Chapter-12-04 02 23
Chapter-12-04 02 23
Chapter-12-04 02 23
AT BAGUIO CITY
A Thesis
In Partial Fulfilment
Of the Degree of
By:
2023
UNIVERSITY OF CALOOCAN CITY
DEPARTMENT OF TOURISM AND HOSPITALITY INDUSTRY MANAGEMENT
CHAPTER I
Statement of the Problem, Scope and Delimitation, and Significance of the Study.
Introduction
country has is tourism. It is essential to build, nurture, and flourish the rich culture
and tradition every country has to offer. Tourism also is capable of building
nations together, bringing the economy, and other factors to the top. Thus,
for personal or business/professional purposes. People who visit one country are
called visitors, either tourists or excursionists from which tourism has involved
billion pesos. This helps the country to innovate and invest in more feasible and
infrastructure and such. As everyone knows, the tourism industry is one of the
that will be a big help for the future, and by means of growth, here includes better
and more skilled tourism professionals that will be a part of this growth. Hence,
the different types of tourism and its importance. Being aware of these types
helps the consumer or the tourists identify from what category the consumers
belong, and in order for them to find the motivation they need while traveling.
Visiting different countries also means identifying what type of tourism you are in.
In order to know the various types of tourism, researchers will discuss the basic
and most important types of tourism which are heritage tourism, cultural tourism,
tourism. Although
UNIVERSITY OF CALOOCAN CITY
someOF
people don’t
DEPARTMENT TOURISM ANDenjoy the chilling
HOSPITALITY stories
INDUSTRY and history behind
MANAGEMENT
these places, many people still enjoy the educational aspect that tags along with
it, specifically those tourist attractions that hosted holocausts, tragedies, and
and pain, such as areas impacted by natural disasters, warfare, criminal acts,
and genocide. This type of tourism has become increasingly popular in recent
desire to experience the macabre. Although it has faced opposition, dark tourism
remains a growing trend and the impact it has on local communities and the
travel industry is still being studied. The complexity of dark tourism is influenced
by various factors including the difference between visiting places of recent death
and disaster versus pre-planned trips to historical death sites, the distinction
as graveyards), the driving force behind visiting dark sites (such as a fascination
with death), and the motivation behind creating these sites (e.g. politics,
Boy in the Striped Pajamas, Schindler’s List, and the likes are few of the movies
and TV shows that covers the dark history of holocausts and other tragedies that
struck the world. Dark Tourism, also known as Thanatourism (a form of tourism
where tourists
UNIVERSITY OF CALOOCAN CITY
visit sitesOF
primarily
DEPARTMENT TOURISM AND HOSPITALITY INDUSTRY MANAGEMENT
associated with death and disaster) is tourism that is associated with death or
tragedy. It gains a lot of attention especially from tourists who seek thrilling tourist
sites and attractions that once was a place of trials and tribulations. These
tourists’
attractions got several controversies from different people including the fact that it
may be disrespecting the place and its victims. Others may also think that these
are all caused by unethical practices made by people who exploit and make a
profit out of it. According to the recent publication of Kevin Fox Gotham, dark
tourism.” Dark Tourism has become the main topic of debates for years due to its
Dark experiences is one of the objective of the travelers to visit dark tourism
sites, travelers engaging to the dark tourism sites are curious, interested, and
decisions made for themselves based on personal beliefs and preferences, with
little outside influence from others. In terms of attitudes and subjective norms, it
was determined that dark experience was the most influential of the dark tourism
constructs tested. Travelers and Tourists may visit dark tourism because it is like
UNIVERSITY OF CALOOCAN CITY
engaging entertainment
DEPARTMENT OFthrough
TOURISM gaining emotionINDUSTRY
AND HOSPITALITY to the MANAGEMENT
destinations they are
going to visit or travelers and tourists may visit dark tourism because of the
curiosity to see the reality or the truth behind the media images. Furthermore,
travelers are seeking unique learning experiences when they travel, travelers
also exploring dark tourism to make new discoveries. In some cases, tourists
visiting dark heritage sites discovered that, whereas the concept of death was
primarily for educational and memorial purposes, and thus became places of
witness events related to death and burials, these tourists came for general
interests in the area or to escape the stresses of everyday life. Tourists may
unknowingly encounter dark tourism if they are looking for something to do while
on vacation and happen upon a dark tourism destination or activity. This study is
and haunted
UNIVERSITY OF CALOOCAN CITY
sites, Baguio City isAND
theHOSPITALITY
perfect place considering that it is also
DEPARTMENT OF TOURISM INDUSTRY MANAGEMENT
recognized as one of the most haunted places in the country that has witnessed
multiple tragedies like the 1990 Luzon earthquake. Diplomat Hotel is a historic
building situated at Dominican Hill in Baguio City. It once served as a rest house
