Isolated Footing Design

CHAPTER THREE
SHALLOW FOUNDATION DESIGN
3/29/2021 DMiT/Foundation Engineering 1

Introduction
■ Shallow foundations
■ This chapter deals with economical and safe design of the
common types of shallow foundations.
– Isolated or spread footings,
– Combined footings,
– Strap or cantilever footings and
– Mat or raft foundations
■ The design of shallow foundations is based on the
assumption that they are rigid so that the variation of
pressure under the foundations will be linear.

Cont.…
■ Design of Shallow Foundation involves:
I. Geotechnical Design
– Determining depth of foundation.
– Determining area (size) of footing (proportioning).
– Checking of settlement (total & differential).
II. Structural Design
– Determining thickness of footing based on shear (one-
way shear and punching shear), moment capacity,
bond stress and concrete bearing requirement.
– Determining the amount of flexural reinforcement to
overcome flexural stress.

Depth of Foundation
■ It is measured from the lowest adjacent ground surface to
the bottom of the footing.
■ The depth of embedment must be at least large enough to
accommodate the required footing thickness.
■ Footings should be carried below
– zone of high volume change due to moisture fluctuation.
– Top (organic) soil.
– peat and muck.
– unconsolidated (or fill) material.
– The depth of foundation for a bridge pier or any similar
structure must be sufficiently below the deepest scour
level.

Cont.…
■ According to EBCS-7
– minimum depth of footing should be 50cm.
– for footings on sloping sites, minimum depth of footing
should be 60cm and 90cm below ground surface on
rocky and soil formations, respectively.
– Footing at different elevations, a minimum clear distance
of half the width of the footing is recommended.

Foundations near Existing Structures
■ When footings are to be placed adjacent to existing structure
the line from the base of the new footing to the bottom edge
of the existing footing should be 〖45〗^0 Or less with the
horizontal plane.
■ The distance m should be greater than Zf.

Cont.…
■ If the new footing is lower than the existing footing, there is a
possibility that the soil may flow laterally from beneath the
existing footing.
■ This may increase the amount of excavation somewhat but,
more importantly, may result in settlement cracks in the
existing building.

Cont.…
■ If the excavation for the foundation of the new structure is
too close to the existing building. In this case the qNq term
of the bearing capacity equation is lost, for most
foundations below the ground surface this is a major
component of the bearing capacity.

Proportioning of shallow
foundations
■ The dimensions of the footing can be determined using:
– Presumptive allowable soil pressure
– Soil strength parameters  and C
1. The initial or instantaneous loading condition and
2. The final or long- term loading condition.

Bearing Capacity of Shallow Foundations
■ The Ultimate Bearing Capacity of Soil, 𝒒𝒖 : the maximum
pressure which a foundation can withstand without the
occurrence of shear failure of the foundation.
■ Allowable Bearing Pressure (qa) : It is the maximum pressure
the foundation soil is subjected to considering both shear
failure and settlement.

■ Bearing capacity is governed by a number of factors. some of
them are:
✓ Nature of soil and its physical and engineering properties.
✓ Nature of the foundation and other details such as the size,
shape, depth below the ground surface and rigidity of the
structure.
✓ Total and differential settlements that the structure can
withstand without functional failure.
✓ Location of the ground water table relative to the level of the
foundation.

Types of Shear Failures Experienced by
Foundation Soil
■ Depending on the stiffness of foundation soil and
depth of foundation, the following are the modes of
shear failure experienced by the foundation soil.
I. General shear failure
II. Local shear failure
III. Punching shear failure

Failure of Shallow Foundations
• Dense soil
• “Brittle” response
General Shear Failure
Local Shear Failure
• Loose soil
• “Ductile” response
Punching Failure
3/29/2021 DMiT/Foundation Engineering (Coduto)
14
General Shear Failure
■ The following are some characteristics of general
shear failure.
✓ Continuous, well defined and distinct failure surface develops
between the edge of footing and ground surface.
✓ Dense or stiff soil that undergoes low compressibility
experiences this failure.
✓ Continuous bulging of shear mass adjacent to footing is visible.
✓ Failure is accompanied by tilting of footing.
✓ Failure is sudden and catastrophic with pronounced peak in P-
 curve.
✓ The length of disturbance beyond the edge of footing is large.
✓ State of plastic equilibrium is reached initially at the footing
edge and spreads gradually downwards and outwards.
Local Shear Failure
■ This type of failure is seen in relatively loose and soft
soil.
✓ A significant compression of soil below the footing and partial
development of plastic equilibrium is observed.
✓ Failure is not sudden and there is no tilting of footing.
✓ Failure surface does not reach the ground surface and slight
bulging of soil around the footing is observed.
✓ Failure surface is not well defined.
✓ Failure is characterized by considerable settlement.
✓ Well defined peak is absent in P- curve.

