Faults Earthquakes 1

Science Quarter 2 (Week 1 – 4)
At the end of this lesson, you will be

able to learn:
 using models or illustrations, explain how
movements along faults generate earthquakes.
 to differentiate the following: epicenter of an
earthquake from its focus, intensity of an earthquake
from its magnitude, active and inactive fault.
 explain how earthquake waves provide information
about the interior of the earth.
What is Earth
Science?
EARTH SCIENCE
is any of the
sciences that deal
with the Earth or its
parts.
Layers
of the
Earth
Crust
Mantle
Outer
Core
Inner Core
A thin solid outermost layer that wraps around the Earth. 5 to 70

km thick. Made up of large amounts of Oxygen and Silicon.
Crust
Mantle
Outer
Core
Inner Core
It is a semi solid very thick layer (semi-molten rock) extending

about 2,900 km. It is mostly oxides of Silicon, Magnesium and
Iron.
Crust
Mantle
Outer
Core
Inner Core
It is made up of molten (liquid) iron and nickel about

2,270 km.
Crust
Mantle
Outer
Core
Inner Core
It is composed of solid iron and nickel about 1,220 km

thick.
PLATE
TECTONICS
THEORY
Alfred Wegener (1915) proposed his theory of "continental
drift." where continents broken through crust of ocean
basins.
“Puzzle-like fit of Continents”
He was one of the first to realize that the Earth's surface has
changed through time, and that continents that are
separated now may have been joined together at one point
in the past.
THEORY OF PLATE
TECTONICS
“the outermost layer of
the earth called
lithosphere is broken into
segments or several
pieces known as tectonic
plates that move relative
to each other.”
Earthquake
Earthquake
•Also called TEMBLORS.
•The of the Earth
resulting from the release of built up potential
energy between two stuck tectonic plates!
•Any caused by the
passage of seismic waves through the rocks of the
Earth.
 Foreshocks
 Main shocks
 Aftershocks
It is the study of earthquakes and
that move through
and around the Earth.
PACIFIC RING OF FIRE
It refers to the region
bordering the Pacific
Ocean that is an active
site of earthquakes and
volcanic eruptions.
About 90% of the world's
earthquakes and 81% of the
world's largest earthquakes
occur along the Ring of
Fire.
The Ring of Fire is a direct
result of plate tectonics and
the movement and collisions
of lithospheric plates.
Philippine Islands is situated along the Pacific Ring of Fire thus, we are
likely to experience geographical hazards like volcanic eruptions and
earthquakes anytime.
Countries in the Pacific Ring of Fire include:
Chile Japan Canada Costa Rica
Mexico Philippines Peru Colombia
United New Taiwan Singapore

States Zealand
Antarctica Malaysia Guatemala El Salvador
Russia Indonesia Ecuador Panama

•Philippine Institute of
Volcanology and
Seismology (PHILVOLCS)
•Department of Science and
Technology (DOST)
What is FAULT?
• It refers to a fracture, fissure or a zone of
weakness where movement of displacement has
occurred or will occur again.
•The forces inside earth results to faults.
•Rocks along a fault move up and down, side to
side, or in a combination of directions.
Philippine
Fault
System
Why do we
need to study
the “fault
system” of
Philippines?
KINDS OF FAULTS
Normal /
tensional
fault
It is a geologic fault in which the hanging wall has
moved downward relative to the footwall. Two blocks
of rock are pulled apart, as by tension.
Normal /
tensional
fault
moved downward relative to the footwall. Two blocks
of rock are pulled apart, as by tension.
Normal /
tensional
fault
Reverse
(thrust)/
compressional
fault
moved upward relative to the footwall. Two blocks of
rock are forced together by compression.
Reverse
(thrust)/
compressional
fault
moved upward relative to the footwall. Two blocks of
rock are forced together by compression.
Reverse
(thrust)/
compressional
fault
Strike-slip
fault
It is a geologic fault in with surfaces on opposite sides of the fault

