34 Mathematics Problem Book for JEE

y A B

y = cotx 1 a
2 b
−2p −p 0 p 2p 3 c
−3p /2 −p /2 p /2 3p /2 x

Figure 1.60
2. If the functions f and g are given by f = {(1, 2), (3, 5), (4, 6)} and
g = {(2, 3), (5, 1), (6, 3)}, then find fog and gof.
y
y = secx Solution: It is given that
f(1) = 2; f(3) = 5; f(4) = 6
−p/2
1
p/2 p 3p/2
and   g(2) = 3; g(5) = 1; g(6) = 3
O
−1
x fog(2) = f{g(2)} = f(3) = 5
fog(5) = f{g(5)} = f(1) = 2
fog(6) = f{g(6)} = f(3) = 5
⇒ fog = {(2, 5), (5, 2), (6, 5)}
Similarly,
y gof = {(1, 3), (3, 1), (4, 3)}
y = cosecx a x + a− x
3. Given the function f(x) = (a > 0). Show that f(x + y) +
2
1
f(x − y) = 2f(x)f(y).
p 3p/2 2p
O p/2 −1 x Solution: Given that
a x + a− x
f(x) = (1)
2
Therefore,
a y + a− y
f(y) =
2
Definitions:
1. Bijective Function: If a function f is both one-to-one function a x + y + a −( x + y ) a x − y + a −( x − y )
f(x + y) = ; f(x − y) =
and onto function, then f is said to be a bijective function. 2 2
2. Inverse of a Function: If f: X → Y be a function which is defined a x + y + a −( x + y ) + a x − y + a −( x − y )
by y = f(x) such that f is both one-to-one function and onto f(x + y) + f(x − y) =
2
function, then there exists a unique function g: Y → X such that
for each y ∈ Y, g(y) = x if and only if y = f(x). The function g so a x a y + a− x a− y + a x a− y + a− x a y
=
defined is called the ‘inverse of f ’ which is denoted by f −1. Also 2
if g is the inverse of f, then f is the inverse of g and the two func-
a y (a x + a − x ) + a − y (a x + a − x )
tions f and g are said to be inverses of each other. =
Note: Let f: X → Y be a bijective function, then 2
    (i) Domain f = X = Range f−1; Range f = Y = Domain f −1. (a x + a − x ) (a y + a − y )
=2 ⋅ = 2f(x)f(y)
 (ii) f −1: Y → X is also bijective. 2 2
(iii) f −1o f (x) = x ∀x ∈ Domain f and f o f −1(x) = x ∀x ∈ Domain f −1. . Let f: R → R be defined by f(x) = cos(5x + 2). Is f invertible? Justify
4
(iv) The graphs of y = f(x) and y = f −1(x) are symmetric about the your answer.
line y = x for a real function f.
Solution: We know that any function f: A → B is invertible if and only
if it is bijective. Now, f: R → R, which is given by f(x) = cos(5x + 2) is
Additional Solved Examples neither injective nor surjective. For −1 ≤ cos(5x + 2) ≤ 1, the range of
f ≠ R. Therefore, f is not surjective. Also
1. If A = {1, 2, 3} and B = {a, b, c}, then does (a) {(1, a), (2, b), (2, c),
(3, c)} and (b) {(2, b), (3, b)} represent a function A → B.  2p    2p  
f  x +  = cos 5  x +  + 2 = cos(2p + 5x + 2) = cos(5x + 2) = f(x)
Solution:  5    5  
(a) Since two-ordered pairs (2, b), (2, c) have the same first coordi- Therefore, f is not injective. Thus, f is not invertible. For the existence
nates, {(1, a), (2, b), (2, c), (3, c)} does not represent a function, of inverse of a function, the given function must be one-to-one and
A → B. onto.
(b) Since the element 1 of A is not associated with some element of Note: All periodic functions are many-to-one. Hence, they are not
B, that is, 1 is not the first coordinate of any ordered pair so {(2, b), invertible when they are defined on the whole of R. Each of these
(3, b)} does not represent a function A → B. (See Fig. 1.60.) can be made invertible on a restricted domain. For example, if

Chapter 1.indd 34 05-06-2018 15:47:52

 Chapter 1 | Sets, Relations and Functions 35

 p p Then, evaluate g[f(x)].

y = sinx is restricted to the domain  − ,  , then it is invertible
 2 2 Solution: When x < 0, f(x) = 1 + x3. For x < 0, 1 + x3 ∈ (−∞, 1). Now,
 p p (−∞, 0) = (−∞, −1)∪[−1, 0). Similarly, when x > 0,
and its inverse is given by y = sin−1x, where x ∈  − ,  .
 2 2 f(x) = x2 − 1
5. If f(x) is a periodic function with principal period T then prove For x ≥ 0, x2 − 1 ∈ [−1, ∞). Now,
that the function f(ax + b) is periodic with principal period T/|a|. [0, ∞) = [0, 1) ∪ [1, ∞) and [−1, ∞) = [−1, 0) ∪ [0, ∞)
Solution: We have  x x < −1
 1
  T    aT   3
f a  x +  + b  = f  ax + b +  = f(ax + b) ( x + 2) 2 −1 ≤ x < 0
G[f(x)] = 
  | a |    | a | 1
 2
[∴ T is a period of f(x)]  ( x − 2 ) 3 0 ≤ x <1
 x x ≥1

Thus, . Find the domain and range of the following functions: (a) f(x) =
8
T /| a | is a period of f(ax + b)(1) ( x 2 − 2 x + 9 ) / ( x 2 + 2 x + 9 ) and (b) f(x) = 1/ x − x .
Solution:
Further, let a real number t > 0 be a period of f(ax + b). Then
f(ax + b) = f[a(x + t) + b], ∀x = f(ax + b + at), ∀x (a) The domain of f is the set of all real values of x for which f(x) is
real. Since x2 + 2x + 9 > 0 ∀x ∈R, therefore, the domain of f is
⇒|a|t is a period of f(x) the whole set R. The range of f is the set of all real values of y for
⇒|a|t ≥ T(∴ T is the principal of f(x)] which x is real and a member of domain of f. Now,
T x2 − 2x − 9
⇒t ≥ (2) y= 2 ⇔ yx2 + 2yx + 9y = x2 − 2x + 9
|a| x + 2x + 9
That is,
T (y − 1)x2 + (2y + 2)x + 9(y − 1) = 0
From Eqs. (1) and (2), it follows that is the principal period of
f(ax + b). | a| Now, if y = 1, the above equation reduces to x = 0, that is, for
6. Let f(x) be a polynomial function of degree n satisfying the con- x = 0, y = 1. Thus, 1 ∈ Range. Further if y ≠ 1, then (y − 1)x2 + (2y + 2)x
dition f(x) + f (1/x ) = f(x)f (1/x ) ∀x ∈ R − {0}. Then, prove that + 9(y − 1) = 0 is a quadratic equation in x and has real roots if
f(x) = 1 ± xn. (2y + 2)2 − 36(y − 1)2 ≥ 0
Solution: Let us consider that f(x) = a0 + a1x + ⋅⋅⋅ + anxn. Thus, That is,
2y2 − 5y + 2 ≤ 0
 a a 
(a0 + a1x + ⋅⋅⋅ + anxn) +  a0 + 1 +  + nn  That is, if −1/2 ≤ y ≤ 2 which gives that [−1/2, 2] − {1} is another
 x x  part of the range. Hence, the range is [−1/2, 2].
a a (b) We have
= (a0 + a1x + ⋅⋅⋅ + anxn)  a0 + 1 +  + n  1
 x xn  y=
| x | −x
Multiplying on both sides with xn, we get
(a0xn + a1xn + 1 + ... + anx2n) + (a0xn + a1xn − 1 + − + an) The domain of f is the set of all real values of x for which y is real.
Here, the fact that y is real implies that
= (a + a x+ ... +a xn)(a xn + a xn − 1 + ... + a )
0 1 n 0 1 n |x| − x >0 ⇔ x < 0
Equating the coefficients of x2n, x2n − 1, ... , xn + 1 on both sides, we
Therefore, the domain is (−∞, 0). The range is the set of all real
get
values of y for which x is real and x ∈ (−∞, 0). Therefore, clearly
an = a0an ⇒ a0 = 1 [since an ≠ 0]
we understand that
That is, y > 0 (1)
an − 1 = an − 1a0 + ana1 ⇒ ana1 = 0 ⇒ a1 = 0 1
Similarly, we get y=
| x | −x
a2 = a3 = ... = an − 1 = 0 1 1 1
Now, equate the coefficient of xn on both sides, we get ⇒ | x | −x = ⇒ |x| − x = 2 ⇒ −2x = 2
y y y
2a0 = a02 + a12 + ... + an − 12 + an2
Clearly,
⇒ an2 = 1 ⇒ an = ±1    x is real if y ≠ 0  (2)
Hence, f(x) = 1 ± xn. From Eqs. (1) and (2), x is real if y > 0. Hence, the range is (0, ∞).
7. Let 9. Find if f(x) = (3 x − 4 )/( x 2 + 1) is one-to-one.
1+ x ,
3
x<0
f(x) =  Solution: The domain of f(x) is whole of set R.
2
 x − 1, x≥0
3x − 4
( x − 1)1/ 3 , x<0 y=
g(x) =  x2 + 1
1/ 2
( x + 1) , x≥0 ⇒ yx2 − 3x + y + 4 = 0

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 36 Mathematics Problem Book for JEE

which is quadratic in x if y ≠ 0. Thus, this gives two real values of x if However, x > -1. So x > 4. Similarly,
9 − 4y(y + 4) > 0 x < -1 and -1 < x < 4
and if y ∈ (−9/2, 1/2). Therefore, f is not one-to-one function.
There is no such x exists. Therefore, the solution set is (4, ∞).
10. Does the inverse of f(x) = {2 + (x − 3)3}1/3 exist? If so, find it.
12. If f ( x ) = [sin(sin nx )] / [tan( x/n)] has period 6p where n ∈N.
Solution: We have Find the minimum value of n.
f(x) = {2 + (x − 3)3}1/3 Solution: The period of sinnx is 2p / n and the period of tan( x/n) is p /(1/n) = np .
Since 2 + (x − 3)3 is a polynomial function, it is continuous. /n) is p /(1/n) = np . Since, f(x) can repeat only when sin(sinnx) and
tan( xIts
domain and range both equal to R. Hence, it is onto (surjective). tan( x/n) repeats at the same time. So,
Thus, f(x) being a positive rational power of the continuous func-
tion is also continuous.  2p 
Period of f(x) = LCM  , np 
2  n 
1 ( x − 3)
f(x) = {2 + (x − 3)3}−2/3[3(x − 3)2] = 3 > 0 ∀x
3 [2 + ( x − 3 ) ]  2np 2np  LCM (2np , 2np )
= LCM  2 ,  =
 n 2  HCF (n2, 2)
except at x = 3 and x = 3 − 21/3. Therefore, f(x) is monotonically
strictly increasing and so invertible. Let
Case 1: Here, n2 is even which implies that n2 = 2k. The period
y = {2 + (x −3)3 }1/3
of f(x) is
Then, 2np 2np
y3 = 2 + (x − 3)3 = = np
HCF ( 2 k , 2 ) 2
or x = 3 + (y3 − 2)1/3
Thus, ⇒np = 6p ⇒ n = 6
f −1(x) = 3 + (x3 − 2)1/3
Case 2: Here, n2 is odd which implies that n2 = 2k + 1. The period
11. If (x2 - 3x - 3)x + 1 > 1, find x ∈ (-1, ∞). of f(x) is
2
Solution: Clearly,  x - 3x - 3 > 0 because it is the base. Therefore, by 2np 2np
=
sign-scheme, HCF ( 2 k + 1, 2 ) 1
3 − 21 3 + 21 ⇒ 2np = 6p ⇒ n = 3
x < or x >
2 2
Therefore, taking logarithm, we get 13. Find the domain of the function

log10(x2 - 3x - 3)x + 1 > log 1 =0 1

10 f (x)=
| sin x | + sin x
or (x + 1)log10(x2 - 3x - 3) > 0 Solution: For f(x) to take real value,
|sinx| + sinx > 0
Following two cases arise:
⇒ |sinx| > -sinx
Case 1: x + 1 > 0, log10(x2 - 3x - 3) > 0 Draw the graph of y = |sinx| and y = -sinx in x ∈ [0, 2p ]. From graph
Case 2: x + 1 < 0, log10(x2 - 3x -3) < 0 in Fig. 1.62, |sinx| > -sinx ∀x ∈ (0, p ). Generalise the answer to get
Now,
Domain of f(x) ≡ [2np, (2n + 1)p ]
x > -1, x2 - 3x - 3 > 1
x2 - 3x - 3 > 1 ⇒ x2 - 3x - 4 > 0
y
The corresponding equation is
x2 - 3x - 4 = 0
x
or   (x + 1)(x - 4) = 0 p 2p

Therefore, x = -1, 4. Therefore, the sign-scheme of x2 - 3x - 4, x ∈ R

is shown in Fig. 1.61.

(+) (−) (+)

Figure 1.62
sin x cos x
−1 (4) 14. If f ( x ) = − . Find the range of f(x).
2
1+ tan x 1+ cot2 x
Figure 1.61
Solution: We know that
Therefore,
sin x cos x
f (x) = −
x2 - 3x - 4 > 0 ⇒ x < -1 or x > 4 | sec x | | cosec x |

Chapter 1.indd 36 05-06-2018 15:48:25

 Chapter 1 | Sets, Relations and Functions 37

Clearly, the domain of f(x) is

 x  −1  x 
0 ≤ cos −1  0−≤1cos
≤ p  − 1 ≤ p
 p 
R ∼ np , (2n + 1) : n ∈I   2  2 
 2  x1  −1  −x1 
1 − −1
⇒ cos −1 ≤ cos
⇒ −cos
 −≤1cos
 ≤ cos (−−11) ≤ cos ( −1)
and period of f(x) is 2p. 2  2
  p x x x x
 0 x ∈ 0 ,  ⇒ −1 ≤ − 1⇒≤ 1−⇒ 1 ≤1 ≥ − 1≥≤ 21⇒ 1 ≥ ≥ 2
 2 2 2 2 2  (2)

 p  ⇒ 0 ≤ x ≤ 4⇒ 0 ≤ x ≤ 4
 − sin 2 x x ∈ , p 
2 
 p
logcos x is defined when cos x > 0, that is, in 0 , 
 (3)
f (x) =   2
 0  3p 
x ∈ p ,  (A part of domain where cos x > 0)
  2 
 Therefore, from Eqs. (1), (2) and (3), largest interval is
 sin 2 x  3p 
x ∈ , 2p   p p  p
  2   − ,  , 0 , 
2 2  2
Thus, the range of f(x) is (-1, 1).
Hence, the correct answers are options (B) and (D).
15. Let f(x, y) be a periodic function which satisfies the condition
f(x, y) = f(2x + 2y, 2y - 2x) ∀x, y ∈ R and let g(x) the function 2. Let f : R→ R be a function defined by f ( x ) = Min{ x + 1, x + 1}.
defined as g(x) = f(2x, 0). Prove that g(x) is periodic and find its Then which of the following is true?
period. (A) f ( x ) ≥ 1for all x ∈R
(B) f(x) is not differentiable at x = 1
Solution: We have (C) f(x) is differentiable everywhere
f(x, y) = f(2x + 2y, 2y - 2x) (D) f(x) is not differentiable at x = 0 [AIEEE 2007]
= f [2(2x + 2y) + 2(2y - 2x), 2(2y - 2x) - 2(2x - 2y)] Solution: It is given that f ( x ) = Min{ x + 1, x + 1}.

That is, From Fig. 1.63, we have f ( x ) = x + 1 ∀x ∈R

f (x, y) = f(8y, -8x) y = −x + 1
= f [8(-8x), -8(8y)] y=x+1

= f (-64x, -64y)
= f [64(64x), 64(64)y] (0, 1)
= f (x, y) = f(212x, 212y)
That is,
f(x, 0) = f(212x, 0)
Therefore, Figure 1.63
f(2y, 0) = f(2122y, 0)
When x < 0, (x + 1) is minimum.
f(2y, 0) = f(212 + y, 0) When x ≥ 0, (x + 1) is minimum.
⇒ g(y) = g(y + 12) Therefore, overall f ( x ) = x +1 is differentiable in R.
Hence, g(x) is periodic and its period is 12. Hence, the correct answer is option (C).
3. Let f : N → Y be a function defined as f (x) = 4x + 3, where
Y = { y ∈N : y = 4 x + 3 for some x ∈N }. Show that f is invertible
  Previous Years’ Solved JEE Main/AIEEE and its inverse is
3y + 4 y +3
Questions (A) g( y ) = (B) g( y ) = 4 +
3 4
 p p y +3 y −3
1. The largest interval lying in  − ,  for which the function (C) g( y ) = (D) g( y ) =
 2 2 4 4
   [AIEEE 2008]
− x2 x 
f ( x ) = 4 + cos −1  − 1 + log(cos x ) is defined is
 2   Solution: Let
 p p f ( x1) = f ( x 2 ), x1, x 2 ∈N ⇒ 4 x1 + 3 = 4 x 2 + 3 ⇒ x1 = x 2
(A) [ 0, p ] (B)  − , 
 2 2 Thus
 p p  p f ( x1) = f ( x 2 ) ⇒ x1 = x 2
(C)  − ,  (D) 0 , 
 4 2  2 Hence, the function is one-one.
 [AIEEE 2007] Let y ∈Y be a number of the form y = 4 k + 3 for some k ∈N .
Then
Solution:    y = f ( x )
1
4− x =
2
2 defined ∀x (1) ⇒ 4 k + 3 = 4 x + 3 ⇒ x = k ∈N
4x

Chapter 1.indd 37 05-06-2018 15:48:53

 38 Mathematics Problem Book for JEE

Thus, the function is onto. Solution: We have,

The function, being both one-one and onto is invertible. p

y −3 I = ∫ [cot x ]dx (1)

y = 4x + 3⇒ x = 0
4
Therefore, That is,
−1 x −3 y −3
f (x) = ⇒ g( y ) = p p
4 4
g(y) is the inverse of the function. ∫ [cot(p − x )]dx = ∫ [ − cot x ]dx (2)
0 0
Hence, the correct answer is option (D). Adding Eqs. (1) and (2), we get
4. Let R be the real line. Consider the following subsets of the
p p p
plane R × R. p
S = {(x, y) : y = x + 1 and 0 < x < 2}, T = {(x, y) : x - y is an integer}. 2I = ∫ [cot x ]dx + ∫ [ − cot x ]dx = ∫ ( −1)dx == [ − x ] = −p
0
0 0 0
Which one of the following is true?
(A) neither S nor T is an equivalence relation on R ∵[ x ] + [ − x ] = −1 if x ∉ Z 
(B) both S and T are equivalence relations on R  = 0 if x ∈ Z 

(C) S is an equivalence relation on R but T is not
(D) T is an equivalence relation on R but S is not Therefore,
 [AIEEE 2008] p
I=−
2
Solution: We have,
Hence, the correct answer is option (D).
T = {( x , y ) : x − y ∈I } 7. For real x, let f(x) = x3 + 5x + 1, then
As 0 ∈I, T is a reflexive relation. If (A) f is one-one but not onto R
x − y ∈I ⇒ y − x ∈I (B) f is onto R but not one-one
Then T is symmetrical as well. (C) f is one-one and onto R
If x - y = I1 and y - z = I2, then x − z = ( x − y ) + ( x − z ) = I1 + I2 ∈I ; (D) f is neither one-one nor onto R
therefore, T is transitive as well.  [AIEEE 2009]
Hence, T is an equivalence relation. Clearly,
x ≠ x + 1⇒ ( x , x ) ∉ S . Solution: See Fig. 1.64. We have,
Therefore, S is not reflexive. f ( x ) = x3 + 5x + 1
Hence, the correct answer is option (D).
5. If A, B and C are three sets such that A ∩ B = A ∩ C and A ∪ B = A ∪ C
A ∪ B = A ∪ C , then
(A) A = B (B) A = C
(C) B = C (D) A ∩ B = f
 [AIEEE 2009]
(0, 1)
Solution:
A∪B = A∪C
⇒ (A ∪ B) ∩ C = (A ∪ C ) ∩ C
⇒ ( A ∩ C ) ∪ (B ∩ C ) = C
⇒ ( A ∩ B ) ∪ (B ∩ C ) = C (1)
Again,
A∪B = A∪C Figure 1.64
⇒ (A ∪ B) ∩ B = (A ∪ C ) ∩ B 3
Now, f ’( x ) = 3 x + 5 > 0 , ∀x ∈R . Therefore, f(x) is strictly increasing
⇒ B = ( A ∩ B ) ∪ (C ∩ B ) function and hence it is one-one function. Clearly, f(x) is a continu-
⇒ B = ( A ∩ B ) ∪ (B ∩ C ) (2) ous function and also increasing on R.
From Eqs. (1) and (2), lim f ( x ) = −∞ and lim f ( x ) = ∞
B=C x →−∞ x →−∞

Hence, the correct answer is option (C). Therefore, f(x) takes every value between −∞ and ∞. Thus, f(x) is
onto function.
p
Hence, the correct answer is option (C).
6. ∫ [cot x ] dx ,[⋅] . denotes the greatest integer function, is equal to 8. Let f ( x ) = ( x + 1)2 − 1, x ≥ −1
0
p Statement-1: The set{ x : f ( x ) = f −1( x )} = {0 , −1}
(A) (B) 1 Statement-2: f is a bijection.
2
p (A) Statement-1 is true, Statement-2 is true; Statement-2 is a
(C) -1 (D) −  [AIEEE 2009]
2 correct explanation for Statement-1

Chapter 1.indd 38 05-06-2018 15:49:12

 Chapter 1 | Sets, Relations and Functions 39

(B)
Statement-1 is true, Statement-2 is true; Statement-2 is Then
not a correct explanation for Statement-1 (A) neither R nor S is an equivalence relation
(C)
Statement-1 is true, Statement-2 is false (B) S is an equivalence relation but R is not an equivalence
(D)
Statement-1 is false, Statement-2 is true relation
 [AIEEE 2009] (C) R and S both are equivalence relations
(D) R is an equivalence relation but S is not an equivalence
Solution: relation.
 [AIEEE 2010]
4 Solution: Let us consider the relation R:
f(x)
(i) R is reflexive:
3 Since for any x ∈R , x = 1. x where 1 is rational, so ( x , x ) ∈R ∀x .
y=x
(ii) R is not symmetric
2 S ince ( 2 , 0 ) R and 2 = w ⋅ 0 is not true for any w rational, so
R is not an equivalence relation.
Now let us consider the relation S:
1 m p
f −1(x)
(i) S is reflexive: s ⇔ qm = pn
n q
m m
−3 −2 −1 0 (0, 0) 1 2 3 4 Therefore, s is reflexive.
(−2, 0) n n
(ii) S is symmetric: since
−1 m p p m
(−1, −1) s ⇒ s
n q q n
−2 Therefore, S is symmetric.
Mirror Image
Also
m p p r
Figure 1.65 s , s ⇒ qm = pn, ps = rq ⇒ ms = rn.
n q q s
From Fig. 1.65, f is one-one in [ −1, É ) . There is no information Thus, S is transitive.
about co-domain and therefore f(x) is not necessarily onto func- Therefore, S is an equivalence relation.
tion. Therefore, S1 is true but S2 is false.
Hence, the correct answer is option (B).
Hence, the correct answer is option (C).
k − 2 x , if x ≤ −1
9. Let S be a non-empty subset of R. Consider the following state- 11. Let f: R → R be defined by f ( x ) =  . If f has a
ment: P : There is a rational number x ∈S such that x > 0. Which 2 x + 3, if x > −1
of the following statements is the negation of the statement P? local minimum at x = -1, then a possible value of k is
(A) There is no rational number x ∈S such that x ≤ 0 1
(A) 0 (B) −
(B) Every rational number x ∈S satisfies x ≤ 0 2
(C) x ∈S and x ≤ 0 ⇒ x is not rational (C) -1 (D) 1
(D) There is a rational number x ∈S such that x ≤ 0  [AIEEE 2010]
 [AIEEE 2010]
Solution: At x = -1, f is continuous if,
Solution: Given that S is a non-empty subset of R. lim f ( x ) = lim f ( x ) = f ( −1)
x →−1− x →−1+
•• P: There is a rational number x ∈S such that x > 0
Now we need to find the negation of P. That is,
Clearly, P is equivalent to saying that “There is a positive k + 2 = 2( −1) + 3 = k + 2 ⇒ k = −1
rational number in S.
So its negation, ~P is “There is no positive rational number For, k = -1, f is continuous at x = -1; f ′(-1) does not exist. And,
in S”. f ′(x) < 0 for x < -1;
~P: There exists no positive rational number in S.
•• ⇔ ~P: Every rational number x ∈S satisfies x ≤ 0. f ′(x) > 0 for x < -1.

Hence, the correct answer is option (B). Therefore, f has a local minimum at x = -1.
10. Consider the following relations: Hence, the correct answer is option (C).
R = {(x, y)|x, y are real numbers and x = wy for some rational number w}; 12. Let R be the set of real numbers
 m p    Statement-1: A = {(x, y) ∈ R × R: y − x is an integer} is an equiv-
 , m, n, p and q are integers such  alence relation on R .
S =  n q  .
   Statement-2: B = {(x, y) ∈ R × R : x = a y for some rational
that n, q ≠ 0 and qm = pn  number a } is an equivalence relation on R.

