CHEMISTRY

CLASS : IX / TEACHING NOTES

Matter Around Us
TEXTUAL QUESTIONS
Reflections on Concepts:
1. Explain diffusion phenomenon based on the states of matter. (AS1)
Ans. Diffusion: The spontaneous distribution of particles of a substance to the interparticle
spaces of another substances is called diffusion. It depends on the kinetic energy of the
particles.
Since the K.E. for solid particles is less, diffusion occurs least in solids.
Diffusion in case of liquids occurs faster than in solids and slower than in that of gases.
Gaseous particles have higher KE. Hence diffusion is maximum in case of gases.
2. Mention the properties of solids.
Ans. i) Soilds have definite shape and definite volume.
ii) Their particles are orderly arranged and tightly packed due to strong interparticle
attractive forces.
iii) Interparticle spaces are very minute.
iv) They are rigid i.e., they cannot flow.
v) Diffusion in solids is negligible.
vi) They cannot be compressible.
3. Mention the properties of liquids.
Ans. i) Liquids doesnot have definite shape but have definite volume.
ii) Their particles are loosely packed with each other as they have less interparticle forces
of attraction than that of solids.
iii) Interparticle spaces are larger than those in solids but lesser than those of gases.
Hence particles can roll over each other.
iv) They are able to flow freely. Hence called fluids.
v) Diffusion occurs in liquids easily.
vi) Liquids are slightly compressible.
4. What is a fluid?
Ans. A substance which can flow easily is known as fluid. Liquids and gases are considered as
fluids. They have larger inter particle spaces than solids. This helps their particles to
move freely among themselves.
5. Mention the properties of gases.
Ans. i) Gases have neither definite shape nor definite volume.
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ii) Their particles are randomly scattered due to leasst inter particle attraction forces.
iii) They have large inter particle spaces.
iv) These particles can easily flow.
v) Diffusion is maximum in gases due to high K.E of particles.
vi) Gases have maximum compressibility.
6. Give two daily life situations where you observe the diffusion.
Ans. 1) Diffusion is a very important process for living things. During respiration, Oxygen diffuses
from lungs into blood. CO2 diffuses from blood to lungs.
2) When an incence stick is lit, scent particles diffuses quickly and spread across the
room.
Application of Concepts
1. Mention works where we use compressibility in our daily life.
Ans. 1) LPG and CNG are compressed into the cylinders to make them useful for us in daily
life.
2) Metal like Iron, Gold, Silver etc are compressed with high pressure to make them into
sheets, bars and other forms.
2. Mention the situations where we use diffusion in out day to day life?
Ans. i) Room freshners that we use in our houses spread their scent thoughout the room due to
the due the diffusion.
ii) Diffusion is a very important process for living things. During respiration, Oxygen diffuses
from lungs into blood. CO2 diffuses from blood to lungs.
3. How can we smell perfume sitting several metres away from the source?
Ans. i) We know that the particles of gas are highly mobile in the air,
ii) The particles of perfume vapours also move in air for several meters due to their
diffusion property.
iii) Hence we can smell perfume, several metres away from the source.
4. How do you prove that the speed of diffusion of Ammonia is more than that of HCl?
Ans. Aim: To measure the speed the diffusion of two gases.
Apparatus: Long glass tube with scale, liquid Ammonia, HCl solution, cottons plugs, two
rubber corks and two tongs.
Procedure:
1) Take a long narrow glass tube with its two ends open.
2) Take two cotton plugs, one soaked in Ammonia and the other soaked in HCl solution.
3) Insert them separately at the two ends of the glass tube with the help of tongs.
4) At the same time, close the ends of the glass tube with rubber corks and observe.
5) The HCl cotton plug gives off HCl gas and Ammonia cotton plug gives Ammonia gas.
Observation:
i) Both gases react together to form a white ring in the tube due to the formation of
ammonium chloride.
ii) Measure the distance of white ring from two ends of the glass tube.
Explanation: We observe that the ammonia gas travelled faster. So that the distance of
white ring is more from ammonia end hydrochloric acid end.
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Diagram from textbook
5. Give examples that the matter which is available in different states.
Ans. Water can exist in all the three physical states.
ii) Wax is the another substance that we can see in solid and molten form.
6. Draw the diagram showing the experimental arrangementto verify the speed of diffusion
of two gases.
Ans. Diagram from textbook
Higher Order Thinking Questions
1. We can’t rejoin the broken chalk easily. Give rejoin.
Ans. i) Chalk is a solid. Its particles are closely packed with each other with very tiny spaces
between themselves.
ii) When a chalk is broken, the particles of the broken lose their interparticle attraction
forces. Hence they cant be rejoin easily.
2. Is the space between the particles in the matter influence the speed of diffusion?
Explain.
Ans. 1) Yes, space between the particles of matter has influence on the rate of diffusion.
2) Interparticle spaces increases as the attraction between the particles decreases. This
makes the particles possess more kinetic energy.
3) This is the reason, gas particles have larger interparticle spaces and high KE than
particles of solid and liquid state.
4) Diffusion is the spontaneous intermixing of matter particles of two substances. This
occurs rapidly when the particles of matter possess higher KE.
5) Hence gases diffuse faster than solids and liquids.
Multiple Choice Questions:
1. Which of the following is available in three states? (at normal conditions)
a) Petrol b) Water c) Milk d) Kerosene
2. Which of the following can be compressed?
1) Iron b) Water c) Air d) Wooden pieces
3. In which of the following substance, speed of diffusion is more?
a) Smell of petrol b) Smell of flowers
c) Smell of napthlene balls d) Gas leaked from cylinder

