Task 1 - Electromagnetic waves in open media

Individual work

John David Guevara Zuñiga

Group 46
1143429647

UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL ABIERTA Y A DISTANCIA UNAD

Escuela de Ciencias Básicas, Tecnología e Ingeniería
Teoría Electromagnética y Ondas
2023
16-01
 Exercises development

Activity
Answers: (write with your own words)
1. In the context of electromagnetic waves, what is an open propagation
medium?
R/ When we say that an electromagnetic wave has an open propagation
medium, it means that the wave only travels in one direction, because
there is no obstacle that reflects the wave towards the emitting focus.
2. Within the propagation mediums, what is the meaning of the “loss
tangent”?
R/ When we talk about lost tangent, we refer to the variable that
depends on the characteristics of the medium and the frequency of the
signal. In addition, it associates the relationship between the conduction
current and the displacement.
3. How can we classify a medium according to the value of its "loss
tangent"?
R/ According to the lost tangent we can classify a medium:

Medium tan(δ ) δ°

Perfect dielectrics tan ( δ )=0 δ ° =0

Good insulators 0< tan( δ)< 0.1 0 ° <δ ° <6 °

Dissipative dielectrics 0.1< tan(δ)<10 6 ° <δ °< 84 °

Good conductors tan(δ)>10 84 °< δ °< 90 °

Perfect conductors tan(δ)≫10 δ ° =90 °

4. What is "penetration depth" of an electromagnetic wave?

R/ When we talk about depth of penetration of an electromagnetic wave,
we refer to the distance that a wave can travel in a medium before
attenuating and it is determined by the conductivity of the medium, the
magnetic permeability of the medium and the frequency of the wave that
propagates.

Application exercise:
The following 4-step exercise describes the method to characterize an
electromagnetic wave when propagating in an open environment, for which,
each student must choose 1 propagation media of the proposed in Table 1 and
announce it within the Task 1 forum to avoid repetition.

Media σ [S /m] εr [ ]
1. Copper 5.80 x 10
7
1
2. Sea water 4 80
3. Air 5.5 x 10
−15
1.0005
−2
4. Vegetable soil 1.00 x 10 14
−4
5. Dry soil 1.00 x 10 3
6. Sweet water 1.00 x 10
−3
80
7. Vacuum 0 1
Table 1: Conductivity σ and electrical permittivity ε rof some media.
−12 2 2
ε =ε r ε o ; ε o =8.8542 x 10 C /Nm

Step 1: Calculate the tangent of losses Tan (δ) and the angle of losses δ of
the medium chosen in Table 1, if through it travel an electromagnetic wave E
of frequency f =(647+20) MHz . Note that CCC are the last 3 digits of your
identification number.
σ σ
tan ( δ )= =
ω∗ε 2∗π∗f ε r∗ε o

identification number=1143829647
f =( 647+ 20 ) MHz
−15
Air conductivity=5.5∗10
Electrical permittivity=1.0005

Equation editor (values and units)

−15 S
5.5∗10
σ m
tan ( δ )= =

( )
2∗π∗f∗ε r∗ε o C
2
(2 π∗667∗106 Hz)∗ 1.0005∗8.8542 x 10−12
N m2

tan ( δ )=1∗10−13

Calculator evidence
 Figure 1: operation 1 on GeoGebra.
Step 2: According to the result obtained in point 1, classify the behavior of the
chosen medium according to one of the 5 options in Table 2:
Equation editor (values and units)
−13
tan ( δ )=1∗10

δ=tan ( 1∗10 )
−1 −13

δ =0 °

Calculator evidence

Figure 2: operation 2 on GeoGebra.

Media Tan(δ) δ [°]

1. Perfect
(Not dissipative) Tan(δ) = 0 δ = 0°
dielectrics
2. Good (Lost low
0 < Tan(δ) <= 0,1 0° < δ <= 6°
insulators dielectric)
3. Dissipative (Dielectrics with 0,1 < Tan(δ) <=
6° < δ <= 84°
dielectrics losses) 10
4. Good (Good
Tan(δ) > 10 84°< δ < 90°
conductors conductors)
5. Perfect (Perfect
Tan(δ) >>> 10 δ = 90°
conductors conductors)
 Table 2: Classification of propagation media.
Step 3: According to the classification obtained in step 2 and using Table 3
shown below, calculate the following propagation parameters of the wave in
the chosen medium:
a. Propagation constant  (gamma).
b. Attenuation constant  (Alpha).
c. Phase constant  (Beta).