and a seminary way back in 1911 before it was developed into a school and
eventually a hotel. The hotel is known for being the most haunted building in the
history. There are a lot of stories circulating about the history of the Diplomat
Hotel, and tourists who have been to this place also shared their experiences. As
a result, travelers choose Diplomat Hotel because they want to witness the chill
and unexplainable feeling while wandering in the hotel. Some also visit the hotel
to pray for lost souls. On the other hand, the Teachers' Camp in Baguio is also
gaining attention for being one of the dark tourism sites in Baguio City. Governor
William Pack was the one who planned to set up a camp in Baguio to
one thing - that is their unexplainable "ghost experience" stories. Some wanted to
prove or witness if the stories are true which is why they chose to stay in the
Teacher's Camp. In addition, the Laperal White House in Baguio is one of the
first places local residents seem to mention when tourists ask about the haunted
places in Baguio. Owned by the Laperal family, the oldest clan in Baguio, it was
UNIVERSITY OF CALOOCAN CITY
built in the DEPARTMENT
1920s. Curiosity about AND
the HOSPITALITY
history of the Laperal White House is one
OF TOURISM INDUSTRY MANAGEMENT
of the reasons why tourists visit the Laperal White House. Also, some people
tend to visit the Laperal White House for a "ghost hunting experience", especially
now that it is open to the public giving the tourists the opportunity to wander
around the vicinity of the place. One of the goals of visitors to dark tourism sites
is to have dark experiences. Visitors to dark tourism sites are curious, interested,
personal beliefs and preferences, with little outside influence from others. In this
study, the researchers will discover the different impacts, negative and positive
effects of the tourist's motivators when they travel in the tourist destinations
1.2 Gender,
UNIVERSITY OF CALOOCAN CITY
DEPARTMENT OF TOURISM AND HOSPITALITY INDUSTRY MANAGEMENT
1.3 Age,
2. What are the motivators of the respondents on exploring Dark Tourist sites
2.3 Satisfaction?
3.2. Ambiance,
3.3. Density,
3.5 Affordability
Hypothesis
mentioned in the motivators and the perspectives of the respondents who want to
The study focuses on the motivations and perspectives of tourists exploring dark
Baguio City. The researchers selected three (3) particular attractions in Baguio
City, Diplomat Hotel, Laperal White House, and Teacher’s Camp. The
respondents. Online Survey Questionnaire through Google forms is the main tool
in data gathering and this study was conducted during the Academic Year 2023.
famous among
UNIVERSITY OF CALOOCAN CITY
travelers and whether it can help boost MANAGEMENT
the country's tourism
DEPARTMENT OF TOURISM AND HOSPITALITY INDUSTRY
course, as well as the understanding why some tourists prefer to travel places
Communities. This study will help them with business ideas if the place they
Tour Operators. This study will help them to reach more visitors and potential
customers when they enveloped dark tourism as one of the main tours that they
offer;
Tourists/Travelers. This may help them with the knowledge of why some of
them consider visiting creepy places which are unlikely to some that they prefer a
happy place;
Future Researchers. This study can help them build their next topic for a
CHAPTER 2
This chapter includes the review of related literature and review of related
Attractions
tourism activities on which they can benefit. The reason people do these tourism
activities is because, people are naturally living to discover, witness and indulge
UNIVERSITY OF CALOOCAN CITY
themselves,DEPARTMENT
for their own satisfaction. Thus, the INDUSTRY
United Nations World Tourism
OF TOURISM AND HOSPITALITY MANAGEMENT
to and staying in places outside of their usual environment for not more than one
tourists when they voluntarily leave their normal surroundings, where they reside,
2018).
activities, it is very familiar to people that their goal to visit and explore is to enjoy
and seize the moment. As per the book of Tourism, 2nd Edition by Peter
Robinson, Michael Luck, and Stephen Smith (2020), “For many, tourism is a
source of fun or relaxation; something people do during time off from work or
during retirement.” Aside from the enjoyness and leisure tourism brought to the
people, tourism also has thousands of agendas and objectives wished to fulfill.
research institutions, civil society and the UN system to build a more sustainable,
objectives of tourism would not be fulfilled without the existence of action- and
that action of doing tourism will be done through the process of transportation.
“Tourism would not exist to the extent that it does today if tourists are not able to
tourist can be divided into air, water and land. The tourists’ need for
groups: transportation from the point of origin to the host country (destination)
On the other hand, the Philippines has significant and remarkable places in
which tourists planned to go and discover, thus, the Philippine's tourism sector
country itself. As per the study of Eylla Laire M. Gutierrez in 2019, it is said that
“tourism continues to grow as a significant industry generating economic growth
and development
UNIVERSITY OF CALOOCAN CITY
in theOF
Philippines.”
DEPARTMENT TOURISM AND HOSPITALITY INDUSTRY MANAGEMENT
boasting 15.24% increase from the previous year (Department of Tourism, 2020).