Punching Shear Failure
■ This type of failure is seen in loose and soft soil and at
deeper elevations.
■ The following are some characteristics of Punching
shear failure.
✓ This type of failure occurs in a soil of very high
compressibility.
✓ Failure pattern is not observed.
✓ Bulging of soil around the footing is absent.
✓ Failure is characterized by very large settlement.
✓ Continuous settlement with no increase in P is
observed in P-curve.
Using presumptive allowable soil
pressure
■ Different Building codes provide allowable average soil
pressures for different soils. ( in our case we can get it from
EBCS-7/1995, table 6.3)
■ For non cohesive soils, the presumed design bearing
resistance shall be reduced by 50% if the water table above
or near the bearing surface of the soil.
■ If the water table is below the bearing surface of the soil at a
distance at least equal to the width of the foundation , no
reduction applied.
■ For intermediate depth of water table, proportional reduction
of presumed design bearing resistance may be made.

Allowable Soil Pressure according to local code
EBCS-7/1995

Using the soil strength
parameters ∅ and C
■ Soil strength parameters ∅ and C may be determined
from laboratory tests.
■ Once ∅ and C are obtained, one can easily determine the
area of the foundation using bearing capacity equations.
■ In applying the bearing capacity equations one should
differentiate two states of loading, namely:
– the initial or instantaneous loading condition and
– the final or long- term loading condition.

Initial or instantaneous loading
condition
■ Corresponds to the quick or undrained test condition of the
triaxial test.
■ The pore water pressure in the soil does not have time to
dissipate.
■ The soil parameters are designated by ∅u and Cu - in most
cases ∅u = 0.

The final or long- term loading
condition
■ Corresponds to the slow or drained test condition of the
triaxial test.
■ The soil parameters in this case are designated by ∅’ and C’.
■ The pore water pressure in the soil has enough time to
dissipate.

▪ The ultimate load that may be applied on a foundation with
sides a and b may be determined from the following
equation
Vult = Ault ………………….(1)
b
b’ a’= a - 2ea
b’= b - 2eb
a
a’
. ea A’= a’b’
eb
▪ The actual sustained load on the footing may be related to the

ultimate load
Vult =Fs*P…………………………….(2)

Cont.…
■ One may then express Eqn. (1) as
Fs*P = Ault
■ From which it follows

A = Fs*P/ ult
■ From the above equation one easily determines the required
area since all the quantities on the right hand side of the
equation are known.
■ The ultimate bearing capacity, ult , may be determined from
the following equation.
ult = CNcScdcic+ ½B’NSdi + qNqSqdqiq

Cont.…
✓Initial loading conditions, where u = 0,
■ the failure surface of the soil consist of straight lines and an
arc of a circle.
■ The bearing capacity coefficient would have the values
Nc=5.14, Nq= 1.0, N = 0.
ult = 5.14CuSc dc ic+ q Sq dq iq
✓ Undrained conditions, фu=0.
• Sc = 1+0.2 (B’/L’), For Rectangular Shape
• Sc = 1.2 , For Square or Circular Shape
• Sq = 1

Cont.…
✓Final loading conditions  >0
• Nq = 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 (45+/2) e tan
• Nc = (Nq – 1) Cot 
• N = (Nq – 1) tan (1.4)

Cont.…
Where:
✓ ult = Ultimate bearing capacity of footing,
✓ C = Cohesion,
✓ q = Effective surcharge at the base level of the footing.
✓ γ = effective unit weight of soil
✓ Nc, Nq, Nγ = Bearing capacity factors
✓ Sc, Sq ,Sγ = Shape factors
✓ dc ,dq, dγ = Depth factors
✓ ic , iq, iγ , = Inclination factors