plane is moving horizontally and parallel to the strike of the fault.
Right or left lateral: dependent on perceived crust movement
Strike-slip
fault
Strike-slip
fault
How Faults Generate Earthquake?
builds up along
the boundary of moving
tectonic plates, causing
the
and thereby
storing potential
energy. When these rocks
have been bent or
stretched beyond the
limit, the rocks will
break and suddenly
releases the stored
energy producing
vibrations or
earthquakes.
The Philippines encounters an average of
and records an
average of 100-150 felt earthquakes per year.
Major sources of these earthquakes are
movements from the known active faults. For
the past 400 years about
were recorded and
caused so much devastation on the affected
areas.
Cities A, B & E
Cities A, B & E
Cities C, E & F
Cities A, B & E
Cities C, E & F
City D
Cities A, B & E
Cities C, E & F
City D
How do movements along faults
generate earthquakes?
builds up along the boundary of moving
tectonic plates, causing the
and thereby storing potential energy. When
these rocks have been bent or stretched beyond
the limit, the rocks will break and suddenly
releases the stored energy producing vibrations or
earthquakes.
QUIZ: EARTHQUAKES & FAULTS
Directions: Choose the letter of the correct answer. Write your
answers on a separate sheet of paper.
1.) The stress along the outer layer of the Earth causes
the build-up of energy. What prevent the rocks from
releasing this energy?
A. bending of rocks
B. vibration of the rocks
C. friction between rocks
D. energy released by rocks
2. Why do earthquakes occur frequently in Japan,

Indonesia, and Philippines?
A. They are surrounded by seas.
B. They are located near the equator.
C. They are considered archipelagic countries.
D. They are found within the Pacific Ring of Fire.
3. Which factor keeps the rocks from
slipping past each other?
A. Arrangement
B. Bending
C. Depth
D. Roughness
4. What type of fault formed the Rocky
Mountains?
A. Normal
B. Reverse
C. Strike-slip
D. Transform
5. What happens to the rocks in a fault slip?
A. They stick together.

B. They slide past each other.
C. There is no movement at all.
D. They suddenly slip and generate
earthquake.
6. What is referred to as a fracture between
two blocks of rocks?
A. Earthquake
B. Fault
C. Stress
D. Volcano
7. What type of fault is the San Andreas
fault?
A. Normal
B. Reverse
C. Strike-slip
D. Thrust
8. Which type of fault is described by two
blocks of crust pushing together?
A. Normal
B. Reverse
C. Strike-slip
D. Thrust
9.) Which of the following figures
illustrates normal fault?
10.) How do faults produce earthquakes?
A. Once friction is overcome, a fault slip produces

earthquake.
B. Molten rock materials accumulate and go out along a
fault.
C. Tectonic plates collide forming a volcano and causing
earthquake.
D. Magma and lava cause the ground to move producing
earthquake.
11. Which type of fault is described by a
hanging wall slipping down the footwall?
A. Normal
B. Reverse
C. Strike-slip
D. Transform
12. What type of fault is described by rocks
moving sideways past each other?
A. Converge
B. Normal
C. Reverse
D. Transform
13. What is referred to as the shaking of the
Earth’s surface resulting from the
sudden release of energy in the lithosphere?
A. Earthquake
B. Fault
C. Friction
D. Stress
14. What type of fault shows two plates
moving apart from each other?
A. Normal
B. Reverse
C. Strike-slip
D. Transform
15. How does a reverse fault form?
A. The blocks slide past each other.

B. The blocks pull apart from each other.
C. The hanging wall moves upward relative to
the footwall.
D. The hanging wall moves downward relative
to the footwall
ANSWER KEYS
A. bending of rocks
A. bending of rocks


A. Arrangement
B. Bending
C. Depth
D. Roughness
A. Arrangement
B. Bending
C. Depth
D. Roughness
Mountains?
A. Normal
B. Reverse
C. Strike-slip
D. Transform
Mountains?
A. Normal
B. Reverse
C. Strike-slip
D. Transform

earthquake.

earthquake.
A. Earthquake
B. Fault
C. Stress
D. Volcano
A. Earthquake
B. Fault
C. Stress
D. Volcano
fault?
A. Normal
B. Reverse
C. Strike-slip
D. Thrust
fault?
A. Normal
B. Reverse
C. Strike-slip
D. Thrust
A. Normal
B. Reverse
C. Strike-slip
D. Thrust
A. Normal
B. Reverse
C. Strike-slip
D. Thrust

earthquake.
fault.
earthquake.
earthquake.