These arrivals accounted for USD 11.4 billion visitor receipts in the same year,
recording an 18.80% improvement from 2018 (World Bank, 2021; Figure 1.3).
especially for developing countries like the Philippines. Indeed, tourism has
become one of the pillars of the Philippine economy accounting for USD$ 90
billion (22.5%) of its GDP in 2019 (Philippine Statistics Authority, 2020). While
these numbers seem promising for the country’s tourism industry and local
destinations, several management issues arising from this recent growth should
be given
researchers and developers say that there are several key elements that are
essential to the success of a tourist destination. Here comes the 5As of tourism:
Attractions.
Furthermore, Tourism is really the standard of change on which people rely on,
to look unto,
UNIVERSITY OF CALOOCAN CITY
and to evolve on a wide
DEPARTMENT OF TOURISM AND basis. According
HOSPITALITY to the
INDUSTRY book of Stephen J.
MANAGEMENT
Page, and Joanne Connell, the “Tourism: A Modern Synthesis”, (2020), “Tourism
traditionally provided the demand for world travel”. Also they added “In this
forces of change are diverse and not homogenous”. Now that tourism is ever-
changing, battles, problems, and circumstances are rattling the world and tourism
has a huge impact on how the world will change if these circumstances occur.
the world, thus, limiting tourism forces, at worst, even closing its doors to the
for travel and tourism.” (Higgins Desbiolles, 2020). Beyond these problems, the
tourism sector ceased to find and answer and still maximize its power as of
today.
Tourist in the Philippines can be classified into domestic and international tourist
since both are the targets of tourism industry. Javier (2007) defined tourist as any
person is a potential tourist to any tourist spots regardless of what country they
are from in the book Health and Wellness Tourism: Focus on the Philippines.
Domestic tourists are described as local individuals who travel within the country
UNIVERSITY OF CALOOCAN CITY
while international tourists are foreign nationals that travels to another country
DEPARTMENT OF TOURISM AND HOSPITALITY INDUSTRY MANAGEMENT
with an intention of temporarily staying for a certain period of time, Tourists are
tourist. Overnight tourist refers to a visitor who spent his/her night away from
home, Same-day tourist refers to those that do not spend the night in a collective
according to length to stay, purpose, origin of the traveler, distance traveled, type
of accommodation used and mode of transport used. Chuck Gee, et al. (1997)
Organization classifies visitors into Tourist or overnight visitor and Same day
visitor.
A tourist or overnight visitor is a visitor who stays at least one night in a collective
establishments of the place visited, and nationals residing abroad who are on a
visit.
Same day visitor is a visitor who does not spend the night collective or private
Maritime Organization (1965), these include cruise ship passengers who spend
the night aboard ship even they disembark for one or more day visits; crews who
who arrive and leave on the same day, including transit day visitors en route to
The main basis for this classification is whether or not the visitor spends at least
one night in place visited which may not necessarily mean twenty-four hours, this
place visited. Thus, cruise passengers who return to their ship each night to
sleep on board; passengers and owners of yachts who sleep in their yachts; and
train passengers who are accommodated in a train This is regardless of how long
the ship, should be considered only as same day visitors. yacht or train stayed in
the place or country In reality, the maximum period an international visitor may
spend in the destination varies from country to country. For example, tourists
from America, and from some countries Europe or Asia may stay in the
Philippines for 21 days without visa. This may be extended by another 38 days,
this time upon application for a tourist visa, In the majority of ASEAN states,
individuals from member countries are allowed visa-free stay from 14 to 60 days
provided they
have either a return or onward ticket. On the other hand, some countries label
recommended
UNIVERSITY OF CALOOCAN CITY
definitions
DEPARTMENT OF and actual
TOURISM ANDusage and is INDUSTRY
HOSPITALITY a major cause of confusion.
MANAGEMENT
destinations, cat foods they have back in their home countries, and stay in
Affocentries relish cultural explorations, are independent in mind and body and
are adventurous. They prefer places that are off the beaten track, experiment
with cuisine found in the destination areas and tend to internalize the local
cultures they come into contact with Straddling these two extreme types are the
mid entries who make up the bulk of tourists to a particular destination. They
gravitate toward places that have been discovered by the more adventurous
allocentrics, who then move on to explore other arcas (Youell, 1996). In this
classification scheme, it is not difficult to see who will experience the most
cultural exposure.
According to Javier (2007), tourist is regarded as the core of the total tourism
system because the wants and needs of the tourist dictate the actions of the
components or other participants of the total tourism system, they are those who
seek for pleasure and learning by travelling to different places to which they are
UNIVERSITY OF CALOOCAN CITY
not familiarDEPARTMENT
with. Without
OF tourist,
TOURISMeconomic statuses
AND HOSPITALITY of a country
INDUSTRY may take a fall
MANAGEMENT
DARK TOURISM
especially towards the economy, thus making it one of the dominant ones in the
dollars to the global economy and moves 1.2 billion people every year. The
dark tourism. What's unique about these places is their power to engage with
triggering shock, anger, but also wonder and excitement. Most places of death,
politically oriented discourses on memory and heritage (Godis & Nilsson, 2017),
catharsis–from locals as well as visitors. Ever since dark tourism has risen to
fame, it has always caught the attention of social media that other forms of
tourism have achieved. Social media platforms such as online applications and
newspapers, and
UNIVERSITY OF CALOOCAN CITY
DEPARTMENT OF TOURISM AND HOSPITALITY INDUSTRY MANAGEMENT
even just the use of the word of mouth can be highly associated with the
attention that dark tourism has been receiving for the past few years. More
broadly, dark tourism has also been the focus of a work of popular travel writing.