Eccentric Loads or Moments

Eccentric Loads or Moments

Two-way Eccentric Loads or Moments

ea
.
b eb
a
max
 = P/ab (16eb/b 6ea/a)
min
For contact pressure to remain +ve everywhere,
6eB 6eL
+  1.0
B L
Example 1
■ Determine the dimensions of a square footing necessary to sustain an
axial column load of 850kN as shown in Fig. below, if
– Allowable presumptive bearing pressure of 150kPa is used
– Fs = 2; Cu = 40 kPa ; C’ = 7.5 kPa ; ∅’ =22.5

Solution
a) Using presumptive value
𝑃 850𝑘𝑁
𝐴= = = 5.67𝑚2 = 𝐵2
𝑞𝑎𝑙𝑙 150 𝑘𝑁ൗ 2
𝑚
▪ The dimension of the footing would be 2.40m X 2.40m

Cont.…
b) Using the bearing capacity formula
✓ Initial loading condition

i = 5.14Cu Sc dc ic+ q Sq dq iq
• Shape factors
Sc = 1.2 , Sq = 1
• Depth factors
dc = (1+0.4(2/B)) , dq = 1
• Load inclination factors
ic = 1 , iq = 1

Cont.…
• Hence
i = 5.14*40 *1.2*(1+0.8/B)*1+ 19.1*2*1*1*1
= (244.8+195.84/B +38.2)
A * i = P*FS
P * F .S (850)  2
A= = = B2
i 283 + 195.84 / B
283 B2 +195.84B – 1700 = 0

The dimension of the footing would be 2.13m X 2.13m

Cont.…
■ Final or long term loading condition
f = CNc Scdcic+ ½ B’  N Sd i + q Nq Sqdqiq
■ Bearing capacity factors
Nc= 17.45, N = 4.43, Nq = 8.23
■ Shape factors
– KP = tan2(45+ф/2) = tan2(45+22.5/2) = 2.24
– Sc=1+ 0.2 KP (B/L) =1+0.2 * 2.24*(B/B) =1.45
– Sq = Sγ =1+ 0.1 KP (B/L) =1+0.1*2.24*(B/B) = 1.22
■ Depth factors
– dc=1+0.2 kp Df/B=1+0.2 * 2.24 *(Df/B) =1 + 0.6/B
– dq = dγ = 1+0.1 𝑘𝑝 Df/B=1+0.1 * 2.24 *(2/B) =1 + 0.3/B
■ Load inclination factors

ic = 1, i= 1 , iq = 1

Cont.…
■ Hence
f = 7.5*17.45*1.45*(1+0.6/B’)*1+ ½ B’ *9.1* 4.43* 1.22*(1 +
0.3/B)*1 + 19.1*2*8.23* 1.22*(1+0.3/B)*1
= 132.325+79.395/B + 24.59 B +7.377 +383.551 +115.065/B
= 24.59 B + 194.46/B + 523.253
A * f = P*F.S
P * F .S 850* 2
B2 = =
f (
24.59 B + 194.46 + 523.253
B )
24.59*B3 + 523.253*B2 + 194.46*B = 1700, Roots; -20.74,
1.574, and -2.11. take the positive root which is 1.574
■ Therefor the dimension of the footing would be 1.58 m X
1.58 m
■ Governing size ?
•Settlement of Foundations
l1 l2 l3
Ground Level
Original foundation level
1
 max
2 3
1,2,3 = Differential sett.,  = Greatest differential sett.
max = maximum total sett., l1,l2,l3= Bay width, /l = angular
distortion
NO SETTLEMENT * TOTAL SETTLEMENT * DIFFERENTIAL
SETTLEMENT
Uniform settlement is usually of little consequence in a building, but
differential settlement can cause severe structural damage

✓ From statistical analysis Skempton and MacDonald
concluded that as long as the angular distortion , /l of a
building is less than 1/300, there should be no settlement
damage.
Recommendation of Skempton and MacDonald
i) Settlements on sand
a) isolated footings /l = max/600, max  2inches
b) rafts /l = max/750, max  2 1/2inches

ii) Settlements on clay
a) isolated footings /l = max/1000, max 3.3inches
b) rafts /l = max/1250, max  4 1/4inches

Recommendation of Bowles
Type of foundations
Types of soil
Isolated Rafts
Sand 3.8cm 3.8-6.4cm
clay 6.4cm 6.4cm-10.2cm

Recommendation of EBCS7-1995

Causes of Differential Settlement

3.1 ISOLATED FOOTING DESIGN

Cont.…
■ Design of Isolated Footing involves:
I. Geotechnical Design
I. Determining depth of foundation.
II. Determining area (size) of footing (proportioning).
III. Checking of settlement (total & differential).
II. Structural Design
I. Determining thickness of footing based on shear (one-
way shear and punching shear), moment capacity,
bond stress and concrete bearing requirement.
II. Determining the amount of flexural reinforcement to
overcome flexural stress.