Is Matter Pure?
TEXTUAL QUESTIONS
Reflections on Concepts:
1. Which separation techniques will you apply for the separation of the following?
a) Sodium chloride from its solution in water.
b) Ammonium chloride from a mixture containing sodium chloride and ammonium
chloride

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c) Different pigments from an extract of flower parts.
d) Oil from water
e) Fine mud particles suspended in water.
Ans. a) Sodium chloride from its aqueous solution is separated by the process of evaporation.
b) Ammonium chloride is separated by sublimation from the mixture of Sodium chloride
and Ammonium chloride.
c) Different pigments from a flower can be separated though Chromatography.
2. Explain the following giving examples.
a) Saturated solution b) Pure substance c) Colloid d) Suspension
Ans. a) Saturated solution: When no more solute can be dissolved in the solution at a certain
temperature, it is said to be saturated solution.
Ex: i) Take 50 ml of water in a cup and add one spoon of sugar to the cup.
ii) Stir it until it dissolves.
iii) Keep on adding sugar to the solution in the cup and stir until no more sugar can be
dissolved.
iv) The solution so formed is a saturated solution.
b) Pure substance: A substance is pure i.e., homogenous if the concentration doesn’t
change, no matter which part of the substance we take for examination.
Ex: A small part of gold biscuit is an example for pure substance as its composition is same
throughout it
c) Colloid: Colloids are heterogenous mixtures but appears to be homogenous. In these,
the particle size is too small to be seen with the naked eye, but is big enough to scatter
light.
Ex: Milk, butter, cheese, cream, gel etc.
d) Suspension: It is a heterogenous mixture in which the solute particles didn’t dissolve
and the particles are visible to naked eye.
Ex; Syrups, chalk powder in water etc.
3. Classify the following into elements, compounds and mixtures.
a) Sodium b) Soil c) Sugar solution d) Silver
e) Calcium carbonate f) Tin g) Silicon h) Coal
i) Air j) Soap k) Methane l) Carbon dioxide
m) Blood n) Sea water
Ans. Elements Compounds Mixtures
a) Sodium e) Calcium carbonate b) Soil
d) Silver k) Methane c) Sugar solution
f) Tin l) Carbon dioxide h) Coal
g) Silicon i) Air
j) Soap
m) Blood