More recently (see edited collection by Stone et al., 2018), an impressive array
of work on these dark tourism trends has been published, acknowledging its
Dark tourism is considered a niche which engages with the idea of death, and
The state of dark tourism travel writings have been quite interesting especially
for people who like thrill and spookiness to their usual travels. Those kinds of
people are the ones who tend to read and collate more knowledge about the
topic itself.
studies, tourist motivations and trends (see Light, 2017, for a comprehensive
overview), researchers currently turn their attention to future possibilities for dark
&Buda,2018). These studies may or may not have an impact depending on who
the subject might be and how the respondents will react to it. The approaches
that the researchers are suggesting may be effective and cost-efficient for
tourism officers who might focus on funding dark tourism as one of its main
visitors exploring places that are involved with genocide, holocaust, eerie, death,
and tragedy stories that became a destination that serves its visitors’ tourist
attractions after it was abandoned due to tragedies encircled around it. By this
form of abandonment, many tourists are having the urge to visit and explore the
attractions wherein they can learn and understand its long-term historical impact
to its society (Pereira, S. Q., et al., 2022). According to Peter Hohenhaus in his
worldwide. The association with "death and calamity" can be made in extremely
their actual dead bodies are on display for all to see. Or it can be quite indirect,
like at sites of volcanic destruction which may not have entailed any real deaths
at all - just the fact that it could have may be enough to give a site some 'black
appeal'.
According to Stone, featured in one of the articles of Tourism Teacher, entitled
What is Dark
UNIVERSITY OF CALOOCAN CITY
Tourism and Why isAND
it So ImportantINDUSTRY
that there are seven types of
DEPARTMENT OF TOURISM HOSPITALITY MANAGEMENT
dark tourism sites which are dark fun factories. These can be directed at adults
even though they are typically associated with youngsters. For instance, there
are theatrical events that all take place in dark fun factories, zombie scavenger
hunts, and escape rooms with a dark theme. Next type of dark tourism is dark
good opportunity for tourists to learn the dark histories and events in a respectful
manner. Next is the dark dungeons which have numerous locations that allow
visitors to tour their old dungeons. These might be in their original form or they
might have undergone modifications for tours. For instance, the London
experiences, and rides. Next is the dark resting places. Bloggers have been to a
lot of pretty fascinating cemeteries around the world. Even though visiting a
cemetery might not be on every traveler's to-do list, you might be surprised at
how crowded these areas can be. Next are dark shrines which you can see
throughout the world, especially in Asian countries, and one of the most famous
being the Dome of the Rock in Jerusalem. Next of the seven is the dark conflict
sites. Once peace has been restored and a reasonable amount of time has
elapsed, conflict areas frequently turn into gloomy tourism destinations. Last
would be the dark camps of genocide wherein there are several sites of camps of
genocide around
UNIVERSITY OF CALOOCAN CITY
the world, and obviously, we canINDUSTRY
concludeMANAGEMENT
the fact that this is a
DEPARTMENT OF TOURISM AND HOSPITALITY
sad histories, some tourists still consider these camp sites as an attraction to
tocompletely comprehend, for the first time, the existence of death and its
The act of traveling to and visiting sights, attractions, and exhibitions that have
is known as dark tourism. You may rarely hear this negative term, but it is
undoubtedly something that a large number of tourists have participated in, often
inadvertently. Some of the world's most well-known tourist spots may fall into this
category. Examine this: what do St. Peter's Basilica in Vatican City, India's Taj
Mahal, and Egypt's Pyramids of Giza have in common? Indeed, they are all
Millions of visitors travel to some of the most unhappy places on Earth every
catastrophes, and atrocities. Visitors are making the darkest moments in history
a part of their trip, if not the entire purpose, in places like Auschwitz, Chernobyl,
Gettysburg, the scene of the Kennedy assassination, and the 9/11 Memorial in
UNIVERSITY OF CALOOCAN CITY
New York. DEPARTMENT
The tendency
OF is knownAND
TOURISM as HOSPITALITY
"dark tourism," and MANAGEMENT
INDUSTRY experts claim it has a
long history. Visits to locations where some of the most heinous incidents in
place are referred to as dark tourism. It can involve ethnic cleansing, genocide,
Before it was named Club John Hay, Camp John Hay was the resting place and
recreation center of the United States Air Force back when soldiers were
physically and emotionally harmed and injured due to designated wars before
camping at John Hay. It was turned over to the Filipinos when the Americans left
In Clavel’s work in year 2015 named In the Cultural Realm of Capiz: Explorations
Aswang and Agurang in early 2000s, he presumes that aswangs were an evil
agent bringing misfortune to town. There was saying that Aswangs were survived
during pre-Spanish times, and its value to the industry which are the tourism and
