Science 6 - First Semester

6
SME-AG GLOBAL SCHOOL INC.

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ELEMENTARY DEPARTMENT I SCIENCE 6 1|P age

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TOPIC: SCIENCE PROCESS SKILLS AND SCIENTIFIC METHOD

Lesson 1: Basic Science Process Skills
Learning Objectives:
a. Identify basic science process skills
b. Choose appropriate tools and units
c. Make a self-assessment.
Discussion:
These are observable behaviors that demonstrate how you
perform the skills of observing, classifying, communicating, measuring,
inferring, and predicting. Find out if you can demonstrate these
behaviors.
Observing
1. Uses one or more senses to observe objects or events.
2. Makes qualitative observations that describe shape, color, size, and
texture using descriptive words
3. Uses tools like hand lens, microscope, and telescope to observe
objects and phenomenon.
4. Uses measuring tools like balance, ruler, meterstick, graduated
cylinder, beaker, thermometer, and stopwatch to make quantitative
observations.
5. Uses appropriate units of measurements.
Below is an example of an observation about an unlit candle.

The white candle has a cylindrical shape. It has a diameter of about 3
cm. The length of the candle is 20 cm. It is hard, smooth, and can be
scratched. There is a white wick that extends from top to bottom.

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Imagine that you are in a mansion house. Observe the picture, then
make qualitative and quantitative observations about it. Write them on
the able below.
Qualitative Observations Quantitative Observations

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Classifying
1. Uses properties for classifying objects.
2. Identifies similarities and different of the objects.
3. Uses graphic organizers like concept map, Venn diagram, tables, or

charts to show classification of objects and events.
4. Uses one-level, two-level, or multi-level classification.
You can use concept map to classify objects. For example:
Pollutants
may be classified based on
source
may be
natural human-made
activities
be classified based on
like
like
acid rain, forest fire, burning of fossil fuels,

volcanic eruption, effects on the industry, farming,
desert storm environment domestic activities
may be
soil pollutants water pollutants air pollutants
like like like
discharge from
Pesticides and Gases like carbon
agriculture,
garbage dioxide
industry, and
households
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Compare and contrast volcanic eruption and burning fossil fuels.
Similarity: Both are sources of pollution.
Difference: Volcanic eruption is natural sources of pollution, while

burning of fossil fuels is a human-made source.
Using a Venn diagram is another effective way to compare (similarities

and contrast (differences) objects/events.
similarity
Natural Emit Human-made

source pollutants source
volcanic eruption burning fossil fuels
Inferring
1. Suggests explanations of an observation based on past experiences
(Note: Inference are not always correct. Limited observations,
inaccurate prior knowledge, or misconceptions may lead to incorrect
inferences.)
Observations Inferences
Wick of the burning candle Burning of the wick causes formation
becomes black. carbon.
Candle flame moves or flickers. Wind causes the flame to move or

flicker.

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Measuring
1. Uses appropriate tools and units to describe length, mass, volume,
temperature, and time among others
2. Describes quantitative properties of objects or events using standard
units of measure.
Some Observable Quantities, Measuring Tools, and Common Units
Observable Measuring Tools Unit

Quantity
Length ruler, meterstick millimeter (mm),
centimeter (cm), meter
(m), kilometer (km)
Liquid Volume graduated cylinder, milliliter (ml), liter (l)
beaker, teaspoon,
tablespoon, cup
Mass balance milligram (mg), gram
(g), kilogram (kg)
Temperature thermometer degree Celsius (°c),
degree Fahrenheit (°f)
Time stopwatch, clock, second (s), minutes
wristwatch (min), hour (h), day,
month, year
Predicting
1. Forecasts future events/observations based on past experiences and
current evidences/observations.
Current Observations Inferences Predictions
The sun shines brightly. The weather is fair. The weather will be
The clouds are fair the next day or
feathery and high. next two days.
2. Uses graph to predict will happen by extrapolation.)

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(Note: Extrapolation in a straight-line graph is the process of predicting

information about a point outside the line when few points on the line
are given.)
An example of an extrapolation in a straight-line graph is shown below
The line segment ABC is given and point D is extrapolated by extending the
line segment ABC.
The graph shows that through extrapolation the total sales on the sixth
day can be predicted.
Communicating
1. Verbally asks questions, explains, or reports observations.

2. Uses written reports, diagram, charts, and tables to give information.
3. Uses technology to share information, findings, among others.

4. Draws an experimental design.

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Using a table to report on the weather condition of four cities.
Three-Day Forecast for Selected Cities
February 14 February 15 February 16

Tuesday Wednesday Thursday
Manila 30% 40% 50%

Partly cloudy Partly cloudy Partly cloudy
with isolated with chance of with chance of
thunderstorms rain rain
24-30°C 23-30°C 24-29°C
Baguio City 50% 40% 50%

Partly cloudy Partly cloudy Partly cloudy
with chance of with chance of with chance of
rain rain rain
12-23°C 13-23°C 13-22°C
Cebu City
60% 80% 60%
Cloudy w/ rain Cloudy w/ rain Cloudy w/ rain
24-29°C 23-28°C 24-29°C
Davao City 50% 60% 40%

Partly cloudy Cloudy w/ rain Partly cloudy
with chance of 24-30°C with chance of
rain rain
24-31°C 23-31°C

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Collect at least 5 pieces of stones and do the following:
a. Write down qualitative and quantitative observations for each piece

of stone.
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b. Make inferences based on your observations.

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c. Choose one type of graphic organizer to present your observations

and inferences.
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d. Classify the stones according to one characteristic of stone that you

have observed.
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Lesson 2: Scientific Attitudes and Values
a. identify scientific attitudes and values
b. exhibit scientific attitudes and values.
Discussion:
Scientists display positive attitudes and values that help them in
the conduct of investigations. These include:
Curiosity
Scientists ask questions, seek answers to questions, and discover

new things. They look for inconsistencies in observation.
Objectivity
Scientists are objective. They do not include personal feelings in

drawing observations, making conclusions, and in considering all
available evidences.
Honesty
Scientists are honest. They are truthful in observing and recording

data, and acknowledging the work of others.
Patience
Scientists are patients. They

wait calmly. Sometimes it takes
years to finish an investigation.
They do not rush the experiment.
ELEMENTARY DEPARTMENT I SCIENCE 6 10 | P a g e

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Determination
Scientists are persistent. They have the will power to finish a task.
Acceptance of failure
Scientists acknowledge that there is no guarantee that all

investigations are successful. However, they recognize that failure can
be considered a success. From failed investigations, they learn new
knowledge and modify the hypothesis and procedures.
Open-mindedness
Scientists look at other possibilities or listen to other ideas and

considers several possible options when investigating a problem.
Respect for evidence
Scientists collect as much evidence as possible to support or

contradict their statements.
Willingness to change opinion
When necessary, scientists alter their hypothesis to accommodate

factual evidences.

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1. Do you apply scientific attitudes and values in life? Name

them and explain how you develop and practice these traits.
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2. What other scientific attitudes and values do you think can

help you become a better person? Why?
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Lesson 3: Scientific Method
a. apply scientific method in planning a simple scientific investigation
b. design and make a creative science project display.
Discussion:
Science process skills are useful in conducting a scientific
research. Scientific research aims to answer questions or problems.
Results of a scientific research become products of science as new
knowledge.
In doing scientific research, scientists follow a logical order or

procedure called the scientific method. It involves the following steps:
Defining the Problem
In this step, think about these questions:
a. What do I want to know?
b. What do I expect to find out through the investigation?
Locating Resources Gathering Data or Information
This step will make you become knowledgeable about the

problem. Reflect on these questions:
a. What do I know about the problem?
b. What information/data do I need to find answer or solution to

the problem?
c. Where do I get information/data (books, articles, journals,

Internet)?

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Forming a Hypothesis
A hypothesis expresses a prediction about what you think is the

answer to the question. Use the "If... then..." format. Indicate the
controlled, dependent, and independent variables.
Designing and Performing the Experiment
This step involves making a specific plan on how to conduct the

research or experiment and how to collect data. The following questions
will guide you in preparing the design:
a. How will I test my hypothesis?
b. What data do I need to collect?
c. How will I collect the data?
d. What materials/equipment do I need?
e. Do I need a control to compare the data?
f. How many (samples, tests) do I need?
g. How will I plan my time?
After designing the experiment, follow the procedures as you

have designed it.
Organizing and Interpreting Data
Be sure you write down all your observations (qualitative and

quantitative). Think about questions.
a. How will I organize and summarize the data?
b. Will I use graphs, tables, or charts?
c. Can I see patterns or relationships in my data?

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Drawing Conclusions and Recommendations
This step summarizes the experimental results and explains how

the results match with hypothesis.
Reflect on these questions:
a. Do my results answer my original questions?
b. How do my results compare to what I had expected to happen

(refer to your hypothesis)?
c. Are my findings useful to others?
Suppose your results do not match your hypothesis, do not change the
hypothesis. Try to find out why the hypothesis and experimental results
do not match. Ask yourself the following questions:
a. Why did my experiment turn this way?
b. What do I recommend future researchers do to improve their

investigation?
Communicating
Now is the time to share your work. How? Be guided by the following
questions:
a. Who is my audience?
b. What is the best way to share the results with my audience (written,
oral, poster, or video presentation)?
Note: Your presentation should consist of the following:
• Introduction
• Purpose of research
• Statement of the problem
• Hypothesis

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• Brief description of the experimental design

• Results
• Conclusion
• Questions raised by research
Below is a sample science research project experiment display.
It consists of a three-sided board that can stand on a table top on its

own. The center panel includes the title. materials. procedure. and data
presentation (tables. graphs. cl and picture).
The left panel includes purpose or objective, hypothesis, and list of

research mate like title of books, articles, journals, and websites used as
references.
The right panel includes the results and conclusion. You may also
include anything you might do differently if you repeat the project.
Are you ready to journey into the world of scientists? You can start by
investigating some environmental or health problems. To inspire you, surf
the Internet and find student winners in both national and international
research competitions. Just like the works of these young scientists, the
results of your research will be your contribution to the field of science.