Chapter 1.indd 39 05-06-2018 15:49:30

 40 Mathematics Problem Book for JEE

(A)
Statement-1 is true, Statement-2 is true; Statement-2 is 15. If a ∈ R and the equation, -3(x - [x])2 + 2(x - [x]) + a2 = 0
not a correct explanation for Statement-1 (where [x] denotes the greatest integer ≤ x) has no integral
(B)
Statement-1 is true, Statement-2 is false. solution, then all possible values of a lie in the interval
(C)
Statement-1 is false, Statement-2 is true. (A) (-2, -1) (B) (-∞, -2) ∪ (2, ∞)
(D)
Statement-1 is true, Statement-2 is true; Statement-2 is a (C) (-1, 0) ∪ (0, 1) (D) (1, 2)
correct explanation for Statement-1  [JEE MAIN 2014 (OFFLINE)]
 [AIEEE 2010, 2011]
Solution:
Solution:
-3(x - [x])2 + 2(x - [x]) + a2 = 0 ⇒ −3{x}2 + 2{x} + a2 = 0
•• x - y is an integer
•• x - x = 0 is an integer ⇒A is reflexive  2  1  1 
2 2
 1 1
⇒ a2 = 3{ x }2 − 2{ x } = 3 { x }2 − { x } +   −    = 3 { x } −  −
•• x - y is an integer ⇒ y − x is an integer ⇒A is symmetric  3  3   3    3  3
•• x - y, y - z are integers Now we know that 0 ≤ {x} < 1. Therefore,
As sum of two integers is an integer. Therefore, (x − y) + (y − z) 1 1 2 2 2
1 4 1 4
( x − y ) + ( y − z ) = x − z is an integer, which implies that A is transitive. Hence, − ≤ { x } − < ⇒ 0 ≤ { x } −  < ⇒ 0 ≤ 3 { x } −  <
3 3 3  3 9  3 3
Statement-1 is true.
Also, 2
1  1 1
x ⇒ − ≤ 3 { x } −  − < 1
•• = 1 is a rational number ⇒B is reflexive 3  3  3
x
⇒ −1 ≤ a2 < 1
x y 0
•• = a is rational ⇒ need not be rational, that is, is Only possibility for non-integral solution is 0 < a2 < 1.
y x 1
1 Thus, a2 ≥ 0, but when a = 0, there is integral solution for {x} = 0
rational ⇒ is not rational Therefore, (−1, 0) ∪ (0, 1)
0
Hence, B is not symmetric, that is, B is not an equivalence relation. Hence, the correct answer is option (C).
Hence, the correct answer is option (B). 16. Let P be the relation defined on the set of all real numbers
1 such that
13. The domain of the function f ( x ) = is
x −x P = {(a, b): sec2 a − tan2 b = l}. Then P is
(A) (0 , ∞ ) (B) ( −∞ , 0 ) (A)
reflexive and symmetric but not transitive.
(B)
reflexive and transitive but not symmetric.
( C) ( −∞ , ∞ ) − {0} (D) ( −∞ , ∞ ) (C)
symmetric and transitive but not reflexive.
 [AIEEE 2010, 2011] (D)
an equivalence relation.
Solution:  [JEE MAIN 2014 (ONLINE SET - 1)]
1 Solution:
⇒ x − x > 0 ⇒ x > x ⇒ x is negative.
x −x
P = {(a, b): sec2 a − tan2 b = 1}
Therefore, x ∈( −∞ , 0 ) . Since, sec2 a − tan2 a = 1 true ⇒ a R a i.e. reflexive
Hence, the correct answer is option (B).
aRb ⇒ sec2 a − tan2 b = 1⇒ 1+ tan2 a − sec2 b + 1 = 1
14. Let X = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}. The number of different ordered pairs
⇒ sec2 b = 1 + tan2 a ⇒ b R a
(Y, Z) that can be formed such that Y ⊆ X , Z ⊆ X and Y ∩ Z is
Therefore, P is symmetric.
empty, is
a R b and b R c ⇒ sec2 a − tan2 b = 1 and sec2 b − tan2 c = 1
(A) 52 (B) 35
⇒ sec2 a − (sec2 b − 1) = 1 ⇒ sec2 a − tan2 c = 1⇒ a R c
(C) 25 (D) 53
 [AIEEE 2012] Therefore, P is Transitive.
Hence, the correct answer is option (D).
Solution: It is given that Y ⊆ X , Z ⊆ X . Let a ∈ X . Then we have
17. A relation on the set A = {x :|x| < 3, ∈ xZ}, where Z is the set
following chances that
of integers is defined by R = {(x, y) : y = |x|, x ≠ −1}. Then the
(i) a ∈Y , a ∈ Z number of elements in the power set of R is
(ii) a ∈ Y , a ∈ Z (A) 32 (B) 16
(C) 8 (D) 64
(iii) a ∈Y , a ∈ Z  [JEE MAIN 2014 (ONLINE SET - 3)]
(iv) a ∈ Y , a ∈ Z Solution:
It is required that Y ∩ Z = f . Hence, the items (ii), (iii), (iv) above A = {x: |x| < 3, x ∈ Z}, = {−2, −1, 0, 1, 2}
are chances for ‘a’ to satisfy Y ∩ Z = f . Therefore, Y ∩ Z = f has 3
chances for a. Thus, for five elements of X, the number of required R = {(x, y): y =|x|, x ≠ −1}
chances is 3 × 3 × 3 × 3 × 3 = 35 . Therefore, number of elements in power set = 24 = 16
Hence, the correct answer is option (B). Hence, the correct answer is option (B).

Chapter 1.indd 40 05-06-2018 15:49:55

 Chapter 1 | Sets, Relations and Functions 41

x −1 p p
18. Let f : R → R be defined by f ( x ) = then f is (C) (D)
x +1 2 4
(A)
both one-one and onto  [JEE MAIN 2014 (ONLINE SET - 4)]
(B)
one-one but not onto
Solution:
(C)
onto but not one-one p
(D)
neither one-one nor onto Period ofsin 4x is , so period of sinqis p.
4
 [JEE MAIN 2014 (ONLINE SET - 4)]
p
Solution: Checking one-one Period of cos 2x is , so period of cosq is p.
2
x1 − 1 x2 − 1 LCMof p andp p
= ⇒ x1 x 2 + x1 − x 2 −1 = x1 x 2 − x1 + x 2 −1 Therefore, period of f (x) is LCM of periods= =
x1 + 1 x2 + 1 GCDof 4 and 2 2
Thus, sin 4x and cos 2x are not complimentary.
⇒ 2 |x1| = 2 |x2| ⇒ |x1| = |x2|
Hence, the correct answer is option (C).
Therefore,
k x + 1, 0 ≤ x ≤ 3
x1 = ± x2 ⇒ Not one-one 21. If the function g( x ) =  is differentiable, then
Checking onto mx + 2, 3 < x ≤ 5
the value of k + m is
Let
x −1 16 10
= 1⇒ x − 1 = x + 1 (A) (B)
x +1 5 3
Therefore, f (x) does not take value 1. For any x, f is not onto. (C)
4 (D) 2

Hence, the correct answer is option (D).  [JEE MAIN 2015 (OFFLINE)]

 1 3n  Solution: We have
19. Letf (n) =  +  n, where [n] denotes the greatest integer
 3 100  56 k x + 1, 0 ≤ x ≤ 3
less than or equal to n. Then ∑ f (n) is equal to g( x ) = 
n −1 mx + 2, 3 < x ≤ 5
(A)
56 (B) 689 g(3−) = 2k; g(3+) = 3m + 2; g(3) = 2k
(C)
1287 (D) 1399
 [JEE MAIN 2014 (ONLINE SET - 4)] ⇒ 2k = 3m + 2  (1)

Solution: Also,
1 3   k
f (1) =  +  1= 0 ;  ; 0< x <3
 3 100  g ’( x ) =  2 x + 1
m; 3< x <5
1 6  11 6666  100++198
100 198 
f (2 ) =  + 22)) ==  ++
2 = 0..... ff((22  22== 
22 22==00
22

 3 100  33 100
100 300 
 300 k
⇒ g ’(3− ) = ; g ’(3+ ) = m
 1 69  100 + 207  4
f (23) =  +  23 =  300  23 = 23..... k
 3 100    ⇒ = m ⇒ k = 4m
4
 1 165   100 + 495 
f (55) =  +  55 =   55 = 55 Therefore, from Eq. (1),
 3 100   300 
2 8
m= ; k = ⇒ k + m = 2
11 168
168 100 ++ 504
100 504 5 5
56)) ==  ++
ff((56 56 == 
56 56 == 22××56
56 56 ==112
112
33 100
100   300
300  Hence, the correct answer is option (D).
Therefore, 22. The largest value of r for which the region represented by the
56
33 set {w ∈C : w − 4 − i ≤ r } is contained in the region repre-
∑ f (n) = 0 + (23 + 24 + ⋅⋅⋅55) + 112 = 2
[ 46 + (33 − 11
) ] + 112 sented by the set { z ∈C / | z − 1|≤| z + i |}, is equal to
n −1
33 (A) 17 (B) 2 2
=
[ 46 + 33 − 1] + 112
2 3 5
(C) 2 (D) 2
33 2 2
= [78] + 112 = 33 × 39 × 112 = 1399
2
Hence, the correct answer is option (D).  [JEE MAIN 2015 (ONLINE SET - 1)]
20. The function f(x) = |sin 4x| + |cos 2x|, is a periodic function Solution: See Fig. 1.66.
with period
(A) 2p (B) p R1 = {w ∈C :| w − ( 4 + i )|≤ r }; R2 = { z ∈C :| z − 1|≤| z + i |}

Chapter 1.indd 41 05-06-2018 15:50:22

 42 Mathematics Problem Book for JEE

R2 25. Let k be a non-zero real number. If

 (e x − 1)2
 , x ≠0
y = −x   x  x
R1 f (x )=  sin   log  1+  is a continuous function,
  k  4
C (4 + i )  12 , x =0
1 then the value of k is
−i A r (largest) (A) 1 (B) 2
B (C) 3 (D) 4
P  [JEE MAIN 2015 (ONLINE SET - 2)]

| z −1|≤ | z +i | Solution: For continuity at x = 0

 
⊥ bisector of AB  
 2 
Figure 1.66    e x − 1
  x  
 (e x − 1)2     
4 +1 5 5 2 lim   = 12 ⇒ lim  
Therefore, largest ’ r ’ = CP = = = x →0   x  x x →0   x  x 
sin   .In  1+   sin In 1+
2
(1) + (1)2 2 2   k   4     k   4  
  x . 
Hence, the correct answer is option (D).  k   x 
4.  

  k  4 
23. If Rolle’s theorem holds for the function f(x) = 2x3 + bx2 + cx,  
1  (1)2 1 
x ∈[ −1,1] , at the point x = , then 2b + c equals ⇒ .  = 12 ⇒ 4k = 12 ⇒ k = 3
2   1  1 (1) 
(A) 1 (B) −1   k  4 
(C) 2 (D) −3
Hence, the correct answer is option (C).
 [JEE MAIN 2015 (ONLINE SET - 1)]
26. Let f : R → R be a function such that f(2 - x) = f(2 + x) and
Solution: 2

 1 f(4 - x) = f(4 + x), for all x ∈R and ∫ f ( x )dx = 5 . Then the value
f(−1) = f(1) and f ’   = 0 ⇒ −2 + b - c = 2 + b + c ⇒ c = −2 50 0
 2
of ∫ f ( x )dx is
and 10

(A)
80 (B) 100
 1 3 1
f ’ ( x ) = 6 x 2 + 2bx + c ⇒ f ’   = + b − 2 = 0 ⇒ b = (C)
125 (D) 200
 2 2 2
⇒ 2b + c = −1  [JEE MAIN 2015 (ONLINE SET - 2)]
Solution: Given, f : R → R
Hence, the correct answer is option (B).
f (2 − x ) = f (2 + x )∀x ∈1R (1)
24. Let A = {x1, x2, …, x7} and B = {y1, y2, y3} be two sets contain- f ( 4 − x ) = f ( 4 + x )∀x ∈1R (2)
ing seven and three distinct elements respectively. Then the 2 50
total number of functions f : A → B that are onto, if there exists ∫ f ( x )dx = 5, ∫ f ( x )dx = ?
exactly three elements x in A such that f(x) = y2, is equal to 0 10
(A) 14⋅7C2 (B) 16⋅7C3
Replacing x by (x - 2) in Eq. (1), we get
(C) 12⋅7C3 (D) 14⋅7C3
f(2 - (x - 2)) = f(2 + x - 2)⇒ f(x) = f(4 - x) = f(4 + x)  [from Eq. (2)]
 [JEE MAIN 2015 (ONLINE SET - 2)] Therefore, f(x) = f(4 + x).
So, f(x) is periodic function, with period 4.
Solution: We have A = {x1, x2, x3, … x7} and B = {y1, y2, y3}. Also f(2 - x) = f(2 + x) so, f(x) is symmetric about the line x = 2.
3 elements in A having image y2 can be chosen in 7C3 ways. 2 4
Now we are left with 4 elements in A which are to be associated
with y1 or y3 i.e. each of 4 elements in A has 2 choices y1 or ∫ f ( x )dx = ∫ f ( x )dx = 5
0 2
y3 i.e. in (2)4 ways. But there are 2 ways when one element 4
of B will remain associated i.e. when all 4 are associated with ⇒ ∫ f ( x )dx = 10
y1 or y3. 0
Therefore, required number of functions = 7C3((2)4 - 2) 50 4

= 14⋅(7C3) Therefore, ∫ f ( x )dx = 10∫ f ( x )dx = 100

10 0
Hence, the correct answer is option (D). Hence, the correct answer is option (B).

Chapter 1.indd 42 05-06-2018 15:50:44

 Chapter 1 | Sets, Relations and Functions 43

sin x Therefore, S contains only two elements.

3
27. Let f : (−1, 1) → R be a continuous function. If ∫ f (t )dt =
2
x, Hence, the correct answer is option (D).
0 29. The number of x ∈[ 0 , 2p ] for which 2 sin4 + 18 cos2 x − 2 cos 4 + 18 sin2 x =
 3
then f   is equal to
 2  2 sin4 + 18 cos2 x − 2 cos 4 + 18 sin2 x = 1 is
3 (A)
2 (B) 4
(A) (B) 3
2 (C)
6 (D) 8
3 1  [JEE MAIN 2016 (ONLINE SET - 1)]
(C) (D)
2 2
 [JEE MAIN 2015 (ONLINE SET - 2)] Solution: We have

Solution: f : (−1, 1) → R is continuous and 2 sin4 x + 18 cos2 x − 2 cos 4 x + 18 sin2 x = 1

sin x
3  3 That is,
∫ f (t )dt =
2
x; f   =?
 2 
0 f (x) = 2 sin4 x + 8 cos2 x − 2 cos 4 x + 18 sin2 x

Differentiating both sides w.r.t. x, gives p  p

Now, f(x) = f  − x  , so f(x) is symmetric about x = .
d 3 2  4
f (sin x ) (sin x ) =
dx 2 If f(x) has solution in (0, p /4), then in (0, 2p ), there are eight solu-
tions exist.
1  3 3  p  3
⇒ cos xf (sin x ) = 3 2 ∴ f  = ;  at x =  ⇒ f  = 3 Hence, the correct answer is option (D).
2  2  2  3  2  1
30. For x ∈R , x ≠ 0, x ≠ 1, let f0 ( x ) = and fn + 1(x) = f0(fn(x)),
Hence, the correct answer is option (B). 1− x
 2  3
 1 n = 0, 1, 2, …. Then, the value of f100 (3) + f1   + f2   is
28. If f ( x ) + 2f   = 3 x , x ≠ 0 and S = { x ∈R : f ( x ) = f ( − x )}, then S  3  2
 x equal to
(A)
contains more than two elements. 8 4
(A) (B)
(B)
is an empty set. 3 3
(C)
contains exactly one element. 5 1
(D)
contains exactly two elements. (C) (D)
3 3
 [JEE MAIN 2016 (OFFLINE)]
 [JEE MAIN 2016 (ONLINE SET - 1)]
Solution: We have
Solution: We have
 1
f ( x ) + 2f   = 3 x , x ≠ 0 1
 x f0 ( x ) =
1− x
Replacing x by 1/2, we get 1 1 1− x x −1
 1 f1( x ) = f0 (f0 ( x )) = = = =
f   + 2f ( x ) = 3/ x 1− f0 ( x ) 1− [1/(1− x )] 1− x − 1 x
 x
 2  ( 2 / 3) − 1
 1 3 f1   = = −1/ 2
f   = − 2f ( x )  3 2/3
 x x
1 1 x
6 f2 ( x ) = f0 (f1( x )) = = = =x
f ( x ) + − 4f ( x ) = 3 x 1− f1( x ) 1− [( x − 1)/ x ] x − x + 1
x
6  3 3
⇒ − 3 x = 3f ( x ) f2   =
x  2 2
2 1
⇒ f (x) = − x f3 ( x ) = f0 (f2 ( x )) =
x 1− x
Now, x −1 3 −1 2
f100 ( x ) = ⇒ f100 (3) = =
x 3 3
f ( x ) = f (− x )
 2  3 3 1 2 2 5
2 2 f100 (3) + f1   + f2   = − + = 1+ =
−x=− +x  3  2 2 2 3 3 3
x x
4 Hence, the correct answer is option (C).
= 2x
x 31. Let P = {q : sinq − cosq = 2 cosq } and Q = {q : sinq + cosq = 2 sinq }
That is, Q = {q : sinq + cosq = 2 sinq } be two sets. Then
2
= x ⇒ x2 = 2 ⇒ x = − 2 , 2 P ⊂ Q and Q − P ≠ f
(A) (B) Q ⊄ P
x

Chapter 1.indd 43 05-06-2018 15:51:20

 44 Mathematics Problem Book for JEE

P = Q
(C) (D) P ⊄ Q Solution: We have
x
 [JEE MAIN 2016 (ONLINE SET - 2)] f (x) =
(1+ x )1/ n
Therefore,
Solution: We have
f (x)
f of (x) =
P = {q : sinq − cosq = 2 cosq } (1+ [f ( x )]n )1/ n
Q = {q : sinq + cosq = 2 sinq } x
=
(1+ 2 x n )1/ n
Therefore,
sinq − cosq = 2cosq Now, we have
sin2q + cos2q = 2sinq cosq = 2cos2q f o f o f ( x ) = f o f [f ( x )]
sin2q - cos2q = 2sinq cosq f (x)
=
(1+ 2[f ( x )]n )1 n
(sinq + cosq ) 2 cosq = 2 sinq cosq
x
=
sinq + cosq = 2 sinq (1+ 3 x n )1/ n
P=Q        Þ g( x ) = (f o f o f o ××× o f )( x ) (where f occurs n times)
Hence, the correct answer is option (C). x
=
(1+ nx n )1/ n
  Previous Years’ Solved JEE Advanced/ Therefore,

IIT-JEE Questions I = ∫ x n − 2 .g( x )dx

1. Let F(x) be an indefinite integral of sin2x. x n −1dx

=∫
Statement-1: The function F(x) satisfies F(x + p ) = F(x) for all (1+ nx n )1/ n
real x.
Substituting 1 + nxn = t, we get
because
Statement-2 : sin2(x + p ) = sin2 x for all real x. n2 x n −1dx = dt
(A) Statement-1 is True, Statement-2 is True; Statement-2 is a 1 dt
correct explanation for Statement-1 ⇒I =
n2 ∫ t1/ n
(B) Statement-1 is True, Statement-2 is True; Statement-2 is NOT
a correct explanation for Statement-1 1 t 1−(1/ n )
= +K
(C) Statement-1 is True, Statement-2 is False n2 1− (1/n)
(D) Statement-1 is False, Statement-2 is True
(1+ nx n )1−(1/ n )
 [IIT-JEE 2007] = +K
n(n − 1)
Solution: We have Hence, the correct answer is option (A).
f ( x ) = ∫ sin2 xdx Paragraph for Questions 3 to 5: Let A, B, C be three sets of com-
1− cos 2 x plex numbers as defined below
=∫ dx A = { z : Im z ≥ 1}
2
1 1  B = { z : z − 2 − i = 3}
=  x − sin 2 x  + c
2 2  C = { z : Re((1− i )z ) = 2 }
Clearly, 3. The number of elements in the set A ∩ B ∩ C is
f (x + p ) ≠ f (x) (A) 0 (B) 1
(C) 2 (D) ∞
Hence, Statement-1 is false and Statement-2 is true because sin2x
 [IIT-JEE 2008]
is periodic function with period p.
Hence, the correct answer is option (D). Solution: A = set of points on and above the line y = 1 in the
argand plane.
x
2. Let f ( x ) = for n ≥ 2 and g( x ) = (
f o f o ⋅⋅⋅ o f )( x ). Then
 B = set of points on the circle (x - 2)2 + (y -1)2 = 32
(1+ x )1 n f occurs n times
C = set of point lies on the line x + y = 2
∫ x g( x )dx equals
n−1
Hence A ∩ B ∩ C = has only one point of intersection.
1
1
1− 1 1−
1 Hence, the correct answer is option (B).
(A) (1− nx n ) n + K (B) (1− nx n ) n + K 2 2
n(n − 1) n −1 4. Let z be any point in A ∩ B ∩ C. Then, z + 1− i + z − 5 − i lies
1 1 between
1 1− 1 1+
(C) (1+ nx n ) n + K (D) (1+ nx n ) n + K (A) 25 and 29 (B) 30 and 34
n(n − 1) n +1 (C) 35 and 39 (D) 40 and 44
 [IIT-JEE 2007]  [IIT-JEE 2008]

Chapter 1.indd 44 05-06-2018 15:51:50

 Chapter 1 | Sets, Relations and Functions 45

Solution: The points (-1, 1) and (5, 1) are the extremities of a 1

diameter of the given circle. Hence I2 = − ∫ t cosp t dt
2 2 0
z + 1− i + z − 5 − i = 36
1 1
Hence, the correct answer is option (C). I1 = ∫ (1− x )cos p x dx = − ∫ x cos(p x ) dx
5. Let z be any point in A ∩ B ∩ C and let w be any point satisfying 0 0

w − 2 − i < 3. Then z − w + 3 lies between Therefore,

( A) −6 and 3 (B) −3 and 6  1 
(C) −6 and 6 (D) −3 and 9 I = 10  −2∫ x cosp x dx 
 0 
 [IIT-JEE 2008]
1
Solution:  sinp x cos p x 
= −20  x + 
 p p 2 0
z − w < z −w
 1 1  40 p2
and z − w = Distance between z and w, where z is fixed. Hence, = −20  − 2 − 2  = 2 ∴ I = 4
distance between z and w would be maximum for diametrically  p p  p 10
opposite points. Hence, the correct answer is (4).
z −w < 6 7. Let f be a real-valued function defined on the interval (−1, 1)
x
⇒ −6 < z − w < 6 such that e − x f ( x ) = 2 + ∫ t 4 + 1dt , for all x ∈( −1, 1) and let f −1
−3 < z − w + 3 < 9 0
be the inverse function of f. Then (f −1)′(2) is equal to
Hence, the correct answer is option (D).
( A) 1 (B) 1/3
6. For any real number x, let x denote the largest integer less (C) 1/2 (D) 1/e
than or equal to x. Let f be a real valued function defined on the  [IIT-JEE 2010]
interval [−10, 10] by Solution:
x
 x − [ x ] if [ x ] isodd
f (x) =  e − x f ( x ) = 2 + ∫ t 4 + 1 dt (1)
1+ [ x ] − x if [ x ] iseven 0
p2
10
f (f −1( x )) = x
10 −∫10
Then the value of f ( x )cos p xdx is
⇒ f ′(f −1( x ))( f −1( x ))′ = 1
 [IIT-JEE 2010] 1
⇒ ( f −1(2))′ = −1
Solution: f ′( f (2))
⇒ f (0 ) = 2 ⇒ f −1(2) = 0
 x − 1, 1 ≤ x < 2
f (x) =  1
1− x , 0 ≤ x < 1 (f −1(2))′ =
f ′( 0 )
e − x (f ′( x ) − f ( x )) = x 4 + 1
Put
1
x = 0 ⇒ f ′( 0 ) − 2 = 1 ⇒ f ′( 0 ) = 3
(f −1(2))′ = 1/3
Hence, the correct answer is option (B).
−2 −1 1 2 3 8. Let S = {1, 2, 3, 4}. The total number of unordered pairs of dis-
joint subsets of S is equal to
(A) 25 (B) 34
Now, f (x) is periodic with period 2. Therefore,
(C) 42 (D) 41
10  [IIT-JEE 2010]
I= ∫ f ( x )cosp x dx
Solution: Total number of unordered pairs of disjoint subsets is
−10
10 2 34 + 1
= 41
2 ∫ f ( x )cos p x dx = 2 × 5∫ f ( x )cos p x dx 2
0 0 Hence, the correct answer is option (D).
1 2  9. Let P = {q : sinq − cosq = 2 cosq } and Q = {q : sinq + cosq = 2 sinq }
= 10  ∫ (1− x )cos p x dx + ∫ ( x − 1)cos p x dx  = 10(I1 + I2 )
 0  Q = {q : sin q + cos q = 2 sinq } be two sets. Then
1
2 (A) P ⊂ Q and Q − P ó ∅ (B) Q ⊄ P
⇒ I2 = ∫ ( x − 1)cosp x dx put x − 1 = t (
C) P ⊄ Q (D) P = Q
1  [IIT-JEE 2011]