hospitality industry is that it was a mythical fight between Aswang and Agurang
UNIVERSITY OF CALOOCAN CITY
that affectsDEPARTMENT
the culturalOFbackground
TOURISM ANDof an Aswang
HOSPITALITY Festival
INDUSTRY that promotes the
MANAGEMENT
environmental protection and conservation of healing herbs that was used to gain
throughout the
Philippines, Baguio City is also known for its dark tourism. Most visitors today
recognize these destinations for their eerie ambiance and ghost stories. Many
Filipinos died in this city during WWII, and the majority of its ruins have been
preserved. Among these, dark ethical tourism in the Philippines is still in its early
stages, but the attraction it produces is still a significant step forward for the
cemeteries here in the Philippines, the blogger was not familiar to dark tourism
dark tourism which is a practice of visiting destinations and events where the
tourism in our country. After knowing that there is such a term as dark tourism,
the blogger started his journey as he discovered that there are several
cemeteries that are worth exploring and have out of ordinary stories to tell. One
that was built by Franciscan Missionaries during the year of 1851. It is said that
this cemetery was used by Filipino revolutionaries to scheme their plan against
used by the elite Catholic families as their burial. The next cemetery he went to
was the San Joaquin Roman Catholic Cemetery located at Iloilo. One of the most
attractive attractions that evoke the interest of tourists is the Campo Santo. It is
said that this cemetery was used by the locals to celebrate their holy mass before
a burial. The third of the many cemeteries he explored was the Paco Cemetery
which is probably the oldest cemetery here in the Philippines. Paco Park was
who reside in Manila. It was also used as a burial for the victims of cholera that
swept off the city during those epidemic times (Mervz, 2022).
Our society has a strong appreciation for myths and folklore, therefore we are
drawn to local locations with sinister histories. The troops and war casualties are
not an exception, nor are urban traditions concerning wandering spirits. Visit the
isolated community
UNIVERSITY OF CALOOCAN CITY
in OF
Sagada
DEPARTMENT TOURISMifAND
youHOSPITALITY
are eagerINDUSTRY
to document the distinctive
MANAGEMENT
funeral custom. We may not be used to seeing cliffs and cages with coffins
hanging from them. But, it has a deeper meaning for the Igorot people.
Testimony indicates that the casket brings their ancestors' spirits closer the
higher they position it. Also, the elders do not like earth burial because they think
that as water seeps into the soil, their bodies will swiftly decompose. Discover the
seeing the hanging burial. The moment you see the memorials, as some tourists
solitude. especially in light of the horrific past of this location. It's time to breathe
in the calming air of nature after touring yourself around the metro. The allure
and mystique of Mount Banahaw are not to be missed. Climbing the mountain's
frequently visited by pilgrims who believe in the healing and good luck powers of
The world is continuing without looking back at the past, it became the job of the
present society to discover the histories that have been left behind by the
oppressive and gruesome dominion that produces the sites that have been
present day
UNIVERSITY OF CALOOCAN CITY
became OF
one of the income-generation
DEPARTMENT TOURISM AND HOSPITALITY INDUSTRY sources for different
MANAGEMENT
countries. “I’m heartened by the fact that they choose to try to understand this
difficult past.” (Lennon, 2019) Comforting the victims by sharing stories that have
been hidden by society due to the painful memories left behind is one of the
many benefits that Dark Tourism provides to the stories of people that should all
be known by the masses and should not be forgotten in order to avoid the
repeated acts of the stories from the Dark Tourism Attraction in the current era
Baguio City is known for its cool climate, making it an ideal destination for those
seeking a break from the chaos of urban areas. Baguio City is also known as the
"City of Pines" due to the abundance of pine trees. Baguio City is not just a place
where tourist can experience cool climate, but it is also a place suitable for
travellers who are fond of ghost stories and paranormal activities. One of the
advantages of visiting dark tourism sites is that tourists can learn about the dark
assumptions are positive, and images play a role in this by fulfilling a place's
ocular expectancy. When a tourist's desires are fulfilled during his or her visit to
his or her destination, he or she may return. The vague concepts that are
the other hand defined destination image as the sum of beliefs, ideas, and
destination. According to Amandy et, al. (2013) The fourth theme focuses on the
Tourists must be inspired to engage actions that will affect their attitude toward
the campaign. As a result, in this section, the researchers discussed the factors
important to discuss tourist and its meaning because one of the study's
what driven tourists to visit the Philippines. Following that, the fifth theme
Ritchie once
UNIVERSITY OF CALOOCAN CITY
mentionedOFhow education forms anINDUSTRY
important element of tourists'
DEPARTMENT TOURISM AND HOSPITALITY MANAGEMENT
experience within dark tourism and other sites where there is a story to narrate.
