EUF

Joint Entrance Examination

for Postgraduate Courses in Physics

First semester of 2022

June 19, 2022

LIST OF CONSTANTS AND FORMULAE

Physical constants

Speed of light in vacuum c = 3.00×108 m/s

Planck’s constant h = 6.63×10−34 J s = 4.14×10−15 eV s
~ = h/2π = 1.06×10−34 J s = 6.58×10−16 eV s
hc ' 1240 eV nm = 1240 MeV fm
~c ' 200 eV nm = 200 MeV fm
Wien’s constant W = 2.898×10−3 m K
Permeability of free space (Magnetic constant) µ0 = 4π×10−7 N/A2 = 12.6×10−7 N/A2
1
Permittivity of free space (Electric constant) 0 = = 8.85×10−12 F/m
µ 0 c2
1
= 8.99×109 Nm2 /C2
4π0
Gravitational constant G = 6.67×10−11 N m2 /kg2
Elementary charge e = 1.60×10−19 C
Electron mass me = 9.11×10−31 kg = 511 keV/c2
Compton wavelength of the electron λC = 2.43×10−12 m
Proton mass mp = 1.673×10−27 kg = 938 MeV/c2
Neutron mass mn = 1.675×10−27 kg = 940 MeV/c2
Deuteron mass md = 3.344×10−27 kg = 1.876 MeV/c2
Mass of an α particle mα = 6.645×10−27 kg = 3.727 MeV/c2
Rydberg constant RH = 1.10×107 m−1 , RH hc = 13.6 eV
−11
Bohr radius a0 = 5.29×10 m
Avogadro’s number NA = 6.02×10 mol−1
23

Boltzmann’s constant kB = 1.38×10−23 J/K = 8.62×10−5 eV/K

Gas constant R = 8.31 J mol−1 K−1
Stefan-Boltzmann constant σ = 5.67×10−8 W m−2 K−4

Radius of the Sun = 6.96×108 m Mass of the Sun = 1.99×1030 kg

Radius of the Earth = 6.37×106 m Mass of the Earth = 5.98×1024 kg
Distance from the Earth to the Sun = 1.50×1011 m

1 J = 107 erg 1 eV = 1.60×10−19 J 1 Å = 10−10 m 1 fm = 10−15 m

Numerical constants
√
π∼ = 3.142 ln 2 ∼
= 0.693 cos(30◦ ) = sin(60◦ ) = 3/2 ∼ = 0.866
e∼= 2.718 ln 3 ∼
= 1.099 ◦ ◦
sin(30 ) = cos(60 ) = 1/2
∼
1/e = 0.368 ∼
ln 5 = 1.609 e2 ∼= 7.39 e3 ∼
= 20.1 e4 ∼
= 54.6
log10 e ∼
= 0.434 ln 10 ∼
= 2.303 5 ∼
e = 148 6 ∼
e = 403

1
Classical Mechanics
dL
L = mr × v = r × p N=r×F=
dt

   
r = rêr v = ṙêr + rθ̇êθ a = r̈ − rθ̇2 êr + rθ̈ + 2ṙθ̇ êθ

a = ρ̈ − ρϕ̇2 êρ + (ρϕ̈ + 2ρ̇ϕ̇) êϕ + z̈êz

r = ρêρ + zêz v = ρ̇êρ + ρϕ̇êϕ + żêz

 
r = rêr v = ṙêr + rθ̇êθ a= r̈ − rθ̇2 − rϕ̇2 sin2 θ êr
+rϕ̇ sin θêϕ
 
+ rθ̈ + 2ṙθ̇ − rϕ̇2 sin θ cos θ êθ
 
+ rϕ̈ sin θ + 2ṙϕ̇ sin θ + 2rθ̇ϕ̇ cos θ êϕ

2
d2 u

m 1 du 2m
2
+ u = − 2 2 F (1/u) , u = ; + u2 = [E − V (1/u)]
dθ Lu r dθ L2

   
d ∂L ∂L d ∂T ∂T ∂L
− = 0, L = T − V − = Qk pk =
dt ∂ q̇k ∂qk dt ∂ q̇k ∂qk ∂ q̇k
N
X ∂xi ∂yi ∂zi ∂V
Qk = Fix + Fiy + Fiz Qk = −
i=1
∂qk ∂qk ∂qk ∂qk