Chapter 1.indd 45 05-06-2018 15:52:16

 46 Mathematics Problem Book for JEE

Solution: In set P, Solution:

sinq = ( 2 + 1) cosq ⇒ tanq = 2 + 1 2i ( x + iy ) 2i ( x + iy )
(A) z = =
In set Q, 1− ( x + iy )2 1− ( x 2 − y 2 + 2ixy )
1
( 2 − 1)sinq = cosq ⇒ tanq = = 2 + 1⇒ P = Q Using 1− x2 = y2
2 −1
2ix − 2 y 1
Hence, the correct answer is option (D). z= 2
=−
2 y − 2ixy y
10. Let f(x) = x2 and g(x) = sin x for all x ∈R. Then the set of all x satis-
11 11
fying (f o g o g o f )( x ) = ( g o g o f )( x ), where (fog )( x ) = f ( g( x )), is Since  −−11≤≤ yy ≤≤11⇒
Since ⇒ −− ≤≤ −−11or
or −− ≥≥11
yy yy
± np , n ∈{0 , 1, 2,...}
(A)
(B) For domain
± np , n ∈{1, 2,...}
(B)
8 ⋅ 3 x −2
p −1 ≤ ≤1
(C) + 2np , n ∈{..., −2, − 1, 0 , 1, 2...} 1− 32( x −1)
2
2np , n ∈{..., −2, − 1, 0 , 1, 2,...}
(D) 3 x − 3 x −2
⇒ −1 ≤ ≤1
 [IIT-JEE 2011] 1− 32 x − 2
Solution: 3 x − 3 x −2
2 2 Case 1: − 1≤ 0
(f o g o g o f )( x ) = sin (sin x ) 1− 32 x − 2
( g o g o f )( x ) = sin2 (sin x 2 ) (3 x − 1)(3 x − 2 − 1)
⇒ ≥0
Therefore, (32 x − 2 − 1
sin2 (sin x2) = sin (sin x2)
⇒ x ∈( −∞ , 0] ∪ (1, ∞ )
⇒sin(sin x 2 )[sin(sin x 2 ) − 1] = 0
3 x − 3 x −2
⇒sin(sin x 2 ) = 0 or 1 Case 2: + 1≥ 0
1− 32 x − 2
2
⇒sin x = np or 2mp + p /2, where m, n ∈ I
( x x − 2 − 1)(3 x + 1)
2 ⇒ ≥0
⇒sin x = 0 (3 x ⋅ 3 x − 2 − 1)
⇒ x 2 = np ⇒ x = ± np , n ∈{0 ,1, 2,...}. ⇒ x ∈( −∞ , 1) ∪ [2, ∞ )
Hence, the correct answer is option (A).
So, x ∈( −∞ , 0 ) ∪ [2, ∞ ).
11. Match the statements given in Column I with the intervals/
(C) R1 → R1 + R3
union of intervals given in Column II:
0 0 2
Column I Column II f (q ) = − tanq 1 tanq
  2iz   −1 − tanq 1
(A) The set Re  2
z =( −∞
: z is a complex number,(p) 1, z ,≠−±
1)1∪ (1, ∞ )
  1− z   = 2(tan2 q + 1) = 2 sec2 q.
 2iz  

Re  : z is a complex number, z = 1, z ≠ ± 1 is 3 15
2 (D) f ′( x ) = ( x )1/2 (3 x − 10 ) + ( x )3/2 × 3 = ( x )1/2 ( x − 2)
 1− z   2 2
(B) The domain of the function (q) ( −∞ , 0 ) ∪ (0 , ∞ ) Therefore, f(x) is increasing when x ≥ 2.
 8(3) x − 2  Hence, the correct matches are (A) → (s), (B) → (t), (C) → (r),
f ( x ) = sin−1   is
 1− 32( x −1)  (D) → (r)

12. The function f : [0, 3] → [1, 29], defined by f(x) = 2x3 - 15x2 +
1 tanq 1 36x + 1, is
(C) If f (q ) = − tanq 1 tanq , then (r) (2, ∞ ) (A) one-one and onto
−1 − tanq 1 (B) onto but not one-one
(C) one-one but not onto
 p (D) neither one-one nor onto
the set f (q ) : 0 ≤ q < is
 2
 [IIT-JEE 2012]
(D) If f ( x ) = x 3/2 (3 x − 10 ), x ≥ 0 , then f(x) is (s) ( −∞ , −1) ∪ (1, ∞ )
increasing in Solution:
(t) ( −∞ , 0 ) ∪ (2, ∞ ) f ( x ) = 2 x 3 − 15 x 2 + 36 x + 1
 [IIT-JEE 2011] f ′( x ) = 6 x 2 − 30 x + 36

Chapter 1.indd 46 05-06-2018 15:52:46

 Chapter 1 | Sets, Relations and Functions 47

= 6( x 2 − 5 x + 6 )
= 6( x − 2)( x − 3)
f (x) is increasing in [0, 2] and decreasing in [2, 3]. f (x) is many
one.
f (0) = 1
f (2) = 29 0 1 1 3 2 5
f (3) = 28 2 2 2
Range is [1, 29].
Hence, f (x) is many-one-onto.
Hence, the correct answer is option (B).
2 Figure 1.67
13. Let f : ( −1,1) → R be such that f (cos 4q ) = for
2 − sec2 q Hence, the correct answers are options (B) and (C).
 p  p p   1 3+i
q ∈ 0 ,  ∪  ,  . Then the value(s) of f   is (are) 15. Let w =
1
and P = {w n : n = 1, 2, 3,....}. Further H1 =  z ∈C : Re z > 
 4  4 2  3
2  2
3 3 1  −1
1− 
(A) 2 (B) 1+ 2 H1 =  z ∈C : Re z >  and H2 =  z ∈C : Re z >  , where C is the set of
 2  2
2 2 all complex numbers. If z1 ∈P ∩ H1, z2 ∈P ∩ H2 and O repre-
1−
(C) (D) 1+
3 3 sents the origin, then Ðz1oz2 = ?
 [IIT-JEE 2012]
Solution: For p p 2p 5p
(A)    (B)     (C)     (D) 
 p  p p  2 6 3 6
q ∈ 0 ,  ∪  , 
 4  4 2  [JEE ADVANCED 2013]
Let cos 4q = 1/3 . Then Solution: We note that w = 1. We also note that ai are possible
1+ cos 4q 2 values of z1 and bi are possible values of z2, where i = 1, 2, 3.
cos 2q = ± =±
2 3 Therefore,
3 ii
3
2 cos2 q w
w== 2 + + 2 ;;
 1 2 1
f  = = = 1+ 2 2
 3  2 − sec q 2 cos2 q − 1
2 cos 2q p
ip
i6
w
w== ee 6
 1 3 3
f   = 1− or 1+ p
ip
p
ip
p
2i p
5p
i 5p
 3 2 2 2 i3 3 i2 4 2i 3 5 i
w
w2 == ee 3 ;; w
w3 == ee 2 ;; w
w4 == ee 3 ;; w
w5 == ee
6
6
Hence, the correct answers are options (A) and (B).
2p 5p
14. Let f ( x ) = x sinp x , x > 0. Then for all natural numbers n, f ’( x ) Thus, ∠z1oz2 can take the values , . (See Fig. 1.68.)
3 6
vanishes at
 1
(A) A unique point in the interval  n, n + 
 2
 1 
(B)
A unique point in the interval  n + , n + 1
 2 
b1 a1
A unique point in the interval (n, n +1)
(C)
(D)
Two points in the interval (n, n +1) 30° 30°
b2 a2
30° 30°
 [JEE ADVANCED 2013]

Solution: We have b3 a3

f ( x ) = x sinp x
f ’( x ) = sinp x + p x cos p x = 0
⇒ − tanp x = p x
 1 
It is clear from Fig. 1.67 that f ’( x ) has one root in  n + , n + 1 and Figure 1.68
 2 
f ’( x ) also has one root in (n, n +1).
Hence, the correct answers are options (C) and (D).

Chapter 1.indd 47 05-06-2018 15:53:13

 48 Mathematics Problem Book for JEE

Paragraph for Questions 16 and 17: Let S = S1 ∩ S2 ∩ S3, where 17. min 1− 3i − z =
z ∈S

  z − 1+ 3i  
S1 = { z ∈C : z < 4 }, S2 =  z ∈C : Im   > 0 and S3 = { z ∈C : Re z 2>−0}. 3 2+ 3
  1− 3i   (A) (B)
 z − 1+ 3i   2 2
∈C : Im   > 0 and S3 = { z ∈C : Re z > 0}.
 1− 3i   3− 3 3+ 3
(C) (D)
 [JEE ADVANCED 2013] 2 2
16. Area of S = ?
Solution: We have min 1− 3i − z . The minimum distance of z from
10p 20p
(A) (B) (1, -3) from y + 3 x = 0 is
3 3
16p 32p −3 + 3 3 − 3
(C) (D) =
3 3 2 2
Solution: As we see, S1 represents circle with centre (0, 0) and Hence, the correct answer is option (C).
radius 4
 p p
18. Let f :  − ,  → R be given by f ( x ) = (log(sec x + tan x ))3 .
S1 : z < 4 ⇒ x 2 + y 2 < 16  2 2
Then
Therefore, (A) f(x) is an odd function
 z − 1+ 3i  (B) f(x) is a one-one function
S1 : Im  >0 (C) f(x) is an onto function
 1− 3i 
(D) f(x) is an even function
 [( x − 1) + ( y + 3i )][1+ 3i ] 
Im  >0  [JEE ADVANCED 2014]
 2 
Solution:
Also  p p
 − ,  → R
S2 ≡ y + 3 x > 0 2 2
S3 Re( z ) > 0 ,( x > 0 ) f ( x ) = {log(sec x + tan x )}3
S = S1 ∩ S2 ∩ S3 ìï æ 1
3
ö üï
f ( - x ) = {log(sec x - tan x )}3 = ílog ç ÷ý
The area of the shaded region (see Fig. 1.69) is îï è sec x + tan x ø þï
{∵sec2x − tan2x = 1}
p ( 4 )2 60
OAB + OBC = + × p ( 4 )2 Now,
4 360
16p f ( x ) + f ( − x ) = {log(sec x + tan x )}3 + { − log(sec x + tan x )}3 = 0
= 4p +
6
Therefore,
8p
= 4p + f(-x) = -f(x) ⇒ f(x) is odd (1)
3
20p
= Also,
3
1
f ′( x ) = 3{log(sec x + tan x )}2 × (sec x tan x + sec2 x )
A S sec x + tan x

= 3{log(sec x + tan x )}2 sec x > 0

B  p p
As in  − ,  , sec x is +ve.
O 60°  2 2

 p p
y + √3x = 0 Note: sec x + tan x = 1⇒ x = 0 ∈ − , 
 2 2
C
But at x = 0,
Figure 1.69 log( secx + tanx ) = − ∞

Hence, the correct answer is option (B). ⇒ {log(secx + tanx)}2 > 0

Chapter 1.indd 48 05-06-2018 15:53:28

 Chapter 1 | Sets, Relations and Functions 49

 p p 19. Let f : [0, 4p] → [0, p] be defined by f(x) = cos-1(cos x).

Therefore, f(x) is strictly increasing in  − ,  .(2)
 2 2 The number of points x ∈ [0, 4p] satisfying the equation
10 − x
p− p+ f (x) = is _____.
Now when x → , f ( x ) → ∞ and p → , f ( x ) → − ∞.  10 [JEE ADVANCED 2014]
2 2
Solution: We need to find the point of intersection of the curves
Therefore, f(x) being continuous in its domain, it covers whole
10 − x
co-domain, i.e. R. (See Fig. 1.70.) f1( x ) = cos −1(cos x ) and f2 ( x ) =
10
Hence, it is onto. (3) in the domain [0, 4p].
f1(x) is a period function with period 2p and f2(x) is a straight line
Note: lim (sec x + tan x )
p plotting both graphs (see Fig. 1.71).
x→ −
2
f(x) = cos−1(cos x)
  +p  p 
= lim  sec  − h + tan  − h  p
h→ 0   2  2 
1+ cos h p B
= lim (cos ec h + cot h) = = +∞ 2 A C
h→ 0 sin h
p p 2p 3p 4p
lim (sec x + tan x ) 2
-p
x→ +
2

  −p   −p 
= lim sec  −p + h + tan  −p + h  Figure 1.71
= hlim
→0  sec
   2 + h
 + tan 
 2 + h  
h→ 0  2 2 
 p  p  Therefore, A, B and C are the points of intersection of both curves
= lim  cosec  p − h − tan  p − h  which obviously satisfy the given equations, hence there are three
= hlim
→0 
h→ 0 
 cosec  2
2
− h − tan  2 − h 
 2  such points.
= lim (sec h + cot h)
= hlim
→ 0(sec h + cot h) Hence, the correct answer is (3).
h→ 0
h
 1− cos h  2 sin 22 h 20. Let f1: R→R, f2: [0, ∞) → R, f3: R → R and f4: R → [0, ∞) be defined
= lim  1− cos h  = 2 sin 2 by
= hlim
→ 0  sin h  = h 2 h  x if x < 0.
h→ 0  sin h  2 sin h cos h f1( x ) =  x
2 sin 2 cos 2
2 2 e if x ≥ 0
h
= lim tan h = 0 f2 ( x ) = x 2
= hlim
→ 0 tan 2 = 0
h→ 0 2 sin x if x < 0
f3 ( x ) = 
 x if x ≥ 0
and
f2 (f1( x )) if x < 0
sec x f4 ( x ) = 
f2 (f1( x )) − 1 if x ≥ 0

tan x List I List II

P. f4 is 1. onto but not one-one
Q. f3 is 2. neither continuous nor one-one
−p p
2 2 R. f2 o f1 is 3. differentiable but not one-one
S. f2 is 4. continuous and one-one
P Q R S
Figure 1.70 (A) 3 1 4 2
(B) 1 3 4 2
Therefore from Eqs. (1), (2) and (3), we can conclude that the cor-
(C) 3 1 2 4
rect options are (A), (B) and (C).
(D) 1 3 2 4
Hence, the correct answers are options (A), (B) and (C).  [JEE ADVANCED 2014]

Chapter 1.indd 49 05-06-2018 15:53:41

 50 Mathematics Problem Book for JEE

Solution: See Fig. 1.72. For (P) in List I:

f 4 Dom. R
f1 : R → R x2 Range [0, ∞]
f(x) = |x |, x < 0 y
Codomain = [0 ∞], therefore onto.
e″, x ≥ 0 f2 : R → R
Now,
y [o, ∞] R
LHL at 0 = lim x 2 = 0
f2(x) = x 2 x →0 −

RHL at 0 = lim e2 x − 1 = 1− 1 = 0
x →0 +
f4 (0) = 0
x x Therefore, continuous at 0.
f3 : R → R Now
f3(x) = sin x, x < 0 f ( 0 − h) − f ( 0 ) h2 − 0
x, x ≥ 0 LHD at 0 = lim = lim = lim −h = 0
h→ 0 −h h→ 0 −h h→ 0
y
f ( 0 + h) − f ( 0 ) e 2 h − 1− 0
RHD at 0 = lim = lim
h→ 0 h h→ 0 h
−p
−2p 0 x e2h - 1
= lim × 2 = 1× 2 = 2
h ® 0 2h

Therefore, not derivable at 0.

Figure 1.72
It is not one-one (obvious from graph). Therefore,
(P) → (1)
2
f2 (f1( x ) = (f1( x ))2 = → x , p < 0 and x valid For (Q) in List I:
↑ f3 in neither one-one nor onto. It is derivable at 0.
Range f1 ⊂ Dom f2 for f ,( x ) ∈R
↓ sin(0 − h) − h − sin h
LHD = lim = lim = ±1
→ (e x )2 , p ≥ 0 & e x valid h→ 0 −h h→ 0 − h

0+h-0
\ f2 (f1( x )) = x 2 , p <0 RHD = lim =1
h® 0h
= e2 x , p ³0 Therefore, it is derivable at 0. Hence,
See Fig. 1.73.
(Q) → (3)
y
(R) → (2) (obvious from graph).
x2 (S) → (4) (obvious from graph.)
Hence, the correct answer is option (D).

p p  p
21. Let f ( x ) = sin  sin  sin x   for all x ∈R and g( x ) = sin x
6 2  2
x
for all x ∈R . Let (fog )( x ) denote f(g(x)) and ( gof )( x ) denote
g(f(x)). Then which of the following is (are) true?
Figure 1.73  1 1
Range of f is  − , 
(A)
 2 2
Therefore,  x 2 , x<0  1 1
f4 ( x ) =  Range of fog is  − , 
(B)
2x
e − 1, x ≥ 0  2 2
f (x) p
See Fig. 1.74. (C)
lim =
x → 0 g( x ) 6
f4(x)
y There is an x ∈R such that ( gof )( x ) = 1
(D)
e 2x −1
 [JEE ADVANCED 2015]
x2
Solution:
p p 
f ( x ) = sin  sin  sin x   ∀x ∈R
6 2 
x and
p
g( x ) = sin x ∀x ∈R
2
Figure 1.74

Chapter 1.indd 50 05-06-2018 15:54:06

 Chapter 1 | Sets, Relations and Functions 51

Now, and
p p p  p p 
fog( x ) = f ( g( x )) = sin  sin  sin  sin x    sin  sin  sin x  
6 2 2  f (x) 6 2 
lim = lim
x → 0 g( x ) x → 0 p
Therefore, sin x
2
sin x ∈[ −1, 1] p p  p
sin  sin  sin x   p 
sin  sin x 
p  p p 6 2  6 2  p
⇒ sin x ∈  − ,  = lim × =
2  2 2 x →0  p p  p  6
 6 sin  2 sin x    sin x 
2
p 
⇒ sin  sin x  ∈[ −1, 1] Hence, the correct answers are options (A), (B) and (C).
2 
p p   p p  p
⇒ sin  sin x  ∈  − ,  22. Let S =  x ∈( −p , p ) : x ≠ 0, ±  . The sum of all distinct solu-
2 2   2 2  2
p p  tion of the equation 3 sec x + cosec x + 2(tan x − cot x ) = 0 in
⇒ sin  sin  sin x   ∈[ −1, 1] the set S is equal to
2 2 
7p 2p
(A) − (B) −
p p p   p p  9 9
sin  sin  sin x   ∈  − , 
6 2  2   6 6 
5p
(C)
0 (D)
p p p     −1 1  9
⇒ sin  sin  sin  sin x    ∈  , 
 6  2  2    2 2  [JEE ADVANCED 2016]
Solution: Let us consider
 −1 1 
⇒ Range of fog is  , .
 2 2  p
S =  x ∈( −p , p ), x ≠ 0 , ± 
 2
and
p The given equation is
gof ( x ) = g(f ( x )) = sin (f ( x ))
6
3 sec x + cos ec x + 2(tan x − cot x ) = 0
p  p p 
= sin sin  sin  sin x   
2 6
  2  3 1  sin x cos x 
 ⇒ + + 2 − =0
cos x sin x  cos x sin x 
belongs to  −p ,p 
 6
6 
⇒ 3 sin x + cos x + 2(sin2 x − cos2 x ) = 0
 −1 1 
belongs to  , 
 2 2 ⇒ 3 sin x + cos x = 2 cos 2 x
 −p 1 p 1 3 1
⇒ gof ( x ) ∈  sin , sin  ⇒ sin x + cos x = cos 2 x
 2 2 2 2 2 2
p p
p 1 ⇒ cos x cos + sin x sin = cos 2 x
Let sin > 1. Then 3 3
2 2
1 2 2 1  p
sin > > = ⇒ cos 2 x = cos  x − 
2 p 4 2  3
1 p  p
which is false as < rad, so ⇒ 2 x = 2np ±  x − 
2 6  3
1 1 ( x ∈I )
sin <
2 2 p p
•• Case 1: When 2 x = 2np + x − , we have x = 2np − .
⇒ gof (x) ≠ 1 for any x ∈R. 3 3
p
p p   −p p  If n = 0, we get x = − .
Also, f ( x ) = sin  sin  sin x   belongs to  , . so, 3
6 2   6 6 p
If n = 1, we get x = 2p − .
 −1 1  3
f ( x ) ∈ ,  p
 2 2 If n = −1, we get x = −2p − .
3
 −1 1  p 2np p
⇒ Range of f =  ,  •• Case 2: When 2 x = 2np − x + , we get x = + .
 2 2 3 3 9

Chapter 1.indd 51 05-06-2018 15:54:49

 52 Mathematics Problem Book for JEE

p   Therefore,
If n = 0, we get x =. 111  1 
9 h ’(1) =  g ’( 6 ) = 
2p p g ’(6 ) f ’(1) 
If n = 1, we get x = + .
3 9
4p p   That is,
If n = 2, we get n = 2 x = + .
3 9 h ’(1) = 111⋅ f ’( x ) = 111× (3 + 3) = 666
−2p p
If n = −1, we get x = + .   Hence, option (B) is correct.
3 9
Therefore, the sum of all distinct solutions of the given equa- (C) h( g( g( x ))) = x
tion is   For g(g(x)) = 0, we have
−p p 2p p 2p p
+ + + − + =0 g(x) = g-1(0) = 2
3 9 3 9 3 9
Hence, the correct answer is option (C). ⇒ x = g −1(2) = f (2) = 16
23. Let f : R→R, g : R→R and h : R→R be differentiable functions ⇒ h(0 ) = 16
such that f(x) = x2 + 3x + 2, g(f(x)) = x and h(g(g(x))) = x for all   Hence, option (C) is correct.
x ∈R . Then
1 (D) Here, g(g(x)) = g(3) which implies that
(A) g’(2) = (B) h’(1) = 666
15 g(x) = 3 ⇒ x = g-1(3) = f(3) = 38
(C) h(0) = 16 (D) h(g(3)) = 36
  Hence, option (D) is incorrect.
 [JEE ADVANCED 2016]
  Hence, the correct answers are options (B) and (C).
Solution:
(A) It is given that f: R→R, g: R→R and h: R→R are differentia- Practice Exercise 1
ble functions.
Now, f(x) = x3 + 3x+ 2 1. If f ( x ) = cos(log x ), then f ( x )f ( y ) − {(1/ 2)[f ( x / y ) + f ( xy )]} is
  Differentiating w.r.t. to x, we get
(A) -1 (B) 1/2
f ’( x ) = 3 x 2 + 3 (C) -2 (D) None of these

  Also, 2. The values of b and c for which the identity f ( x + 1) − f ( x ) = 8 x + 3

g(f(x)) = x is satisfied, where f ( x ) = bx 2 + cx + d are
  Now, b = 2, c = 1
(A) (B) b = 4 , c = −1
g ’(f ( x )) ⋅ f ’( x ) = 1 b = −1, c = 4
(C) (D) b = −1, c = 1
f(x) = 2 ⇒ x3 + 3x + 2 = 2 2 2
3. If f ( x ) = cos[p ] x + cos[ −p ] x , then
⇒x3 + 3x = 0 ⇒ x(x2 + 3) = 0 ⇒ x = 0
f (p /4 ) = 2
(A) (B) f ( −p ) = 2
  Now, f (p ) = 1
(C) (D) f (p / 2) = -1
1 1
g ’(f (0 )) = ⇒ g ’(2) = 4. f ( x , y ) = 1/( x + y ) is a homogeneous function of degree
f ’(0 ) 3
(A) 1 (B) -1
  Hence, option (A) is incorrect.
(C) 2 (D) -2
(B) For all x ∈R :
5. Let x be a non-zero rational number and y be an irrational
h(g(g(f(x))) = x
number. Then xy is
h(g(g(x))) = x
(A) Rational (B) Irrational
  Now, (C) Non-zero (D) None of these
x→f(x) ⇒h(g(g(f(x))) = f(x) 3x3 + 1
6. Numerical value of the expression for x = −3 is
⇒h(g(x)) = f(x) 2x2 + 2

⇒ h ’( g( x )) ⋅ g ’( x ) = f ’( x ) = 3 x 2 + 3(1) (A)
4 (B) 2
(C)
3 (D) 0
  For all x ∈R :
7. The function f : R → R defined by f ( x ) = ( x − 1)( x − 2)( x − 3) is
g(f(x)) = x (A) One-to-one but not onto
  Now, (B) Onto but not one-to-one
(C) Both one-to-one and onto
  x = 1 ⇒ g(f(1)) = 1 ⇒ g(6) = 1   (∵f(1) = 6)
(D) Neither one-to-one nor onto
  Substituting x = 6 in Eq. (1), we get
8. Which one of the following is a bijective function on the set of
h ’( g(6 )) ⋅ g ’(6 ) = 3(62 ) + 3 = 111 real numbers?