tour package for tourists who seek knowledgeable adventures and sites rather
than those who are traveling for tourism known as tourism-first. The main trends
in dark tourism cover definitions and typologies; ethical debates; political roles of
marketing; and inquiries on methods (Light, 2017, p. 277) These definitions have
a vital role in terms of shaping what dark tourism is today and what will it be in
TOURIST SATISFACTION
and private sectors. Kozak & Rommington (2000, as cited from Camarista 2007)
stated that satisfaction has always been a central philosophy in the tourism
of hierarchy of needs has been used in the field of tourism since the theory helps
clarify travelers’ varied motivations and thereby explain tourists’ travel behaviours
(Amin et. al, 2018). When an individual meets the basic needs, which is the first
level in the pyramid, they will eventually seek to satisfy themselves with higher
needs that occupy the set of hierarchy. In tourism industry, tourists might do
something that is quite challenging and out of their comfort zone for them to fulfill
DARK HISTORY
Death, tragedy, and suffering are few of the things that can be correlated with
what people call dark tourism. Thanatourism or dark tourism refers to visiting
places where some of the darkest events of human history have unfolded. As
stated by Robinson and Dale, dark tourism evolved from a morbid curiosity of
death of the 19th and 20th centuries. The term dark tourism has been coined by
consumption. In the past twenty years dark tourism has gained academic
attention and considerable literature has been published.
UNIVERSITY OF CALOOCAN CITY
AMBIANCEDEPARTMENT OF TOURISM AND HOSPITALITY INDUSTRY MANAGEMENT
The method of promoting the Region of CAR began with the intention of using
banners spread around the region to promote and establish the tourism invitation
increasing the standard of service to tourists visiting the region. This means that
the CAR region must prioritize the procurement of experts in order to further
performed an analysis, mainly SWOT, in order to address the deficit of the CAR
region’s target, especially to minimize risks. In his study he concluded that the
the region may be inaccessible to tourists and some locals. Libosada also
concluded that region CAR has opportunities when it comes to connecting roads
from other regions that are being developed, hoping for greater access. And the
only thing that the region’s threat is that it may be prone to earthquakes and
other natural disasters that may affect the persuasion of tourists in the future.
La Trinidad Municipality serves as the capital of Benguet, according to a book
UNIVERSITY OF CALOOCAN CITY
written by DEPARTMENT
Bajao G., T., et al., AND
2021, entitled INDUSTRY
PhilippineMANAGEMENT
Culture & Tourism
OF TOURISM HOSPITALITY
in the Philippines, Mt. Pulag is a few feet lower than Mt. Apo is situated in the
maximum elevation, at Mt. Pulag is 2,792 meters above sea level. Forest land
makes up 1,747.40 square kilometers of the province's total land area, which is
2,616,48 square kilometers. km. 869.08 square miles (66.78%) are made up of
alienable and disposable lands. km. (33.22%). The distribution of classified forest
Timberland is 233,61 square kilometers. National parks cover 698.67 sq. km.
kilometers. km. Civil reservation is 152.15 square meters. km. Under the
Category 1, with two well defined seasons: wet from May to October and dry the
refreshingly chilly. The temperature fluctuates from a low of 8.60 degrees Celsius
attractions may come in six (6) ways. The first way of development is discovery.
In this way, there are numerous natural wonders in the nation that have the
accessibility and safety. Tests are also part of the ways of developing tourist
concluded that it is the leading of the institutional assertion for site development.
Next important development of tourist attraction is investment, due to its vital role
also to different industries. Private sectors are also a part of direct stake on site,
also the government sector if you are looking for stakeholders. Last would be the
marketing, its purpose is to ascertain your target, and by attracting not just local
tourists, but also foreign tourists, you must allocate a larger budget for your
business.
DENSITY
UNIVERSITY OF CALOOCAN CITY
Visitors to Baguio City have
DEPARTMENT been steadily
OF TOURISM growingINDUSTRY
AND HOSPITALITY with theMANAGEMENT
removal of the covid-
19 limit. Baguio's environment, with the city only recording over 268,000 in 2021
and 260,000 in 2020, compared to over 1.5 million in 2019. The first ten months
of 2020 saw an increase in tourist traffic to the city, with over 474,000 visitor
arrivals recorded. The findings revealed that Baguio City's visitor density has
changed after the Covid-19 incident, and this plainly restricts tourist travel inside
CURIOSITY
What motivates individuals to travel? Undoubtedly the urge to travel and vacation
is touched off by instinctual needs present in all mankind. People travel for many
different reasons and the travel and tourism industry is about far more than
providing holidays for people. Traveling or taking vacations is mostly part of the
needs of an individual, upon these basic needs are those learned or culturally
determined activators, varying from culture to one another and within a society,
which can cause of increase to the movement of millions of people within and
around the world each year. Motivators, simply defines as the reasons for a
In order to satisfy a wide range of motivations, travelers have been looking for a
new and unique travel experiences to acquire knowledge and to have awareness
popular, these are the places where some of the darkest human history have
are most likely to visit a dark tourism destination because they want to have a
dark experience.