d2 r d2 r
     
dr
= + 2ω × + ω × (ω × r) + ω̇ × r
dt2 fixed dt2 rotation dt rotation
f
X ∂H ∂H ∂H ∂L
H= pk q̇k − L; q̇k = ; ṗk = − ; =−
k=1
∂pk ∂qk ∂t ∂t

1
E = T + V = m|v|2 + V (r) F = −∇V (r)
2

1 M µ
m1 |v1 |2 + m2 |v2 |2 + V (|r1 − r2 |) = |Ṙcm |2 + |ṙ|2 + V (r)


E=
2 2 2

M 1   M 1 l2
= |Ṙcm |2 + µ ṙ2 + r2 θ̇2 + V (r) = |Ṙcm |2 + µṙ2 + + V (r)
2 2 2 2 2mr2

m1 m2 m1 r1 + m2 r2
M = m1 + m2 µ= Rcm = r = r1 − r2
m1 + m2 M

L = m1 r1 × v1 + m2 r2 × v2 = M Rcm × Ṙcm + µr × ṙ = M Rcm × Ṙcm + l

l = µr × ṙ |l| = l = µr2 θ̇

2
Electromagnetism

∇·E = ρ/0 ∇·D = ρF

∂B ∂B
∇×E = − ∇×E = −
∂t ∂t
∇·B = 0 ∇·B = 0
∂E ∂D
∇×B = µ0 J + µ0 0 ∇×H = JF +
∂t ∂t

F = q(E + v×B) dF = Idl×B

∇·P = −ρP P · n̂ = σP ρ = ρF + ρP
∂P
∇×M = JM M × n̂ = KM J = JF + JM +
∂t
D = 0 E + P = E B = µ0 (H + M) = µH

Z
q êr q 1
E= V = E = −∇V V =− E·dl
4π0 r2 4π0 r

q1 q2 (r1 − r2 ) 1 q1 q 2
F2→1 = U12 =
4π0 |r1 − r2 |3 4π0 |r1 − r2 |

∞ 
J(r0 ) × (r − r0 ) 0
 Z
X
l Bl µ0
V (r,θ) = Al r + Pl (cos θ) B(r) = dV
l=0
r(l+1) 4π |r − r0 |3

J(r0 )dV 0
Z
µ0
B = ∇×A A(r) =
4π |r − r0 |

0 1 1
u= E·E + B·B S= E×B
2 2µ0 µ0

Q2 CV 2
E= = Q = CV
2C 2

Relativity

1
x0 = γ (x − V t) t0 = γ t − V x/c2


γ=p
1 − V 2 /c2
vx − V vy vz
vx0 = vy0 = vz0 =
1 − V vx /c2 γ (1 − V vx /c2 ) γ (1 − V vx /c2 )

p
E = γm0 c2 p = γm0 V E= (pc)2 + (m0 c2 )2

3
Quantum Mechanics

∂Ψ(x,t) −~2 ∂ 2 Ψ(x,t) −~2 ∂ 2 ψ(x)

i~ = + V (x)Ψ(x,t) + V (x)ψ(x) = Eψ(x)
∂t 2m ∂x2 2m ∂x2

~ ∂
px = [x, px ] = i~
i ∂x

p
L± = Lx ± iLy L± Y`m (θ,ϕ) = ~ l(l + 1) − m(m ± 1) Y`m±1 (θ,ϕ)

