SINAMICS S120 Grid Infeed en-US

Preface
Fundamental safety
instructions 1
General information 2
SINAMICS
Grid types 3
S120
Grid infeed 4
Standards and directives
Function modules 5
System Manual
Detailed descriptions of the
function modules 6
Commissioning 7
Device overview 8
Function diagrams 9
Appendix A
Valid for:
Firmware version 5.2
10/2020
A5E03347436A
Legal information
Warning notice system
This manual contains notices you have to observe in order to ensure your personal safety, as well as to prevent
damage to property. The notices referring to your personal safety are highlighted in the manual by a safety alert
symbol, notices referring only to property damage have no safety alert symbol. These notices shown below are
graded according to the degree of danger.
DANGER
indicates that death or severe personal injury will result if proper precautions are not taken.
WARNING
indicates that death or severe personal injury may result if proper precautions are not taken.
CAUTION
indicates that minor personal injury can result if proper precautions are not taken.
NOTICE
indicates that property damage can result if proper precautions are not taken.
If more than one degree of danger is present, the warning notice representing the highest degree of danger will
be used. A notice warning of injury to persons with a safety alert symbol may also include a warning relating to
property damage.
Qualified Personnel
The product/system described in this documentation may be operated only by personnel qualified for the specific
task in accordance with the relevant documentation, in particular its warning notices and safety instructions.
Qualified personnel are those who, based on their training and experience, are capable of identifying risks and
avoiding potential hazards when working with these products/systems.
Proper use of Siemens products
Note the following:
WARNING
Siemens products may only be used for the applications described in the catalog and in the relevant technical
documentation. If products and components from other manufacturers are used, these must be recommended
or approved by Siemens. Proper transport, storage, installation, assembly, commissioning, operation and
maintenance are required to ensure that the products operate safely and without any problems. The permissible
ambient conditions must be complied with. The information in the relevant documentation must be observed.
Trademarks
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may be trademarks whose use by third parties for their own purposes could violate the rights of the owner.
Disclaimer of Liability
We have reviewed the contents of this publication to ensure consistency with the hardware and software
described. Since variance cannot be precluded entirely, we cannot guarantee full consistency. However, the
information in this publication is reviewed regularly and any necessary corrections are included in subsequent
editions.
Siemens AG A5E03347436A Copyright © Siemens AG 2011 - 2020.

Digital Industries Ⓟ 10/2020 Subject to change All rights reserved
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Preface
Objective
This document describes SINAMICS units and functions which enable power to be fed into a
power grid or to an island grid. Reference is made only to the hardware components required
for infeed and the necessary software functions/options. In some instances, the hardware
differs from the conventional, widely used SINAMICS infeed and regenerative feedback units
for industrial applications. The software offers options to provide additional functionality.
Detailed information on general hardware, software functions and engineering
information/instructions are described in separate documentation and can obtained from the
regional SIEMENS office and used as supplementary information for this documentation.
Target group
This document is used by system integrators and Original Equipment Manufacturers (OEMs)
to operate, parameterize and commission the SINAMICS devices with the associated software
functions for power infeed.
Validity
The document applies to the following devices:
• Active Line Modules, booksize format with article number ...AA3
• Active Line Modules, chassis format air cooled with article number ...AA4
• Active Line Modules, chassis format liquid cooled with article number ...AA4
• Active Line Modules, chassis format water cooled with article number ...AA8
Note
Chassis-2 format devices
Active Interface Modules in the Chassis-2 format, in conjunction with Active Line Modules in
the Chassis-2 format, cannot be used to feed energy into a power grid or island grid.
Grid infeed
System Manual, 10/2020, A5E03347436A 3
Preface
Further reference documents

• SINAMICS S120/S150 List Manual
• SINAMICS S120 Commissioning Manual
• SINAMICS S120 Function Manual Drive Functions
• SINAMICS S120 Manual for Chassis Power Units, air cooled
• SINAMICS S120 Manual for Chassis Power Units, liquid cooled
• SINAMICS S120 Manual water-cooled chassis power units for common cooling circuits
• SINAMICS S120 Manual for Booksize Power Units
• SINAMICS PCS (Power Conversion System) Operating Instructions
• SINAMICS LV Configuration Manual
Internet address
Up-to-date information about our products can be found on the Internet at:
http://www.siemens.com (http://www.siemens.com)
You can find information on SINAMICS at: www.siemens.com/sinamics
(www.siemens.com/sinamics)
Application descriptions can be found at: Application and tools
(https://support.industry.siemens.com/cs/ww/en/ps/ae)
Technical support
European and African time zones

Telephone +49 (0) 911 895 7222
Fax +49 (0) 911 895 7223
Internet https://support.industry.siemens.com/sc/ww/en/sc/4868
America time zones

Telephone +1 423 262 2522
Fax +1 423 262 2200
Internet techsupport.sea@siemens.com
Asia/Pacific time zones