According to Amandy et. al., (2013), it is the person’s curiosity that motivates
around the world. In addition, tourist travel because of their desire of response.
Many people want to develop intimate relationships with others, and traveling
allows
them to meet new people. A tourist travels to experience and learn about the
culture of someone they know in order to better relate to them. In dark tourism
sites, as per stated by Cornell (2019), in his study “The Bright Side of Dark
UNIVERSITY OF CALOOCAN CITY
Tourism in DEPARTMENT
Baguio City:OF
Understanding its Impact INDUSTRY
to the Stakeholders,”
TOURISM AND HOSPITALITY MANAGEMENT he stated
that the feeling of sorrow towards the tragic events that happened in the past
triggers the interest of tourist to visit dark tourism destinations. Some tourist may
want to pay tribute and respect for the people who were affected by the grief
event.
AFFORDABILITY
According to Eva Treer (2010) found that 'Social Media: An Interesting Option for
Tourism Destination Promotion? ' stated that social media is perceived as a very
important information source during travel planning due to its unique qualities of
being informative and credible, but it is primarily used during the information
search phase. According to Eva Treer (2010) Attracting tourists and potential
visitor arrivals in Baguio City have shown a consistent upward trend. The
pandemic
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hampered DEPARTMENT
Baguio's typically vibrant tourism environment, with the city only
OF TOURISM AND HOSPITALITY INDUSTRY MANAGEMENT
recording over 267,000 visitors in 2021 and 268,000 in 2020, compared to over
1.5 million in 2019. The first ten months of 2022 saw an increase in tourist traffic
City for two people is estimated to cost around Php5,000.00. This is based on the
are Php200.00 per person per meal, and commute around Baguio City.
There are basic travel motivators that are grouped into four classes by Robert
W. McIntosh:
examinations and health care. The primary characteristic of this motivation is the
desire to know about others culture – about their music, art, folklore, dances,
paintings, and religion. This motivation, driven the curiosity of a tourist and
understand other
UNIVERSITY OF CALOOCAN CITY
cultures way of life. One
DEPARTMENT of the AND
OF TOURISM basic travel motivators
HOSPITALITY is the interpersonal
INDUSTRY MANAGEMENT
relatives or also known as VFR, escape from routine, from stressors, from family
and neighbors or make new friendship. Lastly, the status and prestige
Tourists are motivated to travel to certain destination sites based on their own
According to Agnes and Gamueda (2019), push factors deals with tourists’
behavior and willingness to explore new places and their desire to experience
new environment, while pull factors focus on the tourists’ destination and how
these places influence their decision on where to travel. “It can be also identified
Based on these motivational factors, tourists are motivated to travel by push and
pull factors that influence their decision to travel to a specific destination. Tourists
are motivated and influenced to travel to different places based on their needs
exclusivity were
UNIVERSITY OF CALOOCAN CITY
DEPARTMENT OF TOURISM AND HOSPITALITY INDUSTRY MANAGEMENT
important motivations for dark tourists; also, consuming dark tourism may allow
and tourists may visit dark tourism because it is like engaging entertainment
through gaining emotion to the destinations they are going to visit. Also, curious
to see the reality or truth behind the media images. “There are numerous ethical
debates about dark tourism, and the nature of what is presented, the context
within which it is presented and narrated and the choices made by travellers who
decide to visit these sites and the reasons for their visits”. Stone (2012, p. 48)
framework for understanding the different reasons for and interesting visiting dark
tourism sites.
These include the contemplation, spiritual and retrospective purposes, thrill and
risk-seeking, validation and confirmation of events that may have happened such
as crime, murder or disaster. Also, it also presented the authenticity and the need
learning. Furthermore, the iconic sites which immortalize key events, and
a famous city example of this is the Coliseum in Rome. Lastly, the morbid
curiosity, visiting sites where death or disaster have only recently occurred, there
is
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DEPARTMENT OF TOURISM AND HOSPITALITY INDUSTRY MANAGEMENT
tourism sites.
Moreover, in the study of Fabros, et al., (2022), there are seven (7) main reasons
venue. Dark tourism sites can be visited for educational purposes as the students
can gain knowledge specifically in the history of a particular place. Visiting loved
ones who are buried in the identified dark tourism sites can served as a
remembrance to show that they are not forgotten. For some tourist just want to
motivation is sightseeing; this is because some of the dark tourism sites also
offer numerous attractions that the tourist could visit. Also, dark tourism sites can
be visited for recreational purposes because of its unique landscape and design.
which is also considered a dark tourism site. Moreover, one of the major
motivations in visiting dark tourism sites is the tourists’ curiosity which can be
related to the study of Lewis et al. (2021), travelling in dark tourism site can feed
their curious mind regarding on the tragic history of the destination. Lastly, some
of the dark tourism sites are now used as event venue because of its vintage and
UNIVERSITY OF CALOOCAN CITY
classic environment.
