CHAPTER AT A GLANCE

Work
For doing work, energy is required.
• In animals, energy is supplied by food they eat.
• In machine, energy is supplied by fuel.
Not much work inspite of working hard : Reading, writing, drawing, thinking,

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analysing are all energy consuming. But in scientific manner, no work is done in
above cases.
• Example : A man is completely exhausted in trying to push a rock
(wall), but work done is zero as wall is stationary.
• A man standing still with heavy suitcase may be tired soon but he does
no work in this situation as he is stationary.

Work is said to be done when :

(i) a moving object comes to rest.
(ii) an object at rest starts moving.
(iii) velocity of an object changes.
(iv) shape of an object changes.
Scientific Conception of Work
• Work is done when a force produces motion in a body.
• Work is said to be done when a force is applied on a body and the body
moves under the influence of force.
Condition of Work
(i) Force should be applied on the body.
(ii) Body should be displaced.

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 Examples : Work is done when :
(i) A cyclist is pedaling the cycle.
(ii) A man is lifting load in upward or downward direction.
Work is not done when :
(i) A coolie carrying some load on his head stands stationary.
(ii) A man is applying force on a big rock.
Work Done by a Fixed Force
Work done in moving a body is equal to the product of force and displacement
of body in the direction of force.
Work = Force × Displacement
W=F×S
Work is a scalar quantity.
Unit of Work
Unit of work is Newton metre or Joule.
When a force of 1 Newton moves a body through a distance of 1 metre in its own
direction, then the work done is 1 Joule.
1 Joule = 1 Newton × 1 metre
1 J = 1 Nm

The amount of work done depends on the following factors :

(i) Magnitude of force : Greater the force, greater is the amount of work
& vice-versa.
(ii) Displacement : Greater the displacement, greater is the amount of

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 work & vice-versa.
Negative, Positive and Zero Work
Work done by a force can be positive, negative or zero.
(i) Work done is positive when a force acts in the direction of motion of
the body.[ Fig. (a)] (θ = 0º).
Example : A child pulls a toy car with a string horizontally on the ground.
Here work done is positive.
W = F × S

(ii) Work done is negative when a force acts opposite to the direction of
motion of the body.
Example : When we kick a football lying on the ground, the force of our kick
moves the football. Here direction of force applied & motion of football is same
so work done is positive. But when football slows due to force of friction acting
in a direction opposite to direction of motion of football [Fig. (b)], work done is
negative.

(iii) Work done is zero when a force acts at right angles to the direction of
motion.
Example : The moon moves around the earth in circular path. Here force
of gravitation acts on the moon at right angles to the direction of motion of the
moon. So work done is zero.

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 • -ve (negative) sign indicates that work is done against gravity.
Note that if work is done against the direction of motion (gravity), then it is taken
–ve.
Example. A coolie lifts a luggage of 15 kg from the ground and put it on his head
1.5 m above the ground. Calculate the work done by him on the luggage.
Solution : Mass of luggage (m) = 15 kg
Displacement (S) = 1.5 m
So, Work done, W =F×S
= mg × S [f = mg]
= 15 × 10 × 1.5 [g = 10 m/s2]
[g = force of gravity]
= 225.0 kg m/s2
= 225 Nm = 225 J
Hence, work done = 225 J.
Energy
(i) The sun is the biggest source of energy.
(ii) Most of the energy sources are derived from the sun.
(iii) Some energy is received from nucleus of atoms, interior of the earth
and the tides.

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Definition : The capacity of doing work is known as energy.
The amount of energy possessed by a body is equal to the amount of work it can
do. Working body losses energy, body on which work is done gains energy.
Energy is a scalar quantity.
Unit : The SI unit of energy is Joule (J) and its bigger unit is kilo joule (kJ).
1 kJ = 1000 J
The energy required to do 1 Joule of work is called 1 Joule energy.
Forms of Energy
Main forms of energy are :
(i)
Kinetic energy (ii) Potential energy
(iii)
Heat energy (iv) Chemical energy
(v)
Electrical energy (vi) Light energy
(vii)
Sound energy (viii)
Nuclear energy
• Sum of kinetic energy & potential energy of a body is called mechanical
energy.
Mechanical energy
The energy possessed by a body on account of its motion or position is called
mechanical energy.
Kinetic Energy
The energy of a body due to its motion is called kinetic energy.
Examples of kinetic energy :
• A moving cricket ball
• Running water
• A moving bullet
• Flowing wind
• A moving car
• A running athelete
• A rolling stone

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 • Flying aircraft

Kinetic energy is directly proportional to mass and the square of velocity.

