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CEE1

This document discusses earthquakes, their causes, and seismic zones in the Philippines. It begins by defining an earthquake and explaining that they originate from movement along tectonic plate boundaries. There are different types of earthquakes caused by plate tectonics, volcanism, or human activity. Faulting occurs when the stresses cause a crack in the Earth's crust. The Philippines experiences earthquakes primarily along the Philippine Fault Zone, with the most active segments being the Guinayangan, Masbate, and Central Leyte faults. The country is divided into seismic zones 2 and 4, with zone 4 having a higher probability of strong ground shaking.

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Reina Bengua
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31 views10 pages

CEE1

This document discusses earthquakes, their causes, and seismic zones in the Philippines. It begins by defining an earthquake and explaining that they originate from movement along tectonic plate boundaries. There are different types of earthquakes caused by plate tectonics, volcanism, or human activity. Faulting occurs when the stresses cause a crack in the Earth's crust. The Philippines experiences earthquakes primarily along the Philippine Fault Zone, with the most active segments being the Guinayangan, Masbate, and Central Leyte faults. The country is divided into seismic zones 2 and 4, with zone 4 having a higher probability of strong ground shaking.

Uploaded by

Reina Bengua
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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ABUTAN, KING EDWARD

ACHA, JOHN CARLO


ACEVEDA, ANCHILA
ALDOVER, DANIELLE
ARGAÑOSA, NORIELYN
BENGUA, REINA PAULYN
INTRODUCTION OF EARTHQUAKE
CAUSES OF EARTHQUAKE
TECTONIC PLATES
FAULTING
SEISMIC ZONES OF THE PHILIPPINES
An earthquake is a weak to violent shaking of the ground produced
by the sudden movement of rock materials below the earth’s surface.

The earthquakes originate in tectonic plate boundary. The focus is


point inside the earth where the earthquake started, sometimes called
the hypocenter, and the point on the surface of the earth directly
above the focus is called the epicenter.
There are two ways by which we can measure the strength of an
earthquake: magnitude and intensity. Magnitude is proportional to the
energy released by an earthquake at the focus. It is calculated from
earthquakes recorded by an instrument called seismograph.
The intensity is generally higher near the epicenter.
o Earthquakes are usually caused when underground rock suddenly breaks
and there is rapid motion along a fault. This sudden release of energy
causes the seismic waves that make the ground shake.
o Earthquakes are caused by a sudden release of stress along faults in the
earth's crust.

1. TECTONIC EARTHQUAKES − Earthquakes caused by plate tectonics are


called tectonic quakes.
2. INDUCED EARTHQUAKES − Induced quakes are caused by human activity.
3. VOLCANIC EARTHQUAKES − Volcanic quakes are associated with active
volcanism.
4. COLLAPSE EARTHQUAKES − Collapse quakes can be triggered by such
phenomena as cave-ins
WHAT ARE TECTONIC PLATES?
o Tectonic plates are gigantic pieces of the Earth's crust and uppermost mantle.
They are made up of oceanic crust and continental crust.
o The tectonic plates slowly and constantly move but in many different
directions. Some are moving toward each other, some are moving apart, and
some are grinding past each other.

HOW MANY TECTONIC PLATES ARE THERE?


o The World Atlas names seven major plates: African, Antarctic, Eurasian, Indo-
Australian, North American, Pacific and South American.

WHAT IS A TECTONIC PLATE BOUNDARY?


o A tectonic plate boundary is the border between two plates. It is grouped
into three main types based on the different movements.
TYPES OF TECTONIC PLATE BOUNDARIES
DIVERGENT CONVERGENT TRANSFORM
BOUNDARY BOUNDARY PLATE BOUNDARY
o occurs when two o occurs when two o occurs when two
tectonic plates move plates come together plates sliding past
away from each each other
other
DEFINITION CAUSES EFFECTS
The entire process of Faults are generally caused ▪ Changes in the elevation
development of fractures under the influence of of the ground.
and displacement of the stresses acting upon the ▪ Omission of some strata
blocks against each other is rocks of the crust of the where they are normally
termed as faulting. earth from within. Any rock expected.
on or below the crust may ▪ Repetition of some strata
Faulting is a crack in the withstand all the operating in a given direction
earth's crust resulting from stresses up to a limit, which against the normal order
the displacement of one depends upon its cohesive of superposition.
side with respect to the strength and internal ▪ Displacements and shifts
other. friction. in the continuity of the
same rocks in certain
regions.
THREE BASIC FAULT TYPES

A dip-slip fault in which A dip-slip fault in which A fault on which the two
the block above the fault the upper block, above blocks slide past one
has moved downward the fault plane, moves another.
relative to the block up and over the lower o Left-lateral strike-slip
below. block. fault & Right-lateral
strike-slip fault
o The central Philippine Fault Zone consisting of the Guinayangan, Masbate, and
Central Leyte faults are the most seismically active regions transecting the islands of
Bondoc to Leyte.
o The northern and southern extensions of the Philippine Fault Zone experience
infrequent earthquakes and often described as locked segments which are capable of
larger magnitude earthquakes.
o The largest (M7.0) and most destructive earthquakes are generated along the
Guinayangan fault every 30–100 years with slip rates of 20–33 mm/year as
determined by GPS and historical records.
o Moderate earthquakes (M3.0–5.0) are observed along the Masbate fault with
frequent aftershocks indicative of continued displacement and regional slip of 5–
35 mm/year.
o The northern and southern segments of the Central Leyte fault experiences different
seismic activity dependent on regional geology. While the Southern Central Leyte
fault experiences moderate seismic events, the Northern Central Leyte fault creeps at
approximately 25 mm/year.
SEISMIC ZONE CLASSIFICATION
o In general, seismic zones are categorized into Zone
0 to Zone 4 in which zone 0 denoting the weakest
earthquake ground motion and zone 4 as the
strongest.
o The National Structural Code of the Philippines
2010 (NSCP 2010) divided the Philippines into two
seismic zones only: Zone 2 and Zone 4.
o Areas under Zone 2 have low to moderate
probability of damaging ground motion whereas
areas under Zone 4 have high probability.
o Palawan, Sulu and Tawi-tawi are under Zone 2 and
the rest of the country is under Zone 4.

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