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You are tasked to conduct a study on the effects of

watching video games on blood pressure of young kids. Note: You will
not perform the experiment. Do the following:
1. State your hypothesis
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2. Identify the variables. Include the control, dependent, and

independent variables.
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3. Operationally define measurable variable.
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4. Prepare a design of the experiment. Include the list of materials,

how you will perform the experiment, how you will organize the data.

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TOPIC: CLASSIFICATION OF MATTER

Lesson 4: Pure Substances and Mixtures
a. distinguish between pure substances and mixtures
b. describe the different types of mixtures
c. investigate the characteristics and classification of mixtures
d. explain the importance of colloids in daily life.
Discussion:
Pure Substances
Elements and compounds are called pure substances. Pure

substances have fixed composition and properties. An element is the
simplest type of a substance. It consists of only one kind of atom. Each
element has physical and chemical properties. For example,
iron a metallic solid; conductor of electricity; attracted

by a magnet; and reacts with oxygen.
oxygen a colorless, odorless, and tasteless gas; reacts with

iron.
Do you know that there are more than 110 elements? You can
refer to the Periodic Table of Elements to find their properties.
Atoms of different elements can combine to form compounds.

For example, when hydrogen, a gas, combines with oxygen, another
gas, they form water, a liquid.
hydrogen (H) + oxygen (O) water, H2O
The properties of a compound are different from the properties if

its component elements.

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Elements
Characteristics
Elements Oxygen Water
Color and phase Colorless and Colorless, gas, May exist as gas,
odorless gas pale blue liquid liquid, and solid
Melting point -259°C -218°C 0°C
Boiling point -253°C -183°C 100°C
Density .089 g/L 1.42 g/L 1.00 g/L at 4°C
Mixtures
Almost everything around us are made up of

substances that are physically mixed together to
form a mixture. Examples are soil and seawater.
Mixture is another class of matter. It may be solid,
liquid, or gas. A mixture consists of two or more
substances combined together, but do not have a
fixed or definite composition. For example, different
brands of orange powder used to prepare juice
drinks are available in supermarkets or groceries.
Would you consider this orange powder as a
compound? Why or why not? You will find the
answers to these questions if you read the label of
each brand. You will discover that the orange
powder has two or more components. One brand
may contain more vitamin C (or ascorbic acid) than
the other brand. One brand may contain sugar
while another brand may not. Two or more brands
of orange powder may have the same components
like sugar, vitamins A and C, and orange food
coloring but these substances may be present in
different amounts. Since the composition of the

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different brands of orange powder is not fixed, then the orange powder
used for preparing orange juice is a mixture.
The amount of substances in a mixture is not fixed; thus, they are

not chemically combined. Each substance lb5 the mixture like sugar
retains most of its properties. Orange powder when dissolved in water
forms juice which tastes sweet. Sweetness is a property of sugar which is
present in orange powder. The juice is colored orange. This is due to the
property of the food coloring component.

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Classify the pictures below as pure substances and

mixtures. Write your answer on the table below.
Matter Classification of Matter
marshmallow
salad
diamond
Gold bar
salt
water
honey
Powdered
milk
cola
baking
soda

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There are three forms of mixtures: homogeneous mixtures,

heterogeneous mixtures, and colloids. They have different properties.
Based on the prefixes "homo" and "hetero," can you differentiate

these two mixtures? "Homo" means the same while "hetero" means
different. Uniformity and difference depend on the particle size of the
components of a mixture.
Heterogenous Mixture
Examine a box of cereals which contains

corn flakes, almond nuts, and chips of dried
strawberry. Can you distinguish the corn flakes from
the other components of this cereal mixture? You
can easily see the components of the cereal
mixture because they have different colors and
sizes. This mixture is called heterogeneous mixture. A
heterogeneous mixture does not appear to be the
same throughout. The components in a
heterogeneous mixture can be recognized and
large enough to be seen. Heterogeneous mixtures Oil in water is a
heterogeneous mixture.
may also consist of small particles that remain
suspended in the mixture. but separate after sometime. Examples of
these are oil in water and fine particles of sand in seawater. This
heterogeneous mixture is called suspension. Can you name other
examples of heterogeneous mixture?
Homogenous Mixture
Rivers dissolve minerals on rocks as they flow to the

sea. Do you see the particles of these minerals as you watch
the river flows? The sizes of the dissolved minerals are too
Bronze metal is a combination
small to be noticed by the naked eye. Bottled mineral of tin and copper, a
homogeneous mixture.

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water also contains dissolved minerals, but you do not see them when
you drink water. Mineral water is a homogeneous mixture. Mineral water
is different from distilled water because distilled water is a compound. It
is made only of pure water while mineral water contains different
minerals like calcium.
In homogeneous mixtures, the individual components of a mixture

are not recognizable. A solution is a homogeneous mixture. It contains
different components but their particles are too small to be seen. These
particles appear uniform in appearance. Can you name examples of
solutions?
A solution has two important

parts: the solute and the solvent. The
solute is the substance that is being
dissolved and is usually present in
smaller amount. The solvent is the
substance that dissolves the solute and is usually present in larger
amount. In vinegar, the solute is acetic acid and water is the solvent. In
rubbing alcohol, isopropyl alcohol is the solute and water is the solvent.
Colloid
Look at the picture. How would you classify liquid milk? Milk is a
colloids.
Colloids are mixtures whose particles are larger than

the size of the particles in a solution and smaller than the
particles in a suspension. Colloids have particles whose size
is between 1 nanometer (nm) to 100 nanometer (nm) and
are mixed evenly throughout another substance.
Nanometer means one billionth of a meter (m) or
0.000000010 meter. A colloid mixture has two components: Milk is a colloid
colloidal or dispersed particles and dispersing medium.

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Colloidal or dispersed particles are the particles that are spread out
through the mixture. The dispersing medium is the substance in which the
colloidal particles are distributed. In the example, solid particles of milk
(for powdered milk) are distributed in water. Milk powder is the
substance being dispersed and water is the substance that disperses it.
Between the dispersed particles and dispersing medium, the dispersing
medium is always greater in quantity.
The colloid particles are continuously bombarded by other particles;

thus they do not have the chance to separate from the mixture and
settle at the bottom of the container when allowed to stand. Study the
table. Different types and examples of colloids are shown in the table.
Types Phase Dispersed Dispersing Examples

Particles Medium
aerosol gas liquid gas fog, clouds, perfume
sprays
aerosol gas solid gas smoke, dust in air
emulsion liquid liquid or liquid milk, mayonnaise
solid
emulsion solid liquid solid butter, cheese
foam liquid gas liquid whipped cream, beaten
egg white
foam solid gas solid marshmallow
sol solid solid solid colored gems like ruby,
(hard) emerald, garnet
gel solid solid solid gelatin
(soft)
sol liquid solid liquid paint, blood

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Colloids are important in daily life.

Medicines in colloidal form are more
effective because they are easily
absorbed by the body tissues. Large
numbers of food that we eat are
colloidal in nature. Potato salad will mayonnaise ice cream
not taste good without mayonnaise.

A meal will not be complete without
desserts like ice cream or gelatin.
Toasted bread is good with butter or cheese butter
cheese. Mayonnaise, ice cream, butter, and cheese are examples of

colloids.
Colloids are also important in producing artificial rain. Cloud is a

colloid. It consists of charged particles of water dispersed in air. A
chemical substance that contains oppositely charged particles are
sprayed to the cloud to neutralize the charged particles over a cloud.
These neutralized particles of water combine to form large water drops
which cause clouds to become heavy enough to induce rainfall.
Study the figure that summarizes the three forms of mixture.

Suspension
Solution
Colloid

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Check your understanding of the lesson by answering the

questions that follows.
1. Compare and contrast pure substance and mixture.
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2. List down new words or concepts that you have learned from this
section. What insights or ideas did you learn about each word or
concept?
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3. Differentiate among suspension, and colloids.

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4. Give examples of the different forms of mixtures.
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5. Complete the concept map by writing the words from the box
below.
Gold mixture nitrogen suspension oil and water

Paint vinegar seawater sand water marshmallow
Colloid solution compound water (H2O) muriatic acid (HCI)
Matter
may be classified as
pure substances 1.
such as
have forms
element 2.
such as such as
3. 4.
homogenous 5. heterogenous
may be such as INCLUDE
6. 7. 8.
such as such as
9. 10.

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TOPIC: CLASSIFICATION OF MATTER

Lesson 5: Separating Mixtures
a. investigate ways of separating mixtures
b. explain how separation of mixture takes place
c. report on the benefits of separating mixtures from local and
common products in daily activities.
Discussion:
Can all components of matter be separated? In pure substances
like elements, there is only one type of element present thus cannot be
separated anymore into other substances. In compounds, the
component elements are chemically combined and cannot be
separated through physical means. Heating is one method that can be
used to separate elements of a compound. When heated, the
compound aluminum oxide (AI2O3) breaks to form aluminum metal and
oxygen. This process is called decomposition.
(AI2O3) Al + O2
Pure water (H2O) can be separated into its component elements,

hydrogen (H2) and oxygen (O2), by passing it on electricity. The
compound salt (NaCI) can also be separated into its component
elements using electricity. Can you identify what elements will be formed
by this separation technique?
It is easier to separate the components of a mixture than it is to

separate a compound into its component elements. The components
of a mixture can be separated by physical means. The most common
separation methods used for heterogeneous mixtures are handpicking
large particles of solid mixtures, filtration of fine insoluble solid particles in
liquid mixtures, sedimentation and decantation of large insoluble
particles in liquid mixtures, and distillation of homogeneous mixtures.