Formula for Kinetic Energy
If an object of mass ‘m’ moving with uniform velocity ‘u’, it is displaced through
a distance ‘s’. Constant force ‘f’ acts on it in the direction of displacement. Its
velocity changes from ‘u’ to ‘v’. Then acceleration is ‘a’.
Work done, W = f × s ...(i)
and f = ma ...(ii)
According to third equation of motion, relationship between u, v, s and a is as
follows :
v2 – u2 = 2as

v2 − u 2
s=
So, 2a ...(iii)
Now putting the value of f and s from (ii) and (iii) in equation (i),
v2 − u 2
W = ma ×
2a

=
m
2
× v2 − u 2 =
1
2
(
m v2 − u 2 )
If u = 0 (when body starts moving from rest)
W = ½mv2
Or EK = ½mv2
Example. An object of mass 15 kg is moving with uniform velocity of 4 m/sec.
What is the kinetic energy possessed by it ?

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Solution : Mass of the object, m = 15 kg
Velocity of the object, v = 4 m/s
EK = ½mv2
= ½ × 15 kg × 4 ms-1 × 4 ms-1
= 120 J
The kinetic energy of the object is 120 J.
Potential Energy
The energy of a body due to its position or change in shape is known as potential
energy.
Examples :
(i) Water kept in dam : It can rotate turbine to generate electricity due to
its position above the ground.
(ii) Wound up spring of a toy car : It possess potential energy which is
released during unwinding of spring. So toy car moves.
(iii) Bent string of bow : Potential energy due to change of its shape
(deformation) released in the form of kinetic energy while shooting an
arrow.

Factors affecting Potential Energy

(i) Mass : P. E. ∝ m
More the mass of body, greater is the potential energy and vice-versa.
(ii) Height above the ground :
P. E. ∝h (Not depend on the path it follows)
Greater the height above the ground, greater is the P.E. and vice-versa.
(iii) Change in shape : Greater the stretching, twisting or bending, more is

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 the potential energy.
Potential Energy of an Object on a Height
If a body of mass ‘m’ is raised to a height ‘h’ above the surface of the earth, the
gravitational pull of the earth (m × g) acts in downward direction. To lift the
body, we have to do work against the force of gravity.
Thus, Work done, W = Force × Displacement
Or W = m × g × h = mgh
This work is stored in the body as potential energy (gravitational potential
energy).
Thus, Potential energy, EP = m × g × h
where g = acceleration due to gravity.

Example. If a body of mass 10 kg is raised to a height of 6 m above the earth,

calculate its potential energy.
Solution : Potential energy of the body = mgh
Mass of body = 10 kg
Height above the earth =6m
Acceleration due to gravity = 10 m/s2
So, EP = 10 × 10 × 6
= 600 J
Thus, potential energy of the body is 600 Joules.
Transformation of Energy
The change of one form of energy to another form of energy is known as
transformation of energy.

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Example :
(i) A stone on a certain height has entire potential energy. But when it starts
moving downward, potential energy of stone goes on decreasing as
height goes on decreasing but its kinetic energy goes on increasing
as velocity of stone goes on increasing. At the time stone reaches the
ground, potential energy becomes zero and kinetic energy is maximum.
Thus, its entire potential energy is transformed into kinetic energy.
(ii) At hydroelectric power house, the potential energy of water is
transformed into kinetic energy and then into electrical energy.
(iii) At thermal power house, chemical energy of coal is changed into heat
energy, which is futher converted into kinetic energy and electrical
energy.
(iv) Plants use solar energy to make chemical energy in food by the process
of photosynthesis.
Law of Conservation of Energy
• Whenever energy changes from one form to another form, the total
amount of energy remains constant.
• “Energy can neither be created nor be destroyed.”
• Although some energy may be wasted during conversion, but the total
energy of the system remains the same.
Conservation of Energy during Free Fall of a Body
• A ball of mass ‘m’ at a height ‘h’ has potential energy = mgh.
• As ball falls downwards, height ‘h’ decreases, so the potential energy
also decreases.
• Kinetic energy at ‘h’ is zero but it is increasing during falling of ball.
• The sum of potential energy & kinetic energy of the ball remains the
same at every point during its fall.
½mv2 + mgh = Constant
Kinetic energy + Potential energy = Constant