Chapter 1.indd 52 05-06-2018 15:55:19

 Chapter 1 | Sets, Relations and Functions 53

2 x − 5
(A) (B) x 19. The domain of the function f ( x ) = 2 − 2 x − x 2 is
2 2
(C)
x (D) x + 1
− 3 ≤ x ≤ 3
(A) (B) −1− 3 ≤ x ≤ −1+ 3
x2 - 4
9. Let f ( x )= for x > 2,. Then the function f : ( -¥ , -2] È [2, ¥ ) ® ( (C)
-1, 1) −2 ≤ x ≤ 2 (D) −2 + 3 ≤ x ≤ −2 − 3
x2 + 4
f : ( -¥ , -2] È [2, ¥ ) ® ( -1, 1) is 20. The domain of the function f ( x ) = ( x − 3) / ( x − 1) x 2 − 4 is
(A)
One-to-one and into (B) One-to-one and onto (A)
(1, 2) (B) ( −∞ , − 2) ∪ (2, ∞ )
(C)
Many-to-one and into (D) Many-to-one and onto
(C)
( − ∞ , − 2) ∪ (1, ∞ ) (D) ( − ∞ , ∞ ) − {1, ± 2}
10. Let the function f : R ® R be defined by f ( x ) = 2 x + sin x , x ∈R.
Then f is 21. The domain of the function log( x 2 − 6 x + 6 ) is
(A) One-to-one and onto (B) One-to-one but not onto
(C) Onto but not one-to-one (D)  Neither one-to-one nor onto ( −∞ , ∞ )
(A) (B) ( −∞ , 3 − 3 ) ∪ (3 + 3 , ∞ )
x ( −∞ ,1] ∪ [5, ∞ )
(C) (D) [0 , ∞ )
11. If f : [0 , ∞ ) → [0 , ∞ ) and f ( x ) = , then f is
1+ x
(A)
One-to-one and onto 22. The domain of the function f ( x ) = sin−1(1+ 3 x + 2 x 2 ) is
(B)
One-to-one but not onto
( −∞ , ∞ )
(A) (B) ( −1, 1)
(C)
Onto but not one-to-one
(D)
Neither one-to-one nor onto  3   −1
 − 2 , 0 
(C) (D)  −∞ ,  ∪ (2, ∞ )
 2
 
12. If f : R → S defined by f ( x ) = sin x − 3 cos x + 1 is onto, then
the interval of S is 23. The domain of f ( x ) = ( x 2 − 1)−1/ 2 is
(A) [-1, 3] (B) [1, 1] ( −∞ , − 1) ∪ (1, ∞ )
(A) (B) ( −∞ , − 1] ∪ (1, ∞ )
(C) [0, 1] (D) [0, -1]
( −∞ , − 1] ∪ [1, ∞ )
(C) (D) None of these
13. f ( x ) = x + x 2 is a function from R → R , then f ( x ) is
(A) Injective (B) Surjective 24. The domain of the function y = 1/ x − x is
(C) Bijective (D) None of these ( −∞ , 0 )
(A) (B) ( −∞ , 0]
14. If ( x , y ) ∈R and x , y ≠ 0; f ( x , y ) ® ( x/ y ) , then this function is
( −∞ , −1)
(C) (D) ( −∞ , ∞ )
a/an
(A) Surjection (B) Bijection p 
(C) One-to-one (D) None of these 25. The range of f ( x ) = sec  cos2 x  , − ∞ < x < ∞ is
4 
sin−1(3 − x ) (A)
[1, 2] (B) [1, ∞ )
15. The domain of the function f ( x ) = is
In(| x | −2)
[ − 2 , − 1] ∪ [1, 2 ]
(C) (D) ( −∞ , − 1] ∪ [1, ∞ )
(A)
[2, 4] (B) (2, 3) ∪ (3, 4]
[2, ∞)
(C) (D) ( −∞ , −3) ∪ [2, ∞ ) x2 + x + 2
26. The range of the function f ( x ) = ; x ∈R is
log2 ( x + 3) x2 + x + 1
16. The domain of f ( x ) = is
x2 + 3x + 2 (1, ∞ )
(A) (B) (1,11/ 7]
R − { −1, −2}
(A) (B) ( −2, + ∞ ) (C)
(1, 7/ 3] (D) (1, 7/ 5]
R − { −1, −2, −3}
(C) (D) ( −3, + ∞ ) − { −1, − 2}
27. The range of f ( x ) = cos 2 x − sin 2 x contains the set
17. The domain of the derivative of the function (A)
[2, 4] (B) [-1, 1]
−1
tan x , | x | ≤ 1 (C)
[-2, 2] (D) [-4, 4]

   f ( x ) =  1 is p
 (| x | −1), | x | > 1 28. The interval for which sin−1 x + cos −1 x = holds
2 2
R − {0}
(A) (B) R − {1} [0 , ∞ )
(A) (B) [0 , 3]

R − { −1}
(C) (D) R − { −1, 1} (C)
[0, 1] (D) [0, 2]
p
18. The domain of the function f ( x ) = log3+ x ( x 2 − 1) is 29. For q > , the value of f (q ) = sec2 q + cos2 q always lies in the
3
interval
( −3, −1) ∪ (1, ∞ )
(A) (B) [ −3, −1) ∪ [1, ∞ )
(A) (0, 2) (B) [0, 1]
( −3, −2) ∪ ( −2, −1) ∪ (1, ∞ ) (D) [ −3, −2) ∪ ( −2, −1) ∪ [1, ∞ )
(C) (C)
(1, 2) (D) [2, ∞ )

Chapter 1.indd 53 05-06-2018 15:56:22

 54 Mathematics Problem Book for JEE

30. The function f ( x ) = sin[log( x + x 2 + 1)] is f [f −1(B )] = B only if B ⊆ f ( x )

(C)
(A) Even function (B) Odd function f [f −1(B )] = B
(D)
(C) Neither even nor odd (D) Periodic function
 x , when x is rational 0 , when x isrational
31. If y = f ( x ) = ( x + 2)/( x − 1) , then x is 40. If f ( x ) =  ; g( x ) =  ,
 0 , when x is irrational  x , when x isirrational
(A)
f ( y ) (B) 2f ( y )
then (f − g ) is
(C)
1/f ( y ) (D) None of these
(A) One-to-one and onto
32. If the function f : [1, ∞ ) → [1, ∞ ) is defined by f ( x ) = 2 x ( x −1) , (B) One-to-one, but not onto
then f −1(x) is (C) Not one-to-one, but onto
x ( x −1)
(D) Neither one-to-one nor onto
 1 1 41. If f(x) and g(x) be two given functions with all real numbers as
(A)
  (B) (1+ 1+ 4 log2 f ( x )
2 2 their domain, then h(x) = [f(x) + f(−x)] [g(x) – g(−x)] is
(A) An odd function
1 (B) An odd function when both f and g are odd
(C) (1− 1+ 4 log2 f ( x ) (D) Not defined
2 (C) An odd function when f is even and g is odd
33. If f ( x ) = 3 x − 5, then f −1( x ) (D) None of these

Is given by1/(3 x − 5)
(A) 42. If f(x) = 4 − x 2 + (1/ sin x − sin x ), then the domain of f(x)
is
Is given by ( x + 5)/3
(B)
(A) [−2, 0] (B) (0, 2]
(C)
Does not exist because f is not one-to-one (C) [−2, 2} (D) [−2, 0)
(D)
Does not exist because f is not onto
43. If f(x) = x3 + 3x2 + 12x − 2sinx, where f: R → R, then
34. Letf (q ) = sinq (sinq + sin 3q ), then (A) f(x) is many-to-one and onto
f (q ) ≥ 0 only when q ≥ 0
(A) (B) f (q ) ≤ 0 for all real q (B) f(x) is one-to-one and onto
(C) f(x) is one-to-one and into
f (q ) ≥ 0 for all real q
(C) (D) f (q ) ≤ 0 only when q ≤ 0 (D) f(x) is many-to-one and into
2
35. Letf ( x ) = sin x + cos x , g( x ) = x − 1. Thus, g[f ( x )] is invertible  x2 + e 
44. If f(x) = ln  2  , then the range of f(x) is
for x ∈R  x +1 
(A) (0, 1) (B) [0, 1]
 p   p  (C) [0, 1) (D) (0, 1]
 − 2 , 0
(A) (B)  − , p 
   2  45. A function f(x) is defined for all real x and satisfied f(x + y) =
 p p  p f(xy) ∀x, y. If f(1) = −1, then f(2006) equals
 − 4 , 4 
(C) (D) 0 ,  (A) −2006 (B) 2006
   2
(C) −1 (D) None of these
 −1, x < 0
 46. Let y = f(x) be a real-valued function with domain as all real
3 6. Let g(x) = 1 + x − [x] and f ( x ) = 0 , x = 0. Then ∀ x , f [ g( x )] is numbers. If the graph of the function is symmetrical about
1, x > 0 the line x = 1, then ∀a ∈ R, which one is correct?
equal to 
(A) f(a) = f(a + 1) (B) f(a − 1) = f(a)
(A) x (B) 1 (C) f(a − 1) = f(a + 1) (D) f(1 − a) = f(1 + a)
(C) f ( x ) (D) g( x )
 2 1 −1  2 1 
ax 47. The range of the function f(x) = sin−1  x + 2  + cos  x −  ,
37. If f ( x ) = , x ≠ −1, then for what value of a is f [f ( x )] = x ?    2
x +1 where [·] is the greatest integer function, is
(A) 2 (B) − 2
p   p
(C) 1 (D) –1  ,p 
(A) (B) 0 , 
2   2
38. If f ( x ) = (a − x n )1/n where a > 0 and n is a positive integer, then
f [f ( x )]  p
(C) {p } (D)  0 , 
 2
(A) x 3 (B) x 2
(C) x (D) None of these 48. If f o g = |sinx| and g o f = sin2 x , then f(x) and g(x) are
39. If X and Y are two non-empty sets, where f : X → Y is the func- f(x) = sin x , g(x) = x2
(A) (B) f(x) = |x|, g(x) = sinx
tion, is defined such that f (c ) = {f ( x ) : x ∈C } for C ⊆ X and
f −1(D ) = { x : f ( x ) ∈D } for D ⊆ Y for any A ⊆ X and B ⊆ Y , f(x) =
(C) x , g(x) = sin2x (D) f(x) = sin x , g(x) = x2
then 49. If f(x) is a function that is odd and even simultaneously, then
(A) f −1 [ f ( A)] = A f(3) − f(2) is equal to
(A) 1 (B) −1
f −1 [ f ( A)] = A only if f ( x ) = Y
(B) (C) 0 (D) None of these

Chapter 1.indd 54 05-06-2018 15:57:02

 Chapter 1 | Sets, Relations and Functions 55

 5x − x2   sin x 
log1/ 4  10 60. If f(x) = cos x +   , (where [·] denotes the greatest
50. The domain of f(x) =  + Cx is  2 
 4 
integer function), then
(0, 1] ∪ [4, 5)
(A) (B) (0, 5) (A) f(x) is periodic (B) f(x) is odd
(C)
{1, 4} (D) None of these (C) f(x) is non-periodic (D) None of these
51. If f: R → R, where f(x) = ax + cosx. If f(x) is bijective, then 61. The range of the function f(x) = x2 + 4 x
C2 x 2 + 3 is
+
a ∈ R
(A) (B) a ∈ R
(A) {1, 2 3} (B) {1, 2 3, 3 5 }
−
(C) a ∈ R (D) a ∈ R − (−1, 1) (C) {1, 2, 3} (D) {1, 2}
52. If f is a function such that f(0) = 2, f(1) = 3 and f(x + 2) = 2f(x) − 62. The number of solutions of logsinx 2tanx > 0 in the interval
f(x + 1) ∀ x ∈ R, then f(5) is  p
 0 ,  is
(A) 7 (B) 13 2
(C) 1 (D) None of these (A)
0 (B) 1
53. The number of real roots of 3x + 4x + 5x − 6x = 0 is/are (C)
2 (D) 3
(A) Two (B) More than two 63. If 5x + (2 3 )2 x ≥ 13x , then the solution set for x is
(C) One (D) Equation does not have (A) [2, ∞) (B) {2}
any real root (C) (−∞, 2] (D) [0, 2]
54. The range of f(x) = sin[sin−1{x}], where {⋅} denotes the function 64. If domain of f(x) is [−1, 2], then the domain of f([x] − x2 + 4),
part of x, is where [·] denotes the greatest integer function, is
(A) [0, 1) (B) [0, 1] (A) [−1, 7 ] (B) [− 3, −1] ∪ [− 3, 7 ]
(C) (−1, 1) (D) None of these
(C)
(−1, 7 ] (D) [− 3, −1] ∪ ( 3, 7 )
3 4 5
+
55. Let f(x) = + . Then f(x) = 0 has 65. The period of the function f(x) = [5x + 7] + cosp x – 5x, where [·]
x −2 x −3 x −4 denotes the greatest integer function, is
Exactly one real root ∈ (2, 3)
(A) (A) 3 (B) 2p
At least one real root ∈ (3, 4)
(B) (C) 2 (D) None of these
At least one real root ∈ (2, 3)
(C)
66. The period of the function f(x) = [x] + [2x] + [3x] + … + [nx] −
(D)
None of these
n(n +1)
x, when x ∈ N is
56. If f(x) = sin [a] x, (where [·] denotes the greatest integer func- 2
tion), has p as its fundamental period, then (A) n (B) 1
(A) a = 1 (B) a ∈ [1, 2) (C) 1/n (D) None of these
(C) a = 9 (D) a ∈ [4, 5) n
S 
67. Let Sn = ∑r! (n > 6), then Sn – 7  n  (where [·] denotes the
7
r =1
 x , when x is rational
57. If f(x) =  , then f o f(x) is given as greatest integer function) is equal to
1− x , when x is irrational n  n! 
(A)  7  (B) n! –7  
(A)
1 (B) x   7
1 + x
(C) (D) None of these (C) 5 (D) 3
58. If f(x) is defined on domain [0, 1], then f(2sinx) is defined on 1
68. The period of the function f ( x ) = (sin 3 x + | sin 3 x | + [sin 3 x ])
3
 p  5p  where [·] denotes the greatest integer function
(A) ∪ 2np , 2np + 6  ∪ 2np + 6 ,(2n + 1)p  (A) p /3 (B) 2p / 3
n ∈I  
(C) 4p / 3 (D) p
 p
(B) ∪ 2np , 2np + 6  69. If f(x) = 1/ [| sin x | + | cos x |] (where [·] denotes the greatest
n ∈I integer function), then
(A) f(x) is an even function
 5p 
(C) ∪ 2np + 6 ,(2n + 1)p  (B) f(x) is an odd function
n ∈I (C) The range of f(x) contains two elements
(D)
None of these (D) None of these

59. Let f: R → R and g: R → R be two one-to-one and onto func- 70. If f(x) = sec −1[(2 − x ) / 4 ] , then the domain of f(x) is
tions such that they are the mirror images of each other about (A)
[−2, 2] (B) [−6, 6]
the line y = a. If h(x) = f(x) + g(x), then h(x) is (−∞, −6] ∪ [6, ∞)
(C) (D) [−6, −2] ∪ [2, 6]
(A)
One-to-one and onto (B) One-to-one and into 71. The number of solution(s) of the equation x2 –2 –2[x] = 0 ([.]
(C)
Many-to-one and onto (D) Many-to-one and into denotes the greatest integer function) is(are)

Chapter 1.indd 55 05-06-2018 15:57:07

 56 Mathematics Problem Book for JEE

(A)
One (B) Two (C) Both even as well as odd
(C)
Zero (D) Infinity (D) Neither even nor odd
72. The domain of the function f(x) = sin−1[1 + cosx] + 16 − x 2 ([·] 85. If f(x + y) = f(x) + f(y) − xy − 1 ∀x, y ∈ R and f(1) = 1, then the
denotes the greatest integer function) is number of solutions of the equation f(n) = n, n ∈ N is
(A) [−4, 4] (B) (−4, 4) (A) 0 (B) 1
(C) [0, 2p] (D) None of these (C) 2 (D) n
73. If the function f: [2, ∞) → [1, ∞) is defined by f(x) = 3x(x – 2), then 86. If f(x) is an even function and satisfies the relation x2f(x) − 2f
what is f –1(x)? (1/ x ) = g(x), x ≠ 0, where g(x) is an odd function, then the
value of f(2) is
1 + 1+ log3 x
(A) (B) 1 – 1+ log3 x
(A) 1/2 (B) 2
1 + 1− log3 x
(C) (D) Does not exist (C) 4/5 (D) 0
87. X and Y are two sets and f: X → Y. If {f(c) = y; c ⊂ X, y ⊂ Y} and
74. f: [− 4, 4] ∼ {−p, 0, p } → R, when f(x) = cot(sinx) + [ x 2 / a] , when {f −1(d) = x; d ⊂ Y, x ⊂ X}, then the true statement is
[·] denotes the greatest integer function. If f be an odd func- (A) f[f −1(b)] = b (B) f −1[f(a)] = a
tion, then the set of values of a is (C) −1
f[f (b)] = b, b ⊂ y (D) f −1[f(a)] = a, a ⊂ x
(A) (−16, 16) ∼ {0} (B) (−∞, −16) ∪ (16, ∞)
(C) [−16, −16] ∼ {0} (D) (−∞, −16] ∪ [16, ∞) 88. If f ( x ) = x / 1+ x 2 , then f o f o f(x) equals to
75. Let A ≡ {1, 2, 3, 4}, B = {a, b, c}, then the number of function
x / 1+ 3 x 2
(A) (B) 3 x / 1+ x 2
from A→ B, which are not onto is
(A) 81 (B) 24 x /(1+ x 2 )1/ 6
(C) (D) x
(C) 8 (D) 45
76. The number of solutions of logx3 = 2x – 3 is 89. The function f ( x ) = ( x + 2 x + c )/( x 2 + 4 x + 3c ) has the range
2

(A) 3 (B) 1 (−∞, ∞) for the allowed values of x ∈ R if

(C) 2 (D) 0 (A) 0 < c < 1 (B) 0 ≤ c ≤ 1
(C) 0 < c ≤ 1 (D) 0 ≤ c < 1
77. The domain of f(x) = ( x − 1) / ( x − 2{ x }) , where {x} denotes the
fractional part of x, is 90. Let A = {1, 2, 3}. Then the total number of distinct relations that
(A) (−∞, 0) ∪ (0, 2] (B) [1, 0) can be defined over A is
(C) (−∞, ∞) ∼ (0, 2] (D) (−∞, 0)∪(0, 1]∪[2, ∞) (A) 29 (B) 6
(C) 8 (D) None of these
78. Let f(x) = [sin 2 x ] − [cos 2 x ], (where [·] denotes the greatest
integer function). Then the range of f(x) is 91. Given two finite sets A and B such that n(A) = 2, n(B) = 3. Then
(A) {0} (B) {1} total number of relations from A to B is
(C) {0, 1} (D) {0, 1, 2} (A) 4 (B) 8
(C) 64 (D) None of these
79. The number of points (x, y), where the curves |y| = ln|x| and
(x –1)2 + y2 – 4 = 0 cut each other, is 92. The relation R defined on the set of natural numbers as {(a, b) :
(A) 2 (B) 3 a differs from b by 3} is given by
(C) 1 (D) 6 (A) {(1, 4, (2, 5), (3, 6), ...}
80. If f(x + y, x − y) = xy, then the arithmetic mean of f(x, y) and (B) {(4, 1), (5, 2), (6, 3), ...}
f(y, x) is (C) {(1, 3), (2, 6), (3, 9), …}
(A) x (B) y (D) None of these
(C) 0 (D) xy 93. The relation R is defined on the set of natural numbers as
81. If a, b ∈ R, then the period of f(x) = x − [x + a] − b, where [·] {(a, b) : a = 2b}. Then R −1 is given by
denotes the greatest integer function, is (A) {(2, 1), (4, 2), (6, 3), ...} (B) {(1, 2), (2, 4), (3, 6), ...}
(A) 1 (B) |a − b| (C) R −1 is not defined (D) None of these
(C) |a + b| (D) None of these 94. The relation R = {(1, 1), (2, 2), (3, 3), (1, 2), (2, 3), (1, 3)} on set A =
{1, 2, 3} is
82. The domain of the function f ( x ) = x12 − x 3 + x 4 − x + 1 is (A) Reflexive but not symmetric
(A) (−1, 1) (B) (−∞, −1) (B) Reflexive but not transitive
(C) (1, ∞) (D) (−∞, ∞) (C) Symmetric and transitive
83. The domain of definition of the function f ( x ) = 4 x + (64 )( x − 2 )/ 3 − (D) 22 x )] symmetric nor transitive
[(1/ 2)(72 +Neither
f ( x ) = 4 x + (64 )( x − 2 )/ 3 − [(1/ 2)(72 + 22 x )] is 95. The relation “less than” in the set of natural numbers is
(A) (− ∞, ∞) (B) (−∞, −3] (A) Only symmetric (B) Only transitive
(C) Only reflexive (D) Equivalence relation
1 
(C)
[3, ∞) (D)  , 1 96. Let P = {( x , y )| x 2 + y 2 = 1, x , y ∈R } . Then P is
9 
x
1− tan t (A) Reflexive (B) Symmetric
84. Let f ( x ) = ∫ log dt . Then f(x) is (C) Transitive (D) Anti-symmetric
0
1+ tan t
97. Let R be an equivalence relation on a finite set A having n ele-
(A)
An odd function ments. Then the number of ordered pairs in R is
(B)
An even function (A) Less than n (B) Greater than or equal to n

Chapter 1.indd 56 05-06-2018 15:57:10

 Chapter 1 | Sets, Relations and Functions 57

(C)
Less than or equal to n (D) None of these Practice Exercise 2
For real numbers x and y, we write xRy ⇔ x − y + 2 is an
 98. 
irrational number. Then the relation R is Single/Multiple Correct Choice Type Questions
(A) Reflexive (B) Symmetric
1. If y = f ( x ) be the concave upward function and y = g( x ) be a
(C) Transitive (D) None of these
 99. Let X be a family of sets and R be a relation on X defined by function such that f ′( x ) ⋅ g( x ) − g′( x ) ⋅ f ( x ) = x 4 + 2 x 2 + 10, then
‘A is disjoint from B’. Then R is (A) g( x ) has at least one root between two consecutive
(A) Reflexive (B) Symmetric roots of f ( x ) = 0
(C) Anti-symmetric (D) Transitive (B) g( x ) has at most one root between two consecutive
100. If R be a relation < from A = {1, 2, 3, 4} to B = {1, 3, 5}, that is, roots of f ( x ) = 0
(a, b ) ∈R ⇔ a < b , then RoR −1 is (C) if a and b are two consecutive roots of f ( x ) = 0, then
(A) {(1, 3), (1, 5), (2, 3), (2, 5), (3, 5), (4, 5)} ab < 0
(B) {(3, 1) (5, 1), (3, 2), (5, 2), (5, 3), (5, 4)} (D) when f ( x ) increases g( x ) decreases
(C) {(3, 3), (3, 5), (5, 3), (5, 5)}    
(D) {(3, 3) (3, 4), (4, 5)} 2. If log2  log 1 (log2 ( x ) = log3  log 1 (log3 ( y )) =
   
101. A relation from P to Q is 2 3

(A) A universal set of P × Q (B) P × Q  

(C) An equivalent set of P × Q (D) A subset of P × Q log5  log 1 (log5 ( z )) = 0 for positive x , y and z, then which of
 
5
102. Let A = {a, b, c} and B = {1, 2}. Consider a relation R defined the following is/are NOT true?
from set A to set B. Then R is equal to set
(A) z < x < y (B) x < y < z
(A) A (B) B
(C) A × B (D) B × A (C) y < z < x (D) z < y < x

103. Let n(A) = n. Then the number of all relations on A is 3. If a function satisfies ( x − y )f ( x + y ) − ( x + y )f ( x − y ) = 2( x 2 y − y 3 ) ∀ x , y ∈R
(A) 2n2 y )f2( (xn+
( x −(B) )!
y ) − ( x + y )f ( x − y ) = 2( x 2 y − y 3 ) ∀ x , y ∈R and f (1) = 2, then
n
(C) 2 (D) None of these
(A) f ( x ) must be polynomial function
104. Let R be a reflexive relation on a finite set A having n-elements, (B) f (3) = 12
and let there be m-ordered pairs in R. Then (C) f (0 ) = 0
(A) m ≥ n (B) m ≤ n
(D) f ( x ) may not be differentiable
(C) m = n (D) None of these
105. The relation R defined on the set A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} by R = {(x, y) : 4. If f( x ) × g( y ) = g¢( y ) - f ¢( x ) × g( y ), "x , y ÎR and g′(0 ) = 1, g(0 ) = 1,
| x 2 − y 2 | < 16} is given by f ′(0 ) = −5, then
(A) {(1, 1), (2, 1), (3, 1), (4, 1), (2, 3)} (A) f (0 ) = 6 (B) f (1) = e
(B) {(2, 2), (3, 2), (4, 2), (2, 4)} 1
(C) {(3, 3), (3, 4), (5, 4), (4, 3), (3, 1)} (C) g(1) = e (D) g( −1) =
e
(D) None of these
106. A relation R is defined from {2, 3, 4, 5} to {3, 6, 7, 10} by 5. If 13[ x ] + 25{ x } = 271 where [⋅] denotes the integral part of x and
xRy ⇔ x is relatively prime to y. Then domain of R is { x } denotes the fractional part of x, then value of [ x ] is/are
(A) {2, 3, 5} (B) {3, 5} (A) 18 (B) 19
(C) {2, 3, 4} (D) {2, 3, 4, 5} (C) 20 (D) 21

107. Let R be a relation on N defined by x + 2 y = 8. Then the 6. The equation sin x = [1+ sin x ] + [1− cos x ] has (where [·] repre-
domain of R is sents the greatest integer function)
(A) {2, 4, 8} (B) {2, 4, 6, 8}  −p p  p 
(A) no solution in  ,  (B) no solution in  , p 
(C) {2, 4, 6} (D) {1, 2, 3, 4}  2 2  2 
108. If R = {( x , y )| x , y ∈ Z , x 2 + y 2 ≤ 4 } is a relation in Z, then  3p 
(C) no solution in p , (D) no solution for ∀x ∈R
domain of R is  2 
(A) {0, 1, 2} (B) {0, –1, –2}
7. Let O(0 , 0 ) and C(p , 0 ) be the given points. If least and the
(C) {–2, –1, 0, 1, 2} (D) None of these
greatest value of x satisfies the equation cos 2x = sin x in
109. R is a relation from {11, 12, 13} to {8, 10, 12} defined by  p 
y = x − 3. Then R −1 is  − , p  represents the points A and B, respectively, then
2
(A) {(8, 11), (10, 13)} (B) {(11, 18), (13, 10)} (A) OABC is a rhombus
(C) {(10, 13), (8, 11)} (D) None of these (B) OABC is a parallelogram