STRUCTURAL DESIGN
■ Involves
– Selecting Construction Material
– Based on codes selecting appropriate factor of safety's
for materials
– Based on local codes computing developed shear and
flexural stresses
– Provide adequate foundation thickness D for shear (
Wide beam and Punching) and bending moment
capacity
– Provide adequate reinforcement area, number and
length based on developed moment.
– Detailing

Foundation Thickness “D”
■ Thickness of footing must be adequate to withstand:
I. punching shear,
II. diagonal tension (wide beam shear),
III. Bending moment and bond stress.

Punching shear
■ This factor generally controls the depth of footings.
■ Occurs when an area is subject to a concentrated state of
stress relative to its immediate surroundings.
■ Failure can occur either by pure punching or by bending
induced punching where, the initial tension cracks will grow
tangentially to form the punching surface.
■ The cracked profile of the punched area indicates the mode
of failure.
■ The critical sections are located at a distance of 1.5d from
the face of the column.

Punching shear failure

▪ It is the normal practice to provide adequate depth to sustain
the shear stress developed without reinforcement.

▪ For rectangular column
d 2 (12Vup + 9 ) + d (2Vup + 3 )(a '+ b ') = ( Afooting − Acolumn ) 
▪ For square column

𝑑 2 (12𝑉𝑢𝑝 + 9𝜎) + 𝑑(2𝑉𝑢𝑝 + 3𝜎)(2𝑎′) = 𝐴𝑓𝑜𝑜𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 − 𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛 𝜎

Wide beam shear
■ The selected depth using the punching shear criterion may
not be adequate to withstand the diagonal tension
developed.
■ Hence one should also check the safety against diagonal
tension.
■ The critical sections are located at a distance of d from the
face of the column.

Cont.…
■ The shear forces are calculated along the plane C-C and D-D
– V C-C = (b/2 –d - b’/2)a a
– V D-D = (a/2 –d – a’/2)b b
■ The actual shear stress is then calculated from
■ These calculated actual shear stresses should be compared

with diagonal shear resistance.

𝑓𝑐𝑢
𝑓𝑐𝑘 =
1.25
0.85 ∗ 𝑓𝑐𝑘 0.85 ∗ 𝑓𝑐𝑘
𝑓𝑐𝑑 = =
𝛾𝑐 1.5
0.35 ∗ 𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝑓𝑐𝑡𝑘
𝑓𝑐𝑡𝑑 = = = 𝑓𝑏𝑑
𝛾𝑐 𝛾𝑐

Bending Moment
■ The critical sections for the bending moment vary according
to the type of columns.
■ According to EBCS 2-1995, the critical section for moment
shall be taken as follows:
– At the face of column, pedestal or wall for footings
supporting a concrete pedestal or wall
– Halfway between middle and edge of wall, for footings
supporting a masonry wall.
– Halfway between face of column and edge of steel base
for footings supporting a column with base plates.

Flexural Reinforcement
■ Distribution:
■ In square footings, reinforcement shall be distributed
uniformly across the entire width of footing.
■ In two-way rectangular footings, reinforcement shall be
distributed as follows:
– Reinforcement in long direction shall be distributed
uniformly across the entire width of footing.
– For reinforcement in the short direction, a portion of
the total reinforcement given by
2
 total re inf orcement in the short direction
1+ L
B

Development length
■ The reinforcement bars must extend a sufficient distance
into the concrete to develop proper anchorage. This
distance is called the development length.
■ The necessary development length may be calculated using
the following equation
■ Basic anchorage length:
𝜙 𝑓𝑦𝑑
𝑙𝑏 =
4 𝑓𝑏𝑑
■ Where, fyd and fbd are design yield strength and bond
strength respectively.
■ Hooking is at 900 or 1500 and in both cases hook length
≥5ф.