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Sedimentation and Decantation
Sedimentation is a process that allows the sediments (solid

particles) to settle at the bottom of the container. After the particles
have settled, the clear liquid (called supernatant liquid) is carefully
poured into another container without disturbing the sediments. This is
decantation.
Examine the illustration at the right. A glass rod

is used when pouring the
clear liquid into another
container. The glass rod
prevents the liquid from
spilling. Practice doing these
Sedimentation Decantation
methods in the laboratory and
be ready to demonstrate this in class.
Filtration
Filtration is the process of separating

from liquid or gas components using a filter
or filtering medium, like a filter paper. The
inner surface lined with the filter paper. The
mixture is carefully poured to the filter
paper with the aid of a glass rod. The solid
particles (called the residue) remain in the
filter paper while the clear liquid (called the
filtrate) passes through the filter paper and
is collected in another container.
Filtration is also used in the proper maintenance of air-

conditioners and engines of motor vehicles. Air-conditioning units
contain air filters to eliminate dust particles. Cars and buses have oil filters

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to prevent dust and other solid particles from interfering in the motion of
the engine and its parts.
Sedimentation, decantation, and filtration are useful not only in

science and medical laboratories. They are also very useful in water
purification. Drinking water taken directly from its source contains
impurities such as harmful microorganisms and dissolved and
undissolved substances. These impurities make water unfit for drinking. To
purify water, suspended particles are filtered out while substances that
are heavier than water are made to settle out through sedimentation
and removed through decantation. Harmful microorganisms such as
disease-causing bacteria are eliminated by boilin9 the water or by
adding some chemicals that destroys them. Removal of these impurities
makes water potable or fit for drinking.
Demonstrate filtration by steeping tea or brewing coffee. What

filtering medium is used in this process? Is the tea or coffee clear after
the filtration process? Why or why not? Can you also use sedimentation
and decantation in this mixture? Explain your answer.
Distillation
Another familiar separation

procedure is distillation. This is used in a
homogeneous: mixture whose
components have a big difference in the
boiling points. Study the figure. It
demonstrates the laboratory setup for this
process. When a mixture (like salt solution)
is heated, the component (water) that has
the lower boiling point is changed into
vapor (steam). The vapor rises and gets out of the flask and moves to
the inner tube of the condenser. The outer tube of the condenser

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contains free flowing water that cools the vapor and converts it to a
liquid called distillate. The distillate is collected in another container. The
thermometer is used to check if temperature does not go beyond the
boiling point of the substance being separated so the flame can be
adjusted. The distillation continues until no more vapor of the substance
being separated gets out from the mixture.
Distillation process is important in petroleum and wine industries.

Crude petroleum is distilled to obtain different products such as gasoline,
diesel fuel, kerosene, lubricating oil, and other petroleum products. Wine
is produced from fermented fruits like grapes. Brandy, vodka, gin, and
whisky are alcoholic beverages made from wine through distillation
process.
Sometimes special techniques have to be used for the separation

of the components of a mixture. These include magnetic separation,
crystallization, sublimation, and chromatography.
Magnetic Separation
Components of solid mixture can also

be separated through magnetism. A magnet
is used to attract magnetic substances like
iron metals and separate them from
nonmagnetic substances. Iron filings are
separated using a magnet from sand. Iron
nails are separated from glass chippings using
a magnet too. This process is commonly used in mining where magnetic
materials like iron ore are extracted from the soil.
Crystallization
Making rock salt from seawater is an example of separation by

crystallization. Seawater is collected from a clean source. The water is

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made to evaporate
Evaporating
dish
through heating. As water Salt
crystals
evaporates, the salt solution

becomes more concentrated
and crystals of salt begin to
appear. Complete evaporation
of water results to the formation of salt crystals.
Sublimation
Sublimation is a separation technique

used to separate components of a solid
mixture. However, one of the
components to be separated in this
mixture must be transformed easily into
gas without passing the liquid state.
When a mixture of chalk powder and Chalk Evaporating
powder dish
ammonium chloride is heated at a low
flame, ammonium chloride leaves the
dish in gas form and sublimes in the
upper portion of the funnel where the
temperature is lower than the temperature of the dish. The chalk powder
remains in the dish while ammonium chloride may be collected by
scraping them carefully from the funnel using a spoon or spatula.
Chromatography
Chromatography is a process of separating different components

of a mixture using an absorbent material. The most common form of
chromatography is paper chromatography.
Paper chromatography uses a stationary phase and a mobile

phase. A strip of paper is used as the stationary phase while a solvent,
like water, is used as the mobile phase. A spot of the mixture of dye is

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placed near the bottom of the filter

paper and the paper is placed upright
in a solvent. As the solvent soaks up the
paper, it carries the colored
components of the mixture. Different
components of the mixture will move at
different speeds. Some components
travel farther than others causing the different colors to spread. Some
are strongly attracted to the paper so they are readily absorbed by the
paper. Others that are weakly attracted to the paper move slower while
the component that is not attracted to the paper remain in the original
position. If the component is not attracted to the paper, it rises at the
same rate as the mobile phase.

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A. Describe the appropriate technique that will separate he

components of the given mixture.
a. stone and rice
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b. pebbles and water
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c. alcohol solution
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d. colored ink
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e. muddy water
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B. Given the following concepts, show their relationship using a

concept map.
boiling point gravity

component insoluble solids
distillation mixture
filter paper physical means

filtration sedimentation

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TOPIC: UNDERSTANDING THE HUMAN BODY

Lesson 6: Integumentary System
a. differentiate the layers and parts of the skin
b. discuss the different functions of the skin
c. determine the common skin diseases and their causes.
Discussion:
Get two oranges. Peel open one of the oranges. Throw and
squeeze both oranges. What do you think will happen to the fruit if you
squeeze and throw them? Find out if your guess is correct.
The fruit peeling is like your skin. Your skin is a part of the
integumentary system. It includes the hair, nails, and the sweat and oil
glands. The integumentary system protects your body from injuries.
Parts and Functions
The skin is the largest organ of the human body. It performs

different functions. It acts as an excretory organ, a sense organ, and a
temperature regulator.
The skin shields your body from ultraviolet (UV) rays emitted of the
sun and from microorganisms that can enter and harm the other body
systems. It also protects you from mechanical and physical injury.
The skin has receptors that recognize heat, cold, pain, and touch.
The human skin has three layers-the epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis.

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The epidermis is the outermost layer of the skin. It has pores through
which sweat and oil are excreted. Its surface consists of dead cells that
are continually shed off and
replaced by new cells.
Do you notice that water

simply slide past your skin when
you take a bath? Water does
not seep into the body because
of a tough protein called keratin
in the water proofs and protects
the cells and tissues underneath.
follicle
It is also the key component of
your hair and nail.
Epidermis also contains melanin which is responsible for your skin

color. Melanin shields you from harmful ultraviolet sunlight. What
happens when you stay under the sun for a long period of time? Your
skin becomes tanned. In such conditions, melanocytes--skin cells that
produce melanin--block the UV rays. However, too much exposure to
sunlight can cause sunburn or skin cancer.
The dermis is the middle layer of the skin. It is where nerve endings,
blood vessels, and sweat and oil glands are found. Oil glands are
attached to the hair follicles. What roles do these glands play?
The sweat gland is a coiled tube that secretes sweat. Sweat is a

waste product excreted through the pores of the skin. Hence, the skin is
an excretory organ.
When a person feels hot, blood vessel enlarges to allow more

blood to flow making skin reddish. The heat in the blood passes out to
the air. As the sweat evaporates, it gives you a cool feeling. This is how
the skin regulates the body temperature. Do you know why you shiver

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when you feel cold? The muscles in the skin contract to generate heat.
It is another way your body regulates temperature.
Your skin has a natural moisturizer too. Your sebaceous or oil gland
produces sebum that lubricates the skin. Hair follicles are regions where
hair grows. Each hair follicle has a pain receptor that senses pain when
you pull out a hair.
The hypodermis is the inner layer of the skin. It is mainly for fat
storage that insulates the body to make sure that you stay warm.
Common Ailments of the Integumentary System
The skin is a barrier that protects you from several factors like heat,
pain, pressure, dirt, and microorganisms. Exposure to these factors may
lead to skin disorders.
Pimple is the inflammation of an oil gland. The

inflammation shows up as bumps on the skin.
Bumps may be a pimple, black head, or white
head. The oil glands are usually overactive during
puberty or adolescence. As a result, excessive oil
or sebum is produced. Pores become clogged
with bacteria. Bacteria multiplying inside the pores cause the swelling
and redness.
Boil or furuncle refers to the infection in the hair follicle or sweat

gland caused by the bacteria. Staphylococcus aureus. The bacteria
enters the body through tiny breaks or cuts in the skin and travel down
the hair to the follicle. Boils are characterized by a hard, red, painful
lump. After four to seven days, the lump starts turning white to yellow as
pus collect under the skin.

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Athlete's foot is a fungal disease of the skin

of the foot. It is usually scaly, red, and itchy.
Trichophyton, a fungi, is commonly found on
floors and clothing. A person may acquire this
when he walks barefooted on contaminated
surfaces or by using the towels, socks,
and shoes of an infected person.
Burn is a lesion of the skin caused by heat

chemicals, electricity, or solar exposure. Skin burn may
range from first degree or minimal damage to third
degree or extensive damage.
Melanoma is a type of skin cancer that develops in

the melanocytes of the epidermis. It usually develops in areas that are
overexposed to the sun. Too much UV radiation from the sun destroys
normal skin and cause them to quickly divide, grow, attack the tissues
around them.
Proper Care of the Skin
How do you keep your skin healthy? With good habits, you can
maintain a healthy glowing skin. Here are some ways to take care of
your skin:
• Make sure that you have the right protection for your skin.
Apply sunscreen and wear long sleeves to prevent too much
exposure and absorption of UV rays. You may also use an
umbrella or wear sun visors.
• Avoid exposing yourself to too much sunlight: According to the
National Library of Medicine, UV rays are strongest from 10
o'clock in the morning and 2 o’clock in the afternoon. It is
better to stay indoors to avoid exposure.