~ ∂
Lz = x py − y px Lz = , [Lx ,Ly ] = i~Lz
i ∂ϕ

X |hm|δH|ni|2 X hm|δH|ni
En(1) = hn|δH|ni En(2) = (0) (0)
, φ(1)
n = (0) (0)
φ(0)
m
m6=n En − Em m6=n En − Em

     
~ 0 1 0 −i 1 0
Ŝ = ~σ σx = , σy = , σz =
2 1 0 i 0 0 −1

Z Z
1 −i~
p·~ 1
ψ̄(~p) = 3
d re r/~
ψ(~r) ψ(~r) = d3 p ei~p·~r/~ ψ̄(~p)
(2π~)3/2 (2π~)3/2

+∞
Â
X Ân
e ≡
n=0
n!

Modern Physics

h hc Z2 me e4 Z2 13.6
p= E = hν = En = − 2 2 2
= − 2
hcRH = −Z 2 2 eV
λ λ n (4π0 ) 2~ n n

4π0 ~2
L = mvr = n~ a0 = RT = σT 4 λmax T = W
me e2

h
λ0 − λ = (1 − cos θ) nλ = 2d sin θn ∆x ∆p ≥ ~/2 ∆E ∆t ≥ ~/2
m0 c

s
1 − V /c
f = f0 (source and detector moving away from each other)
1 + V /c

4
Thermodynamics and Statistical Mechanics

dU = dQ − dW dU = T dS − pdV + µdN

dF = −SdT − pdV + µdN dH = T dS + V dp + µdN

dG = −SdT + V dp + µdN dΦ = −SdT − pdV − N dµ

F = U − TS G = F + pV

H = U + pV Φ = F − µN

       
∂T ∂p ∂S ∂p
=− =
∂V S,N ∂S V,N ∂V T,N ∂T V,N

       
∂T ∂V ∂S ∂V
= =−
∂p S,N ∂S p,N ∂p T,N ∂T p,N

   
∂F ∂F
p=− S=−
∂V T,N ∂T V,N

       
∂U ∂S ∂H ∂S
CV = =T Cp = =T
∂T V,N ∂T V,N ∂T p,N ∂T p,N

Ideal gas: pV = nRT, U = CV T = ncV T,

Adiabatic process: pV γ = const., γ = cp /cV = (cV + R)/cV

     
1 ∂S p ∂S µ ∂S
S = kB ln[Ω(E,V,N )] = = =−
T ∂E V,N T ∂V N,E T ∂N E,V

d3 pi d3 ri −βH[{pi ,ri }]
Z Q X
Z= i
e Z= e−βEn β = 1/kB T
h3N N ! n

∂ ∂ ∂F
F = −kB T ln ZN U =− ln ZN S= (kB T ln ZN ) M =−
∂β ∂T ∂h

∞ ∞
X X ∂ ln Ξ ∂Φ
Ξ= ZN eβµN = ZN z N (z = eβµ ) Φ = −kB T ln Ξ hN i = z =−
N =0 N =0
∂z ∂µ

1 1
fFD = fBE =
eβ(−µ) +1 eβ(−µ) −1

5
Mathematical results
∞
1 · 3 · 5 · · · (2n+1)  π  12
Z
2n −ax2
x e dx = (n = 0,1,2, . . .)
−∞ (2n+1)2n an a

∞
X 1
xk = (|x| < 1) eiθ = cos θ + i sin θ
k=0
1−x

Z
dx  √ 
= ln x + x2 + a2 ln N ! ∼
= N ln N − N
(a2 + x2 )1/2

Z
dx x
Z
x2 dx  √  x
= √ = ln x + x2 + a2 −√
x2 )3/2 x2 )3/2


(a2 + a x 2 + a2
2
(a2 + x2+ a2

Z   Z
dx 1 1+x dx
2
= ln = ln(1 − 1/x)
1−x 2 1−x x(x − 1)

Z Z
1 1 x x 1
2 2
dx = arctan dx = ln(a2 + x2 )
a +x a a a2 +x 2 2

∞
z x−1
Z
dz = (1 − 21−x ) Γ(x) ζ(x) (x > 0)
0 ez + 1

∞
z x−1
Z
dz = Γ(x) ζ(x) (x > 1)
0 ez − 1

Γ(2) = 1 Γ(3) = 2 Γ(4) = 6 Γ(5) = 24 Γ(n) = (n − 1)!