DEPARTMENT OF TOURISM AND HOSPITALITY INDUSTRY MANAGEMENT
simply inappropriate. Others see no problem with it and just aren't bothered. For
some, the nature of the site, its age, finances, and visitors' intentions and
important to remember that visiting sites of death or suffering has been popular
for as long as tourism has existed. Dark tourism is not a new trend. It is only
natural for humans to be drawn to these dark places. Most of us have an innate
fascination with the morbid. There's nothing wrong with satisfying our morbid
destruction or harm. We can learn about history, culture, and ourselves all at the
same time. Many individuals have adverse feelings about dark places,
which makes it a vital feature of cemeteries and inspiring fear.” (Mionel, 2020).
According to Millán (2019), mentions that tourists are generally content to gaze at
(2019), tourism in cemeteries benefits both tourists and the community because
it places
value on local history and characters, regardless of any political values assigned
tourism. This type of travel involves more than just going to the location of a
dark tourism niche concept is a necessary step for correct use of it in theory and
practice. Dark tourism is an important concept studied in the past twenty years in
experience within dark tourism may even enhance visitor encounters, by offering
familiarity and succor in the form of standardized gift shops, hospitality provision,
and tour guiding. “The spectacularization of death within dark tourism has also
ushered in death as part of a broader entrepreneurial exercise, where the
UNIVERSITY OF CALOOCAN CITY
spectacularDEPARTMENT
dead are ‘packaged’
OF TOURISMas commodities
AND HOSPITALITY and their tragic
INDUSTRY passing retailed
MANAGEMENT
Theoretical Framework
Motivation plays a vital role in the tourism industry, specifically to the tourists. It
whether they would travel to a specific place. Due to the increasing relevance of
the tourism industry, several companies and organizations felt the need to
that have massive impacts on the tourists’ motivations and perspectives. In line
with that, these companies aim to reconstruct how they cater their customers’
needs and consider the factors mentioned above. Obtaining a deeper and an in-
Groups (2021), ‘Unlike many other industries, travel can inspire people. Through
greater collaboration and offering more extensive options, travel companies have
paper, titled "A Theory of Human Motivation," and again in his subsequent
motivated to fulfill basic needs before moving on to other, more advanced needs.
his 1943 paper, "A Theory of Human Motivation," and then again in his
subsequent book, "Motivation and Personality." This hierarchy suggests that
UNIVERSITY OF CALOOCAN CITY
people areDEPARTMENT
motivated OF
to TOURISM
fulfill basic needs before moving on to other, more
AND HOSPITALITY INDUSTRY MANAGEMENT
advanced needs.
his book, Motivation and Personality that was first published in 1954. The theory
of hierarchy of needs has been used in the field of tourism since the theory helps
clarify travelers’ varied motivations and thereby explain tourists’ travel behaviours
(Amin et. al, 2018). When an individual meets the basic needs, which is the first
level in the pyramid, they will eventually seek to satisfy themselves with higher
needs that occupy the set of hierarchy. In tourism industry, tourists might do
something that is quite challenging and out of their comfort zone for them to fulfill
According to Agnes and Gamueda (2019), push factors deals with tourists’
behavior and willingness to explore new places and their desire to experience
new environment, while pull factors focus on the tourists’ destination and how
that explains why tourists choose to visit one location over another, the type of
experience they want to have, and the type of activity they want to participate in.
interaction, the desire for escape, adventure, relaxation, and self-exploration. The
push factor is defined as the factors underlying and directing someone's behavior
to travel. Motivation is defined as the underlying power to rise and directly affect
behavior. When a person desires to meet their needs, they become motivated.
environment
UNIVERSITY OF CALOOCAN CITY
that entices them to
DEPARTMENT OF TOURISM ANDvisit an attraction
HOSPITALITY orMANAGEMENT
INDUSTRY specific destination.
explain the factors that influence visitors' behavior when they visit national parks.
The image of the destination is formed by visitors' overall perception of the tourist
site. When tourists choose a destination, they are influenced by the image of the
person feels, mentally processes, and acts on information received from their
preferred choice among the alternatives. As a result, the number of people who
visit will be reduced. Tourists are influenced to visit a destination by their attitude
toward the destination, the opinions of relatives and friends, previous travel
Conceptual Framework
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DEPARTMENT OF TOURISM AND HOSPITALITY INDUSTRY MANAGEMENT
The figure 3 represents the relationship of motivations and perspective with the
tourists and especially to the dark tourism. The diagram mainly focuses on the
tourists that urges them to visit, explore, and learn about dark tourism attractions.