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• Vegetables and fruits rich in vitamin C and E like

orange, apple, kiwi, strawberry, and pineapple will
make your skin healthy. A balanced diet will also
provide the energy and raw materials needed for
growth and repair of skin cells.
• Hydrate your skin. Drink eight glasses of water every day.
• Observe proper hygiene to ensure a cleaner and healthier
skin. Proper hygiene refers to the practice of cleanliness
as a step to good health. Proper hygiene includes the
use of mild cleaning agents like bath soaps, facial wash,
and shampoos. Washing your face before going to bed
and taking a bath every day prevent bacterial growth
and infection. These steps also control oiliness of the skin.
• Have nine to twelve hours of sleep to allow your body to
repair damages on your skin. Repairing the damage makes
your skin glow healthier.

S.Y. 2021-2022
A. Answer the questions that follow.
1. What are the layers of the skin? Differentiate them.
__________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
2. Explain how the skin performs the following functions:
a. Protection
__________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
b. Temperature regulator
__________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
c. Sense organ
__________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
d. Excretory organ
__________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
3. Is it beneficial to have too much melanocytes? Explain.
__________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________

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4. What are the common causes of skin problems and diseases?
__________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
5. What are the ways to take care of the skin? Explain each.
__________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
B. Name the parts of the skin.
1
6
2
3 4

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TOPIC: UNDERSTANDING THE HUMAN BODY

Lesson 7: Musculoskeletal System
a. discuss parts and functions of the skeletal system
b. differentiate axial from appendicular skeletons
c. differentiate the types if muscle tissues.
Discussion:
Your musculoskeletal system houses your skeletal and muscular
system. The two systems work together to move the different parts of your
body. Your bones, cartilages, and joints make up the skeletal system
while your muscles make up the muscular system.
Matter
includes
Matter Matter
comprised of comprised of
• bones Matter
• cartilages
• joints
Parts and Functions
Your bones and muscles are closely related. They work together most
of the time. Here are some of the functions of the skeletal system:
1. Posture, support, and shape. The skeleton provides a framework for

attachment and support to muscles and tissues. Without your

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bones, your body cannot stand upright.

Together, muscles and bones shape your
body. Your posture is brought about by the
proper alignment of bones and muscles.
2. Protection. Try to touch your head. Do you

feel the bone protecting your head? The
bone on your head is the skull. The skull
protects your brain. The rib cage protects
skull
the heart and the lungs, while the vertebral column protects the
spinal cord. Your bones protect many of your vital organs.
3. Movement. When you run, swim, or lift a heavy object, your bones
and muscles are in action. The body movement is caused by the
muscles that pull the bones.
4. Production of red blood cells. Your bones

produce blood cells. The tissue in the interior
of the bones, called bone marrow, is where
new blood cells are produced.
5. Mineral storage. Bones serve as a reservoir for

essential minerals like calcium and phosphorus. Calcium and
phosphorus make bones strong.

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Skeletal System
Human skeleton can be

divided into axial or
appendicular skeleton. Study
the picture.
Thoracic/
The axial skeleton consists rib cage
of your skull, vertebral column,

and ribs. These bones protect
the body's vital organs. The
appendicular skeleton consists
of the upper and lower limbs.
The upper limbs include the The skeletal system is divided into
axial (in gray) and appendicular (in
red) skeleton
arms and hands; lower limbs
include the legs and feet. The girdles, which are loosely attached to the
bones of the arms and legs allowing movement, are also part of the
upper limbs.
The human skeleton is also composed of cartilage and bones.
Bone
The outer covering of the bone is a connective tissue called

periosteum. It protects blood vessels within the bone which bring
nutrients and remove wastes from the fracture site.
Cartilage
A cartilage is made of flexible connective tissue which allows smooth

movement. Cartilage protects bones from rubbing against each other.
A good example is the cartilage found in your chest which holds the
ribs together into one rib cage. The rib cage allows the lungs to expand

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as you breathe. However, as you grow, some cartilages are replaced by

bones.
periosteum
Joint
A joint is a point where two bones meet and are held together by
tough tissues called ligaments. Joints are classified according to the
movement they allow.
1. Immovable joints or fixed joints are fibrous joints

which are firmly attached to one another. These joints
have the same dense materials that make up the bones.
Immovable
Hence, no movement is allowed. The suture joints in your joints
skull is an example of an immovable joint.
2. Slightly or partially movable joints allow partial

or slight movement due to the presence of
cartilages.
The discs of cartilage between are slightly

movable joints. They keep the bones stacked on
top of one another and give the spine some
flexibility. This kind of joints allow you to bend a little to the left or right.

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3. Freely movable or synovial joints allow a wide range of movement.

They are cushioned with cartilage and held together by ligaments.
Examples of movable joints are
gliding joints, pivot joints, ball-and-
socket joints, and saddle joints.
Gliding joints allow the flat Pivot Joints
surfaces of bones to slide over each Ball-and-socket

Joint
other. These joints give flexibility to
the ankle and wrist. These joints give
you the ability to walk on uneven
surfaces and move your hand to
the right and left.
Pivot joints are found where

two bones turn on each other and
allow rotation. The top two
Gliding
vertebrae that support the skull form Joint
a pivot joint that allows the head to

turn to the right and left. Your elbows are also pivot joints.
Ball-and-socket joints are found in the hip and shoulder. In these

joints, the knoblike end of an arm or thigh bone fits into a bony cup in
the shoulder blade or hip bone. Ball-and- socket joints allow the arm or
leg to move in almost any direction.
Saddle joints allow a bone to move front to back and left to right.
Your thumbs are connected to your hands by saddle joints. The saddle
joint in your thumb is what gives your thumb the ability to reach across
the palm of your hand and touch your other fingers.
Hinge joints allow bones to move in one direction, like a swinging

door. These joints are found in the knees, elbows. fingers. and toes.

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Common Ailments of the Skeletal System
Although bones are tough, they break if too much force is exerted
on them. When bones break or crack, it is called a fracture.
Dislocation is an injury to a joint. This happens when two bones get

disconnected and dislocated from their normal positions. This injury
temporarily deforms and immobilizes your joint.
When ligaments tear or break, a sprain happens. Like a

dislocation, a sprain is also painfully swollen.
When cartilage wears away, it causes inflammation and swelling

in knee or elbow joints. This condition is called arthritis.
Scoliosis refers to the abnormal curvature of the spine. One's

posture is influenced by this condition.
As you age, your bones start to lose minerals. The mineral loss can
lead to osteoporosis. Osteoporosis is a condition in which bones weaken
and break easily. Bones develop big spaces reducing their density and
strength.
Normal bone Bone with

osteoporosis

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Rickets results from vitamin D deficiency. Vitamin D promotes calcium

absorption. Rickets distorts and softens bones.
Muscular System
Your body has more than 600 muscles that bring about
movement. Your muscles are at work when you dance, jump, or run.
Muscular Movement
You have learned that your muscles are responsible for body
movement. However, muscle movement varies. Muscle movement may
be voluntary or involuntary.
Voluntary muscles are under your conscious control or will. When

you smile, lift your hand. dance. run, or walk, voluntary muscles are at
work.
Have you tried to control your heartbeat? Were you able to do

it? Your heart beats on its own: it cannot be controlled because it is
made of involuntary muscles.

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Muscle Tissues
There are three types of muscle tissues-

skeletal, smooth, and cardiac.
Skeletal muscles are attached to the skeleton

and make the bones move. They are mostly
voluntary muscles. When viewed under
microscope, they appear to have stripes or
striations.
Cardiac muscles are found in the walls of the heart. Similar to smooth
muscles, they are also involuntary muscles. Like skeletal muscles, cardiac
muscles are also striated.
Smooth muscles form parts of the internal organs like bladder,

stomach, intestines, and blood vessels. The' are nonstriated, involuntary
muscles.
Common Ailments of the Muscular System
Muscles can be injured by strenuous

exercise. A muscle strain is caused by
overstretching or tearing of a muscle. A pulled
hamstring at the back of the thigh is a tear or
strain of one of the muscles or tendons. A cramp
is a sudden involuntary contraction of muscles. It
is usually accompanied by severe pain for
several minutes.
Tetanus is a disease caused by bacterium Clostridium tetani. It affects

the nerves causing muscles to tighten. It is also called lockjaw because
the infection causes the muscle of the jaw and neck to stiffen. A person

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can be infected when the bacterium enters the body through cuts or
wounds. Fortunately, it can be prevented by tetanus vaccines.
Muscular dystrophy is a genetic abnormality that

weakens the muscles. It is characterized by muscle
deterioration and weakness. As a result, people
inflicted with this disorder lose their ability to move and
do simple activities like walking, running, or lifting
things.

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1. Differentiate voluntary from involuntary muscles.
__________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
2. Differentiate the muscle tissues based on the category listed below.