Chapter 1.indd 57 05-06-2018 15:57:18

 58 Mathematics Problem Book for JEE

(C) OB = AC p Comprehension Type Questions

(D) area of a quadrilateral OABC is sq. units
2 x f (t ) ⋅ y 2
8. For x > 0, let f ( x ) = x 2 3 (6 − x )1 3 and g( x ) = x ⋅ ln x which of Paragraph for Questions 16 and 17: A line − 2 = − t = t z = l
the following is/are true? x f (t ) ⋅ y 2
− =− = t z = l is the perpendicular to the line of the intersection of
(A) Exactly 1 real solution exist for the equation f ( x ) = g( x ) t2  1
the planes t ⋅ f (t ) x + f  2  z + f ( −t ) = 0 and ty + f ( −t )z + f (t 2 ) = 0 ,
(B) f ( x ) ≥ g( x ), ∀x ∈[1, 4 ] t 
where t ∈R − {0} .
(C) For y = f ( x ), (6 , 0 ) is a point of the inflexion
(D) For x ∈(0 , 4 ) the equation f ( x ) = f −1( x ) has only one real 16. f (t ) is
solution (A) even function
9. If f (x) be a periodic function with the period T so that f (x + 13) (B) odd function
777 (C) neither even nor odd function
p +T T
+ f (x + 630) = 0 and ∑ ∫ f ( x )dx = l ∫ f ( x )dx , then (D) both even and odd function
p 0
p =1
 p 
(A) T = 1234 (B) [ l + 1] + [T + 1] = 2013 17. If t = tanq , where q ∈R − (2n + 1) , np  ; n ∈I , then
 2 
(C) l and T both are prime (D) only l is prime
f (tanq ) = − tan(2q ) ⋅ f (cot 2 q )
(A)
10. f(x) = sin (2 ( [a]) x ), where [⋅] denote the greatest integer
f (tanq ) = − sin(2q ) ⋅ f (cot 2 q )
(B)
function, has the fundamental period p for
f (tanq ) = − sin(2q ) ⋅ f (sec2 q )e
(C)
3 5
(A) a= (B) a = f (tan 2q ) = − tanq ⋅ f (cot q )
(D)
2 4
2 4 ( x − a )( x − b )
(C) a= (D) a = Paragraph for Questions 18 and 19: Consider f ( x ) =
3 5 ( x − g )( x − d )
11. Let f(x) be a real-valued function defined on: R → R such that ( x − a )( x − b )
f (x) = ; where 0 < a < b < g < d .
f(x) = [x]2 + [x + 1] −3, where [x] = the greatest integer ≤ x. Then ( x − g )( x − d )
(A) f(x) is a many-one and into function 18. Number of extremas for f ( x ) will be
(B) f(x) = 0 for infinite number of values of x (A) 1 (B) 0
(C) f(x) = 0 for only two real values (C) 2 (D) cannot be determined
(D) none of these 19. Function f : D → R , where D is the domain and R is the set of
12. If f: R → R, f(x) = e–| x | − ex is a given function, then which of the real number, will be
following are correct? (A) one to one (B) many to one
(A) f is many-one into function (C) bijective (D) none of these
(B) f is many-one onto function
Paragraph for Questions 20 and 21: A cubic function
(C) range of f is [0, ∞] f ( x ) = − x 3 + ax 2 + bx + c . If f ( x ) is an odd function and f ( x ) = 0
(D) range of f is (−∞, 0] at x = −1. Now the domain of function is reduced, so as to make
13. Which of the following pair(s) of functions are identical? f ( x ) invertible such that f −1( x ) remains in 2nd and 4th quadrant.
1− x 2 Then
(A) f(x) = cos (2 tan−1x), g(x) =
1+ x 2 20. | f −1( x )| + f −1 (| x |) = 0 has
2x
(B) f(x) = , g(x) = sin (2 cot–1x) (A) no solution (B) exactly one solution
1+ x 2
(C) f(x) = tan x + cot x, g(x) = 2 cosec 2x (C) infinite solutions (D) exactly three solutions

f(x) = eIn (sgncot

(D)
−1
x)
, g(x) = eIn [1+ { x }] , 21. Range of f −1 | x | is

where sgn(⋅), [⋅], {⋅} denotes signum, greatest integer and (A) ( −∞ , 0 ) (B) ( −∞ , −1)
fractional part functions, respectively. (C) (0 , ∞ ) (D) (1, ∞ )
 p
14. If f(x) = sin for x ∈  0 ,  is invertible, where {⋅} and [⋅] rep- Matrix Match Type Questions
 4
resent the fractional part and the greatest integer functions, 22. Match the following:
respectively, then f −1(x) is
p Column Ι Column ΙΙ
(A) sin−1x (B) – cos−1x
2 (p)  1
(A) The number of the possible values of k if
(C) sin−1{x} (D) cos−1{x} p
fundamental period of sin−1 (sin kx) is ,
15. Range of f(x) = log 3 ( 5(2 sinx + cosx) + 5) is 2
10 is
(A) [0, 1] (B) [0, 3] (q)  2
(B) Numbers of the elements in the domain
 1 of f(x) = tan−1x + sin−1x + sec−1x is
 −∞ , 
(C) (D) None of these
3

Chapter 1.indd 58 05-06-2018 15:57:26

 Chapter 1 | Sets, Relations and Functions 59

Column Ι Column ΙΙ Column Ι Column ΙΙ

p x (r)  3 (B) Number of solution(s) of 2[x] = x + 2 {x} is (q) 1

(C) Period of the function f(x) = sin   ⋅ (where [⋅], {⋅} are the greatest integer and
 2 
p x least integer functions, respectively)
cosec   is
 2  (C) If x2 + y2 = 1 and maximum value of x + y is (r) 2
(D) If the range of the function f(x) = cos−1 [5x] (s) 4 2l
lp , then l is equal to
is {a, b, c} and a + b + c = , then l is equal 3
2 (s) 0
to (where [⋅] denotes greatest integer)  1  1
(D) f  x +  + f  x −  = f(x) for all x ∈ R,
 2  2
(t) 0 then period of f(x) is
23. Match the following: (t) 3

Column Ι Column ΙΙ

 p (p) one to one Integer Type Questions

(A) Function f: 0 ,  → [0, 1] defined function
 3 200
25. Consider the two polynomials f (x ) and g (x ) as g( x ) = ∑ a r x r
by f(x) = sin x is
200 r =0
(B) Function f:(1, ∞) → (1, ∞) defined (q) many-one and f ( x ) = ∑ b r x r . Given (i) b r = 1 ∀r ≥ 100 (ii) f ( x + 1) = g( x ) .
x +3 function r =0
200
by f(x) = x − 1 is
Let A = ∑ a r . Find the remainder when A is divided by 15.
(r)  into function r =100
 p 4p 
(C) Function f:  − ,  → [–1, 1]
 2 3  26. Let p( x )= x 5 + x 2 + 1 have roots x1, x 2 , x 3 , x 4 and x 5,
defined by f(x) = sinx is g( x ) = x 2 − 2 , then find the value of g( x1) g( x 2 ) g( x 3 ) g( x 4 ) g( x 5 ) − 30 g( x1x 2 x 3 x 4
(D) Function f:(2, ∞) → [8, ∞) defined (s)  onto 1) g( x 2 ) g( x 3 ) g( x 4 ) g( x 5 ) − 30 g( x1x 2 x 3 x 4 x 5 ).
g( xfunction

x2 27. f : R → R is f ( x ) = ln( x + x 2 + 1), then find the number of

by f(x) = is
x −2 solutions to the equation | f −1( x )| = e −| x | .

24. Match the following: 28. Let f ( x ) = 30 − 2 x − x 3 , then find the number of positive inte-
gral values of x which satisfies f (f (f ( x ))) > f (f ( − x )).
Column Ι Column ΙΙ
29. Let f ( x ) = ( x + 1)( x + 2)( x + 3)( x + 4 ) + 5 , where x ∈[ −6 , 6]. If
(A) If the smallest positive integral value of x (p) 4 the range of the function is [a, b] where a, b ∈N , then find the
for which x2 − x − sin–1(sin 2) < 0 is l, then a+b
3 + l is equal to value of .
1683

Answer Key
Practice Exercise 1
1. (D) 2. (B) 3. (D) 4. (B) 5. (B) 6. (A)
7. (B) 8. (A) 9. (C) 10. (A) 11. (B) 12. (A)
13. (D) 14. (A) 15. (B) 16. (D) 17. (C) 18. (C)
19. (B) 20. (B) 21. (C) 22. (C) 23. (A) 24. (A)
25. (A) 26. (C) 27. (B) 28. (C) 29. (D) 30. (B)
31. (A) 32. (B) 33. (B) 34. (C) 35. (C) 36. (B)
37. (D) 38. (C) 39. (C) 40. (A) 41. (A) 42. (D)
43. (B) 44. (D) 45. (C) 46. (D) 47. (C) 48. (C)
49. (C) 50. (C) 51. (D) 52. (B) 53. (C) 54. (A)
55. (A) 56. (D) 57. (B) 58. (A) 59. (D) 60. (A)
61. (A) 62. (A) 63. (C) 64. (D) 65. (C) 66. (B)
67. (C) 68. (B) 69. (A) 70. (C) 71. (A) 72. (D)
73. (A) 74. (B) 75. (D) 76. (C) 77. (D) 78. (C)
79. (B) 80. (C) 81. (A) 82. (D) 83. (C) 84. (B)
85. (B) 86. (D) 87. (D) 88. (A) 89. (C) 90. (A)

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 60 Mathematics Problem Book for JEE

91. (C) 92. (B) 93. (B) 94. (A) 95. (B) 96. (B)
97. (B) 98. (A) 99. (B) 100. (C) 101. (D) 102. (C)
103. (C) 104. (A) 105. (D) 106. (D) 107. (C) 108. (C)
109. (A)

Practice Exercise 2
1. (A, C) 2. (B, C, D) 3. (A, B, C) 4. (A, C, D) 5. (B, C) 6. (A, B, C, D)
7. (B, D) 8. (A, C, D) 9. (A, B) 10. (A, B) 11. (A, B) 12. (A, D)
13. (A, B, C, D) 14. (A, B, C) 15. (D) 16. (B) 17. (A) 18. (C)
19. (B) 20. (C) 21. (B) 22. (A) → (q), (B) → (q), (C) → (q), (D) → (r) 23. (A) → (p, r),
(B) → (p, s), (C) → (q, s), (D) → (q, s) 24. (A) → (p), (B) → (t), (C) → (t), (D) → (t) 25. (1) 26. (7)
27. (2) 28. (2) 29. (3)

Solutions

Practice Exercise 1   7. We have

1. Given that f ( x ) = ( x − 1)( x − 2)( x − 3)
f ( x ) = cos(log x ) ⇒ f ( y ) = cos(log y ) and   f (1) = f (2) = f (3) = 0
Therefore,  hich implies that f ( x ) is not one-to-one. For each y ∈R ,
w
there exists x ∈R such that f ( x ) = y . Therefore, f is onto.
1  x 
f ( x )f ( y ) − f   + f ( xy ) Hence, f : R → R is onto but not one-to-one.
2   y    8. Here, | x | is not one-one and
1  x  4x
= cos(log x )cos(log y ) − cos  log  + cos(log xy ) lim
2  y  x →∞ ( x2 + 8x + 3 + x2 + 4 x + 3
is not one-to-one. Also, x 2 + 1 is not one-to-one. However,
1 2 x − 5 is one-to-one because
= cos(log x )cos(log y ) − [2 cos(log x )cos(log y )] = 0
2
. We have
2 f (x) = f (y) ⇒ 2x − 5 = 2y − 5 ⇒ x = y

f ( x + 1) − f ( x ) = 8 x + 3 Now, f ( x ) = 2 x − 5 is onto and therefore, f ( x ) = 2 x − 5 is bijective.

2 2
  9. Let us consider
⇒ [b ( x + 1) + c ( x + 1) + d ] − (bx + cx + d ) = 8 x + 3
Lf ′ (2) ≠ Rf ′ (2)
⇒ (2b ) x + (b + c ) = 8 x + 3
2 2
⇒ 2b = 8 , b + c = 3 ⇒ b = 4 , c = −1 x −4 y −4
⇒ 2
=
3. We have x +4 y2 + 4

f ( x ) = cos[p 2 ] x + cos[ −p 2 ] x x2 − 4 y2 − 4
⇒ − 1= −1 ⇒ x2 + 4 = y2 + 4
f ( x ) = cos(9 x ) + cos( −10 x ) = cos(9 x ) + cos(10 x ) x2 + 4 y2 + 4
 19 x   x ⇒ x = ±y
= 2 cos  cos  
 2   2 Therefore, f ( x ) is many-to-one. Now, for each y ∈( −1, 1), there
Therefore, does not exist x ∈ X such that f ( x ) = y . Hence, f is into.
p   19p  p  10. We have f ′( x ) = 2 + cos x > 0. So, f ( x ) is strictly monotonically
f   = 2 cos  cos  
 2  4   4 increasing and so f ( x ) is one-to-one and onto.
p  −1 1 x
f   = 2× × = −1 11. f ( x ) = is one-to-one and into function. x1, x 2 ∈[0 , ∞ ),
 2 2 2 1+ x
for one-to-one function.
4. It is a fundamental concept. The function is a homogeneous
  Now,
function of degree –1.
x x
. Multiplication of rational number and irrational number is irra-
5 f ( x1) = f ( x 2 ) ⇒ 1 = 2 ⇒ x1x 2 + x1 = x1x 2 + x 2 ⇒ x1 = x 2
tional number. For example, x = 2, y = 3 . Thus, 2 3 is an irra- 1+ x1 1+ x 2
tional number.  ange of f(x) ∈[ 0 ,1) and range of f(x) is not equal to co-domain.
  R
. We have
6 Hence, f(x) is not onto function.
3x3 + 1 3( −27) + 1 −80 12. We have
2
= = =4
2x + 2 2( 9 ) + 2 20 − 1+ ( − 3 )2 ≤ (sin x − 3 cos x ) ≤ 1+ ( − 3 )2
x = −3

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 Chapter 1 | Sets, Relations and Functions 61

−2 ≤ (sin x − 3 cos x ) ≤ 2 Df = ( −3, − 2) ∪ ( −2, − 1) ∪ (1, ∞ )

−2 + 1 ≤ (sin x − 3 cos x + 1) ≤ 2 + 1 19. The quantity which is under root is positive, when
−1− 3 ≤ x ≤ −1+ 3
−1 ≤ (sin x − 3 cos x + 1) ≤ 3
20. Obviously, here | x | > 2 and x ≠ 1, that is, x ∈( − ∞ , − 2) ∪ (2, ∞ ).
 That is, the range is [ −1, 3]. Therefore, for f to be onto,
S = [ −1, 3]. 21. The function f ( x ) = log( x 2 − 6 x + 6 ) is defined when
13. We have log( x 2 − 6 x + 6 ) ≥ 0.
2
f (x) = x + x = x+ | x | x 2 − 6 x + 6 ≥ 1 ⇒ ( x − 5)( x − 1) ≥ 0
  Now, f is not one-to-one as
  This inequality holds if x ≤ 1 or x ≥ 5. Hence, the domain of the
f ( −1) = f ( −2) = 0
function is ( −∞ , 1] ∪ [5, ∞ ) .
  B ut −1 ≠ 2 and also f is not onto since f ( x ) ≥ 0 , ∀x ∈R. Also, 22. We have
the range of f is (0 , ∞ ) ⊂ R .
14. f(x, y) → (x/y) is a surjective function. −1 ≤ 1+ 3 x + 2 x 2 ≤ 1
15. We have Case 1: Here, 2 x 2 + 3 x + 1 ≥ −1 ; 2 x 2 + 3 x + 2 ≥ 0.
sin−1(3 − x )
f (x) = Therefore,
log[| x | −2] −3 ± 9 − 16 −3 ± i 7
  Let us consider x= =
6 6
g( x ) = sin−1(3 − x ) ⇒ −1 ≤ 3 − x ≤ 1 which is imaginary.

  The domain of g( x ) is [2, 4] and let us consider Case 2: Here, 2 x 2 + 3 x + 1 ≤ 1

h( x ) = log[| x | −2] ⇒ | x | −2 > 0 Therefore,

 3
2x2 + 3x ≤ 0 ⇒ 2x  x +  ≤ 0
⇒ | x | > 2 ⇒ x < −2 or x > 2 ⇒ ( −∞ , − 2) ∪ (2, ∞ )  2
  We know that −3  3 
⇒ ≤ x ≤ 0 ⇒ x ∈ − , 0
f (x) 2  2 
(f /g )( x ) = ∀x ∈D1 ∩ D2 − { x ∈R : g( x ) = 0}
g( x ) In Case 1, we get imaginary value; hence it is rejected. Therefore,
  Therefore, the domain of f(x) is the domain of the function is
 −3 
(2, 4 ] − {3} = (2, 3) ∪ (3, 4 ]  2 , 0
 
16. Here, x + 3 > 0 and x 2 + 3 x + 2 ≠ 0 . Therefore, 23. Here, | x | > 1; therefore, x ∈( − ∞ , − 1) ∪ (1, ∞ ).

x > −3 and ( x + 1)( x + 2) ≠ 0 24. It should be | x | − x > 0. That is,

  That is, x ¹ -1, - 2. Therefore, the domain is |x|> x

( −3, ∞ ) − { −1, − 2}.   However, | x | = x for x positive and | x | > x for x negative. So,
17. We have the domain is ( − ∞ , 0 ).
25. Here,
ì(1/ 2)( - x - 1), x < -1 p 
ï f ( x ) = sec  cos2 x 
f ( x ) = ítan-1 x , - 1£ x £ 1 4 
ï(1/ 2)( x - 1), x > 1
î We know that 0 ≤ cos2 x ≤ 1 at cos x = 0 , f ( x ) = 1 and at
 
ì-1/ 2, x < -1 cos x = 1, = a (1) − b (1) = a − b .
ï   Therefore,
  and f ¢( x ) = í1/ 1+ x 2 , - 1 < x < 1
ï1/ 2, x >1 1 ≤ x ≤ 2 ⇒ x ∈[1, 2 ].
î
1 1 1 26. We have
  Now, lim f ’( −1− h) = − ; lim f ’( −1+ h) = = 1
h→ 0 2 h→ 0 1+ ( −1+ 0 )2 2 f ( x ) = 1+
  That is, [ x + (1/ 2)]2 + (3 / 4 )
1 1 1
lim f ’(1− h) = 2
= ; lim f ’(1+ h) =   Therefore, the range is (1, 7 / 3].
h→ 0 1+ (1− 0 ) 2 h → 0 2
27. We have
  Therefore, f ′( −1) does not exist and therefore, the domain of  p 
f ′( x ) is R − { −1} . f ( x ) = 2 sin  − 2 x  
 4 
18. The functionf ( x ) is to be defined when x 2 − 1 > 0 . So,   Therefore,
2 − 2 ≤ f (x) ≤ 2
x > 1, ⇒ x < −1 or x > 1 and 3 + x > 0

  Therefore, x > −3 and x ≠ −2 and hence,   and    [ −1, 1] ⊂ [ − 2 , 2 ]

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35. By the definition of composition of function, we have

28. Here, sin−1 x + cos −1 x = p / 2 holds x which lies in [0, 1].
g[f ( x )] = (sin x + cos x )2 − 1 ⇒ g[f ( x )] = sin 2 x
29. Here,
1   We know that sinx is bijective only when
−1 ≤ cosq ≤ 1 ⇒ = − 2  p p
a x ∈ − , 
p  2 2
2   Thus, g( x ) is bijective if we have
  and   sec q ≥ 1 for q >
3 p p −p p
− ≤ 2x ≤ ⇒ ≤x≤
secq ≥ 2 ⇒ sec2 q ≥ 4 2 2 4 4
36. Here,
  Therefore, the required interval is [2, ∞ ).
g( x ) = 1+ n − n = 1, x = n ∈ Z
30. We have
  Now,
f ( x ) = sin[log( x + 1+ x 2 )] 1+ n + k − n = 1+ k, x = n + k
2   where n ∈ Z , 0 < k < 1. Now,
⇒f ( − x ) = sin[log( − x + 1+ x )]
 −1, g( x ) < 0
 
1+ x 2 + x  f [ g( x )] =  0 , g( x ) = 0
⇒ f ( − x ) = sin log  ( 1+ x 2 − x ) 
  1, g( x ) > 0
1+ x 2 + x  
 1    Therefore, g( x ) > 0 ∀x and thus f ( g( x )) = 1 ∀x.
⇒ f ( − x ) = sin log   37. We have
2
 ( x + 1+ x )  a f ( x ) a [a x/( x + 1)] a 2x
f [f ( x )] = = =
⇒f ( − x ) = sin log( x + 1+ x 2 )−1 f ( x ) + 1 [a x/( x + 1)] + 1 a x + x + 1
    Therefore,
⇒f ( − x ) = sin  − log( x + 1+ x 2 ) a2⋅x
  x=
(a + 1) x + 1
⇒f ( − x ) = − sin log( x + 1+ x 2 )   or     x [(a + 1) x + 1− a 2 ] = 0
 
⇒f ( − x ) = − f ( x )   or     (a + 1) x 2 + (1− a 2 ) x = 0
  which should hold ∀x. Therefore,
  Therefore, f ( x ) is an odd function. a + 1 = 0 , 1− a 2 = 0
31. We have   and this is equal to
y=
x +2
⇒ x=
3
+ 1=
y +2
= f (y) h [(e −1/ h − e1/ h )/(e −1/ h + e1/ h )] − 0
lim = −1
x −1 y −1 y −1 h→ 0 −h
32. It is given that 38. We have
f [f ( x )] = [a − {f ( x )} ]1/ n = [a − (a − x n )]1/ n = x
n
f ( x ) = 2 x ( x −1) ⇒ x ( x − 1) = log2 f ( x )
39. The set B satisfied the given definition of function f and hence,
2 1± 1+ 4 log2 f ( x ) option (C) is correct.
⇒ x − x − log2 f ( x ) = 0 ⇒ x =
2 40. We have
 x , x ∈Q
1+ 1+ 4 log2 f ( x ) (f − g )( x ) = 
  Only x = lies in the domain.  − x , x ∉Q
2
41. h(x) = [f(x) + f(−x)] [g(x) – g(−x)]
33. Let us consider
h(–x) = [f(–x) + f(x)] [g(–x) – g(x)] = –h(–x)
f ( x ) = y ⇒ x = f −1( y )
  Therefore, h(x) is an odd function.
  Hence,
y +5 y +5 42. We have
f ( x ) = y = 3x − 5 ⇒ x = ⇒ f −1( y ) = x = 1
3 3 f(x) = 4 − x 2 +
  Therefore, sin x − sin x
−1 x +5  (i) Here, 4 - x2 ≥ 0 ⇒ x2 ≤ 4 ⇒ -2 ≤ x ≤ 2.
f (x) =
3 (ii) Here, |sinx| - sinx > 0.
  Also f is one-to-one and onto and hence f −1 exists and is   When sinx < 0, we have
given by |sinx| = -sinx ⇒ -2sinx > 0 ⇒ sinx < 0 if |sinx| = sinx
x +5
f −1( x ) =   Then, we get 0 > 0, which is not possible. Therefore, the
3
34. Here, domain is [-2, 0).
f (q ) = sinq (sinq + sin 3q ) 43. We have
f(x) = x3 + 3x2 +12x -12x - 2sinx
= sinq (sinq + 3 sinq − 4 sin3 q ) = 4 sin2 q (1− sin2 q )
  Therefore,
= 4 sin2 q cos2 q = (sin 2q )2
f ′(x) = 3x2 + 6x +12 - 2cosx
  Therefore, for all real q , we have
  Hence, f ′(x) > 0 ∀x. Therefore, f(x) is an increasing function
f (q ) ≥ 0 and thus f(x) is one-to-one and onto.

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 Chapter 1 | Sets, Relations and Functions 63

44. We have  5x − x2 
 x2 + e  log1/ 4   ≥0
f(x) = ln  2   4 
 x + 1
5x − x2
 x 2 + 1 − 1+ e   e −1  ⇒0< ≤1
⇒ln   = ln  1+ 2  4
 x2 + 1  x +1
5x − x2 5x − x2
  Therefore, the range is (0, 1]. ⇒ > 0 and ≤1
4 4
45. f(x + y) = f(xy) ∀ x, y 2
⇒ x(x – 5) < 0 and x – 5x + 4 ≥ 0
  Put
x = y =1 ⇒ f (2) = f (1) ⇒ x ∈ (0, 5) and x∈ (–∞, 1]∪[4,∞)
  Therefore, f1 is defined for
  Similarly,
f (2) = f (1) = f (3) = ⋅⋅⋅ = f (2006 ) = −1 0 x ∈ (0, 1]∪[4, 5)
  and f2 is defined for
46. If function f(x) is symmetrical about x = 1, then f(1 – a) =
x ∈ {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10}
f(1 + a) where a ∈ R.
  Thus, f(x) is defined for
47. We have
x ∈ Df1 ∩ Df2 = {1, 4}
 2 1  2 1
f(x) = sin−1 x + 2  + cos−1  x − 2 
51.   f ′ ( x ) = a − sin x
   
  Now,
 2 1   2 1 
= sin−1  x + 2  + cos−1  x + 2 − 1 f ′( x ) ≥ 0 ⇒ a ≥ sin x ⇒ a ≥ 1
   
f ′( x ) ≤ 0 ⇒ a ≤ sin x ⇒ a ≤ −1
 1  1 
= sin-1  x 2 +  + cos −1   x 2 +  − 1   Therefore, f(x) is bijective if a ∈R − ( −1, 1) .
 2  2 
  Since x2 + 1/2 ≥ 1/2, we get 52. We know that f(x + 2) = 2f(x) – f(x + 1). Substituting x = 0, we
get
 2 1
 x + 2  = 0 or 1 f(2) = 4 – 3 ⇒ f(2) = 1
 
  Substituting x = 1, we get
  S ince sin−1 [ x 2 + (1/ 2)] is defined only for these two values, f(3) = 6 – 1 ⇒ f(3) = 5
(i) when [ x 2 + (1/ 2)] = 0, we get   Substituting x = 2, we get
f(x) = sin−10 + cos−1(−1) = p f(4) = 2 – 5 ⇒ f(4) = –3
2
  Substituting x = 3, we get
  (ii) when [ x + (1/ 2)] = 1, we get
f(5) = 10 + 3 ⇒ f(5) = 13
f(x) = sin−11 + cos−10 = p x x x
 3  4  5
  Therefore, the range of f(x) = {p }. 53.   3 x + 4 x + 5 x − 6 x = 0 ⇒   +   +   =1
 6  6  6
48. We have
fog = f [g(x)] = |sinx| = sin2 x   Now,
x x x
 3  4  5
  Also, we have f (x) =   +   +  
 6  6  6
gof = g[f(x)] = sin2 x
f ( x ) → 0, x → ∞
  Obviously,
f ( 0 ) = 3, x = 0
sin2 x = g( x ) f ( x ) → ∞ , x → −∞
  and   Therefore, f ( x ) = 1 will have one real root.
2
sin x = sin2[f(x)] 54. We have 0 ≤ {x} < 1. That is,
  That is, p
0 ≤ sin−1{x} <
g(x) = sin2x and f(x) = x 2
0 ≤ sin[sin−1{x}] < 1
49. We have
3 4 5
f(x) = 0 ∀x ∈ R ⇒ f(3) − f(2) = 0 55. f(x) = + +
x −2 x −3 x −4
50. Let us consider
⇒ f ( x ) < 0 ∀ x ∈( −∞ , 2), f ( x ) > 0 ∀ x ∈( 4 , ∞ )
 5x − x2 
f1 = log1/ 4   ⇒ f (2+ ) > 0 and f (3− ) < 0
 4 
  and f2 = 10Cx. Therefore, f1 is defined for   So f(x) has exactly one real root ∈ (2, 3).