Check column concrete Bearing
Pu A2
  f cd
A1 A1
■ Where:
– A1=column contact area.
– A2 = area of column spread through depth d.=
(a’+4d)(b’+4d).
– a’ and b’ are column dimensions.
A2
2
A1
– fcd = 0.85fck/γc, γc=1.5

Concrete cover to reinforcement
■ According to EBCS 2-1995
– Concrete cast directly against the earth, the minimum
cover should be greater than 75mm
– Concrete cast against prepared ground (including
blinding) the minimum cover should be greater than
40mm.

Spacing of reinforcement
■ The clear horizontal and vertical distance between bars shall
be at least equal to the largest of the following values:
(EBCS 2-1995)
■ Minimum reinforcement spacing
– 20mm
– The diameter of the largest bar
– The maximum size of the aggregate plus 5mm
■ Maximum reinforcement spacing
– The spacing between main bars for slabs shall not
exceed the smaller of 2h or 350mm
– The spacing between secondary bars shall not exceed
400mm

Bending Moment
Moment capacity of concrete

𝑀 = 0.32 ∗ 𝑓𝑐𝑑 ∗ 𝑏 ∗ 𝑑 2
Area of steel (As)

𝑓𝑐𝑑 2𝑀
𝜌= 1− 1−
𝑓𝑦𝑑 𝑓𝑐𝑑 𝑏𝑑 2
𝐴𝑠 = 𝜌𝑏𝑑
Number and spacing of steel bars
Detailing

Example: 2
■ Determine thickness, flexural reinforcement and show
detail drawing of example 1. Assume the square footing
supports column load (40 cm X 40 cm with 420), C-
25, S-300 and use design standard/code EBCS-
2/1995 for design.

𝑓𝑐𝑢
𝑓𝑐𝑘 =
1.25
0.85 ∗ 𝑓𝑐𝑘 0.85 ∗ 𝑓𝑐𝑘
𝑓𝑐𝑑 = =
𝛾𝑐 1.5
0.35 ∗ 𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝑓𝑐𝑡𝑘
𝑓𝑐𝑡𝑑 = = = 𝑓𝑏𝑑
𝛾𝑐 𝛾𝑐

Buzz Group (4’)
■ Discuss what you have learned from the last

45’ lecture.

Isolated Footing Design Example
■ Specific learning objectives:
o By the end of the session you will be able to:-
– proportion isolated footing.
– determine thickness of isolated footing.
– calculate flexural reinforcement.
– draw reinforcement detail.

Example 3
■ Design an isolated footing to support a column (0.3m x 0.5m
with 422) load of 1500kN and 375 kN-m which is desired
to construct at 1.5m depth on a soil having net allowable soil
bearing pressure 400kPa. Use S-300 steel grade, C-25
concrete, EBCS -2 and 7, 1995

Solution
S-300, fyk = 300MPa fyd = 300/1.15 = 260.87 MPa

C25  fck= 0.8* 25= 20MPa  fctk = 1.5 MPa,

Proportioning
Let assume l1 = l2
𝑎 − 50 𝑏 − 30
= ⇒ 𝑎 − 𝑏 = 50 − 30 = 20𝑐𝑚 = 0.2𝑚
2 2
Eccentricity, ea = 𝑀 375
= = 0.25𝑚
𝑃 1500

Contact Pressure
𝑃 6𝑒𝑎 𝑃 6𝑒𝑎
𝜎max = 1+ = 1+
𝐴 𝑎 𝑎𝑏 𝑎
1500 6 ∗ 0.25
400 = 1+
0.2 + 𝑏 𝑏 0.2 + 𝑏
2
2250
400(0.20𝑏 + 𝑏 ) = 1500 +
0.2 + 𝑏
400𝑏 3 + 160𝑏 2 − 1484𝑏 − 2550 = 0
By trial and error b= 2.345 m
Take b= 2.4m, then a = b+0.20m = 2.60m

Actual contact pressure
1500 6 ∗ 0.25
𝜎max = 1+ = 379.07𝑘 𝑁Τ𝑚2 < 𝜎𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑜𝑘
2.4 2.6 2.6
1000 6 ∗ 0.25
𝜎min = 1− = 101.70𝑘 𝑁Τ𝑚2 > 0 𝑜𝑘
2.4 2.6 2.6

Group work (6’)
Determine thickness of footing from wide beam shear
requirement.