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Rate of Doing Work – Power
“Power is defined as the rate of energy consumption.”
Work done W
Power = Or P=
Time taken t
where P = Power
W = Work done
t = Time taken
Unit of Power
SI unit of Power is Watt (W) = 1 Joule/second.
1 Joule 1J
1 Watt = Or 1 W =
1 second 1s
Power is one Watt when one Joule work is done in one second.
Total work done or total energy used
Average Power =
Total time taken
Power of Electrical Gadget
The power of an electrical appliance tells us the rate at which electrical energy
is consumed by it.

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Bigger unit of Power : Bigger unit of power is called Kilowatt or KW.
1 Kilowatt (KW) = 1000 Watt = 1000 W or 1000 J/s
Example. A body does 20 Joules of work in 5 seconds. What is its power ?
Work done
Solution : Power =
Time taken
Work done = 20 Joules
Time taken = 5 sec.
20 J
P=
5s
So, Power = 4 J/s = 4 W
Thus, power of the body is 4 Watts.

Commercial Unit of Energy : Joule is very small unit of energy and it is

inconvenient to use it where a large quantity of energy is involved.

For commercial purpose, bigger unit of energy is Kilotwatt hour (KWh).

1 KWh : 1 KWh is the amount of energy consumed when an electric appliance

having a power rating of 1 Kilowatt is used for 1 hour.

Relation between Kilowatt hour and Joule

1 Kilowatt hour is the amount of energy consumed at the rate of 1 Kilowatt for
1 hour.

1 Kilowatt hour = 1 Kilowatt for 1 hour

= 1000 Watt for 1 hour

= 1000 Watt × 3600 seconds (60 × 60 seconds = 1 hour)

= 36,00,000 Joules

So, 1 KWh = 3.6 × 106 J = 1 unit

Example. A bulb of 60 Watt is used for 6 hrs. daily. How many units (KWh) of
electrical energy are consumed ?
60
Solution : Power of bulb = 60 W = KW = 0.06 KW
1000

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 t = 6 hours
Energy
= Power × Time taken = 0.06 × 6 h
= 0.36 KWh = 0.36 units

QUESTIONS
VERY SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS (1 Mark)
1. Define the term ‘work’.
2. Define 1 Joule of work.
3. Give an example in which a force does positive work.
4. Give an example in which a force does negative work.
5. Define the term energy of a body.
6. Write the units of : (a) Work, (b) Energy.
7. Define Power.
8. Define 1 Watt energy.
9. Define 1 Kilowatt hour.
SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS (2 Marks)
1. What do you undertstand by kinetic energy ? Write its formula.
2. On what factors does the kinetic energy of a body depends ?

3. What happens to potential energy of a body when its height is doubled ?

(Ans. Doubled)

4. How many joules are there in 1 Kilowatt hour ?

5. What is conservation of energy ? Explain with an example.

SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS (3 Marks)

1. What are the quantities on which the amount of work done depend ? How are
they related to work ?

2. A load of 100 kg is pulled up to 5 m. Calculate the work done.

(g = 10 m/s2) (Ans. 5000 J)

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3. A body of mass m is moving with a velocity 5 ms-1. Its kinetic energy is 25
J. If its velocity is doubled, what is its kinetic energy ?
(Ans. 100 J)

LONG ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS (3 Marks)

1. A boy weighing 50 kg climbs up a vertical height of 100 m. Calculate the

amount of work done by him. How much potential energy he gains ?
(Given g = 9.8 m/s2) (Ans. 4.9 × 104 J)

2. Five electric fans of 120 watts each are used for 4 hours. Calculate the
electrical energy consumed in kilowatt hours. (Ans. 2.4 KWh)

3. The power of an electric heater is 1500 Watt. How much energy it consumes
in 10 hours ? [Ans. 15 KWh (units)]

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