Abstract

The engine is a machine designed to convert one or more of the energy into mechanical energy.

Mechanical heat engines is a thermal engine in which fuel combustion occurs to obtain a
combustion in a space called the combustion room and in other words the internal combustion
engine transforms the chemical energy in fuel into a job. This combustion generates a thermal
reaction resulting from the expansion of the fuel mixture with the air inside the combustion
room. This expansion is caused by the combustion of the fuel mixture with the air, which leads
to a high temperature of the mixture and an enormous increase in the pressure of the gases in
the combustion room.

The use of one-dimensional CFD engine simulation is an essential tool to the engine
development process. Engine design through simulation can drastically reduce time needed to
perform engine experiments and prototyping, as most engine experiments can be simulated
within the software. As long as a model can be validated to high degree of accuracy (i.e., +/- 5%),
the model can be used with a high level of confidence to optimize engine parameters. After that,
engine testing is only needed to validate the final prototype. This work has used only a small
fraction of WAVE’s potential. More sophistication is possible in the areas of combustion kinetics,
computational fluid dynamics, and emissions abatement through the use of advanced features
and co-simulation

In this research, we did the simulation process for the 2016 Chevrolet engine with four cylinders
using the Ricardo Wave Simulation version 2019.1, where the error rate does not exceed 7%.The
accuracy of the developed Wave model is investigated using the torque/engine speed and break
power/speed of the engine curves that have been provided by the manufacturer. The simulation
findings indicate that the results are in a satisfactory agreement with the published engine
performance curves. Moreover, the simulation has led to the ability to predict the behavior of the
engine performance such as the mean effective pressure, friction loss, brake specific fuel
consumption etc

1.1 Background

Internal-combustion engines are the most broadly applied and widely used power-generating
devices currently in existence. Examples include gasoline engines, diesel engines, gas-turbine
engines, and rocket-propulsion systems.

An internal combustion engine (ICE or IC engine) is a heat engine in which the combustion of a
fuel occurs with an oxidizer (usually air) in a combustion chamber that is an integral part of the
working fluid flow circuit. In an internal combustion engine, the expansion of the high-
temperature and high-pressure gases produced by combustion applies direct force to some
component of the engine. The force is typically applied to pistons (piston engine), turbine blades
(gas turbine), or a nozzle (jet engine). This force moves the component over a distance,
transforming chemical energy into kinetic energy which is used to propel, move or power
whatever the engine is attached to. This replaced the external combustion engine for
applications where the weight or size of an engine were more important.

The first commercially successful internal combustion engine was created by Étienne Lenoir
around 1860, and the first modern internal combustion engine, known as the Otto engine, was
created in 1876 by Nicolaus Otto. The term internal combustion engine usually refers to an
engine in which combustion is intermittent, such as the more familiar two-stroke and four-
stroke piston engines, along with variants, such as the six-stroke piston engine. A second class of
internal combustion engines use continuous combustion: gas turbines, jet engines and most
rocket engines, each of which are internal combustion engines.

The internal combustion (IC) engine is a class of heat engine wherein the chemical energy of fuel
is transformed into shaft work. It is so named because combustion occurs inside a combustion
chamber that is an integral part of the working fluid flow circuit. The two basic components of
an IC engine are a stationary cylinder and a motile piston, the piston being pushed down by
growing combustion gases inside the cylinder, which in succession revolves the crankshaft and
by way of a gear system in the power train drives the vehicle.

Combustion in IC engines may be intermittent or continuous. IC engines with intermittent

combustion are spark ignition (SI) gasoline and compression ignition (CI) diesel engines. Most
are four-stroke engines including four distinctive processes, viz., intake, compression (and
combustion), power, and exhaust stroke. The distinction between SI and CI engine consists in
the method of igniting the fuel. In an SI engine, the fuel is first blended with air and then drafted
into the cylinder during the intake process, while in a CI engine, only air is inducted into the
engine and compressed, after which diesel fuel is injected into the hot compressed air at a
suitable measured rate resulting in ignition.

Combustion, also known as burning, is the basic chemical process of releasing energy from a fuel
and air mixture.  In an internal combustion engine (ICE), the ignition and combustion of the fuel
occurs within the engine itself. The engine then partially converts the energy from the
combustion to work. The engine consists of a fixed cylinder and a moving piston. The expanding
combustion gases push the piston, which in turn rotates the crankshaft. Ultimately, through a
system of gears in the powertrain, this motion drives the vehicle’s wheels.

There are two kinds of internal combustion engines currently in production: the spark ignition
gasoline engine and the compression ignition diesel engine. Most of these are four-stroke cycle
engines, meaning four piston strokes are needed to complete a cycle. The cycle includes four
distinct processes: intake, compression, combustion and power stroke, and exhaust.

The engine development industry makes extensive use of one-dimensional computation fluid
dynamic (1D CFD) engine simulation software. With the help of this simulation technique,
engine operation can be described without the need of powerful computing power or lengthy
computations. There are several commercial software options available, but their costs prevent
most small businesses and researchers from using them, essentially making them industry-
specific software. The ability to apply such engine development techniques at the collegiate
level has a lot of value.

Simulation work has been applied in the case study on a SI naturally aspirated 1.8L 4cyl-4stroke
Chevrolet engine. The objective of this case study was to compare engine power and torque
output from software at the most useable engine speeds based on simulation predictions with
real engine output. Specifically, physical engine parameters such as intake and exhaust
geometries were varied to discover performance trends. While no full- system optimization was
performed, individual component parameters were investigated to reveal their sensitivity to
engine output.

1.2 Problem of Statement

Modern software allows for accurate prediction of engine performance without the need to
build a physical model. One-dimensional engine and gas dynamics simulation software packages
such as Ricardo WAVE or AVL BOOST or GT Power ...etc. are relatively inexpensive tools for the
engineering and design of modern engines. Using these programs changes the system of engine
development resulting in a process that is far less reliant on building costly prototype engines
and allows for various design parameters to be explored and optimized before any prototyping
begins, vastly reducing research and development costs for new engine technologies. This thesis
investigates the use of modeling software platforms Ricardo WAVE to generate a model of a 4-
cylinder SI 1.8L Chevrolet engine, operating under various conditions and to determine the
accuracy of the software by comparison with experimental results. The software can then be
used to predict improvements that can be made to the model, and reduce the emissions of the
engine.

1.3 Objectives

- Performing a survey to look into previous research in this area.

- Recognize and comprehend used software.

- Data collection on a real-world model to study

- Model simulation of an actual engine .

- Comparison between simulation results versus real-world engine performance curves.

1.4 Methodology

The engine model is designed in the Ricardo Wave program, and some parts are calibrated using
the data collected.
It is now used as a large and intense intensity in many of the necessary scientific researches,
which is one of the most important materials that study academics within the research and
systematic analysis.

Where the process of collecting data and simulating the engine is challenging, and some data
requires appreciation.

The program requests huge data inputs. Enter more accurate data means more accurate results.
The resolution of the results also depends on the correct modeling of the engine. The
methodology of this project focuses on how to obtain real and accurate values to get as close as
possible of the real model.

1.5 Chapter’s Outlines

The remainder of this project is structured as follows: Chapter 2 introduces previous studies and
related works on engine modeling and simulations, data collection for engine model and case
study are presented in Chapter 3, providing background on Ricardo Wave software in Chapter 4.

Wave simulation results analysis and discussions are covered in Chapter 5, and in Chapter 6, we
present the project's conclusion as well as our future work.