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Shree Samarth Academy’s Shree Samarth Polytechnic

Mhasane Phata, Ahmednagar (414301)

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education

A project report on-

Solar Photovoltaic System

Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement for the Diploma in

Mechanical
Engineering
BY-
Darekar Shivraj Rajkumar [2014660153]
Shaikh Aman Jainuddin [2014660154]
Shaikh Jahed Sharif [2014660155]

GUIDED BY-
[ Prof.Waghmare.A.B]
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Shree Samarth Academy’s Shree Samarth Polytechnic

Mhasane Phata, Ahmednagar (414301)

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the project work entitled
Write a report on
Solar Photovoltaic System
Submitted By-
Darekar Shivraj Rajkumar [2014660153]
Shaikh Aman Jainuddin [2014660154]
Shaikh Jahed Sharif [2014660155]

In the partial fulfillment of Diploma in Mechaaical Engineering has been

Satisfactory carried out under my guidance as per the
requirement of Maharashtra State Board of Technical
Education, Mumbai during the academic year 2022-2023.

Date- / /2023
Place- Mhasne phata,Parner

GUIDE HOD PRINCIPAL

[Waghmare A.B] [Prof . Kadus R.K.) ( Prof . Kulkarni D.A)
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Acknowledgement
An endeavor over long period can be successful only with advice and
guidance of may well- wishers.

My sincere thanks to the management and Prof. Kulkarni D.A. Sir

principal of Shree Samarth Polytechnic, Mhasane Phata Ahmednagar
for providing me the opportunity to conduct my project work.

I am highly indebted to Prof. Kadus. R. K Sir Head Of Department Of

Mechanical For his Assistance And Constant Source Of
Encouragement. I wish to Express My Profound And Deep Sense Of
Gratitude Of Prof. Waghmare A.B Mam Project Coordinator For
Sparing Her Valuable Time To Extent Help In Very Step Of My Project
Work.

I Would Also Like To Thank The Staff Of Mechanical Department For

The Generous Guidance.

Last But Not The Least We Would Like To Thank Our Friends And For
Their Help In Every Way For The Success Of This Project Report.

Name Of Student. Signature

Darekar Shivraj Rajkumar ……………

Shaikh Aman Jainuddin ……………

Shaikh Jahed Sharif ……………

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Introduction
Converting solar energy into electrical energy by PV installations is the
most recognized way to use solar energy. Since solar photovoltaic cells are
semiconductor devices, they have a lot in common with processing and
production techniques of other semiconductor devices such as computers
and memory chips. As it is well known, the requirements for purity and
quality control of semiconductor devices are quite large. With today's
production, which reached a large scale, the whole industry production of
solar cells has been developed and, due to low production cost, it is mostly
located in the Far East. Photovoltaic cells produced by the majority of
today’s most large producers are mainly made of crystalline silicon as
semiconductor material.

Solar photovoltaic modules, which are a result of combination of

photovoltaic cells to increase their power, are highly reliable, durable and
low noise devices to produce electricity. The fuel for the photovoltaic cell is
free. The sun is the only resource that is required for the operation of PV
systems, and its energy is almost inexhaustible.

A typical photovoltaic cell efficiency is about 15%, which means it can

convert 1/6 of solar energy into electricity. Photovoltaic systems produce no
noise, there are no moving parts and they do not emit pollutants into the
environment.

Taking into account the energy consumed in the production of photovoltaic

cells, they produce several tens of times less carbon dioxide per unit in
relation to the energy produced from fossil fuel technologies.

Photovoltaic cell has a lifetime of more than thirty years and is one of the
most reliable semiconductor products. Most solar cells are produced from
silicon, which is non‐toxic and is found in abundance in the earth's crust.
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Working
A photovoltaic system, also PV system or solar power system, is an electric power
system designed to supply usable solar power by means of photovoltaics. It
consists of an arrangement of several components, including solar panels to
absorb and convert sunlight into electricity, a solar inverter to convert the output
from direct to alternating current, as well as mounting, cabling, and other
electrical accessories to set up a working system. It may also use a solar tracking
system to improve the system's overall performance and include an integrated
battery.
PV systems convert light directly into electricity, and are not to be confused with
other solar technologies, such as concentrated solar power or solar thermal, used
for heating and cooling. A solar array only encompasses the ensemble of solar
panels, the visible part of the PV system, and does not include all the other
hardware, often summarized as balance of system (BOS). PV systems range from
small, rooftop-mounted or building-integrated systems with capacities from a few
to several tens of kilowatts, to large utility-scale power stations of hundreds of
megawatts. Nowadays, most PV systems are grid-connected, while off-grid
or stand-alone systems account for a small portion of the market.
Operating silently and without any moving parts or environmental emissions, PV
systems have developed from being niche market applications into a mature
technology used for mainstream electricity generation. A rooftop
system recoups the invested energy for its manufacturing and installation within
0.7 to 2 years and produces about 95 percent of net clean renewable energy over
a 30-year service lifetime.
Due to the growth of photovoltaics, prices for PV systems have rapidly declined
since their introduction; however, they vary by market and the size of the system.
In 2014, prices for residential 5-kilowatt systems in the United States were around
$3.29 per watt, while in the highly penetrated German market, prices for rooftop
systems of up to 100 kW declined to €1.24 per watt. Nowadays, solar PV modules
account for less than half of the system's overall cost, leaving the rest to the
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remaining BOS-components and to soft costs, which include customer acquisition,