earthquake.
fault.
earthquake.
earthquake.
A. Normal
B. Reverse
C. Strike-slip
D. Transform
A. Normal
B. Reverse
C. Strike-slip
D. Transform
A. Converge
B. Normal
C. Reverse
D. Transform
A. Converge
B. Normal
C. Reverse
D. Transform
A. Earthquake
B. Fault
C. Friction
D. Stress
A. Earthquake
B. Fault
C. Friction
D. Stress
A. Normal
B. Reverse
C. Strike-slip
D. Transform
A. Normal
B. Reverse
C. Strike-slip
D. Transform

the footwall.
to the footwall

the footwall.
to the footwall
Tectonic Earthquakes
earthquakes are induced by
those generated
by the sudden rising the lava
displacement or magma
along faults in beneath active
the solid and volcanoes are
rigid layer of called volcanic
the earth.
earthquakes.
What is the
difference
between
“FOCUS” and
“EPICENTER”?
FOCUS
FOCUS / HYPOCENTER
EPICENTER
Fault line is any edge
of the fault plane
that shows how much
movement has taken
place.
When the fault plane

is exposed above
ground, it is called
, and is
usually the best sign
that there is a fault
in the area.
Let’s go back to
the definition of
“Earthquake”?
Earthquake
Any sudden shaking of the
ground caused by the
passage of
through Earth’s
rocks.
Seismic Waves
Energy moving
outward from the
focus of an
earthquake.
There is an earthquake at this point. In the form of
seismic waves (like water ripples) the escaping energy
radiates outward from the fault in all directions. The
seismic waves shake the earth as they move through it.
How are Earthquake Waves Produced?
The abrupt release of energy along a

fault causes earthquake waves. Over
time, pressure builds up and the rock
layers deform elastically until they
break or rupture, releasing the
stored energy. The energy is released
as seismic waves that spread, causing
movement on the rock layers and on
the surface of Earth.
Seismic Waves
Vibration generated by an earthquake,
explosion, or similar energetic source
and propagated within the Earth or
along its surface.
These are the waves of energy caused by
the sudden breaking of rock within the
earth or an explosion.
They are the energy that travels
through the earth and recorded on
seismographs using the seismogram.
– waves that travel from the Earth’s
interior. These waves are of a higher frequency than
surface waves.
- (primary wave, compression wave, longitudinal waves or

pressure waves) is first to be detected by a seismograph.
Moves through solid rock and fluids, like water or the
liquid layers of the earth. It pushes and pulls the rock
of the earth's surface.
– waves that travel from the Earth’s
interior. These waves are of a higher frequency than
surface waves.
- (secondary wave, transverse wave or shear wave)

travels slower than P- waves and can only move through
solid rock. This wave moves rock up and down, or side-
to-side.
– are of lower frequency than
body waves, can only travel through the surface of the
Earth. They arrive after the main P and S waves and are
confined to the outer layers of the Earth.
- The first kind of surface wave is called a Love wave.

The speeds vary depending on the material, rock or soil,
forming the surface. This wave causes the surface to side-
to-side horizontal motion. This wave causes more damage to
the buildings and their structures during an earthquake.
– are of lower frequency than
body waves, can only travel through the surface of the
Earth. They arrive after the main P and S waves and are
confined to the outer layers of the Earth.
- A Rayleigh wave rolls along the ground just like a wave

rolls across a lake or an ocean. Because it rolls, it
moves the ground up and down, and side-to-side in the same
direction that the wave is moving. Most of the shaking
felt from an earthquake is due to the Rayleigh wave, which
can be much larger than the other waves.
MEASURING EARTHQUAKES
• Seismometers
- instruments that
detect seismic waves.
• Seismographs
- Record intensity,
height and amplitude of
seismic waves.
- Related to - How the
. shaking is.
- Determined by observing
(the scale use the
to describe the in different
total amount of places.
energy that is - Depends on (Distance,
released by an Geology, Type of
earthquake at its Building, and Observer)
source) of of
(Hindu-Arabic (Roman Numerals)

PHILVOLCS
Earthquake
Intensity Scale
PEIS
INTENSITY DESCRIPTION
SCALE
I Scarcely Perceptible
II Slightly Felt
III Weak
IV Moderately Strong
V Strong
INTENSITY DESCRIPTION
SCALE
VI Very Strong
VII Destructive
VIII Very Destructive
IX Devastating
X Completely Devastating
… different places
will have different
intensities.
… depends on the
type of material.
Individual Activity # 3:
Focus & Epicenter
Directions: Study the figure and answer the following
questions below. Write your answers on a separate sheet of
paper.
Directions: Study the figure and answer the following
questions below. Write your answers on a separate
sheet of paper.
Questions:
1. Which point is nearest to the focus?
Directions: Study the figure and answer the following questions below.
Write your answers on a separate sheet of paper.
Questions:
2. Which point is farthest from the focus?