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 64 Mathematics Problem Book for JEE

56. We have   Therefore,

2p (cosa )x + (sina )x ≥ 1
= p ⇒ 2 = [a] ⇒ 4 = [a]
[ a]   where cosa = 5/13. Equality holds for x = 2. Now,
x x
  Therefore, a ∈ [4, 5).  5  12 
57. We have   +  
13 13
f ( x ), when f ( x ) is rational   decreases as x increases. Therefore, x ∈ (−∞, 2].
fof(x) =  64. We should have
1− f ( x ), when f ( x ) is irrational
−1 ≤ [x] − x2 + 4 ≤ 2 = x2 − 5 ≤ [x] ≤ x2 − 2
x, when x is rational
=   On solving it by graph, we get
1− (1− x ), when x is irrational
x ∈ [− 3, −1] ∪ ( 3, 7 )
  That is, it fof(x) = x.
65. We have
58. The function f(x) is defined on [0, 1] ⇒ 0 ≤ x ≤ 1. Now, f(2sinx)
shall be defined if 0 ≤ 2sinx ≤ 1. Therefore, f(x) = −{(5x + 7) – [5x + 7]} + cosp x + 7 = − {5x + 7} + cosp x + 7

1  p  5p    The period of (5x + 7) is 1/5 and the period of cosp x is 2.

0 ≤ sinx ≤ ⇒x ∈ ∪  2np , 2np +  ∪ 2np + ,(2n + 1)p   Therefore, the period of f(x) is 2.
2 n ∈ I  6  6 
66. The function f(x) can be written as
59. As f and g are mirror images of each other above the line [x] + [2x] + ⋅⋅⋅ + [nx] − (x + 2x + 3x + ⋅⋅⋅ + nx)
y = a. So, = − ({x} + {2x} + ⋅⋅⋅ + {nx})
g( x ) = 2a − f ( x )   The period of f(x) is
   
Now  1 1 1
LCM  1, , ,… ,  = 1
− h( x ) = f ( x ) + g( x ) = 2a  2 3 n
67. All numbers r! (r ≥ 7) are the multiples of 7 and hence for
60. We have remainder. Let us consider
 sin x  S6 =1 + 2 + 6 + 24 + 120 + 720
f(x) = cos|x| +  
 2    which gives remainder 5 when divided by 7.
68. We have
sin x é sin x ù 1
0≤ ≤ 1/2 ⇒ ê ú=0 f ( x ) = [sin 3 x + | sin 3 x | + (sin 3 x )]
2 ë 2 û 3
  Therefore,   The period of sin3x is 2p / 3 ; the period of |sin3x| is p / 3; the
f(x) = cos|x| = cosx ∀x ∈ R period of [sin3x] is 2p / 3. Hence, the period of f(x) is 2p / 3.
61. For f(x) to be defined, we need to have 69. f ( x ) = f (− x )
  Hence, f(x) is an even function.
x2 + 4x ≥ 0 ⇒ x ∈ (−∞, −4]∪[0, ∞)
1 ≤ | sin x | + | cos x | ≤ 2 ⇒ [| sin x | + | cos x |] = 1⇒ f ( x ) = 1
  Also,
(x2 + 4x) – (2x2 + 3) ≥ 0 ⇒ x ∈ [1, 3] 70. We have
  However, nCr is defined only for the non-negative integral val- 2− x 
f(x) = sec −1 
ues of n and r and thus the domain is {1, 2, 3} and the range is  4 
{f(1), f(2), f(3)} = {1, 2 3}.
62. Let   Now,
f ( x ) = logsin x 2tan x 2− x 
sec −1   ≥ 0
 tan x   4
⇒ f ( x ) = ln 2 
 lnsin x 
  Therefore,
  For f (x) > 0, we must have 2− x
tan x > 0 ≥ 1 ⇒ 2 – |x| ≥ 4 ⇒ |x| ≤ –2
4
  and ln sin x > 0   is not possible. Also,
  Now, 2− x
æ pö ≤ –1 ⇒ 2 + 4 ≤ |x| ⇒ |x| ≥ 6
x Î ç 0, ÷ 4
è 2ø   Therefore, x ≥ 6 or x ≤ –6 and thus the domain is (–∞,–6] ∪
tan x > 0 [6, ∞).
  and 0 < sin x < 1 71. See Fig. 1.75. The following cases arise:
⇒ lnsin x < 0 (As ln x < 0, for 0 < x <1)  (i) If [x] = −1, then x2 –2 = –2 ⇒ x = 0 which is not possible.
  Therefore, there is no solution for f (x) > 0.   (ii) If [x] = 0, then x2 –2 = 0 ⇒ x = ± 2 which is not possible.
63. We have (iii) If [x] = 1, then x2 –2 = 2 ⇒ x = ±2 which is not possible.
x x
 5  12  (iv) If [x] = 2. Then x2 –2 = 4 ⇒ x = ± 6 and the only possible
  +   ≥ 1
13 13 solution is 6.

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 Chapter 1 | Sets, Relations and Functions 65

  Now,
[sin2x] = 0, [cos2x] = 0, −1
  That is,
−1 1 2 3
[sin2x] = −1, [cos2x] = –1
0
 owever, [sin2x] = 1, [cos2x] = 1 and [sin2x] = 1, [cos 2x] = –1
  H
are not possible. Hence, the range is {0, 1}.
79. See Fig. 1.77. The number of points of intersection of the
curves |y| = ln|x| and (x – 1)2 + y2 = 4 is 3.
Figure 1.75
2 Y
72. Here, 16 − x is defined in [–4, 4]. Now, sin–1[1 + cosx] is
defined if –1 ≤ 1 + cosx < 2. That is,
cosx ≠ 1⇒ x ∈ [–4, 0) ∪ (0, 4]
73. Let g(x) be the inverse of f, then f [g(x)] = x. This implies that −1 1 3 X

3g(x)[g(x) – 2] = x ⇒ [g(x)]2 – 2g(x) – log3x = 0

2 ± 4 + 4 log3 x
⇒g(x) = = 1± 1+ log3 x Figure 1.77
2
  Since g: [1, ∞] → [2, ∞], we get 80.    f ( x + y , x − y ) = xy
g(x) = 1+ 1+ log3 x   Let X = x + y , Y = x − y . Then
2
74. For f(x) to be odd, then [ x /| a |] should depend upon the value X2 −Y2
of x.   f ( X ,Y ) = and Y = x + y , X = x − y
4
x ∈ [−4, 4] ⇒ 0 ≤ x2 ≤ 16 Y2 − X2
2
  Now, [ x /| a |] = 0 if ⇒ f (Y , X ) =
4
|a| > 16 ⇒ a ∈ (−∞, −16)∪(16, ∞)   Therefore, A.M. of f ( X , Y ) and f (Y , X ) is 0.
75. The number of onto function from A → B is the coefficient of
3 81. f(x) = x + a − [x + a] − b – a ⇒ f(x) = {x + a} − b – a
 x2 x3 
x4 in 4!  x + + +  , that is,   Hence, f(x) is periodic with 1.
 2! 3! 
82. Domain of f ( x ) = x12 − x 3 + x 4 − x + 1
 34 3.24 3 
Coefficient of x4 in 4![e3x –3e2x + 3ex –1] = 4!  − +  x12 − x 3 + x 4 − x + 1 ≥ 0
 4 ! 4 ! 4 ! 
= 34 − 3.24 + 3 = 81 − 48 + 3 = 36 ⇒ x12 + x 4 + 1 ≥ x 3 + x ∀x ∈R
  The total number of functions is 81. Hence, the required num-
83. Domain of f ( x ) = 4 x + (64 )( x − 2 )/ 3 − [(1/ 2)(72 + 22 x )]
ber of functions is
81 − 36 = 45 ⇒ 4 x + (64 )( x − 2 )/ 3 − [(1/ 2)(72 + 22 x )] ≥ 0
76. See Fig. 1.76. Obviously, there are two solutions. 17 . 4 x (72 + 4 x )
⇒ − ≥ 0 ⇒ 17 . 4 x − 8.72 − 8.4 x ≥ 0
16 2
⇒ 9 . 4 x − 8.72 ≥ 0 ⇒ 4 x − 64 ≥ 0 ⇒ x ≥ 3
B
x
y = 2x −3 1− tan t
84.   f ( x ) = ∫ log dt
0
1+ tan t

y = logx 3
  Replacing x by –x, we get
−x
1− tan t
f (− x ) = ∫ log 1+ tan t dt
0
  Let
Figure 1.76
t = − z ⇒ dt = − dz
x −1
77. For ≥ 0, we have the following two cases: z
1+ tan z
x
1− tan t
x − 2{ x } ⇒ f ( − x ) = − ∫ log dz = ∫ log dt = f ( x )
  (i) x ≥ 1 ⇒ x > 2{x} ⇒ x ≥ 2 ⇒ x ∈ [2, ∞) 0
1− tan z 0
1+ tan t
(ii) x ≤ 1 ⇒ x < 2{x} ⇒ x < 1, x ≠ 0
  The common part is x ∈ (−∞, 0) ∪ (0, 1). Finally, x = 1 is also a   Therefore, f(x) is an even function.
part of the domain. 85. f(x + y) = f(x) + f(y) − xy − 1 ∀x, y ∈ R
78. We should have   Put x = y = 1, f(2) =2 f(1) – 2 = 0
[sin2x] ≥ [cos2x]   Put x = 1, y = 2, f(3) = f(1) + f(2) – 2 – 1 = 3 – 3 = 0
  which implies that we can have   Put x = 1, y = 3, f(4) = f(1) + f(3) – 3 – 1 = –3
[sin2x] = 1, [cos2x] = 1, 0, −1   Hence, only one solution for f(n) = n.

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 66 Mathematics Problem Book for JEE

86.   x2f(x) − 2f (1/ x ) = g(x) 90. n( A × A) = n( A) ⋅ n( A) = 32 = 9

  where f(x) is an even function and g(x) is an odd function.   So, the total number of subsets of A × A is 29 and a subset of
  Replacing x by –x, we get A × A is a relation over the set A.
 1 91. Here, n( A × B ) = 2 × 3 = 6.
x2f(–x) − 2f  −  = g(–x)
 x   Since every subset of A × B defines a relation from A to B,
  and number of relation from A to B is equal to number of subsets
g(x) + g(– x) = 0 of A × B = 26 = 64 .
 1 92. R = {(a, b ) : a, b ∈N , a − b = 3} = {((n + 3), n) : n ∈N }
⇒ x 2f ( x ) = 2f   ⇒ f (1) = 0
 x = {( 4 ,1),(5, 2),(6 , 3),...} .
  Replacing x by 1/x, we get 93. R = {(2, 1), (4, 2), (6, 3), ...}.
2   So, R −1 = {(1, 2), (2, 4), (3, 6), ...}.
 1  1
     f   = 2f ( x ) 94. Since (1, 1); (2, 2); (3, 3) ∈ R, R is reflexive. (1, 2) ∈ R but (2, 1)
 x  x
2
∉ R, therefore R is not symmetric. It can be easily seen that R
2
 1 x is transitive.
⇒  f ( x ) = 2f ( x ) ⇒ f ( x ) = 0
 x 2 95. Since x < y , y < z ⇒ x < z ∨ x , y , z ∈N

87. The given data is shown in Fig. 1.78. Since f –1(d) = x, we get   Therefore,
f(x) = d x R y , yR z ⇒ x R z
  Now, if a ⊂ x, f(a) ⊂ d, we get f –1[f(a)] = a. ⇒ Relation is transitive,
⇒ x < y does not give y < x
X Y
⇒ Relation is not symmetric.
  Since x < x does not hold, relation is not reflexive.
c y
6. Obviously, the relation is not reflexive and transitive, but it is
9
symmetric because x 2 + y 2 = 1⇒ y 2 + x 2 = 1.
x
d 97. Since R is an equivalence relation on set A, (a, a) ∈ R for all
a f −1 a ∈ A. Hence, R has at least n ordered pairs.
f(a) 98. For any x ∈R , we have x − x + 2 = 2 an irrational number.
Therefore, xRx for all x. So, R is reflexive.
Figure 1.78
  R is not symmetric because 2R1 but 1R/ 2 , R is not transitive

88.   f ( x ) = x / 1+ x 2 also because 2R1 and 1R2 2 but 2 R/ 2 2 .

99. Clearly, the relation is symmetric but it is neither reflexive
⇒ f (f ( x )) = f ( x )/ 1+ f 2 ( x ) = x / 1+ 2 x 2 nor transitive.
⇒ f (f (f ( x ))) = x / 1+ 3 x 2 100. We have

89. y = ( x 2 + 2 x + c ) / ( x 2 + 4 x + 3c ), y ∈R ∀x ∈R R = {(1, 3); (1, 5); (2, 3); (2, 5); (3, 5); (4, 5)}
−1
R = {(3, 1), (5, 1), (3, 2), (5, 2); (5, 3); (5, 4)}
⇒ y ( x 2 + 4 x + 3c ) = ( x 2 + 2 x + c )
−1
  Hence, RoR = {(3, 3); (3, 5); (5, 3); (5, 5)}
  ⇒ x 2 ( y − 1) + 2 x (2 y − 1) + c (3 y − 1) = 0 has real solution
101. A relation from P to Q is a subset of P × Q .
  Now,
D ≥ 0 ⇒ 4(2 y − 1)2 − 4( y − 1)(3 y − 1) ≥ 0 102. R = A × B .

⇒ 4 y 2 + 1 − 4 y − c (3 y 2 + 1 − 4 y ) ≥ 0 103. Number of relations on the set A =Number of subsets of

2
2
A × A = 2n [Because n( A × A) = n ].
⇒ ( 4 − 3c ) y 2 − 4 y (1− c ) + 1− c ≥ 0 ∀y ∈R 104. Since R is reflexive relation on A, therefore (a, a) ∈R for all a ∈ A.
⇒ 4 − 3c > 0 , 16(1− c )2 − 4( 4 − 3c )(1− c ) ≤ 0   The minimum number of ordered pairs in R is n. Hence, m ≥ n.

4 105. Here R = {( x , y ):| x 2 − y 2 | < 16}

> c , ( 4 c 2 + 4 − 8c ) − (3c 2 − 7c + 4 ) ≤ 0
⇒
3   and given A = {1, 2, 3, 4 , 5}
4   Therefore, R = {(1, 2)(1, 3)(1, 4 );(2,1)(2, 2)(2, 3)(2, 4 );(3,1)(3, 2)
⇒ > c , (c 2 − c ) ≤ 0
3 (3, 3)(3, 4 );( 4 ,1)( 4 , 2)( 4 , 3);( 4 , 4 )( 4 , 5),(5, 4 )(5, 5)} .
4
⇒ c < , c ∈[ 0 ,1]
3 106. Given, xRy ⇒ x is relatively prime to y.
  But for c = 0, range of f(x) is not R. Hence, c ∈(0 ,1].   Therefore, domain of R = {2, 3, 4 , 5} .

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 Chapter 1 | Sets, Relations and Functions 67

107. R be a relation on N defined by x + 2 y = 8.  f (v )   f (u ) 

⇒ − v =  − u = constant
  Therefore, R{(2, 3); ( 4 , 2); (6 ,1)}  v   u 

  Hence, domain of R = {2, 4 , 6} f (x)

  Let − x = l . Then
x
108. As R = {( x , y )| x , y ∈ Z , x 2 + y 2 ≤ 4 }   f ( x ) = ( lx + x 2 )
 Therefore, R = {( −2, 0 ),( −1, 0 ),( −1,1),(0 , − 1)(0 ,1),(0 , 2),(0 , −2)   Now,
(1, 0 ),(1,1),(2, 0 )}
f (1) = 2
  Hence, domain of R = { −2, − 1, 0 ,1, 2 }.
  Therefore,
109. R is a relation from {11, 12, 13} to {8, 10, 12} defined by l + 1= 2 ⇒ l = 1
y = x −3⇒ x − y = 3 2
  Hence, f ( x ) = x + x
  Therefore, R = {11, 8}, {13, 10}.
  Now,
  Hence, R −1 = {8 ,11}; {10 ,13}. f (3) = 32 + 3 = 12
  and     
f (0) = 0
Practice Exercise 2
4. f ( x )⋅ g( y ) + f ′( x ) ⋅ g( y ) = g′( y )
1. As
   f ′( x ) ⋅ g( x ) − g′( x ) ⋅ f ( x ) = ( x 2 + 1)2 + 9 (1) ⇒ [f ( x ) + f ′( x )]g( y ) = g′( y )

⇒ f ′( x )g( x ) − g′( x )f ( x ) > 0 g ′( y )

⇒ f ( x ) + f ′( x ) = = constant
g( y )
If a, b are consecutive roots of f ( x ) = 0 , then
f ′(a ) ⋅ g(a ) > 0 , f ′( b ) ⋅ g( b ) > 0   Put y = 0, then g′ (0) 1
= =1
⇒ g(a ) ⋅ g( b ) < 0 (2) g (0) 1
Hence, there exists at least one root in (a , b ) also from Eq. (1).   So, f ( x ) + f ′ ( x ) = 1 and g′( y ) = 1
g( y )
f ′′( x )g( x ) − g′′( x ) ⋅ f ( x ) = 4 x ( x 2 + 1)
⇒ f ′′(a )g(a ) = 4a (a 2 + 1), f ′′( b )g( b ) = 4 b ( b 2 + 1) ⇒ e xf ( x ) = e x + l ln g( y ) = y + ln b

⇒ 16ab (a 2 + 1)( b 2 + 1) = f ′′(a ) ⋅ f ′′( b ) ⋅ g(a ) ⋅ g( b )

⇒ f ( x ) = 1+ le − x g( y ) = be y
As f ′′( x ) > 0 and g(a ) ⋅ g( b ) < 0 , we can conclude that ab < 0.
f ′( x ) = − le − x g(0 ) = b = 1 ⇒ b = 1
2. By solving, we get x = 21 2 , y = 31 3 , z = 51 5
f ′(0 ) = − l = −5 ⇒ l = 5 g( y ) = e y
1
f ( x ) = 1+ 5e − x g(1) = e , g( −1) =
e
f (0) = 6
2 e 3 5
5
f (1) = 1+
e
Figure 1.79
5. Let [ x ] = I and { x } = f . Then
See Fig. 1.79. Using graph of x1 x 271− 13I
13I + 25f = 271 ⇒ f =
25
31 3 > 51 5   Now,
271− 13I
Also 21 2 < 31 3 21 2 > 51 5 0≤ <1
25
as 23 < 32 25 > 52 ⇒ 246 < 13I ≤ 271
⇒ y>x>z
246 271
3. ⇒ <I≤ ⇒ I = 19 , 20
( x − y )f ( x + y ) − ( x + y )f ( x − y ) = 2 y ( x − y ( x + y )) 13 13
Let x − y = u ; x + y = v . Then
6. sin x = 1+ [sin x ] + 1+ [ − cos x ]
  uf (v ) − vf (u ) = 2uv (v − u ) sin x = 2 + [sin x ] + [ − cos x ]
f (v ) f (u ) −p
⇒ − = v −u   At x = , sin x = 1,
v u 2

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 68 Mathematics Problem Book for JEE

p   Therefore, f (x) is periodic with period 1234. So, T = 1234.

  Solution is not possible at x = − .
2 p +T T
  Since, ∫ f ( x )dx = ∫ f ( x )dx , if f (x) is periodic with period T
 −p  p 0
  If x ∈ , 0 , then sin x = 0, not possible.
 2  777
p +T
777
T T
 p
∑ ∫p f ( x )dx = ∑ ∫ f ( x )dx = 777∫ f ( x )dx
0 0
  If x ∈ 0 ,  , then sin x = 1 impossible p =1 p =1
 2
⇒ l = 777
  Similarly for other cases. Hence, (A), (B), (C) and (D) are the
correct answers.   Thus,
7. See Fig. 1.80. l + T = 777 + 1234 = 2011
  Therefore, [l + 1] + [T + 1] = 2013
10. Since fundamental period of f(x) is p, therefore, [a] = 1.
B   Therefore, 1 ≤ a < 2. Hence, (A) and (B) are the correct answers.
A 11. f(x) = [x]2 + [x + 1] – 3 = {[x] + 2} {[x] – 1}
  So, x = 1, 1⋅1, 1⋅2, ... ⇒ f(x) = 0
O C(p, 0)   Therefore, f(x) is many one.
  Only integral values will be attained.
  Therefore, f(x) is into. Hence, (A) and (B) are the correct answers.
Figure 1.80  0 x<0
12. f(x) =  − x x

p p 5p e − e x≥0
cos 2x = sin x ⇒ x = ,− ,
6 6 6   Range = (–∞, 0]
  Therefore, many one into. Hence, (A) and (D) are the correct
  That is,
answers.
 p 1 13. (A) Domain of f and g both are ‘R’.
A≡ − , 
 6 2
1− tan2 (tan−1 x ) 1− x 2
f (x) = cos (2 tan–1x) = = = g(x)
 5p 1 1+ tan2 (tan−1 x ) 1+ x 2
 and     B ≡  ,
 6 2  (B)
Domain of f and g both are ‘R’.
Clearly, AB = OC = p and AB || OC 1
2 tan(cot −1 x ) 2×
g (x) = sin (2 cot–1x) = = x = 2 x = f (x)
Also, OA = BC and OA || BC
1+ tan2 (cot −1 x ) 1+ 1 1+ x 2
That is, OABC is a parallelogram.
x2
1 p
Area OABC = p ⋅ = sq. units  p
2 2 Domain of f and g are R – np , (2n + 1)  e , n ∈ Ι
(C)
8. See Fig. 1.81. f ( x ) is a concave downward function for 0 < x < 6 ,  2
while g( x ) is a concave upward function for x > 0. 1 sec2 x cos x
f(x) = tan x + cot x = tan x + = =
Moreover, g(3) > f (3) tan x tan x sin x ⋅ cos2 x
1
f −1(x) = = 2 cosec 2x = g(x)
y
cos x sin x
(3, 3) (4, 25/3) y (3, g(3)) (D)
Domain of f:
f (x) sgn (cot–1x) > 0 ⇒ sgn (cot–1x) = 1
⇒ cot–1x > 0 ⇒ x ∈ R
x
O 3 (6, 0)
x
O 3 Domain of g:
y=x [1 + {x}] > 0 ⇒ [{x}] > 0 ⇒ 0 ≤ {x} < 1 ⇒ x ∈ R
Now,
−1
f(x) = eIn (sgncot x)
= sgn(cot–1x) … (Since, 0 < cot–1 x < p ) = 1
Figure 1.81
g(x) = eIn[1+ { x }] = [1 + {x}] = 1 + [{x}]
Hence, (A), (C) and (D) are the correct answers.   Since, 0 ≤ {x} < 1= 1
9.   f(x + 13) + f (x + 630) = 0 (1)   Therefore, f(x) and g(x) are identical functions.
Putting x = x + 617 14. y = f(x) = sin {[ x + 5] + { x − { x − { x } }}} = sin {x – {x – {x}}}
f (x + 630) + f (x + 1247) = 0 = sin {x – {[x]}} = sin {x – 0} = sin {x} = sin x
Subtract Eq. (1) from Eq. (2), we get   Since,
f (x + 1247) − f (x +13) = 0 p
0<x<
⇒ f ( x + 1247) = f (x + 13) 4
  Therefore,
Putting x = x −13, f (x + 1234) = f (x) x = sin–1y

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 Chapter 1 | Sets, Relations and Functions 69

  or, f –1 (x) = sin–1x 20. See Fig. 1.84. f −1( x ) remains in the 2nd and 4th quadrants.
  Hence, (A), (B) and (C) are the correct answers.   So, f ( x ) is defined as
15. We know that
– 5 ≤ 2 sin x + cos x ≤ 5, ∀ x ∈ R y

⇒ –5 ≤ 5 (2 sin x + cos x) ≤ 5
(1, 0)
⇒ 0 ≤ 5 (2 sin x + cos x) + 5 ≤ 10 x
(−1, 0)
⇒ – ∞ < log 3 e ( 5(2 sinx + cosx) + 5) ≤ 3
10
  Hence, range is (–∞, 3].
16. The normals to the planes and the given line are coplanar.
Hence, applying the condition, the functional equation Figure 1.84
obtained is
 1   Hence, (C) is the correct answer.
2tf  2  + t 2f ( −t ) + f (t ) = 0 (1)
t  21. See Fig. 1.85. f −1( x ) is defined as

  Also,
y
 1
−2tf  2  + t 2f (t ) + f ( −t ) = 0 (2) (0, 1)
t 
  Adding Eqs. (1) and (2) ⇒ f (t ) is an odd function. x
17. From Eqs. (1) and (2) of Solution 16, we have (0, −1)
 1
2tf  2  + t 2f ( −t ) + f (t ) = 0
t 
−2t
 1
⇒ f (t ) = f  2  , (f ( −t ) = f (t ))
1− t  t  2 Figure 1.85
  Putting t = tanq , we get
  Hence, (B) is the correct answer.
 1 
−2 tanq 2p p
  f (tanq ) = f  22. (A)  Fundamental period of sin–1 (sin kx) is = .
1− (tanq )2  (tanq )2  |k | 2
 That is,
⇒ f (tanq ) = − tan(2q ) ⋅ f (cot 2 q ) |k|=4
18. By the given data, we can trace the graph (see Fig. 1.82) of ⇒ k = ±4
y = f ( x ). Domain of tan–1 x is R, domain of sin–1x is [–1, 1], domain
(B)
of sec–1x is (–∞, –1] ∪ [1, ∞). Therefore, domain of f(x) is
{–1, 1}
y =1 p is a period of sin x ⋅ cosec x
(C)
2 px px
Therefore, p × is a period of sin ⋅ cosec
y =0 p 2 2
a b g d px px
That is, 2 is a period of sin cosec
2 2
p p p p
f (x + 1) = sin (x + 1) cosec (x + 1) = cos x ⋅ sec x ≠ f(x)
2 2 2 2
Figure 1.82
f(x) = cos–1 [5x]
(D)
  Hence, (C) is the correct answer. [5x] can take the values –1, 0, 1
19. When d is replace by −d , then −d < a < b < g . Therefore, the
graph (see Fig. 1.83) will be Therefore,
 p 
range = p , , 0
 2 
Therefore,
p 3p
−d a b g a+b+c=p+ +0=
2 2
1
23. (A) f ′(x) = cos x
2 sin x
 p
Figure 1.83 f ′(x) is positive if x ∈ 0 , 
 3
  Hence, (B) is the correct answer. f is one-to-one function.