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n) Sea water
Application of concepts
4. Determine the mass by mass percentage concentration of a 100g salt solution which
contains 20g salt.

mass of the solute

Given mass of the solute =20 g

20
=  100 = 20
100
5. Calculate the concentration in terms of mass by volume percentage of the solution
containing 2.5 g of Potassium chloride in 50 ml of Potassium chloride solution.
Ans. Given mass of the solute = 2.5 g
Volume of the solution = 50 ml

mass of the solute

2 .5
=  100 = 5
50
6. Classify the following substances in the below given table.
Ink, soda water, brass, fog, blood, aerosol sprays, fruit salad, black coffee, oil and
water, boot polish, air, nail polish, starch solution, milk.
Ans. Solution Suspension Colloidal dispersion
Ink Oil and water Fog
Soda water Fruit salad Aerosol sprays
Brass black coffee Blood
Air Starch solution
Nail polish Milk
Boot polish
Higher Order Thinking Skills
7. How would you confirm that a colourless liquid given to you is pure water?
Ans. Water is pure substance. It doesn’t have any odour and colour. Since it is a pure substance,
it possess specific boiling point. Its boiling point is 100oC. If the given liquid has the above
characteristcs, then it is water.
8. Write the steps you would use for making tea. Use the words given below and write the
steps for making tea.
Solution, solvent, solute, dissolve, soluble, insoluble, filtrate and residue.
Ans. Tea is prepared from milk, tea leaves, sugar and water. It is a solution with water as
solvent and remaining as solvent. Milk, sugar and tea powder are added to water in a
vessel, of which, milk and sugar are soluble in water hence they get dissolve in it. While
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tea powder is insoluble. This mixture is allowed to boil for sometime. Once tea is prepared
it is filtered using a strainer. The tea leaves are separated as residue by strainer and tea
is obtained as filtrate.
Multiple choice questions:
1. The machine used to separate the massive particles and light particles from a mixture is
a) Atwood machine b) Centrifuge c) Filter paper d) Separating funnel
2. The physical mixture of two substances is called
a) Mixture b) Compound c) Colloid d) Suspension
3. The substance which is relatively less in quantity in a solution is
a) Solute b) Solvent c) Solubility d) Concentration
4. The amount of solute present in a saturated solution at constant temperature is known as its
a) Solubility b) Concentration
c) Volume percentage d) Weight percentage
5. If the quantity of solute is more in a solution then the solution is said to be
a) Saturated solution b) Dilute solution
c) Concentrated solution d) Unsaturated solution
6. The pheneomenon of scattering of a visible light by the particles of colloid is known as
a) Tyndall effect b) Chromatography c) Sublimation d) Reflection
7. Immiscible liquids can be separated by
a) Distillation process b) Fractional distillation
c) Chromatography d) Separating funnel
8. Miscible liquids can be separated by
a) Distillation process b) Fractional distillation
c) Chromatography d) Separating funnel
9. The scientist who invented the elements like Sodium, Magnesium, Boron, Chlorine etc is
a) Issac Newton b) Henning Brad
c) Sir Humphry Davy d) Robert Boyle
Suggested Experiments:
1. Which of the following will show Tyndall effect? How can you demonstrate the Tyndall
effect in them?
a) Salt solution b) Milk c) Solution of Copper sulphate d) Starch solution
Ans. Tyndall effect: Process of scattering of light due to the particles of colloidal solutions is
called Tyndall effect. Milk and starch solutions are the colloid solutions among the given
substances and hence they can exhibit Tyndall effect. It can be demonstrated as given
below steps:
1) Take Copper sulphate solution, starch solution and salt solution in three different
beakers.
2) Focus a beam of light by torch or a laser beam at the side of each container and observe.
3) We can see that the path of beam of light is clearly visible through starch solution only.

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