permitting, inspection and interconnection, installation labor and financing costs.
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Types of PV Systems
With growing demand for PV systems, the utilities provided an option for the consumers to
connect their systems to the grid. This step introduced a new term called “Net Metering.” Net
metering allows the consumers to send back the electricity they generate from their PV systems
to the grid. This is possible because of the grid-tied connection enabled by the utility. Similarly,
we also have systems that are independent and do not require themselves to be connected to
the grid such systems are called off-grid systems or standalone systems.
Standalone or Off-Grid Systems
The off-grid system term states the system not relating to the gird facility. Primarily, the system
which is not connected to the main electrical grid is term as off-grid PV system (Weis, 2013).
Off-grid system also called standalone system or mini grid which can generate the power and
run the appliances by itself. Off-grid systems are suitable for the electrification of small
community. Off-grid electrification system is viable for the remote areas in the countries where
they do have little or no access to the electricity because of the distinct living and spread
population in the vast area. The off-grid system refers to the support that would be adequate
for a living without depending on the grid or other system. Electrical energy in the off-gird
system produced through the Solar photovoltaic panels needs to be stored or saved because
requirement from the load can be different from the solar panel output, battery bank is also
used for the purpose generally.
Integrated or Grid-Tied System
Grid connected photovoltaic power system is an electricity generating system which is linked
to the utility gird (energy.gov, n.d.). This photovoltaic system contains solar panel, inverter
and the equipment to provide connection to the grid. Grid connected systems are feasible for
various setup such as residential. Commercial and larger scale grid tied system different than
the off grid solar power systems. Usually grid connected system does not need battery
backup, because when system generate the energy more than the load it will automatically
transfer to the linked utility gird.
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Components

The balance of system components of a PV system (BOS) balance the power-

generating subsystem of the solar array (left side) with the power-using side of the
AC-household devices and the utility grid (right side).
A photovoltaic system for residential, commercial, or industrial energy supply
consists of the solar array and a number of components often summarized as
the balance of system (BOS). This term is synonymous with "Balance of plant" q.v.
BOS-components include power-conditioning equipment and structures for
mounting, typically one or more DC to AC power converters, also known
as inverters, an energy storage device, a racking system that supports the solar
array, electrical wiring and interconnections, and mounting for other components.
Optionally, a balance of system may include any or all of the following: renewable
energy credit revenue-grade meter, maximum power point
tracker (MPPT), battery system and charger, GNSS solar tracker, energy
management software, solar irradiance sensors, anemometer, or task-specific
accessories designed to meet specialized requirements for a system owner. In
addition, a CPV system requires optical lenses or mirrors and sometimes a cooling
system.
The terms "solar array" and "PV system" are often incorrectly used
interchangeably, despite the fact that the solar array does not encompass the
entire system. Moreover, "solar panel" is often used as a synonym for "solar
module", although a panel consists of a string of several modules. The term "solar
system" is also an often used misnomer for a PV system.
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Solar array
Further information: PV module

Fixed tilt solar array in of crystalline silicon panels in Canterbury, New Hampshire,

United States

Solar array of a solar farm with a few thousand solar modules on the island

of Majorca, Spain : The building blocks of a photovoltaic system are solar cells. A
solar cell is the electrical device that can directly convert photons energy into
electricity. There are three technological generations of solar cells: the first
generation (1G) of crystalline silicon cells (c-Si), the second generation (2G)
of thin-film cells (such as CdTe, CIGS, Amorphous Silicon, and GaAs), and the third
generation (3G) of organic, dye-sensitized, Perovskite and multijunction cells.
Conventional c-Si solar cells, normally wired in series, are encapsulated in a solar
module to protect them from the weather. The module consists of a tempered
glass as cover, a soft and flexible encapsulant, a rear backsheet made of a
weathering and fire-resistant material and an aluminium frame around the outer
edge. Electrically connected and mounted on a supporting structure, solar
modules build a string of modules, often called solar panel. A solar array consists
of one or many such panels. A photovoltaic array, or solar array, is a linked
collection of solar modules. The power that one module can produce is seldom
enough to meet requirements of a home or a business, so the modules are linked
together to form an array. Most PV arrays use an inverter to convert the DC power
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produced by the modules into alternating current that can power lights, motors,