Chapter 1.indd 69 05-06-2018 15:58:40

 70 Mathematics Problem Book for JEE

Since (B) 2[x] = x + 2 {x}

p (i) If x is an integer, then the equation becomes 2x = x + 0
0≤x≤
3   That is, x = 0 is a solution
(ii) If x Ι, the equation becomes
3
0 ≤ sin x ≤ 2[x] = [x] + {x} + 2{x}
2
1
3   ⇒ {x} = [x]
0 ≤ sin x ≤ <1 3
2
  Therefore,
Hence, f is into function. [x]
0<< 1 ⇒ 0 < [x] < 3
x +3 3
      f(x) =
(B)
x −1   Therefore, possible values of [x] are 1, 2.
( x − 1) ⋅1− ( x + 3) ⋅1 1
f ′(x) =   If [x] = 1, then {x} = .
( x − 1)2 3
−4   Therefore,
f ′(x) =
( x − 1)2
1 4
f ′(x) < 0 x=1+ =
3 3
Hence, f(x) is one to one. 2
Since, x > 1.   If [x] =2, then {x} = .
3
x +3
Therefore, range of y = is (1, ∞). 8
x −1   Therefore, x = .
Hence, f is onto function. 3
(C)
See Fig. 1.86.   Therefore, there are 3 solutions
p 4p (C) Let x = cos q, y = sin q .
– ≤x≤ Therefore, x + y = cos q + sin q .
2 3
  Therefore, maximum value of x + y is 2.
f(x) = sin x  1  1
(D)      f  x +  + f  x −  = f(x)
 2  2
y-axis
 1  1
y=1 ⇒ f (x + 1) + f (x) = f  x +  ⇒ f (x + 1) + f  x −  = 0
−p /2 4p /3  2  2
x-axis  3  3
⇒ f  x +  = –f(x) ⇒ f(x + 3) = –f  x +  = f(x)
 2  2
y = −1
  Therefore, f(x) is periodic with period 3.
Figure 1.86 200 200

From graph, f(x) is many-one and onto.

25. ∑ a r x r = ∑ b r (1+ x )r
r =0 r =0
2
x a 0 + a 1x + a 2 x 2 + ⋅⋅⋅ + a 200 x 200
      f(x) =
(D)
x −2 = b 0 + b1(1+ x ) + ⋅⋅⋅ + b 200 (1+ x )200
( x − 2)⋅ 2 x − x 2
f ′(x) =
( x − 2)2   Equating coefficient of x100 , we get
x2 − 4 x a 100 = 100C100 + 101C100 + ⋅⋅⋅ 200C100 = 201C101
f ′(x) =
( x − 2)2   Similarly, we can find a 101, ... a 200.
Therefore, f ′(x) < 0 if 2 < x < 4 and f ′(x) > 0 if x > 4.
200
f(x) is many-one.
f(4) = 8 (is the least value of f(x)) ∑ a r = 201C101 + 201C102 + ⋅⋅⋅ 201C201
r =100
Therefore, range = [8, ∞)
Therefore, f(x) is onto. A = 2200
24. (A)    x2 – x – p + 2 < 0   When A is divided by 15 remainder is 1.
1± 4p − 7 26. Given
x= g( x1) g( x 2 ) g( x 3 ) g( x 4 ) g( x 5 ) = A
2
1− 4p − 7 1+ 4p − 7 = ( x12 − 2)( x 22 − 2)( x 32 − 2)( x 42 − 2)( x 52 − 2 )
<x<
2 2
= −(2 − x12 )(2 − x 22 )(2 − x 32 )(2 − x 42 )(2 − x 52 ) (1)
l=1

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 Chapter 1 | Sets, Relations and Functions 71

=−[25 − (∑ x ) 2 2
1
4
+ ∑ x12 ⋅ x 22 ⋅ 23 − ∑ x12 ⋅ x 22 ⋅ x 32 ⋅ 22
27. See Fig. 1.87.

+ ∑ x12 ⋅ x 22 ⋅ x 32 ⋅ x 42 ⋅ 2 − x12 ⋅ x 22 ⋅ x 32 ⋅ x 42 ⋅ x 52 ]
3
   p( x ) = x 5 + x 2 + 1 = 0 has roots x1, x 2 , ..., x 5, then that equa-
tion q( x ) whose roots are square of the roots of p( x ) is 1

2
q( x ) = ( y )5 + ( y )2 + 1 = 0 ; a = x and y = a

⇒ ( y + 1)2 = ( − y )5× 2
Figure 1.87
2 5 5 2
⇒ y + 2 y + 1 = y ⇒ q( x ) = y − y − 2 y − 1 = 0   Let
f −1( x ) beg ⇒ ln( g + g2 + 1) = x
  Then,
∑ x12 = ∑ y1 = 0 ⇒ g + g2 + 1 = e x (1)

∑ x12 . x22 = ∑ y1. y2 = 0 and − g + g2 + 1 = e − x (2)

x −x −| x |
  Now, | e − e | = 2e .
∑ x12 ⋅ x22 ⋅ x32 = ∑ y1⋅ y2 ⋅ y3 = 1
  Case I: x > 0; e −| x | = e − x and e x > e − x
∑ x12 ⋅ x22 ⋅ x32 ⋅ x 42 = ∑ y1⋅ y2 ⋅ y3 ⋅ y 4 = −2
e x − e − x = 2e − x ⇒ e x = 3e − x
∑ x12 ⋅ x 22 ⋅ x 32 ⋅ x 42 ⋅ x 52 = ∑ y1 ⋅ y 2 ⋅ y 3 ⋅ y 4 ⋅ y 5 = 1 , then
  Case II: x < 0; e −| x | = e x and e x < e − x
A = −[25 − 0 + 0 − 22 − 2 ⋅ 2 − 1] = −[32 − 4 − 4 − 1] = −[32 − 9] e − x − e x = 2e x ⇒ e − x = 3e x
= –23   Therefore, two solutions.
x1x 2 x 3 x 4 x 5 = −1 ⇒ g( x1x 2 ... x 5 ) = −1 28. f ( x ) = 30 − 2 x − x 3
  f ′( x ) = −2 − 3 x 2 < 0 ⇒ f ( x ) is decreasing function.
⇒ g( x1)g( x 2 )... g( x 5 ) − 30 g( x1x 2 ... x 5 ) = 7
  Thus,
  A
 lternative solution: f (f (f ( x ))) > f (f ( − x )) ⇒ f (f ( x )) < f ( − x )
  Let us form that equation having roots y = g( x i ). Then ⇒ f (x) > −x
  ⇒ 30 − 2 x − x 3 > − x ⇒ x 3 + x − 30 < 0
y = x2 − 2
2
⇒ ( x − 3)( x + 3 x + 10 ) < 0
x = y +2
⇒ x <3
⇒ ( y + 2 )5 + ( y + 2 )2 + 1 = 0
29.    f ( x ) = ( x + 5 x + 4 )( x 2 + 5 x + 6 ) + 5
2

⇒ y 5 + 20 y 4 + 40 y 3 + 79 y 2 + 74 y + 23 = 0 = [( x 2 + 5 x + 5) − 1][( x 2 + 5 x + 5) + 1] + 5
  Therefore, = ( x 2 + 5 x + 5)2 − 1+ 5 = ( x 2 + 5 x + 5)2 + 4
g( x1)...g( x 5 ) = Product of roots   T herefore, minimum value of f ( x ) = 4 and maximum value
occurs at x = 6.
= −23
f ( x )max = (36 + 30 + 5)2 + 4 = 5045
x1x 2 x 3 x 4 x 5 = −1 ⇒ g( x1x 2 ... x 5 ) = −1
a+b
Now, a = 4, b = 5045. Hence, = 3.
⇒ g( x1)g( x 2 )... g( x 5 ) − 30 g( x1x 2 ... x 5 ) = 7 1683

Chapter 1.indd 71 05-06-2018 15:58:55

 72 Mathematics Problem Book for JEE

Solved JEE 2017 Questions

JEE Main 2017 Solution: See the following table for the given statement:

é 1 1ù x q p ~p (p ã q) (~p ã q) (~p ã q) (p ã q)
1. The function f :  ® ê - , ú defined as f ( x ) = , is:
ë 2 2û 1+ x 2 ãq ã[(~p ã q)ã q]
(A) injective but not surjective. T T F T T T T
(B) surjective but not injective. F T F F T F T
(C) neither injective nor surjective.
(D) invertible. T F T T T T T
(OFFLINE) F F T T F T T
Solution: The given function is defined as From this table, we can confirm that the given statement (p → q)
x → [~p → q) → q] is a tautology.
f (x) =
1+ x 2 Hence, the correct answer is option (D).
Now,
3. Let f ( x ) = 210 ´ x + 1 and g( x ) = 310 ´ x - 1. If (fog )( x ) = x , then x
dy (1+ x 2 ) ´ 1- x ( 0 + 2 x ) 1- x 2
= = =0 is equal to
dx (1+ x 2 )2 (1+ x 2 )2
310 − 1 210 - 1
Therefore, x = 1, -1, which is odd function and there is symmetry (A) (B)
about the origin - that is, the function is non-monotonic and non-­ 310 − 2 −10 210 - 3-10
injective - in the resultant curve as shown in the following figures: 1- 3-10 1- 2 -10
(C) -10
(D) 10
10
2 -3 3 - 2 -10
y
(ONLINE)
1/2 Max
Solution: It is given that
−1 (fog )( x ) = x
x That is,
1
f ( g ( x )) = x
−1/2
Þ f (310 ´ x - 1) = x Þ 210 ´ (310 ´ x - 1) + 1 = x
Þ 210310 x - 210 + 1 = x Þ 610 x - x = 210 - 1Þ x (610 - 1) = 210 - 1
Min Max
210 - 1 210 - 1 210 (1- 2 -10 ) 1- 2 -10
Þ x= = Þ x = Þ x =
− + − 610 - 1 210 . 310 - 1 210 (310 - 2 -10 ) 210 - 2 -10

Hence, the correct answer is option (D).

−1 1
4. The proposition (~ p ) ∨ ( p ∧ ~ q ) is equivalent to
Any line parallel to x-axis cuts the graph more than one point; (A) p ∧ ~q (B) p ∨ ~q
hence, the function is many-to-one. Now, (C) p → ~q (D) q → p
x (ONLINE)
y=
1+ x 2 Solution: This can be explained with the help of the following
truth tables (‘∧’ symbol stands for AND and ‘∨’ symbol stands
Þ x2( y ) - x + y = 0 for OR):
Now, D > 0 ; 1- 4 y 2 ³ 0. That is, the range is p q ~p ~q p ∂ ~q (~p) ∑ (p ∂ ~q)
F F T T F T
é 1 1ù
y Î ê - , ú = codomain T F F T T T
ë 2 2û
F T T F F T
Hence, the function is onto. Therefore, the function is surjective
but not injective. T T F F F F
Hence, the correct answer is option (B).
p q ~q p ∂ ~q p ∑ ~q p ã ~q
2. The following statement (p → q) → [~p → q)→ q] is:
F F T F T T
(A) equivalent to ~p → q.
(B) equivalent to p → ~q. T F T T T T
(C) a fallacy. F T F F F T
(D) a tautology.
T T F F T F
(OFFLINE)

Chapter 1.indd 72 05-06-2018 15:58:59

 Chapter 1 | Sets, Relations and Functions 73

p q qãp Therefore, here, x ∈. hence, f(x) is neither a one-one function

nor onto function.
F F T
Hence, the correct answer is option (C).
T F T
F T F JEE Advanced 2017
T T T 1. Let S = {1, 2, 3, …, 9}. For k = 1, 2, …, 5, let NK be the number
of subsets of S, each containing five elements out of which
Thus from the truth table, we conclude that (~ p ) ∨ ( p ∧ ~ q ) is
exactly k are odd. Then N1 + N2 + N3 + N4 + N5 = _____.
equivalent to p → (~q).
Hence, the correct answer is option (C). (A)
210 (B) 252
(C)
125 (D) 126
x
5. The function f :  ®  defined by f ( x ) = x −5   , where
5 Solution: If Nk be number of subjects of S containing 5 elements
 is the set of natural numbers and [x] denotes the greatest each out of which exactly k are odd elements. Therefore,
integer less than or equal to x, is
5! 4!
(A) one-one and onto. N1 = 5C1 ´ 4C 4 = ´ =5
(B) onto but not one-one. 4 ! ´ 1! 4 ! ´ 0 !
(C) neither one-one nor onto. 5! 4! 5´ 4 ´ 4
(D) one-one but not onto. N2 = 5C2 ´ 4C3 = ´ = = 40
3 ! ´ 2 ! 3 ! ´ 1! 2
(ONLINE)
5! 4! 5´ 4 4 ´3
Solution: The given function is N3 = 5C3 ´ 4C2 = ´ = ´ = 60
3! ´ 2! 2! ´ 2! 2 2
éxù
f (x) = x - 5ê ú 5! 4!
ë5û N4 = 5C 4 ´ 4C1 = ´ = 5 ´ 4 = 20
4 ! ´ 1! 3 ! ´ 1!
Taking x in interval of five natural numbers, we have the following:
5! 4!
 x − 5(0 ), 0≤ x ≤5 N5 = 5C5 ´ 4C 0 = ´ =1
 x − 5(1), 5! ´ 0 ! 4 ! ´ 0 !
 5 ≤ x ≤ x10
f (x) = 
 x − 5(2), 10 ≤ x ≤ 15 Therefore, N1 + N2 + N3 + N4 + N5 = 5 + 40 + 60 + 20 + 1 = 126.
 x − 5(3), 15 ≤ x ≤ 20
0 Hence, the correct answer is option (D).

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Chapter 1.indd 74 05-06-2018 15:59:01
 Trigonometric Ratios
2 and Identities

2.1 Introduction 5. Quadrants: Let X ′OX and YOY ′ be two lines at right angles in
the plane of the paper (Fig. 2.3). These lines divide the plane
Trigonometry is a branch of Mathematics that relates to the study of paper into four equal parts known as quadrants. The lines
of angles, measurement of angles and units of measurement. It X ′OX and YOY ′ are known as x-axis and y-axis, respectively.
also concerns itself with the six ratios for a given angle and the These two lines taken together are known as coordinate axes.
relations satisfied by these ratios.
In an extended way, it is also a study of the angles forming the Y
elements of a triangle. Logically, a discussion of the properties of y-axis
a triangle, solving problems related to triangles, physical prob- II quadrant I quadrant
lems in the area of heights and distances using the properties of a
triangle − all constitute a part of the study. It also provides a
X′ X
method of solution of trigonometric equations. O x-axis
III quadrant IV quadrant
2.2 Definitions
1. Angle: The motion of any revolving line in a plane from its ini- Y′
tial position (initial side) to the final position (terminal side) is Figure 2.3
called angle (Fig. 2.1). The end point O about which the line
rotates is called the vertex of the angle. 6. Angle in standard position: An angle is said to be in stand-
ard position if its vertex coincides with the origin O and the
B initial side coincides with OX, that is, the positive direction of
x-axis.
Terminal side 7. Angle in a quadrant: An angle is said to be in a particular
quadrant if the terminal side of the angle in standard position
lies in that quadrant.
O A 8. Quadrant angle: An angle in standard position is said to be a
Initial side quadrant angle if the terminal side coincides with one of the
axes.
Figure 2.1
2. Measure of an angle: The measure of an angle is the amount
of rotation from the initial side to the terminal side.
2.3  Measurement of Angles
3. Sense of an angle: The sense of an angle is determined by the There are three systems for measuring angles.
direction of rotation of the initial side into the terminal side.
The sense of an angle is said to be positive or negative accord- 1. Sexagesimal or English system: Here a right angle is

ing to the rotation of the initial side in anticlockwise or clock- divided into 90 equal parts known as degrees. Each degree
wise direction to get to the terminal side (Fig. 2.2). is divided into 60 equal parts called minutes and each min-
ute is further divided into 60 equal parts called seconds.
B O
Therefore,
A
q 1 right angle = 90 degree ( = 90°)
1° = 60 min ( = 60′ )
q
O A 1′ = 60 s ( = 60′′ )
Positive angle B Negative angle
2. Centesimal or French system: It is also known as French sys-
Figure 2.2 tem. Here a right angle is divided into 100 equal parts called
grades and each grade is divided into 100 equal parts called
4. Right angle: If the revolving ray, starting from its initial posi- minutes and each minute is further divided into 100 equal
tion to final position, describes one quarter of a circle, then we parts called seconds. Therefore,
say that the measure of the angle formed is a right angle. 1 right angle = 100 grades = (100g)

Chapter 2.indd 75 05-06-2018 15:42:13

 76 Mathematics Problem Book for JEE

1 grade = 100 min ( = 100′ ) B

1 min = 100 s ( = 100′′ ) s
qc
O A
3. Circular system: In this system, the unit of measurement is r
radian. One radian, written as 1c, is the measure of an angle
subtended at the centre of a circle by an arc of length equal to
the radius of the circle. Figure 2.5

P Sectorial area: Let OAB be a sector having central angle q c and

radius r. Then area of the sector OAB is given by
O A 1 2 c
rq
2
Note: p is a real number whereas p c stands for 180°.
Figure 2.4 Remember the relation,
Consider a circle of radius r having centre at O (Fig. 2.4). Let A p  radians = 180° = 200g
be a point on the circle. Now cut off an arc AP whose length is 2 180°
1 radian = × right angle =
equal to the radius r of the circle. Then by definition the meas- p p
ure of ∠AOP is 1 radian ( = 1c ) . = 180° × 0.3183098862… = 57.2957795°
= 57°17′44.8′′ (nearly)
2.4 Relation Between Three Systems of
Illustration 2.1  Find the radian measure corresponding to −37° 30′.
Measurement and Angle
Solution:
Let D be the number of degrees, R be the number of radians and G We know that 60′ = 1°. Therefore
be the number grades in an angle q. Now
° ° °
1  1  1  75 
90°= 1 right angle ⇒ 1° = right angle 30′ =   ; −37° 30′ = −  37  = −  
90 2  2  2 
As 360° = 2p  radians, we have
D D
⇒ D° = right angles ⇒ q = right angles (2.1)
90 90  75  p 5p
−  radians = − radians
 2  180 24
2
Again, p  radians = 2 right angles ⇒ 1 radian = right angles
p Illustration 2.2  The minute hand of a clock is 10-cm long. How
2R 2R far does the tip of the hand move in 20 min?
⇒ R radians = right angles ⇒ q = right angles (2.2)
p p Solution:
1 The minute hand moves through 120° in 20 min or moves through
And 100 grades = 1 right angle ⇒ 1 grade = right angle
100 2p /3 radians. Since the length of the minute hand is 10 cm, the
distance moved by the tip of the hand is given by the formula
G G
⇒ G grades = right angles ⇒ q = right angles (2.3) 2p 20p
100 100 l = r q = 10 ⋅ = cm
3 3
From Eqs. (2.1)–(2.3), we get
D G 2R Illustration 2.3  A rail road curve is to be laid out on a circle. What
= = radius should be used if the track is to change direction by 25° in a
90 100 p
distance of 40 meters?
This is the required relation between the three systems of meas-
Solution:
urement of an angle. 25p 5p
The angle in radian measure = =
180 36
2.5  Relation Between Arc and Angle If r is the radius of the circle, using l = r q, we have
If s is the length of an arc of a circle of radius r, then the angle q (in l 40 288
r= = = = 91.636 m
radians) subtended by this arc at the centre of the circle (Fig. 2.5) q 5p p
is given by 36
s
q = or s = rq Illustration 2.4  The circular wire of radius 7 cm is cut and bend
r
again into an arc of a circle of radius 12 cm. The angle subtended
Arc = Radius × Angle in radians by an arc at the centre of the circle is ____.