Thickness of footing
■ Wide beam shear
– Contact stress at distance d from the face of the column, 

379.07 − 101.7 (1.55 + 𝑑 )
𝜎 = 101.7 +
2.60
𝜎 = 267.06 + 106.68𝑑
𝜎max + 𝜎 379.07 + 267.06 + 106.68𝑑
𝜎1 = 1.05 − 𝑑 = 1.05 − 𝑑
2 2
= 339.22 − 267.058 − 53.34𝑑 2
𝑉
𝑣𝑢𝑑 =
𝑏𝑑
𝑉 = 339.22 − 267.058𝑑 − 53.34𝑑 2 x b
𝑉 = 339.22 − 267.058𝑑 − 53.34𝑑 2 x 2.4
Vud = 0.25fctd K1k2
 = min 0.5/fyk =0.0017 , k2 =1 Assume more

than 50% of bottom reinforcement curtailed.

For C25 fck= 20MPa fctk = 1.565 MPa,
fcd = 0.85*fck /c =0.85 *20/1.5 = 11.33 MPa
fctd = fctk /c = 1.565/1.5 =1.043MPa
Then
Vud = 0.25*1.043 *( 1+50*0.5/300)*1= (0.28248)MN
=282.48kpa
𝑉
But Vud=
𝑏𝑑
339.22 − 267.058𝑑 − 53.34𝑑 2 𝑥2.4
282.48 =
2.4 ∗ 𝑑
53.34𝑑 2 + 549.538 − 339.22 = 0
d = 0.584m , take d = 0.60m

Punching shear
Allowable punching shear
Vup = 0.25fctd ( 1+50e)*k2ud, assume e = 0.0017
K2= 1.6-0.6 =1.0
Vup = 0.25*1.043*( 1+50*0.0017)*1.0*8.8*0.60=1.49149MN=
1491.49kN

0.15 ∗ (379.07 − 101.7)
𝜎1 = 101.7 + = 117.7𝑘 𝑁Τ𝑚2
2.60
2.3 ∗ (379.07 − 101.7)
𝜎2 = 101.7 + = 347.066𝑘 𝑁Τ𝑚2
2.60
𝜎1 + 𝜎2 117.7 + 347.066
𝜎= ∗ 2.3 = ∗ 2.3 = 534.4809𝑘 𝑁Τ𝑚
2 2
𝑢𝑝𝑤𝑎𝑟𝑑𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 = 534.4809 ∗ 2.1 = 1122.41𝑘𝑁
Net shear force developed = 1500 – 1122.41 = 377.59kN

Punching stress, 377.59kN <<Vup=1491.49 kN……….ok!!!!

Group work (10’)
Determine thickness of footing from punching shear
requirement.

For rectangular footing
d (12Vup + 9 ) + d (2Vup + 3 )(a '+ b ') = ( Afooting − Acolumn ) 
2
For square footing
𝑑2 (12𝑉𝑢𝑝 + 9𝜎) + 𝑑(2𝑉𝑢𝑝 + 3𝜎)(2𝑎′) = 𝐴𝑓𝑜𝑜𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 − 𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛 𝜎

Bending Moment
1.55 ∗ (379.07 − 101.70)
𝜎 = 101.70 + = 267.06𝑘 𝑁Τ𝑚2
2.60
1
∗ (1.05) ∗ (379.07 − 267.06) = 58.81𝑘 𝑁Τ𝑚
𝜎1 =
2
𝜎2 = (1.05) ∗ (267.06) = 280.41𝑘 𝑁Τ𝑚
2 1.05
𝑀 = 𝜎1 ∗ ∗ (1.05) + 𝜎2 ∗ ( ቇ ∗𝑏
3 2
2 1.05
𝑀= 58.81 ∗ ∗ (1.05) + 280.41 ( ቇ ∗ 2.4 = 452.1174𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚Τ𝑚
3 2
Moment capacity of concrete

𝑀 = 0.32 ∗ 𝑓𝑐𝑑 ∗ 𝑏 ∗ 𝑑 2
= 0.32 ∗ 11.33 × 103 ∗ 2.4 ∗ 0.6 2
= 3132.5184𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚 > 452.12𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚. . . . 𝑜𝑘!