π2 ∼ π4 ∼
ζ(2) = = 1.645 ζ(3) ∼
= 1.202 ζ(4) = = 1.082 ζ(5) ∼
= 1.037
6 90

Z π Z π
sin(mx) sin(nx) dx = πδm,n cos(mx) cos(nx) dx = πδm,n
−π −π

dx dy dz = ρ dρ dφ dz dx dy dz = r2 dr sin θ dθ dφ
r r r
1 3 3
Y0,0 = Y1,0 = cos θ Y1,±1 = ∓ sin θe±iφ
4π 4π 8π

r r r
5 15 15
3 cos2 θ − 1 sin θ cos θe±iφ sin2 θe±2iφ


Y2,0 = Y2,±1 = ∓ Y2,±2 = ∓
16π 8π 32π

P0 (x) = 1 P1 (x) = x P2 (x) = (3x2 − 1)/2

6
 ∇·(∇×V) = 0 ∇×∇f = 0
∇×(∇×V) = ∇(∇·V) − ∇2 V
I Z I Z
A·dS = (∇·A) dV A·dl = (∇×A) ·dS

Cartesian coordinates

∂Ax ∂Ay ∂Az

∇·A = + +
∂x ∂y ∂z

     
∂Az ∂Ay ∂Ax ∂Az ∂Ay ∂Ax
∇×A = − êx + − êy + − êz
∂y ∂z ∂z ∂x ∂x ∂y

∂f ∂f ∂f ∂ 2f ∂ 2f ∂ 2f
∇f = êx + êy + êz ∇2 f = + +
∂x ∂y ∂z ∂x2 ∂y 2 ∂z 2

Cylindrical coordinates

1 ∂(ρAρ ) 1 ∂Aϕ ∂Az

∇·A = + +
ρ ∂ρ ρ ∂ϕ ∂z

     
1 ∂Az ∂Aϕ ∂Aρ ∂Az 1 ∂(ρAϕ ) 1 ∂Aρ
∇×A = − êρ + − êϕ + − êz
ρ ∂ϕ ∂z ∂z ∂ρ ρ ∂ρ ρ ∂ϕ

1 ∂ 2f ∂ 2f
 
∂f 1 ∂f ∂f 1 ∂
2 ∂f
∇f = êρ + êϕ + êz ∇f= ρ + 2 2+ 2
∂ρ ρ ∂ϕ ∂z ρ ∂ρ ∂ρ ρ ∂ϕ ∂z

Spherical coordinates

1 ∂(r2 Ar ) 1 ∂(sin θAθ ) 1 ∂(Aϕ )

∇·A = + +
r2 ∂r r sin θ ∂θ r sin θ ∂ϕ

 
1 ∂(sin θAϕ ) 1 ∂Aθ
∇×A = − êr
r sin θ ∂θ r sin θ ∂ϕ

   
1 ∂Ar 1 ∂(rAϕ ) 1 ∂(rAθ ) 1 ∂Ar
+ − êθ + − êϕ
r sin θ ∂ϕ r ∂r r ∂r r ∂θ

∂f 1 ∂f 1 ∂f
∇f = êr + êθ + êϕ
∂r r ∂θ r sin θ ∂ϕ

∂ 2f
   
2 1 ∂ 2 ∂f 1 ∂ ∂f 1
∇f= 2 r + 2 sin θ +
r ∂r ∂r r sin θ ∂θ ∂θ r2 sin2 θ ∂ϕ2