Directions: Study the figure and answer the following questions below.
Write your answers on a separate sheet of paper.
Questions:
3. Which point is nearest to the epicenter?

Directions: Study the figure and answer the following questions below. Write your answers
on a separate sheet of paper.
Questions:
4. Which point is farthest from the epicenter?

4.
GROUP ACTIVITY:
MAGNITUDE & INTENSITY
• ACTIVITY 4: Let’s Scale It
Directions: Study the table below about the Richter Magnitude and
answer the following questions. Write your answers on a separate
sheet of paper.
GROUP ACTIVITY:
MAGNITUDE & INTENSITY
• ACTIVITY 5: Let’s Feel It
Directions: Study the table below about Intensity Scale and answer
the following questions. Write your answers on a separate sheet of
paper.
Performance Task # 1:
Fault Model Activity
•Directions: Each student will create a fault

model and will show the different types of fault
using the model created.
Materials to be use:
• Cardboard or old folder
• Scissors
• Glue or Paste
• Scotch tape
What is the difference
between active faults and
inactive faults?
An active fault known to have
recently generated
earthquakes within the last
10,000 years
and may still ‘continue’ to
generate earthquakes
Scientists use different ways to
find out if a fault is active:
• by checking the country’s historical records

• by studying the vibrations, past and present, that
come from faults.
• by observing the surroundings. For example, a fault
may cross a road and because of that, the road is
displaced.
Inactive fault
do not show signs of
generated earthquakes in the
last 10,000 years but may
‘possibly’ still generate an
earthquake in the future.
Faults in the
Philippine
Setting
The Marikina Valley Fault System or
known as the Valley Fault System
which affects the areas of
Montalban, San Mateo, Marikina,
Pasig, Taguig,
Muntinlupa, San Pedro, Binan,
Carmona, Santa
Rosa, Calamba, Tagaytay, and
Oriental Mindoro.
Western Philippine Fault which affects
the areas of Luzon Sea, Mindoro Strait,
Panay Gulf, and Sulu Sea Western
Philippine Fault which affects the areas
of Luzon Sea, Mindoro Strait, Panay Gulf,
and Sulu Sea.
The Eastern Philippine Fault
which affects the
area of Philippine Sea.
Southern Mindanao
Fault which affects the
areas of Moro Gulf and
Celebes Sea
The Lubang Fault is offshore between
Batangas and Mindoro Island. It is a
left-lateral strike-slip fault along the
Verde Island passage, but becomes an
oblique-slip as it runs closer towards
the Manila Trench.
The Central Mindoro Fault is marked by a break
in slope between the mountains of Western
Mindoro and the flatlands of eastern Mindoro,
and is easily seen in topographic maps, aerial
photographs and satellite images. This fault was
responsible for the 1994 magnitude 7.1
earthquake that ruptured the northern segment
of the fault, known as the Aglubang River Fault.
Sibuyan Sea Fault located offshore
north of Masbate. Sibuyan Sea Fault is
relayed with the Verde Passage Fault,
both left-lateral faults, by an aborted
spreading center under a trans
tensional tectonic regime.
Tablas Lineament – the tectonic boundary
between the North Palawan
microcontinental block and the Philippine
Mobile Belt western edge. It trends
northerly as it separates Busuanga peninsula
from the Antique Range in Panay Island and
passes offshore northwards east of Tablas
Island.
Amongst all the active Philippine fault
lines, Marikina Valley Fault Line is the
most geologically
active in the country according to
Philippine Institute of Volcanology and
Seismology (PHIVOLCS).
EARTHQUAKE CAUSES
• Ground motion
• Duration of Shaking
• Surface Rupture
• Poor building
design
EARTHQUAKE DAMAGE
•Ground Failure
•Fires
•Landslides
•Liquefaction
•Tsunami
TSUNAMI
A tsunami is a sea wave caused
by an underwater earthquake or
landslide. It is usually
triggered by an earthquake, and
results in displacing the ocean
water, throwing it ashore and
into the land.
TSUNAMI
Tsunamis may also be
caused by underwater
landslides or
volcanic eruptions.
Earthquake
Preparedness
SAFETY
PRECAUTIONS
BEFORE AN
EARTHQUAKE
SAFETY PRECAUTIONS
BEFORE AN EARTHQUAKE
1. Know the earthquake hazards in