Not Lost low Dielectrics with Good

Parameter
dissipative dielectric losses conductors
γ jω √ με jω √ με √ jωμ(σ + j ωε) √ jω σ μo
α 0 ση/2 ℜ¿ ) √ πf σ μ o
β ω √ με ω √ με ℑ() √ πf σ μ o
η √ μ/ε √ μ/ε √ jω μ/( σ + j ωε) √ jω μo /σ
Table 3: Propagation parameters in open media.
6
ω=2 π∗667∗10 Hz
−6 m
μ=1.2566∗10 T
A

σ =5.5∗10−15

−12 C2
ε =8.8586∗10
N m2
Equation editor (values and units)
γ= jω √ με

√( )( )
2
6 m −6 −12 C
γ= j (2 π∗667∗10 Hz) 1.2566∗10 T ∗ 8.8586∗10 2
A Nm
γ=13.97 j

Calculator evidence
 Figure 3: operation 3 on GeoGebra.

Equation editor (values and units)

α =σ √
μ /ε
2
−15
α =5.5∗10 ∗376.63 Ω/2
−12 Np
α =1∗10
m
Calculator evidence

Figure 4: operation 4 on GeoGebra.

Equation editor (values and units)
 β=ω √ μ∗ε

√( )( )
2
6 −6 m −12 C
β=2 π∗667∗10 Hz 1.2566∗10 T ∗ 8.8586∗10 2
A Nm
Rad
β=13.98
m

Calculator evidence

Figure 5: operation 5 on GeoGebra.

Equation editor (values and units)
η=√ μ /ε

√
m
1.2566 x 10−6 T
A
η= 2
−12 C
8.8586 x 10
N m2
η=376.63 Ω

Calculator evidence
 Figure 6: operation 6 on GeoGebra.
Step 4: According to the results obtained in step 3 and using the following
equations, calculate the propagation characteristics of the wave in the chosen
medium:
d. Propagation speed v p .
e. Wavelength λ .
f. The penetration depth of the δ pwave in the medium.
6
ω=2 π∗667∗10 Hz
Rad
β=13.98
m
Np
α =1∗10−12
m
Equation editor (values and units)
ω
V p=
β

2 π∗667∗106 Hz
V p=
Rad
13.98
m
8 m
V p=2.9∗10
s
Calculator evidence
 Figure 7: operation 7 on GeoGebra.
Equation editor (values and units)
2π
λ=
β
2π
λ=
Rad
13.98
m
λ=0.44 m

Calculator evidence

Figure 8: operation 8 on GeoGebra.

Equation editor (values and units)
 1
δ p=
|α |
1
δ p=
|1∗10 −12 Np
m |
δ p=1000000000000

Calculator evidence

Figure 9: operation 9 on GeoGebra.

Interpretation
Interpretation: According to the concepts explored, explain in your own
words the meaning and the result obtained for: tan ( δ ) , V p , λ and δ p.

Video link

URL: http://youtu.be/RzsvhKPtmZs?hd

References

From Maxwell's Equations to Free and Guided Electromagnetic Waves:

An Introduction for First-year Undergraduates.

Quesada-Pérez, M., & Maroto-Centeno, J. (2014). From Maxwell's Equations to

Free and Guided Electromagnetic Waves: An Introduction for First-year
Undergraduates. Nova Science Publishers, Inc. (pp. 46-
60). https://bibliotecavirtual.unad.edu.co/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.co
m/login.aspx?direct=true&db=nlebk&AN=746851&lang=es&site=eds-
live&scope=site&ebv=EB&ppid=pp_49

The Electrical Engineering Handbook

Chen, W. (2005). The Electrical Engineering Handbook. Academic Press. (pp.

513-519). https://bibliotecavirtual.unad.edu.co/login?url=https://
search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?
direct=true&db=nlebk&AN=117152&lang=es&site=eds-
live&scope=site&ebv=EB&ppid=pp_513

Loss Tangent

Gutiérrez, W. (2017). Loss Tangent. VIO [Virtual Information

Object]. http://hdl.handle.net/10596/13139

Characterization of electromagnetic waves in open media

Leyton L., & Quintero, D. (2019). Characterization of electromagnetic waves in

open media. VIO [Virtual Information
Object]. https://repository.unad.edu.co/handle/10596/30439