Complete the table by writing the missing information.
Types of Muscular Appearance Location

Muscle Tissues Movement (Striated or
Nonstriated)
a. Cardiac
b. Skeletal
c. Smooth

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B. Complete the table below by writing the correct answer on the

space provided. Give the function of the parts of the musculoskeletal
system listed below.
Structure Function
1. Joint
2. Voluntary muscle
3. Involuntary muscle
4. Cartilage
5. Bone marrow
Identify the joints of each body part and write your answer in the
space after the item.
1. skull
2. upper arm
3. thumb
4. neck
5. rib cage

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TOPIC: DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

Lesson 8: Division and Function of the Digestive System
a. discuss the function of the digestive system
b. identify the divisions of digestive system
Discussion:
Do you like to eat? The food you eat undergoes a lot of processes
that convert them into nutrients your body uses.
The digestion of food happens in the digestive system. The

digestive system is a collection of organs breaks down food into energy.
Your digestive system serves to do the following:
1. Your mouth is the opening of the digestive tract. The process of

putting food into your mouth is ingestion.
2. Your digestive organs process the food you eat through

digestion. Digestion refers to the breakdown of food into small molecules
that can be used by the body.
3. When food is broken into small molecules, absorption happens

next. Absorption happens when the nutrient molecules from the food
you eat pass through the wall of the digestive system into your blood.
During absorption, molecules enter the circulatory system from the
digestive tract.
4. Some food substances are not absorbed and digested.

Substances that cannot be absorbed are eliminated from the body as
feces. Cellulose is one example of a material your body cannot digest.
Your digestive system is divided into alimentary canal and

accessory organs. Study the illustration on the left.

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Accessory Alimentary The human digestive system is

Organs canal
built around an alimentary canal.
Alimentary canal or digestive tract
refers to a tubular passage through
which the food passes and is
digested. It includes the mouth,
esophagus, stomach, small intestine,
and large intestine. These are the
main organs for digestion.
Pancreas, liver, gallbladder,

and salivary glands are the accessory
organs. These organs help in the digestion process by secreting enzymes
to further breakdown food particles.
Identify each the following digestive organs as an accessory

organ or a part of the alimentary canal. On the space before the
number, write ACC if it is an accessory organ and ALC if it is a part of the
alimentary canal.
__________ 1. anus __________ 6. pancreas
__________ 2. esophagus __________ 7. pharynx
__________ 3. gallbladder __________ 8. salivary glands
__________ 4. liver __________ 9. small intestines
__________ 5. mouth __________ 10. stomach

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TOPIC: DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

Lesson 9: The Digestion Process
a. compare and contrast mechanical and chemical digestion
b. trace the pathway of food during digestion
c. describe and discuss its type for each digestive organ.
Discussion:
Do you know that each food nutrient in your meal undergoes both
mechanical and chemical digestions?
There are two kinds of digestion-- mechanical and chemical.
The physical breakdown of food into smaller pieces is called

mechanical digestion. For example, a whole piece of bread is broken
into pieces when you bite and chew it. Biting changes the size of the
bread but not its components.
Mechanical digestion also takes place as the food moves down

the digestive tract via peristalsis. Peristalsis is the rhythmic, involuntary
contraction of smooth muscles.
Chemical digestion involves the break down chemically into

simpler nutrients that can be used by cells. Acids and enzymes facilitate
chemical digestion.
Let us trace the pathway of food in the digestive system.
Digestion in the Mouth
Digestion begins in the mouth with the help of your teeth, tongue,
and salivary glands. When you chew your food (mastication), the teeth
and tongue carry out mechanical digestion. Teeth shred and grind the
food into smaller pieces while your tongue moves the food around the
mouth so that all of it can be chewed.

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While you are chewing, salivary

glands secrete saliva to moisten the food
you eat. It also contains amylase, an
enzyme that breaks down starch into
sugar--this begins the chemical digestion.
Food that has been chewed and

mixed with saliva is called a bolus. A bolus
is a ball of partially digested food. The
tongue pushes the bolus down the
esophagus as you swallow it.
Esophagus
Esophagus is a muscular tube that transports bolus from mouth to

stomach. Bolus keeps moving down the stomach through the rhythmic
muscular contractions in esophagus called peristalsis
Digestion In the Stomach
The next stop for bolus is in your stomach. Stomach is a J-shaped

muscular sac that digests and temporarily stores food. Layers of smooth
muscles within the stomach churn to breakdown and mix food with
digestive juices. Digestive juice is a fluid produced by the cells that line
the stomach. It contains hydrochloric acid (HCI) and pepsin.
What roles do digestive juices play? Hydrochloric acid is a gastric

juice that prepares protein in the stomach for digestion and kills the
bacteria found on food while pepsin breaks down proteins into smaller
pieces. In the process, the digested food leaves stomach as a thick liquid
mixture called chyme.

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Absorption and Digestion in the Small Intestine
Just like the stomach, your small intestine has smooth muscles that
also churn the food. Pancreas, liver, and gallbladder secrete enzymes
and hormones to initiate chemical digestion in small intestine.
When chemical digestion is completed, food nutrients are

absorbed through the folds in the lining of the small intestine called villi.
There are also microvilli that are projecting from the villi together they
increase the surface area of the intestines allowing further absorption.
Large Intestine
After absorption, undigested food enters the large intestine,

where water is reabsorbed leaving the undigested material. The
undigested material eventually forms into a solid mass called feces. It
contains undigested fiber from plant foods, dead bacteria, and traces
of undigested fat and protein.
From the large intestine, feces travels down the rectum. Rectum
serves as a storage site of feces before it is eliminated through a
muscular opening called anus.

S.Y. 2021-2022
A. Complete the table below by writing an explanation on how

mechanical and chemical digestion occur in each organ below.
Digestive Organ Mechanical Digestion Chemical Digestion

Stomach
Mouth
Small Intestine
Esophagus
Large Intestine
Common Ailments and Disorders of the Digestive System
Just like other body systems, your digestive system is prone to

disorders caused by different factors. Some of them are discussed
below.
Diarrhea is characterized by loose and watery stool and frequent

bowel movement. It may be caused by a bacteria or virus. They infect
colon and reduce water reabsorption. Prolonged diarrhea may lead to
dehydration.
A compact, dry, and hard stool characterizes constipation. Feces

are kept in the large intestine due to slow muscular contraction. As a
result, water is absorbed making the feces hard and dry. A person who
is constipated experiences difficulty in defecating. It results from a low
fiber diet.
Gastroesophageal reflux disorder (GERD) occurs when the acid

from stomach flows back to esophagus. This happens when the

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muscular valve in the esophagus

does not close properly or opens
at the wrong time. The acid irritates
the lining of the esophagus.
Gallstones are stones or

lumps that build up in the
gallbladder. These stones are
hardened cholesterol and
Gastroesophageal reflux disorder (GERD)
pigments in the bile. Gallstones
cause pain in the upper abdomen and back that may last for several
hours. A surgery is performed to remove gallstones.
A sore or painful wound in the lining of

stomach and small intestine is called peptic
ulcer. Most ulcer is caused by a bacteria called
Helicobacter pylori. It weakens the protective
coating of the stomach and small intestine.
Colorectal cancer occurs when tumors

form in the lining of the large intestine.

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Search for 10 concepts about digestive system from the word

puzzle below.
N O I T A P I T S N O C
E F E C B O L U S E X F
C D E E L I M I C A T S
I H A C H F H B I L E O
U R Y W E G E S T I O L
J Y H M A S M V O B O B
E J U N E N P L I V E R
V G N G R Y C H B O I L
I L L I V S I B O S O O
T E E T P A N C R E A S
S I T T O L G I P E G G
E R E C L U C I T P E P
G F A V O R I T E S G H
I G A L L S T O N E S J
D I A R R H E A G E E K

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TOPIC: RESPIRATORY AND CIRCULATORY SYSTEM

Lesson 10: Respiratory System
a. discuss the parts of respiratory system and their functions
b. describe the mechanisms of breathing
c. explain the causes of common ailments of the respiratory system
Discussion:
The respiratory system consists of organs that help you
breathe. Breathing is a process that allows your body to take in oxygen
and release carbon dioxide.
Parts and Functions of the Respiratory System

Study the concept map below. Each of these organs performs a
function for respiration to take place.
Respiratory System
consists of
nose pharynx larynx trachea bronchi lungs

or wind
pipe
Nasal cavity
Air enters the nasal cavity through the

nostril. The nasal cavity has hairlike structures
called cilia that filter dust and pathogens from
the air. It is also having mucous membrane
that moistens the air before it reaches the
lungs.
Pharynx

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The warm and moistened air passes through the pharynx. Pharynx
is a muscular tube in which food, water, and air pass through. A flap of
tissue called the epiglottis prevents food and water entering the larynx.
Larynx is commonly called as voice box. It has two vocal cords that
vibrate when air passes by them.
Trachea or Windpipe
Below the larynx is trachea or windpipe. Trachea is a hollow

muscular tubular structure. Air passes through the larynx and trachea on
its way to the lungs.
Bronchi and Bronchioles
Trachea divides into passageways, called bronchi, leading to the

left and right lungs. Bronchi transport air to and from the lungs. Cartilage,
mucosal lining, and smooth muscles make up the bronchi. The cartilage
prevents the bronchi from collapsing when you inhale and exhale.
Mucosal lining produces mucous which traps foreign particles before it
enters the lungs. Within the lungs, bronchi further branch out in to smaller
bronchioles. These bronchioles end in clusters of tiny air sacs called
alveoli in which gas exchange occurs. Alveoli are surrounded by small
blood vessels called capillaries. The oxygen diffuses in the alveoli into the
blood while carbon dioxide diffuses out of the blood into the alveoli,
then exhaled out of the body.
Lungs
The lungs are the main organ of the respiratory system. They are
elastic and spongy organs protected by a membrane called pleura. In
the lungs, oxygen is taken in transported to the different parts of the
body and carbon dioxide is expelled out back to the atmosphere.
Mechanics of Breathing
Try to do this, breath in and out. What do you observe about your
chest?
Inhalation and exhalation are phrases of respiration. Inhalation
happens when oxygen from the air enters the lungs. As you inhale, you
can observe that your chest moves outwards and upward to extend as