your area. Strengthen the
structural designs of your house.
SAFETY PRECAUTIONS
2. Help prepare your homes and schools to keep
them safe.
a. Ask your parents to strap or bolt heavy
furniture to the wall to prevent it from
falling down during an earthquake.
b. Check if hanging objects inside your home,
like ceiling fans and chandeliers, are
stable.
c. Store fragile items, harmful chemical and
flammable materials in a secured place.
SAFETY PRECAUTIONS
3. Familiarize yourself with the

exit routes and the location of
the fire extinguishers and first
aid kits in your area.
SAFETY PRECAUTIONS
4. Prepare for a handy emergency kit that
contains canned goods, bottled water,
medicines, flashlights, extra batteries,
battery-operated radios, personal
documents, extra cash, hygiene kit,
cellphone with charger, power bank, family
and emergency contact information, whistle,
first aid kit, candles, matchsticks, rope,
hammer and others.
SAFETY PRECAUTIONS
5. Participate in regular
earthquake drills.
6. Help plan the evacuation

areas where family members can
go during emergency situations.
SAFETY
PRECAUTIONS
DURING AN
EARTHQUAKE
SAFETY PRECAUTIONS
DURING AN EARTHQUAKE
1.Be calm, be alert and don’t panic.
2. If you are inside a structurally
sound building:
a. Quickly open the door, if possible.
b. DUCK-COVER-HOLD.
c. Stay away from glass windows and
heavy furniture or appliances that may
fall.
SAFETY PRECAUTIONS
DURING AN EARTHQUAKE
3. If you are outdoors, move to an open area.
a.Stay away from trees, posts, power lines, and
structures.
b.Stay away from slopes and landslide- prone areas.
c.Move away from the shoreline and move to higher
grounds because tsunami may occur after an
earthquake.
4. If you are in a moving vehicle, stop and get out.

Do not attempt to cross bridges, underpass tunnels
and flyovers.
SAFETY
PRECAUTIONS
after AN
EARTHQUAKE
SAFETY PRECAUTIONS
after AN EARTHQUAKE
1. Prepare for aftershocks. Once the shaking
stops, take the fastest and safest way out
of the building. Do not use elevators nor
enter damaged buildings.
2. Check yourself and others for injuries.
3. Check for damaged electrical and water
lines.
4. Check for spills of chemical, toxic or
flammable materials.
SAFETY PRECAUTIONS
after AN EARTHQUAKE
5. Extinguish fires in the area to
prevent it from spreading.
6. If you need to evacuate your
residence, leave a message stating the
place where you are going. Also, bring
your emergency kit.
7. Keep yourself updated through your
battery-operated radios.

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Science Quarter 2 (Week 1 – 4)

At the end of this lesson, you will be

A thin solid outermost layer that wraps around the Earth. 5 to 70

It is a semi solid very thick layer (semi-molten rock) extending

It is made up of molten (liquid) iron and nickel about

It is composed of solid iron and nickel about 1,220 km

Mexico Philippines Peru Colombia

United New Taiwan Singapore

Russia Indonesia Ecuador Panama

It is a geologic fault in with surfaces on opposite sides of the fault

2. Why do earthquakes occur frequently in Japan,

A. They stick together.

A. Once friction is overcome, a fault slip produces

A. The blocks slide past each other.

2. Why do earthquakes occur frequently in Japan,

2. Why do earthquakes occur frequently in Japan,

A. They stick together.

A. They stick together.

A. Once friction is overcome, a fault slip produces

A. Once friction is overcome, a fault slip produces

A. The blocks slide past each other.

A. The blocks slide past each other.

When the fault plane

The abrupt release of energy along a

- (primary wave, compression wave, longitudinal waves or

- (secondary wave, transverse wave or shear wave)

- The first kind of surface wave is called a Love wave.

- A Rayleigh wave rolls along the ground just like a wave

(Hindu-Arabic (Roman Numerals)

VIII Very Destructive

2. Which point is farthest from the focus?

3. Which point is nearest to the epicenter?

4. Which point is farthest from the epicenter?

• ACTIVITY 4: Let’s Scale It

• ACTIVITY 5: Let’s Feel It

•Directions: Each student will create a fault

• Cardboard or old folder

• by checking the country’s historical records

1. Know the earthquake hazards in

3. Familiarize yourself with the

6. Help plan the evacuation

4. If you are in a moving vehicle, stop and get out.

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