPLE:
Birds and Flowers
Birds and Butterflies
COEVOLUTION
 Group 6
Shiena Rose L. Mier
Clark Ryan Niño A. Rosales
Mhelnie Ann Saira Q. Marcaida
Mayell R. Mamalias