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a result of the contraction of rib muscles. Furthermore, the diaphragm

contracts and flattens as giving more surface area for air inside the lungs.
Inhalation Exhalation
During exhalation, air is forced out of the lungs. The diaphragm

and rib muscles relax and return to its original shape. This makes the chest
move inward or downward causing the carbon dioxide to rush out of
the body.
Common Ailments of the Respiratory System

Here are some of the common ailments affecting the respiratory
system.
Asthma is a condition when a person
experiences difficulty in breathing as a result of the
narrowing and swelling of the airways. The muscles
around the airways tighten restricting the air flow.
This can be triggered by allergies brought about
dust, fumes, pollen, and other air pollutants.
Pneumonia is the infection of the lungs caused
by viruses and bacteria. As such, the alveoli in the
lungs are inflamed and become filled with fluid. It
can be a very serious medical condition that can
be led to death if not treated immediately.
Tuberculosis is a bacterial infection of the lungs

caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis which can spread from person

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to person through respiratory droplets via sneezing or coughing. Proper

medical attention should be given to people infected with this disease.
Bronchitis refers to the inflammation

or swelling of bronchial tube lining.
People with bronchitis experience
difficulty in breathing. Mucus or
phlegm forms in the airways restricting
the flow of oxygen into the lungs.
Pharyngitis is the inflammation of the pharynx causing sore throat and

is usually accompanied with colds or flu. This can be caused by bacteria
or viral infection.
Emphysema damages the air sacs or alveoli in the lungs. The inner
walls of the air sacs rupture creating one large space. Smoking is the
leading cause of emphysema.

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A. Complete the table below by writing the function of the organs

listed below.
Respiratory Function
Organs
1. Nose
2. Pharynx
3. Trachea
4. Bronchi
5. Bronchiole
6. Alveoli
7. Lungs
B. Answer the following questions that follow.
1. Describe the two mechanism of breathing.

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2. What are the common ailments of the respiratory system?

Explain the causes of each ailment and cite ways on how to prevent it.
3. Predict the outcome of the situation below:
Celine’s father is a smoker. He smokes almost after every

meal and when is under stress. Celine noticed that the whole family is
present most of the time her father is smoking. How might this affect their
health? Explain.

S.Y. 2021-2022
TOPIC: RESPIRATORY AND CIRCULATORY SYSTEM

Lesson 11: Circulatory System
a. discuss the components if the circulatory system and their functions
b. differentiate the types of circulation
c. enumerate the common diseases of circulatory system.
Discussion:
Your circulatory system is composed of the heart, blood, and
blood vessels. These parts perform different functions.
Parts and Functions of the Circulatory System
The heart pumps

blood to the different
parts of the body.
The blood is a fluid

responsible for
transporting gases,
nutrients, and other
substances to different
parts of the body.
The blood vessels

transport blood to all the
parts of the body.

S.Y. 2021-2022
Heart
The heart is a muscular organ about the size of your closed fist. It
beats 70-80 times per minutes to distribute blood to the different parts of
your body.
Chambers of the Heart
Your heart has two sides, the left and the right, separated by the
septum. Each has an upper and lower chamber. The upper chamber is
called the atria (singular: atrium), while the lower chamber is called
ventricle. Overall, there are four chambers of the heart – the right atrium,
right ventricle, left atrium, and left ventricle.
The thin-walled atria collect blood to the heart. The thick-walled

ventricle pumps blood out of the heart.
Do you know the sound of your heartbeat? “Lub dub” describes the
sound of your heartbeat. The heartbeat is a result of alternating
contraction and relaxation of the atria and ventricles.
Valves of the Heart
Valves of the heart are flaps of tissues that prevent the backflow
of blood as it flows within the heart.
The valves open when the atria or ventricles contract, and close
when the atria or ventricles relax.
Valves are named based on its location. The valves between an

atrium and ventricles are called atrioventricular valves. An example of
an atrioventricular valve is the tricuspid valve found between and the
right atrium and right ventricle and the valve between the left atrium
and left ventricle is bicuspid valve.

S.Y. 2021-2022
Another set of valves is called the semilunar valve. They are located
between arteries and ventricles. Pulmonary semilunar valve is found
between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery that leads to the
lungs. The aortic semilunar valve is found between the left ventricles and
the aorta.
Identify the parts of the heart.
1 5
6
2
7
3
8
4
Blood
Blood is considered the “river of life” because of substances it

carries. An adult human body contains about five liters of blood. When
blood is examined with the naked eye, it appears to be a single
substance. However, blood is a mixture of blood cells, cell fragments,
and fluid.
Respiratory System
is composed of
blood cell blood fluid
includes includes
RBC Plasma
WBC
Platelet

S.Y. 2021-2022
Blood cell to the solid component of the blood. This includes the
red blood cells (RBC), white blood cells (WBC), and platelets.
Red blood cells (RBCs) or

erythrocytes are the most abundant
blood cells. They make up 40 to 45
percent of all cells in the blood. They are
produced in the red bone marrow. They
are round with think edged and thin
center. A such, it has a biconcave disk
shape. They also carry proteins that
determine blood types.
Do you wonder why blood is red? The red color of the blood is due
to the presence of the pigment hemoglobin. Hemoglobin binds oxygen,
hence, RBC carry and transport oxygen throughout the body. They
circulate and live for 120 days around the body.
The white blood cells (WBCs) or leukocytes are relatively bigger

but lesser in number compared to RBCs’. Their primary function is to
defend the body from microorganisms that can cause infection. WBCs
engulf germs or produce antibody that can kill germs.
Platelets are the smallest blood cells. They are irregularly shaped
cell fragments. Like RBCs, they are also produced by the bone marrow.
When you eat a cut, bleeding happens. During this time, platelets are at
work making the blood clot to prevent bleeding when there is a
damaged tissue.
Have you experienced having or getting burns? Have you noticed

the clear liquid that accumulate from the burned skin? This is your
plasma. Plasma is the liquid component, and make it up 55% of the
blood. Plasma is roughly 90% water, and contains proteins and other

S.Y. 2021-2022
substances like oxygen and nutrients. You blood cells are suspended in
the plasma.
Blood Vessels
Blood vessels are like roads of a busty city. They are tubular
passage ways of the blood. Blood vessels are classified as vein, capillary,
and artery.
Arteries are muscular, thick-walled, and elastic blood vessels. Their

elasticity adapts to the great pressure of blood from the heart. They carry
oxygen-rich blood away from the heart to the different parts of the
body. They also branch out into smaller arteries called arterioles.
Touch your wrist. Do you fell the throbbing or vibrating movement?

That is, you pulse, which indicates the beating of the heart. It is brought
by the flow of blood that is pumped through the arteries of the wrist. The
number of heartbeats in one minute is your pulse rate.
Veins are thin-walled blood vessels that are more elastic than
arteries due to the low blood pressure. They have valves to ensure that
the blood will only flow in one direction. They branch into smaller veins,
called venules, that join the capillaries. Vein carry oxygen-poor blood
back to the heart.
Capillaries are the smallest and thinnest blood vessels which from
junction between arterioles and venules. Capillary walls are thin to allow
materials or substances to diffuse into and out of the blood easily. It is the
blood vessel for gas exchange between oxygen and carbon dioxide.

S.Y. 2021-2022
Types of Blood Circulation
There are two types of blood circulation – pulmonary and

systematic circulation. All of your blood travels through both of these
pathways.
Pulmonary circulation
happens between the lungs and the
heart. It begins when oxygen-poor
blood enters the superior and inferior
vena cava. The blood is when
carried from the right atrium and the
right ventricle where it is pumped
into the lungs through the pulmonary artery. From the pulmonary
arteries, the blood enters the capillaries in the lungs where exchange
gases occur. All the ways through the pulmonary vein, the oxygen-rich
blood returns to the left atrium and then into the left ventricle. In the
process, oxygen is picked up and carbon dioxide is expelled out.
Systematic circulation occurs between the heart and the rest of

the body. It starts when oxygen-rich blood leaves the left ventricle. The
oxygen-rich blood is pumped into the aorta where it is distributed to the
different parts of the body. If the oxygen is used up, the blood returns to
the heart.
Common Diseases of the Circulatory System
There are diseases associated with the circulatory

system. Some of these are discussed below.
Hypertension is one the common diseases of the

circulatory system. It is also known as high blood pressure.
Blood pressure can be measured using an instrument
called sphygmomanometer.

S.Y. 2021-2022
Blood pressure refers to the force of blood pushing against the

walls of the of the arteries as the heart pumps the blood. A normal range
of blood pressure for young adults is 120/80 mm Hg. A hypertensive
person experiences the pressure that is higher than normal in the arteries.
Systole measures the Diastole measures the
pressure in the arteries pressure in the arteries
when heart muscle 120 / 80 when heart muscle
contracts. relaxes.
Hypertension can be caused by several factors. As one ages,

blood pressure gradually increases. Cholesterol found in food coats the
inside of arteries. As a result, arteries become hard and very narrow
increasing blood pressure. Obesity also causes high blood pressure.
Arteriosclerosis is a disease caused by the

buildup of cholesterol and fats stiffens and
narrows and artery hampering blood flow
blood cells cholesterol
through the heart.
Anemia is condition in which the body

does not produce sufficient and healthy red
blood cells. Hence, insufficient hemoglobin is
delivered throughout the body. A person with
anemia feels weak and gets tired easily.
Varicose veins result from the wedding

and bulging of veins due to defective or loose valves within the veins.
Varicose veins are commonly found on thighs and legs. These veins swell
and become painful. Prolonged
standing and aging contribute
to the development of varicose
veins.
Leukemia is characterized
by too much productions of
white blood cells in the blood.