Flexural reinforcement
Long direction
Area of steel (As)
𝑓𝑐𝑑 2𝑀
𝜌= 1− 1−
𝑓𝑦𝑑 𝑓𝑐𝑑 𝑏𝑑 2
11.33 2 ∗ 452.1174
= 1− 1− = 0.0021 > 𝜌min = 0.0017
260.87 11.33 × 103 ∗ 2.4 ∗ 0.6 2
𝐴𝑠 = 𝜌𝑏𝑑 = 0.0021 ∗ 240 ∗ 60 = 30.24𝑐𝑚2
Number and spacing of steel bars using 16mm bar

𝐴𝑠 30.24
No. of bars (n) = = = 15
𝑎𝑠 2.01
𝑏−2𝑐−ᵠ 240−2∗5−1.6
Spacing (S) = = = 16.31𝑐𝑚, Assume concrete cove C as
𝑛−1 15−1
50mm.
Use 1516c/c16cm

Short direction
✓Average contact pressure,
𝜎max + 𝜎min
𝜎𝑎𝑣𝑔 =
2
379.07 + 101.70
𝜎𝑎𝑣𝑔 = = 240.39𝑘 𝑁Τ𝑚2
2
1.05 2
𝑀 = 𝜎1 ( ቇ 𝑎
2
1.05 2
𝑀 = 240.39( ቇ 2.6 = 328.13𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚
2
Area of steel (As)
𝑓𝑐𝑑 2𝑀
𝜌= 1− 1−
𝑓𝑦𝑑 𝑓𝑐𝑑 𝑏𝑑2
11.33 2 ∗ 328.13235 0.5

= 1− 1− = 0.0013 < = 𝜌min = 0.0017
260.87 11.33 × 103 ∗ 2.6 ∗ 0.6 2 𝑓𝑦𝑘 = 300
0.5
𝐴𝑠 = 𝜌min 𝑏𝑑 = ∗ 260 ∗ 60 = 26𝑐𝑚2
300
Number and spacing of steel using 16mm bar
𝐴𝑠 26
No. of bars (n) = = = 13
𝑎𝑠 2.01
𝑎−2𝑐−ᵠ 260−2∗5−1.6
Spacing (S) = = = 20.7𝑐𝑚, Assume
𝑛−1 13−1
concrete cove C as 50mm.
Use 1316c/c20cm
Since there is no much difference between a and b, distribute
these reinforcement uniformly.

Development length
 f yd
ld =
4 f bd
f yk
f yd =
 s = 260.87 MPa
f bd = f ctd
0.35 f ck 0.35 20
f ctd = = = 1MPa
c 1.5
 f yd 1.6  260.87
ld = = = 104.35cm
4 f bd 4 1
ldavailable = 105-5-1.6= 98.4cm < ld , bend the bars upward

with a length of 8cm.

𝐶ℎ𝑒𝑐𝑘 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑒 𝐵𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔
𝑝𝑢 𝐴2
≤ 𝑓𝑐𝑑
𝐴1 𝐴1
𝑓𝑐𝑘 20
𝑓𝑐𝑑 = 0.85 × = 0.85 × = 11.33𝑀𝑝𝑎
𝛾𝑐 1.5
𝐴2 0.3 + 4 ∗ 0.6) × (0.5 + 4 ∗ 0.6
= > 2, 𝑠𝑜 𝑡𝑎𝑘𝑒 2
𝐴1 0.3 × 0.6
1500
≤ 2 × 11.33𝑀𝑝𝑎
0.3 × 0.6
8.333𝑀𝑝𝑎 < 22.66𝑀𝑝𝑎. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 𝑜𝑘!!!!!!

Detailing

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Isolated Footing Design

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CHAPTER THREE

SHALLOW FOUNDATION DESIGN

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General Shear Failure

Local Shear Failure

✓ Failure is not sudden and there is no tilting of footing.

✓ Failure surface is not well defined.

✓ Failure is characterized by considerable settlement.

✓ Well defined peak is absent in P- curve.

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▪ The actual sustained load on the footing may be related to the

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■ From which it follows

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✓ Initial loading condition

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283 B2 +195.84B – 1700 = 0

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– dq = dγ = 1+0.1 𝑘𝑝 Df/B=1+0.1 * 2.24 *(2/B) =1 + 0.3/B

■ Load inclination factors

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b) rafts /l = max/750, max  2 1/2inches

b) rafts /l = max/1250, max  4 1/4inches

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▪ For square column