Chapter 2.indd 76 05-06-2018 15:42:31

 Chapter 2 | Trigonometric Ratios and Identities 77

Solution: 1
cosecq = ,y ≠0
Given the diameter of circular wire = 14 cm. Therefore, length of y
wire = 14p cm. Hence,
Angles measured anticlockwise from the initial line OX are deemed
Arc 14p 7p to be positive and angles measured clockwise are considered to
Required angle = = = radian be negative.
Radius 12 6
B(0, 1)
Illustration 2.5  The angles of a quadrilateral are in AP and the
greatest angle is 120°. The angles in radians are ____.
Solution:
(−1, 0)A′ A(1, 0)
Let the angles in degrees be a − 3d , a − d , a + d , a + 3d . O
Sum of the angles = 4a = 360° Þ a = 90°
Greatest angle = a + 3d = 120°
Hence, B ′(0, −1)
3d = 120° − a = 120° − 90° = 30°
Figure 2.7
      ⇒ d = 10°

Hence, the angles in degrees are Since we can associate a unique radius vector OP and a unique point
90° − 30° = 60°; 90° − 10° = 80° P with each angle q, we say x and y and their ratios are functions of q.
90° + 10° = 100°; 90° + 30° = 120° This justifies the term ’trigonometric function’. This definition holds
good for all angles positive, negative, acute or not acute (irrespec-
p 4p 5p 2p tive of the magnitude of the angle).
In terms of radians, the angles are , , , .
3 9 9 3 This definition also helps us to write the sine and cosine of four
important angles 0°, 90°, 180° and 270° easily (see Fig. 2.7).
2.6  Trigonometric Ratio or Function q = 0° ⇒ A(1, 0)
The six trigonometric ratios sine, cosine, tangent, cotangent, q = 90° ⇒ B(0, 1)
secant and cosecant of an angle q, 0° < q < 90°, are defined as the
q = 180° ⇒ A′(−1, 0)
ratios of two sides of a right-angled triangle with q as the angle
between base and hypotenuse. However, these can be defined q = 270° ⇒ B′(0, −1)
through a unit circle more elegantly.
cos 0° = 1 cos 90° = 0 cos180° = −1 cos 270° = 0 
Draw a unit circle and take any two diameters at right angle as             
X and Y (Fig. 2.6). Taking OX as the initial line, let OP be the radius sin 0° = 0  sin 90° = 1  sin180° = 0  sin 270° = −1
vector corresponding to an angle q, where P lies on the unit circle.
We can also infer the quadrant rule for sine, cosine and tangent easily.
Let (x, y) be the coordinates of P.
Y I quadrant 
II quadrant  III quadrant  IV quadrant 
sin, cosine and   
  sin alone is   tangent alone is cosine alone is 
P(x, y) tangent is  positive  positive  positive 
E(0, y) positive    

q
X 90° → Point B(0, 1)
O D(x, 0)
Since, tan q = y/x, x ≠ 0, tan 90° = 1/0 and hence undefined.
However, as q increases from 0 to 90°, tan q  increases from 0 to +∞.
Similarly, sec 90°, cot 0°, cosec 0° are also undefined. 360° and
Figure 2.6 0° correspond to one and the same point A(1, 0). Therefore, the
Then by definition trigonometric functions of 360° are the same as trigonometric
functions of 0°.
cosq = x, the x-coordinate of P
sinq = y, the y-coordinate of P sin 360° = 0, cos 360° = 1 and tan 360° = 0
y
tanq = , x ≠ 0 Since q, 2p + q, 4p + q, 6p + q, …, 2np + q  and q − 2p, q − 4p, q − 6p, …,
x q − 2np, all correspond to the same radius vector, the trigonometric
x functions of all these angles are the same as those of q. Therefore,
cotq = ,y ≠0
y sin(2np + q ) = sinq  and sin(q − 2np ) = sinq
1 cos(2np + q ) = cosq  and cos(q − 2np ) = cosq
secq = , x ≠ 0
x tan(2np + q ) = tanq  and tan(q − 2np ) = tanq

Chapter 2.indd 77 05-06-2018 15:42:48

 78 Mathematics Problem Book for JEE

The range of the trigonometric ratios in the four quadrants is Formulae for the functions of 180° + q, 270° − q, 270° + q, 360° − q
depicted in the following table. can all be derived with the help of unit circle definition.
In the second quadrant Y In the first quadrant There is an easy way to remember these formulae. First of all
think of q as an acute angle. Angles like 180° ± q, 360° ± q, −q can
sine decreases sine increases be considered as angles associated with the horizontal line, angles
from 1 to 0 from 0 to 1 like 90° − q, 90° + q, 270° ∓ q can be considered as angles associ-
cosine decreases cosine decreases ated with vertical line. When associated with the horizontal line,
from 0 to −1 from 1 to 0 the magnitude of the function does not change, whereas with
the vertical line the function changes to the corresponding com-
tangent increases tangent increases
plementary value. For example, sin (180° + q ) will be only sinq (in
from −∞ to 0 from 0 to ∞
magnitude) plus or minus and cos(180° − q ) will be cosine q only
cotangent decreases cotangent decreases in magnitude.
from 0 to − ∞ from ∞ to 0 To decide upon the sign, consider the quadrant in which the
secant increases −∞ to secant increases angle falls and decide the sign by the quadrant rule.
from −1 from 1 to ∞ For example, sin (180° + q ) is sinq (in magnitude), (180° + q ) lies
in third quadrant and hence sin (180° + q ) is negative. Therefore
cosecant increases cosecant decreases
from 1 to ∞ from ∞ to 1 sin (180° + q ) = −sinq
X′ O X
Now consider cos(360° − q ): first of all, it should be cosq (in mag-
In the third quadrant In the fourth quadrant
nitude); since (360° − q ) lies in IV quadrant, its cosine is positive.
sine decreases sine increases Hence,
from 0 to −1 from −1 to 0
cos (360° − q ) = cosq
cosine increases cosine increases
from −1 to 0 from 0 to 1 Again consider tan (90° + q ): This should be cotq and must have a
tangent increases tangent increases negative sign since (90° + q ) is in II quadrant and hence tan (90° + q )
from 0 to ∞ from −∞ to 0 is negative. Hence,
cotangent decreases cotangent decreases tan (90° + q ) = −cotq
from ∞ to 0 from 0 to −∞
Following is the table of formulae for allied angles.
secant decreases secant decreases
from −1 to −∞ from ∞ to 1
cosecant increases cosecant decreases 180ç 180ç 360ç 90ç 90ç 270° 270ç
-p
from −∞ to −1 from −1 to −∞ -p +p -p -p +p -p +p

Y′ sin sinq − sinq − sinq − sinq cosq cosq − cosq − cosq

cos − cosq − cosq cosq cosq sinq −sinq −sinq sinq

2.6.1  Trigonometric Functions of -p
Let OP and OP′ be the radii vectors on the unit circle corresponding tan −tanq tanq −tanq −tanq cotq −cotq cotq −cotq
to q and −q. If (x, y) are the coordinates of P, then (x, −y) would be
the coordinates of P′. Now, sinq = y and sin(−q ) = −y. Hence, These formulae are not memorized but derived as and when the
sin(−q ) = −sinq occasion demands according to the rule explained above.
Similarly, Trigonometric ratios of 30°, 45° and 60° are of great importance
cos(−q ) = cosq and tan(−q ) = −tanq in solving problems on heights and distances. These along with 0°
and 90° are written in tabular form and remembered.
2.6.2  Circular Functions of Allied Angles
ANGLE
When q  is an acute angle, 90° − q is called the angle complemen- 0ç 30ç 45ç 60ç 90ç
RATIO
tary to q. Trigonometric functions of 90° − q are related to trigo-
nometric functions of q as follows: sine 0 1/2 1/ 2 3 /2 1
sin(90° − q ) = cosq cosec(90° − q ) = secq cosine 1 1/2 0
3 /2 1/ 2
cos(90° − q ) = sinq sec(90° − q ) = cosecq
tan(90° − q ) = cotq cot(90° − q ) = tanq tangent 0 1/ 3 1 3 undefined
When q   is acute, q   and 180° − q   are called supplementary cotangent undefined 3 1 1/ 3 0
angles.
secant 1 2/ 3 2 2 undefined
sin(180° − q ) = sinq cosec(180° − q ) = cosecq
cos(180° − q ) = −cosq sec(180° − q ) = −secq cosecant undefined 2 1
2 2/ 3
tan(180° − q ) = −tanq cot(180° − q ) = −cotq

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 Chapter 2 | Trigonometric Ratios and Identities 79

2.6.3 Important Facts of Trigonometric Functions Y

The following points may be noted:

1. For any power n, (sin A)n is written as sinnA. Similarly, for all 1
other trigonometric ratios. O
p X
2. cosec A, sec A and cot A are, respectively, the reciprocals of −4p −3p −2p −p −1 2p 3p 4p
sin A, cos A and tan A.
3. (a) sin2 A + cos2 A = 1
(b) 1 + tan2 A = sec2 A
y = sinx
(c) 1 + cot2 A = cosec2 A.
4. sec A − tan A and sec A + tan A are reciprocals. So also are Figure 2.8
cosec A − cot A and cosec A + cot A.
Whenever sec A or tan A is thought of for an angle A, it is neces- 2. y = cos x (Fig. 2.9)
sary to stress that, A ≠ p /2 particularly, and generally A ≠ np +
p /2, n∈ N, where N is the set of natural numbers. p p p 2p 5p 7p 4p 3p 5p 11p
x 0 p 2p
6 3 2 3 6 6 3 2 3 6
5. sin A and cos A are bounded functions which can be seen from
the following inequalities: cos 3 1 1 − 3 − 3 1 1 3
1 0 − −1 − 0 1
(a)  |sin A| ≤ 1 ⇒ −1 ≤ sin A ≤ 1 x 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
(b) |cos A| ≤ 1 ⇒ −1 ≤ cos A ≤ 1
(c)  |cosec A| ≥ 1 ⇒ cosec A ≥ 1 or cosec A ≤ −1 Y
(d) |sec A| ≥ 1 ⇒ sec A ≥ 1 or sec A ≤ −1
p  p 
(a)  sin  − A = sin  + A = cos A
2  2  1
−3p −p p 3p
p  p  X
(b) cos  − A = − cos  + A = sin A −4p −2p −1 Op 2p 4p
2  2  2
(c) sin(p − A) = −sin (p + A) = sin A
(d) cos(p − A) = cos (p + A) = −cos A
y = cosx
(e) tan(p − A) = −tan (p + A) = −tan A
6. The trigonometric ratios are also called trigonometric func- Figure 2.9
tions. They are also sometimes called circular functions.
3. y = tan x (Fig. 2.10)
The trigonometric functions, apart from possessing many other
p p p 2p 3p 5p
properties, exhibit a property of the values being repeated x 0 p
when the angle is changed (increased or decreased) by a con- 6 4 3 3 4 6
stant value. Such a property is referred to as periodicity. Thus, tan 1 1
0 1 3 − 3 −1 − 0
x 3 3
sinx = sin(x + 2p ) = sin(x + 4p )
= sin(x − 2p ) = sin(x + 2kp ), k an integer Y
cosx = cos(x + 2p ) = cos(x + 4p )
= cos(x − 2p ) = cos(x + 2kp ), k an integer
Hence, both sinx and cosx are periodic functions of period 2p radi- 2
ans. From point 5, it is clear that they are also bounded functions. p 3p
1
−p 2 2 2p
Note that: X
−p O p
1. cosec x and sec x, whenever they exist, are also periodic of 2 −1
period 2p radians. −2
2. tan x and cot x, when they exist, are periodic of period p radians.
3. tan x, sec x, cosec x and cot x are unbounded functions.

2.6.4  Graphs of Trigonometric Functions y = tan x

1. y = sin x (Fig. 2.8) Figure 2.10

4. y = cot x (Fig. 2.11)
p p p 2p 5p 7p 4p 3p 5p 11p
x 0 p 2p p p p 2p 3p 5p
6 3 2 3 6 6 3 2 3 6 x 0 p
6 4 3 3 4 6
sin 1 3 3 1 1 3 3 1 cot unde- 1 1 unde-
0 1 0 − − −1 − − 0 3 1 − −1 − 3
x 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 x fined fined
3 3

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Y Illustration 2.6  Evaluate:

1. sin (1560°)
2. cos (−3030°)
2 Solution:
1 p 3p
−p 2 2 2p 1. sin (1560°) = sin (4 × 360° + 120°) = sin 120° = sin (180° − 60°)
−π X 3
O p = sin 60°=
2 −1 2
−2
2. cos (−3030°) = cos (3030°) [using cos (−q ) = cosq ]
= cos(8 × 360° + 150°) = cos 150° = cos (180° − 30°)
3
= − cos30° = −
y = cot x 2
Figure 2.11 Illustration 2.7  Prove  that (1 − sinq  + cosq )2 = 2(1 − sinq ) (1 + cosq ).
5. y = sec x (Fig. 2.12) Solution:
p p p 2p 3p 5p L.H.S. = [(1 − sinq ) + cosq ]2 = (1 − sinq )2 + cos2q + 2cosq (1 − sinq )
x 0 p = (1 − sinq )2 + (1 − sin2q ) + 2cosq (1 − sinq )
6 4 3 3 4 6 = (1 − sinq )⋅[(1 − sinq ) + (1 + sinq ) + 2cosq ]
2 −2 = (1 − sinq )⋅(2 + 2 cosq ) = 2(1 − sinq ) (1+ cosq )
sec x 1 2 2 −2 − 2 −1
3 3
Illustration 2.8  Prove that cosec4q (1 − cos4q ) = 1 + 2cot2q.
Y
Solution:
cosec2 q (1− cos2 q )(1+ cos2 q )
cosec4q   (1 − cos4q   ) − 2cot2q = − 2 cot2 q
sin2 q
- 2cot2q
2
p
= cosec2 q (1 + cos2 q ) − 2cot2 q = cosec2 q + cot2 q − 2cot2 q
−p 1 2p
X = 1 + 2 cot2 q − 2cot2 q = 1
−p O p 3p
2 2 2
−1 Illustration 2.9  Find the minimum and maximum values of
sin2q + cos4q.
−2
Solution: The given expression can be written as

sin2q + cos4q  = 1 − cos2q + cos4q 

y = sec x
It can be considered as a quadratic in cos2q. So we have
Figure 2.12
sin2q + cos4q  = 1 − cos2q + cos4q .
6. y = cosec x (Fig. 2.13) 2
 1 1
= 1+  cos2 q −  −
p p p 2p 3p 5p  2 4
x 0 p 2
6 4 3 3 4 6 3  1 3
        = +  cos2 q −  ≥
unde- 2 2 unde- 4  2 4
cosec x 2 2 2 2
fined 3 3 fined
Hence, the expression has a minimum value 3/4.
Also
Y
sin2q + cos4q = sin2q + cos2q cos2q ≤ sin2q + cos2q = 1
Therefore, maximum value = 1.
2
Illustration 2.10  For any real q, find the maximum value of
1 3p cos2(cosq ) + sin2(sinq ).
−p p 2 2p
X Solution:
2 O p
2 -1 ≤ cosq ≤ 1 ⇒ cos1 ≤ cos (cosq ) ≤ 1
−1
⇒ cos21 ≤ cos2(cosq ) ≤ 1 (1)
−2 -1 ≤ sinq ≤ 1 ⇒ -sin1 ≤ sin (sinq ) ≤ sin1
⇒ 0 ≤ sin2(sinq ) ≤ sin21 (2)
From Eqs. (1) and (2) we can see that maximum value of cos2(cosq )
y = cosec x
+ sin2(sinq ) exists at q = p/2 which is 1 + sin21.
Figure 2.13 Hence, maximum value is 1 + sin21.

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 Chapter 2 | Trigonometric Ratios and Identities 81

Illustration 2.11  If 2tan2 a tan2 b tan2 g + tan2 a tan2 b + tan2 b Coordinates of P1, P2, P3, P4 are
tan2 g + tan2 g tan2 a  = 1, prove that sin2 a  + sin2 b  + sin2 g = 1.
P1(cosq, sinq )
Solution: We have P2[cos(q  + f), sin(q  + f)]
2tan2a tan2b tan2g + tan2a tan2b + tan2b tan2g + tan2 g tan2a = 1. P3[cos(−f), sin(−f)]
So dividing both sides by tan2 a tan2 b tan2g , we get P4(1, 0)
  2 + cot2g + cot2a + cot2b = cot2a cot2b cot2g
⇒ cosec2a + cosec2b + cosec2g – 1 ∆ P1OP3 is congruent to ∆ P2OP4.
  = (cosec2a – 1) (cosec2b – 1) (cosec2g – 1) Since OP1 = OP4 = OP3 = OP2 = Radius of the circle
⇒ cosec2a + cosec2b + cosec2g – 1
  =  –1 + cosec2a + cosec2b + cosec2g  – (cosec2a cosec2b   ∠P1OP3 = ∠P2OP4 = 360° − (q  + f)
+ cosec2b cosec2g + cosec2g cosec2a  + cosec2a ⋅ cosec2b ⋅ Therefore, by side angle, the triangles are congruent. Hence,
cosec2g cosec2a cosec2b + cosec2b ⋅ cosec2g  + cosec2g
cosec2a P1P3 = P2P4
  = cosec2a cosec2b ⋅ cosec2g   Applying the distance formula,
⇒ sin2a + sin2b + sin2g  = 1
P1P32 = [cosq  − cos(−f)]2 + [sinq  − sin(−f)]2
 3p  p   3p 
sin  − q  cos  + q  sin  −q  = (cosq − cosf)2 + (sinq + sin f)2
 2  2   2 
Illustration 2.12  Simplify − .   [using cos(−f) = cosf and sin(−f) = −sinf]
p  sec(p + q )
tan  + q 
2  = cos2q + cos2f −2cosq cosf + sin2q + sin2f + 2sinq sinf
Solution:
= 2 − 2 (cosq cosf − sinq sinf)
The expression can be rewritten as P2 P42 = [1− cos(q + f)]2 + [0 − sin(q + f)]2
( − cosq )( − sinq ) ( − cosq ) = 1− 2cos(q + f) + cos2(q + f) + sin2(q + f)
− = - sin2 q - cos2 q = -1
( − cotq ) ( − secq ) = 2− 2cos (q + f)

Since P1P3 = P2P4, we have P1P32 = P2 P42. Therefore

2.6.5  Circular Function of Compound Angle
2 − 2 (cosq cosf − sinq sinf) = 2 − 2cos (q + f)
An equation involving trigonometric functions, which is true for
all those values of q for which the functions are defined, is called Hence,
a trigonometric identity; otherwise it is a trigonometric equation. cos(q + f) = cosq cosf − sinq sinf
We shall now derive some results which are useful in simplify-
Replacing f by −f in Eq. (2.4), we get
ing trigonometric equations.
To prove: cos(q − f) = cosq cos(−f) − sinq sin (−f)
cos(q + f) = cosq cosf - sinq sinf (2.4) or cos(q − f) = cosq cosf + sinq sinf (2.5)
y
2.7 Formulae for Trigonometric Ratios
P1(cosq, sinq )
of Sum and Differences of Two or
More Angles
f q P4(1, 0) 1. sin( A + B ) = sin A cos B + cos A sin B
O −f x 2. sin( A − B ) = sin A cos B − cos A sin B
3. cos( A + B ) = cos A cos B − sin A sin B
4. cos( A − B ) = cos A cos B + sin A sin B
tan A + tan B
P2[cos(q + f), sin(q + f)] 5. tan( A + B ) =
1− tan A tan B
P3[cos(−f), sin(−f)]
tan A − tan B
6. tan( A − B ) =
1+ tan A tan B
Figure 2.14 cot A cot B − 1
7. cot( A + B ) =
cot A + cot B
Consider a unit circle with origin as its centre (Fig. 2.14). Let
cot A cot B + 1
∠P4OP1 = q   and ∠P1OP2 = f 8. cot( A − B ) =
cot B − cot A
Hence,
∠P4OP2 = q + f and ∠P4OP3 = −f 9. sin( A + B )sin( A − B ) = sin2 A − sin2 B = cos2 B − cos2 A

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 82 Mathematics Problem Book for JEE

Solution:
10. cos( A + B )cos( A − B ) = cos2 A − sin2 B = cos2 B − sin2 A 8
Since sinq = , we have
11. sin( A + B + C ) = sin A cos B cos C + sin B cos A cos C 17
2
+ sin C cos A cos C − sin A sin B sin C  8 64 225
cos2q = 1 − sin2q = 1−   = 1− =
= cos A cos B cos C (tan A + tan B + tan C  17  289 289
− tan A tan B tan C) Therefore,
15
12. cos( A + B + C ) = cos A cos B cos C − sin A sin B cos C cosq = ±
17
− sin A cos B sin C − cos A sin B sin C
15
= cos A cos B cos C (1− tan A tan B − tan B tan C As q is obtuse, cosq is negative. Therefore, cosq = − .
17
− tan C tan A)
Now cosb = 9/41 and sin2b = cos2b - 1. So
tan A + tan B + tan C − tan A tan B tan C
13. tan( A + B + C ) =
1− tan A tan B − tan C tan B − tan A tan C 81 1600
sin2b = 1 − =
cot A cot B cot C − cot A − cot B − cot C 1681 1681
14. cot( A + B + C ) =
cot A cot B + cot B cot C + cot C cot A −1 40
⇒ sinb = ±
41
cos12° − sin12° sin147°
Illustration 2.13  + = ____. As b is acute, sinb is positive. Hence
cos12° + sin12° cos147°
Solution: 40
sinb = +
cos12° − sin12° sin147° 1− tan12° 41
+ = + tan147° Now
cos12° + sin12° cos147° 1+ tan12°
= tan( 45° − 12°) + tan(180° − 33°) sin(q + b ) = sinq cosb + cosq sinb
= tan 33° + ( − tan 33°) = 0
8 9  15  40 528
= ⋅ +−  ⋅ =−
17 41  17  41 697
sin2 A − sin2 B
Illustration 2.14  Solve .
sin A cos A − sin B cos B cos(q + b ) = cosq cosb − sinq sinb
Solution:
2(sin2 A − sin2 B ) 2 sin( A + B ) ⋅ sin( A − B )  15  9  8  40 455
= = −  ⋅ −  ⋅ =−
2 sin A cos A − 2 sin B cos B sin 2 A − sin 2B  17  41  17  41 697
2 sin( A + B )sin( A − B ) sin(q − b ) = sinq cosb − cosq sinb
= = tan( A + B )
2 sin( A − B )cos( A + B )
 8  9  15  40 672
=   ⋅ −−  ⋅ =
Illustration 2.15  If tanq − cotq = a and sinq + cosq = b , then  17  41  17  41 697
solve (b2 − 1)2 (a2 + 4 ).
cos(q − b ) = cosq cosb + sin q sinb
Solution:
Given that  15  9  8  40 185
= −  ⋅ +  ⋅ =
tanq − cotq = a (1)  17  41  17  41 697

and sinq + cosq = b (2)

Illustration 2.17  Consider triangle ABC in which A + B + C = p.
Now, Prove that
  (b2 − 1)2 (a2 + 4 ) = [(sinq + cosq )2 − 1]2 [(tanq − cotq )2 + 4 ] 1. tan A + tan B + tan C = tan A tan B tan C
= [1+ sin 2q − 1]2 [tan2 q + cot2 q − 2 + 4 ] = sin2 2q (cosec2q + sec2 q ) 2. tan (B/2) tan (C/2) + tan (C/2) tan (A/2) + tan (A/2) tan (B/2) = 1

 1 1  Solution:
= 4 sin2 q cos2 q  2 + =4
 sin q cos2 q  1. We have A + B = p − C = 180° − C
2 2 2 ⇒ tan (A + B) = tan (180° − C) = − tanC
Trick: Obviously the value of expression (b − 1) (a + 4 ) is inde-
pendent of q , therefore put any suitable value of q. Let q = 45° . We tan A + tan B
⇒ = − tan C
get a = 0, b = 2 so that [( 2 )2 − 1]2 (02 + 4 ) = 4 . 1− tan A tan B
⇒ tanA + tanB = − tanC (1 − tanA tanB)
8 9 ⇒ tanA + tanB + tanC = tanA tanB tanC
Illustration 2.16  If sinq = and cosb = , find sin(q + b  ),
17 41
cos(q + b  ), sin(q − b  ) and cos(q − b  ), where q is an obtuse angle . We have (A/2 + B/2) = p/2 − C/2 = 90° − C/2
2
and b  is an acute angle. ⇒ tan(A/2 + B/2) = tan (p/2 − C/2) = cot(C/2)

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 Chapter 2 | Trigonometric Ratios and Identities 83

tan A/ 2 + tan B / 2 Therefore,

   ⇒ = cot(C / 2)
1− tan A/ 2 tan B / 2 C +D C −D
1. sin C + sin D = 2 sin cos
C A B 2 2
   ⇒ tan (tan A/2 + tan B/2) = 1 − tan tan
2 2 2 C +D C −D
2. sin C − sin D = 2 cos sin
Therefore, we get 2 2
C +D C −D
tan(C/2) tan(A/2) + tan(B/2) tan(C/2) + tan(A/2) tan(B/2) = 1 . cos C + cos D = 2 cos
3 cos
2 2
C +D C −D
Your Turn 1 . cos C − cos D = −2 sin
4
2
sin
2

sin3 q cos3 q 1 tan( A + B )

1. If = , prove that tan 2q = 2 tan(3q + a). Illustration 2.20  If sinB = sin(2 A + B ), then = ____.
sin(2q + a ) cos(2q + a ) 5 tan A
Solution:
m 1
2. If tana = and tan b = then find a + b. sin(2 A + B ) 5
m +1 2m + 1 =
sin B 1
p
Ans. a + b = By Componendo and Dividendo, we have
4
3. Prove that tan(112A) tan(99A) tan(13A) = tan(112A) − tan(99A) sin(2 A + B ) + sin B 5 + 1
− tan(13A). =
sin(2 A + B ) − sin B 5 − 1
x y z 2 sin( A + B ) ⋅ cos A 6 tan( A + B ) 3
4. If = = , then x + y + z is equal = ⇒ =
cosq  2p   4p 
cos q +  cos q +  2 cos( A + B ) ⋅ sin A 4 tan A 2
to  .  3   3  Ans. 0
sin 70° + cos 40°
5. If sinq1 + sinq 2 + sinq 3 = 3 , then cosq1 + cosq 2 + cosq 3 =  . Illustration 2.21  Solve .
Ans. 0 cos 70° + sin 40°
Solution:

2.8 Formulae to Transform Product into sin 70° + cos 40° sin 70° + sin 50°
= =
2 sin 60° cos10°
cos 70° + sin 40° sin 20° + sin 40° 2 sin 30° cos( −10°)
Sum or Difference
sin 60° 3 2
1. 2sin A cos B = sin( A + B ) + sin( A − B ) = = ⋅ = 3
sin 30° 2 1
2. 2cos A sin B = sin( A + B ) − sin( A − B )
3. 2cos A cos B = cos( A + B ) + cos( A − B ) Illustration 2.22  Show that
4. 2sin A sin B = cos( A − B ) − cos( A + B ) sin 7 x − sin 3 x − sin 5 x + sin x
= tan 2 x
Illustration 2.18  Show that 8 sin 10° sin 50° sin 70° = 1. cos 7 x + cos 3 x − cos 5 x − cos x

Solution: Solution:
L.H.S. = 4 (2sin 50° sin 10°) sin70° Numerator = (sin7x + sinx) − (sin5x + sin3x)
= 4[cos(50° − 10°) − cos (50° + 10°)] sin70° = 2sin4x⋅cos3x − 2sin4x⋅cosx  (using C.D. formula)
= 2⋅(2sin70°⋅cos40°) − 4cos60° sin70° = 2sin4x (cos3x − cosx)
= 2sin70° + 2sin30° − 2sin70°
= 2sin30° = 1 Denominator = (cos 3x − cos5x) − (cosx − cos7x)
1  = 2sin4x sinx − 2sin4x sin3x
Illustration 2.19  Show that sin( 45° + A)sin( 45° - A) = cos 2 A  = 2sin4x (sinx − sin3x)
2
Solution: Therefore, the given expression is
1 1 cos 3 x − cos x 2 sin 2 x sin x
sin( 45° + A)sin( 45° - A) = {[cos(2 A) - cos(90°)]} = cos(2 A) = = tan 2 x
2 2 sin x − sin 3 x 2 cos 2 x sin x

2.9 Formulae to Transform Sum or Illustration 2.23  Solve sin 47° + sin 61° − sin11° − sin 25°.

Difference into Product Solution:

sin 47° + sin 61° − (sin11° + sin 25°) = 2 sin 54°⋅ cos 7° − 2 sin18° cos 7°
Let A + B = C and A − B = D . Then
= 2 cos 7°(sin 54° − sin18°) = 2 cos 7°⋅ 2 cos 36°⋅ sin18°
C +D C −D
A= and B = 5 +1 5 −1
2 2 = 4 ⋅ cos 7°⋅ ⋅ = cos 7°
4 4

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