S.Y. 2021-2022
Proper Care for Respiratory and Circulatory Systems
To maintain a healthy and functional circulatory and respiratory

system, it is important to take care of them properly. Some of these steps
are listed below.
1. Exercise is it important to maintain a healthy body system

Physical exercise makes your lungs and heart stronger.
2. Proper diet is essential to prevent the onset of circulatory and

respiratory system diseases. Eating fruits and vegetables benefit
the circulatory and respiratory organs. These provide vitamins and
minerals needed by the body. Avoid eating food high in fats,
cholesterol, and salt. Proper diet also enables a person to maintain
a healthy weight which is essential in keeping the circulatory and
respiratory organs healthy.
3. Do not smoke. Cigarettes contain harmful substances that

affect the respiratory and circulatory organs.
4. Have time to relax and be free from stress. Stress forces the heart
to pump harder increasing blood pressure and the risk of heart
attack.

S.Y. 2021-2022
A.
1. What are the components of the circulatory system? What are

their functions?
2. Differentiate systemic from pulmonary circulation.
3. Complete the phrases below by writing the causes of the listed

ailments.
a. Leukemia develops from the
b. Arteriosclerosis is caused by
c. Anemia is due to
d. Varicose veins result from

S.Y. 2021-2022
B.
1. Why should you take care of the circulatory and respiratory

systems?
2. How is the circulatory related to the respiratory system?

S.Y. 2021-2022
TOPIC: NERVOUS SYSTEM

Lesson 12: The Nervous System
a. differentiate the divisions, parts, and functions of the nervous system
Discussion:
It is amazing to know that your body is able to perform variety of
activities at the same time. A dancer moves his/her body as he/she
thinks of the next step to execute and listens to the music. This tells you
that your nervous system is in action.
The nervous system is a network of cells and tissues that controls

thought, movements, as well as, life processes. It controls the different
parts of your body.
Study the concept map below. The nervous system is divided into
parts – the central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous
system (PNS)
Nervous System
is divided into
Central nervous system eripheral

nervous system
consists of
consists of
Brain and spinal

cord Cranial and
spinal nerves
The brain and spinal cord comprise the central nervous system. On
the other hand, peripheral nervous system includes the cranial and
spinal nerves. The CNS and PNS are closely associated as they constantly
work together.

S.Y. 2021-2022
PNS is a network of nerves that transmits messages to the CNS. It links

CNS to muscles and other organs. As a command center, CNS interprets
messages relayed by the nerves and transmits them to other organs in
the body.
Your nervous system performs several important functions.
• It collects and receives information from inside the body and

from the outside environment to facilitate response. Responses
are elicited due to the receptors found on the sense organs.
Receptors receive different information from the environment.
• It directs thought processes like memory, intelligence, and
learning. These are just few of the complex functions of the
nervous system.
• It controls movement and balance. When you play basketball,
your nervous system sends messages to your muscle when you
dribble the ball.
Neurons
Your nervous system is made up of specialized cells called neurons

or nerve cells. They store information and carry messages within the
nervous system and between other body systems.
In the diagram below, the neuron is divided into three parts – axon,
cell body, and dendrite. How would you distinguish one from the other?

S.Y. 2021-2022
The main part of the neuron is the cell body. It contains the
nucleus, which houses the neuron’s genetic information. The branchlike
extensions on the cell body are called dendrites. Dendrites receive
messages from other neurons. Nerve impulses travel along the dendrite
to the cell body. Neurons can have more than one dendrite. Other
dendrites can have many branches. An axon extends from the cell body
often gives rise to many smaller branches before ending at nerve
terminals. It carries electrical messages away from the cell body and
passes them to other cells. Axons are wrapped with myelin sheath, a
fatlike substance that accelerates the transmission of nerve impulse
along axons. Myelinated axons transmit nerve impulse faster than those
that are not.
Neurons can be classified based on the direction in which they send

information to and from the body. They can be sensory neuron, motor
neuron, or interneuron.
Types of Neuron Function

1. Sensory Neuron Send information from the environment (sensory
receptors) toward the brain and spinal cord (CNS)
2. Motor Neuron Carry messages away from the brain or spinal cord
(CNS) to your muscles or glands causing them to react
or move.
3. Interneuron Send information between sensory neurons and motor
neurons; most interneuron are located in the central
nervous system.
How Impulses Travels
Let us trace how nerves transmit messages.

S.Y. 2021-2022
Your neurons are like "wires" spread all over your body to transmit
information. However, gaps and spaces separate them. Information
from one neuron flows to another neuron across a synapse. A synapse is
the tiny space that separates neurons. Along a neuron, nerve impulses
travel from a dendrite to an axon to the next neuron. Notice that
dendrites of one neuron is always next to the axon of the next neuron.
When stimulated, axon releases acetylcholine, a neurotransmitter.

Acetylcholine molecules diffuse across the synapse. Special receptors at
the tip of dendrites of the next neuron bind with acetylcholine. Thus,
transmission of messages continues.
Central Nervous System (CNS)
Recall that the central nervous system (CNS) is composed of major

organs, the brain and spinal cord. Let us look at each part to better
understand how they work.
brain
vertebrae
Spinal cord

S.Y. 2021-2022
Brain: The Control Center
Your brain is enclosed within the skull which protects

it from injury. A fluid cushions the brain and separates it
from the skull so it will not rub against it. Although the brain
only weighs 1.3 to 1.4 kg, it houses about 100 billion of
nerve cells and trillions of support cells called glia. The skull protects the brain.
Your brain is an amazing organ that performs different functions. It

is responsible for higher thinking processes including memory,
judgement, and reason. It controls body movement and regulates body
processes. Your emotions and feelings are also controlled by the brain.
The brain is divided into cerebrum, cerebellum, and brain stem.
Cerebrum
The largest part of the brain is cerebrum. It is divided into two

cerebral hemispheres--the left and the right--which function for various
intelligences. The artistic, aesthetic, creativity, musical, and visual-spatial
capabilities are all controlled by the right hemisphere. Left hemisphere is
responsible for language, analytical, and reasoning abilities.
Consequently, cerebrum carries out higher thought processes that allow
you to learn, make judgement and decision, solve problems, and recall.

S.Y. 2021-2022
The hemisphere of the brain controls the opposite side of the

body. For example, when your left foot receives a stimuli, the right
hemisphere of the brain recognizes and processes it. In the same way,
left hemisphere of the brain controls the muscle when you raise your right
hand to recite.
Cerebellum
The cerebellum is located under the cerebrum. It coordinates

muscle movement. It also helps maintain posture and balance. It
receives sensory impulses from joint and muscles to help your body move
precisely and smoothly. For example, when you comb your hair, the
cerebellum plans how you position your arm to comb your hair.
Brainstem
The brain stem connects the brain and spinal cord. It controls the
involuntary activities required for life like breathing, digestion, and heart
rate.
The brain stem has three major parts—midbrain, pons, and

medulla oblongata. The table below details their functions.
Major Parts Function

1. Midbrain Controls reflex actions responsible for eye
movement and changes the size of pupil to
regulate the amount of light penetrating the
eye
2. Pons Has a reflex center for head movement;
Regulates breathing in response to visual and
auditory stimuli; And passes I signals between
the brain and the spinal cord
3. Medulla oblongata Connects the brain to the spinal cord; Houses
control centers for involuntary and life

S.Y. 2021-2022
sustaining functions such as blood pressure,

breathing, swallowing and vomiting, hiccup,
sneezing, and coughing
Spinal Cord
The spinal cord bridges impulses between the brain and the body.
All signals that go to or from the brain pass through the spinal cord and
deliver it to the right muscles. It also links the peripheral nerves to the
brain for transfer of sensory and motor information. It also controls the
involuntary movements called reflexes.
Touch your back. Do you feel the bones? These are backbones or
vertebrae. They protect your spinal cord from injury.
A. Complete the statements below by writing the missing term or

information.
The brain and (1) ___________________ comprise the (2)

____________________ nervous system. On the other hand, PNS includes
the (3) ___________________ and (4) ___________________. The CNS and
PNS are closely associated as they constantly work together.
PNS is a (5) _________________________ that transmits messages to

the CNS. It links (6) ____________________ to (7) _______________________
and other (8) _____________________. As a command center, CNS
interprets messages relayed by the (9) ______________________ and (10)
_______________________ them to other organs in the body.

S.Y. 2021-2022
B. Answer the following questions.
1. What is the role of neurons in the nervous system? Explain.
2. What are the different types of neurons?
3. How do the following parts of neuron works?
a. axon
b. cell body
c. dendrite
4. How does an impulse travel along interconnected neurons?
5. What is the role of acetylcholine in the transmission of an

impulse?

S.Y. 2021-2022

Lesson 13: Peripheral Nervous System
a. describe the PNS
b. discuss the function of PNS
c. distinguish divisions of PNS.
Discussion:
You have learned that the PNS is mainly composed of nerves that
transmit messages to the CNS. There are 12 pairs of cranial nerves that
are connected to the brain while 31 pairs of spinal nerves connected to
the spinal cord.
Look at the concept map. What does it say about PNS?
Peripheral Nervous System
is divided into
somatic nervous system autonomic nervous

system
is subdivided into
sympathetic nervous parasympathetic

system nervous system
The PNS is divided into somatic and autonomic nervous system.

What do they do?
The somatic nervous system regulates all of the voluntary

movements of the body. When you raise your hand, when you stand or
sit, the somatic nervous system stimulates your skeletal muscles to
maintain your movement, posture, and balance.