and other loads. The modules in a PV array are usually first connected in series to
obtain the desired voltage; the individual strings are then connected in parallel to
allow the system to produce more current. Solar panels are typically measured
under STC (standard test conditions) or PTC (PVUSA test
conditions),in watts. Typical panel ratings range from less than 100 watts to over
400 watts. The array rating consists of a summation of the panel ratings, in watts,
kilowatts, or megawatts.
Inverter

Central inverter with AC and DC disconnects (on the side), monitoring gateway,
transformer isolation and interactive LCD Systems designed to deliver alternating
current (AC), such as grid-connected applications need an inverter to convert
the direct current (DC) from the solar modules to AC. Grid connected inverters
must supply AC electricity in sinusoidal form, synchronized to the grid frequency,
limit feed in voltage to no higher than the grid voltage and disconnect from the
grid if the grid voltage is turned off. Islanding inverters need only produce
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regulated voltages and frequencies in a sinusoidal waveshape as no

synchronisation or co-ordination with grid supplies is required.
Battery

Although still expensive, PV systems increasingly use rechargeable batteries

to store a surplus to be later used at night. Batteries used for grid-storage also
stabilize the electrical grid by leveling out peak loads, and play an important
role in a smart grid, as they can charge during periods of low demand and
feed their stored energy into the grid when demand is high.
Monitoring and metering

The metering must be able to accumulate energy units in both directions,

or two meters must be used. Many meters accumulate bidirectionally, some
systems use two meters, but a unidirectional meter (with detent) will not
accumulate energy from any resultant feed into the grid. 
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Advantages of photovoltaic systems

1. High reliability

Photovoltaic systems are still highly reliable even under harsh conditions.
Photovoltaic arrays ensure continuous, uninterrupted operation of critical power
supplies.

2. Strong persistence

Most modules in a PV system have a warranty period of up to 25 years and

remain operational even after many years.

3. Low maintenance costs

Photovoltaic systems require only regular inspections and occasional repairs,

which are extremely low cost compared to conventional fuel systems.

4. Zero fuel consumption

Photovoltaic systems do not require fuel and can eliminate associated

procurement, storage and transportation costs.

5. Noise pollution is small

The photovoltaic system can operate quietly with minimal mechanical movement.

6. There is photovoltaic supervision

In order to improve energy efficiency, photovoltaic systems may need to add

some modules.

7. Strong security

Photovoltaic systems do not require fuel and can be safely operated after proper
design and installation.
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Disadvantages of photovoltaic systems

1. High startup cost

Each PV installation should be economically evaluated and compared to existing

alternatives. At present, the construction cost of photovoltaic systems is relatively
high, but with the reduction of photovoltaic system construction costs and the
rise of traditional energy prices, photovoltaic systems will have strong economic
competitiveness.

2. Available solar radiation instability

For any solar system, weather changes will greatly affect the amount of electrical
energy output. Therefore, the system design needs to be adjusted according to
changes in climate and location.

3. Have energy storage requirements

Some photovoltaic systems use batteries as energy storage devices. This increases
the footprint, cost and complexity of the system.

4. Efficiency needs to be improved

In order for PV systems to reflect cost-effectiveness, we need to use an efficient

method to distribute the energy generated during use. However, they are now
often used to power alternative inefficient appliances.

5. Lack of knowledge and skills

Photovoltaic technology is an emerging technology. The lack of relevant

information limits the development of its markets and technologies.
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Applications:

At NREL, we see potential for photovoltaics (PV) everywhere. As we pursue

advanced materials and next-generation technologies, we are enabling PV across a
range of applications and locations.
Solar Farms
Many acres of PV panels can provide utility-scale power—from tens of megawatts
to more than a gigawatt of electricity. These large systems, using fixed or sun-
tracking panels, feed power into municipal or regional grids.

Remote Locations
It is not always cost-effective, convenient, or even possible to extend power lines
to locations where electricity is needed. PV can be the solution—for rural homes,
villages in developing nations, lighthouses,  offshore oil platforms, desalination
plants, and remote health clinics.

Stand-Alone Power

In urban or remote areas, PV can power stand-alone devices, tools, and meters.
PV can meet the need for electricity for parking meters, temporary traffic signs,
emergency phones, radio transmitters, water irrigation pumps, stream-flow
gauges, remote guard posts, lighting for roadways, and more.