S.Y. 2021-2022
The autonomic nervous system controls autonomic or involuntary

movements. The nerves associated to autonomic nervous system control
the cardiac and smooth muscles. For instance, involuntary muscles help
you digest food by pushing it through your intestines.
The autonomic nervous system is further subdivided into

sympathetic nervous system and parasympathetic nervous system.
Although, the two have opposite effects on the body, they function
continuously. The sympathetic nervous system prepares the body for
action and stress fight or flight). The parasympathetic nervous system
relaxes the body to conserve energy (rest and digest or feed and
breed).
Have you ever been in a serious or dangerous situation? Such

situation, stimulates your sympathetic nervous system. Your heart rate
increases and breathing rate speeds up. However, if the danger is over,
parasympathetic nervous system takes over. Your heart rate and
breathing rate return to normal. In the end, your body is relaxed.

S.Y. 2021-2022
A. Answer the questions that follow.
1. What is PNS made up of?
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
2. What is the function of PNS?
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
3. What are the divisions and subdivisions of PNS?
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
4. What is the importance of sympathetic and parasympathetic

nervous system? Explain?
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________

S.Y. 2021-2022

Lesson 14: Sense Organs
a. define what sense organ is
b. relate sensory receptors and sense organs
c. trace the flow of impulses from sense organs to the brain
d. cite the importance of reflex action.
Discussion:
Look around and observe the surroundings.
Recall that one makes observations using the sense organs.

Everything you smell, see, feel, or taste depend on you sense organs.
Sense organs are specialized organs that detect external stimuli

from environment. They include the senses for seeing, hearing, touching,
tasting, and smelling. The sense organs enable you to enjoy a beautiful
scenery, to listen to good music, to take delight on delicious food, and
to feel the cool breeze of air.
Sense organs contain sensory receptors that respond to stimuli

and transmit data to the brain. Each sensory receptor detects a specific
stimulus. Study the below. What sense organs linked to these sensory
receptors?
Sense organs are associated to different types of sensory

receptors. These sensory receptors help the sense organs recognize
sources of stimulus. They carry impulses that are transmitted to the
nerves. Nerves are connected to the brain. In return, the brain interprets
impulses and triggers the body parts to responds.

S.Y. 2021-2022
Sensory Receptors Function Sense Organ

photoreceptor detects light eyes
mechanoreceptor responds to pressure, ears, skin
movement, and tension
thermoreceptor detects temperature skin
chemoreceptor detects chemicals nose, tongue
pain receptor responds to heat, cold, skin
and pressure
The diagram below summarizes how the sense organs coordinate

with the nervous system to prompt response.
Have you accidentally touched a hot object?
Notice that your body responds quickly when you accidentally

touch a hot object. You automatically remove your hand from the hot
object without thinking. This reaction is called a reflex, the quick
automatic reaction to a stimulus. A reflex is controlled by the spinal cord.
In the process, the sensory neurons pass the information to a motor
neuron in the spinal cord. The reflex occurs before the brain becomes
aware of it. The production of rapid response or action prevents further
injury.

S.Y. 2021-2022
Identify the sensory receptors and the sense organs in action in the
given situations.
Situation Stimulus Sensory Sense Organs

Receptors
1. Elsa was invited by her
friends to watch a movie.
When she entered the movie
house, Elsa noticed that she
could hardly see anything.
2. After a few minutes in the
cinema, Elsa shivered
because of the cold air
rushing from the air-
conditioning unit.
3. Elsa hurriedly checked her
bag for her jacket. She kept
on groping until she finally felt
a cottony fabric.
4. In the middle of the movie,
Elsa felt a cold liquid on her
lap. The cover of the bottle
loosened and the perfume
leaked. The scent spread all
over the cinema.

S.Y. 2021-2022

Lesson 15: Disorders and Proper Care of the Nervous System
a. determine the causes of some disorders and diseases of the nervous
system
b. practice good health habits to maintain a healthy and functional
nervous system
Discussion:
Disorders of the Nervous System
The brain, spinal cord, and nerves are affected by health
problems that can lead to disorders or diseases of the nervous system.
Some of them are listed below.
Cerebral palsy is a disability attributed to a damage in the brain
occurring before, during, or immediately after birth. This condition is
associated with neurological and mental problems.
Multiple sclerosis is a chronic disease of the nervous system
resulting from the damaged and hardened myelin sheath surrounding
the nerves of the brain and spinal cord. Visual disturbances, muscle
weakness, and memory problems are some of the symptoms of multiple
sclerosis.
Parkinson’s disease happens when there is a problem with certain

nerve cells in the brain that control movement. A person with Parkinson’s
disease experiences shaking or tremor, stiff muscles, and slow
movement.

S.Y. 2021-2022
Epilepsy is characterized by overactive electrical discharges

causing temporary communication problem between the nerve cells.
This causes seizures.
Paralysis is a damage or injury of the spinal cord. It is accompanied
by sensory loss and involves loss of muscles function. Concussion are type
of internal head injury that causes the temporary loss of brain function.
Mental retardation refers to a brain injury that prevents brain from

developing normally. A person with mental retardation learns more
slowly compared to others; he/she would have difficulties in learning
and would have problems in social adjustments.
Proper Care for the Nervous System

The healthful ways below can help maintain a functional nervous
system.
Avoiding Drugs and Alcohol
Some substances or chemicals can affect the nervous system. It is

important to consult a doctor before taking drugs or medication. A
doctor provides patients prescription guides to remind them of the right
amount of drugs or medicines to take for a period of time. Patients who
fail to follow the doctor's prescription or abuse the use of it may become
dependent on drugs and develop addiction.
Some food products contain drugs. Are you
fond of drinking iced tea or soft drinks? These
beverages contain caffeine. Caffeine is a drug that
speeds up the activity of the nervous system. As a
result, heartbeat and blood pressure may increase.
Do you know someone who smokes a lot? Can they quit smoking
easily? Cigarette contains nicotine. Nicotine is an addictive substance.
Like caffeine, nicotine can also speed up the activity of the nervous
system. It increases heart rate, blood pressure, and breathing rate.
Alcohol is a drug that slows down the activity of the nervous

system. Too much alcohol slows down reflexes and balance. Observe
that a drunk person has difficulty walking and talking. Alcohol can also
interfere with the thinking process of a person when it reaches the
cerebrum. Too much alcohol can influence or affect one's behavior and
mood.

S.Y. 2021-2022
Enough Sleep
Do you feel sleepy in class during the day?

Having adequate sleep is very important. A person
becomes less attentive when heshe lacks sleep.
Lack of sleep can also trigger severe headache. On
the other hand, enough sleep improves one's
mental health and focus. It allows you to think
clearly and attentively the following day.
Explain if these activities are good or bad for the nervous system.
1. Eating lots of chocolates
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
2. Wearing a helmet as he/she drives the motorcycle

_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
3. A person reading books.
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________

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6

SME-AG GLOBAL SCHOOL INC.

ELEMENTARY DEPARTMENT I SCIENCE 6 1|P age

TOPIC: SCIENCE PROCESS SKILLS AND SCIENTIFIC METHOD

Below is an example of an observation about an unlit candle.

ELEMENTARY DEPARTMENT I SCIENCE 6 2|P age

Qualitative Observations Quantitative Observations

ELEMENTARY DEPARTMENT I SCIENCE 6 3|P age

1. Uses properties for classifying objects.

2. Identifies similarities and different of the objects.

3. Uses graphic organizers like concept map, Venn diagram, tables, or

4. Uses one-level, two-level, or multi-level classification.

You can use concept map to classify objects. For example:

may be classified based on

acid rain, forest fire, burning of fossil fuels,

soil pollutants water pollutants air pollutants

like like like

Compare and contrast volcanic eruption and burning fossil fuels.

Similarity: Both are sources of pollution.

Difference: Volcanic eruption is natural sources of pollution, while

Using a Venn diagram is another effective way to compare (similarities

Natural Emit Human-made

volcanic eruption burning fossil fuels

Candle flame moves or flickers. Wind causes the flame to move or

ELEMENTARY DEPARTMENT I SCIENCE 6 5|P age

Some Observable Quantities, Measuring Tools, and Common Units

Observable Measuring Tools Unit

Current Observations Inferences Predictions

2. Uses graph to predict will happen by extrapolation.)

ELEMENTARY DEPARTMENT I SCIENCE 6 6|P age

(Note: Extrapolation in a straight-line graph is the process of predicting

1. Verbally asks questions, explains, or reports observations.

3. Uses technology to share information, findings, among others.

ELEMENTARY DEPARTMENT I SCIENCE 6 7|P age

Using a table to report on the weather condition of four cities.

Three-Day Forecast for Selected Cities

February 14 February 15 February 16

Manila 30% 40% 50%

Baguio City 50% 40% 50%

Davao City 50% 60% 40%

ELEMENTARY DEPARTMENT I SCIENCE 6 8|P age

Collect at least 5 pieces of stones and do the following:

a. Write down qualitative and quantitative observations for each piece

b. Make inferences based on your observations.

c. Choose one type of graphic organizer to present your observations

d. Classify the stones according to one characteristic of stone that you

ELEMENTARY DEPARTMENT I SCIENCE 6 9|P age

TOPIC: SCIENCE PROCESS SKILLS AND SCIENTIFIC METHOD

Scientists ask questions, seek answers to questions, and discover

Scientists are objective. They do not include personal feelings in

Scientists are honest. They are truthful in observing and recording

Scientists are patients. They

ELEMENTARY DEPARTMENT I SCIENCE 6 10 | P a g e

Scientists acknowledge that there is no guarantee that all

Scientists look at other possibilities or listen to other ideas and

Respect for evidence

Scientists collect as much evidence as possible to support or

Willingness to change opinion

When necessary, scientists alter their hypothesis to accommodate

ELEMENTARY DEPARTMENT I SCIENCE 6 11 | P a g e