Power in Space

From the beginning, PV has been a primary power source for Earth-orbiting
satellites. High-efficiency PV has supplied power for ventures such as the
International Space Station and surface rovers on the Moon and Mars, and it will
continue to be an integral part of space and planetary exploration.
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Conclusions
This paper presents the development of a new floating PV system for use in water
reservoirs. The innovative floating system is modular in design, comprising
interconnected floating modules. An innovative standardized floating module has
been proposed. The modules, made of high density polyethylene (HDPE), can
function as either PV panel floating modules or operation and maintenance
walkways. The modules are designed with both male and female connector parts
which allows ease of interconnection to form a desired global layout. Detailed
finite element analysis is carried out as part of the design and optimisation of the
floating module. Hydroelastic simulation is performed to investigate the hydro-
structural response of the entire floating system under wave actions. Structural
testing results of the floating modules are presented. The assembly and launching
of the floating PV system at the test-bed are described in detail. The power
generation and corresponding reduction of carbon emission are also assessed.
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References:
1. ^ Jump up to:a b c d e f g "Photovoltaics Report" (PDF). Fraunhofer ISE. 28
July 2014. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 August 2014. Retrieved 31
August 2014.
2. ^ Service Lifetime Prediction for Encapsulated Photovoltaic
Cells/Minimodules, A.W. Czanderna and G.J. Jorgensen, National Renewable
Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO.
3. ^ Jump up to:a b Bazilian, Morgan; Onyeji, Ijeoma; Liebreich, Michael;
MacGill, Ian; Chase, Jennifer; Shah, Jigar; Gielen, Dolf; Arent, Doug;
Landfear, Doug; Zhengrong, Shi (May 2013). "Re-considering the economics
of photovoltaic power". Renewable Energy. 53: 329–
338. doi:10.1016/j.renene.2012.11.029.
4. ^ "Photovoltaic System Pricing Trends – Historical, Recent, and Near-Term
Projections, 2014 Edition" (PDF). NREL. 22 September 2014.
p. 4. Archived (PDF) from the original on 26 February 2015.
5. ^ "Photovoltaik-Preisindex" [Solar PV price index]. PhotovoltaikGuide.
Archived from the original on 10 July 2017. Retrieved 30
March 2015. Turnkey net-prices for a solar PV system of up to 100 kilowatts
amounted to Euro 1,240 per kWp.
6. ^ Fraunhofer ISE Levelized Cost of Electricity Study, November 2013, p. 19
7. ^ Jump up to:a b "Technology Roadmap: Solar Photovoltaic Energy" (PDF).
IEA. 2014. Archived from the original (PDF) on 1 October 2014. Retrieved 7
October 2014.
8. ^ Jump up to:a b c d e "Global Market Outlook for Photovoltaics 2014-
2018" (PDF). www.epia.org. EPIA - European Photovoltaic Industry
Association. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 June 2014. Retrieved 12
June 2014.
9. ^ Jump up to:a b c Joern Hoppmann; Jonas Volland; Tobias S. Schmidt;
Volker H. Hoffmann (July 2014). "The Economic Viability of Battery Storage
for Residential Solar Photovoltaic Systems - A Review and a Simulation
Model". Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 39: 1101–
1118. doi:10.1016/j.rser.2014.07.068. Retrieved December 28, 2018.
10.^ FORBES, Justin Gerdes, Solar Energy Storage About To Take Off In
Germany and California, 18 July 2013

Teacher Evaluation Sheet

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Name of the Student:…………………………………………

Enrollment No:……………………………………………….

Name of Program:…………………………………………….

Semester:………………………………………………………

Course Title:…………………………………………………...

Code:………………………………………………………….

Title of the Micro-Project:…………………………………….

Course Outcomes Achieved

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………
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…………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

Sr. Characteristic to Poor Average Good Excellent

No be assessed ( Marks 1-3) (Marks 4-5) Marks( 6-8) Marks (9-10)
1 Relevance to the course

2 Literature survey/
Information Collection

3 Project Proposal

4 Completion of the
Target as per project
proposal
5 Analysis of Data &
Representation
6 Quality of
Prototype/Model
7 Report Preparation

8 Presentation

9 Analysis of Data &

Process Assignment Product Assignment Total Marks

Part A- Project Part B-Project Individual

Project Methodology Report/Working Presentation/
Proposal (2 mark) Model (2 Viva
(2 Marks) marks) (4 mark)

Note: Every course teacher is expected to assign marks for group

evolution in first 3 columns & individual evaluation in 4thcolumns for
each group of students as per rubrics.
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Comments/suggestions about team work/leadership/inter-

personal communication

………………………………………………………………………
…
Any Other Comment:

…………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………
Name and designation of the faculty member

…………………………………………………………………
Signature………………………………………………………