Telephone +86 1064 757 575
Fax +86 1064 747 474
Internet support.asia.automation@siemens.com
Note
For technical support telephone numbers for different countries, go to:
http://w3.siemens.com/aspa_app/
Grid infeed
4 System Manual, 10/2020, A5E03347436A
Preface
EC Declarations of Conformity
The EC Declaration of Conformity for the EMC Directive and the EC Declaration of Conformity
for the Low Voltage Directive are available on the Internet at the following address
(https://support.industry.siemens.com/cs/ww/en/ps/13231/cert).
Grid infeed
Preface
Grid infeed
Table of contents
Preface ................................................................................................................................................... 3
1 Fundamental safety instructions ......................................................................................................... 11
1.1 General safety instructions ................................................................................................. 11
1.2 Handling electrostatic sensitive devices (ESD)..................................................................... 15
1.3 Industrial security .............................................................................................................. 16
1.4 Residual risks of power drive systems ................................................................................. 17
2 General information ............................................................................................................................ 19
3 Grid types............................................................................................................................................. 21
3.1 Power grid ......................................................................................................................... 21
3.2 Island grid ......................................................................................................................... 23
3.3 Microgrid ........................................................................................................................... 24
4 Standards and directives ..................................................................................................................... 25
4.1 Protection and safety ......................................................................................................... 25
4.2 EMC .................................................................................................................................. 25
4.3 Grid harmonics .................................................................................................................. 25
4.4 Grid codes/standards ......................................................................................................... 26
4.5 Standards for Germany, Italy, USA, China ........................................................................... 26
5 Function modules ................................................................................................................................ 29
5.1 Overview ........................................................................................................................... 29
5.1.1 Function modules requiring a license ................................................................................. 32
5.2 Typical applications of grid infeed to generate power ......................................................... 32
5.3 Description of the function modules................................................................................... 34
5.3.1 Line transformer function module ...................................................................................... 34
5.3.1.1 Grid-friendly transformer magnetization ............................................................................ 34
5.3.1.2 Identification of the transformer data ................................................................................. 35
5.3.1.3 Line filter and transformer monitoring ............................................................................... 35
5.3.2 Function module for grid droop control .............................................................................. 35
5.3.2.1 Black start in an island grid................................................................................................. 39
5.3.2.2 Synchronizing an island grid to an external power grid ....................................................... 39
5.3.3 Function module, dynamic grid support ............................................................................. 40
5.3.3.1 Dynamic grid support......................................................................................................... 40
5.3.3.2 Grid monitoring anti-islanding ........................................................................................... 45
5.3.3.3 Voltage-time monitoring .................................................................................................... 46
5.3.3.4 Frequency-time monitoring ............................................................................................... 46
5.3.3.5 Other monitoring functions that can be activated ............................................................... 46
5.3.4 Cosinus phi display function module .................................................................................. 47
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Table of contents
5.3.5 Additional closed-loop controls function module ................................................................ 49

5.3.5.1 Current limits..................................................................................................................... 49
6 Detailed descriptions of the function modules ................................................................................... 51
6.1 Additional closed-loop controls for current-controlled operation ......................................... 51
6.1.1 Background information .................................................................................................... 51
6.1.2 Dynamic grid support......................................................................................................... 52
6.1.3 DC component controller ................................................................................................... 54
6.1.4 Negative sequence system current controller ..................................................................... 56
6.1.5 Grid-friendly transformer magnetization ............................................................................ 57
6.2 Controls for grid droop operation ....................................................................................... 58
6.2.1 Background information .................................................................................................... 58
6.2.2 U-f droop control ............................................................................................................... 62
6.2.3 Damping power oscillations ............................................................................................... 66
6.2.4 DC component controller ................................................................................................... 66
6.2.5 Min/max control for the DC link voltage ............................................................................. 67
6.3 Supplementary functions ................................................................................................... 68
6.3.1 Grid voltage sensing using an additional VSM10................................................................. 68
6.3.2 Transformer model and identification ................................................................................ 69
6.4 Back-to-back operation of Active Line Modules ................................................................... 70
7 Commissioning .................................................................................................................................... 71
7.1 Safety-related note ............................................................................................................ 71
7.2 Preconditions..................................................................................................................... 72
7.3 Basic commissioning .......................................................................................................... 73
7.3.1 Infeed units in the chassis format ....................................................................................... 73
7.3.2 Infeed units in the booksize format .................................................................................... 74
7.4 Commissioning example for an infeed with voltage and frequency control for an island
grid. .................................................................................................................................. 75
7.4.1 Design ............................................................................................................................... 75
7.4.2 General information .......................................................................................................... 76
7.4.3 Function modules for creating a line infeed in an island grid............................................... 77
7.4.4 Creating an additional VSM10 ............................................................................................ 78
7.4.5 Adapting the topology and the VSM10 assignments ........................................................... 79
7.4.6 Performing additional parameter settings in the expert list ................................................. 80
7.4.7 Signal interfaces ................................................................................................................ 88
7.5 Commissioning example of an infeed with dynamic grid support for a power grid .............. 91
7.5.1 Design ............................................................................................................................... 91
7.5.2 General information .......................................................................................................... 92
7.5.3 Function modules for creating a line infeed in a power grid ................................................ 93
7.5.4 Creating an additional VSM10 ............................................................................................ 93
7.5.5 Adapting the topology and the VSM10 assignments ........................................................... 94
7.5.6 Performing additional parameter settings in the expert list ................................................. 94
7.5.7 Additional parameter settings for grid monitoring ............................................................ 100
7.5.8 Signal interfaces .............................................................................................................. 103
Grid infeed
Table of contents
7.6 Commissioning the grid transformer ................................................................................ 105

7.6.1 Commissioning grid-friendly transformer magnetization .................................................. 105
7.6.2 Overview of important parameters ................................................................................... 111
7.6.3 Function block diagrams .................................................................................................. 113
7.7 Commissioning the grid droop control ............................................................................. 114
7.7.1 Black start in an island grid............................................................................................... 114
7.7.2 Synchronizing an island grid to an external power grid ..................................................... 117
7.8 Commissioning dynamic grid support............................................................................... 127
7.9 Commissioning the grid monitoring ................................................................................. 128
7.9.1 Commissioning the anti-islanding function....................................................................... 128
7.9.2 Commissioning voltage-time monitoring .......................................................................... 128
7.9.3 Commissioning the frequency-time monitoring ................................................................ 130
7.9.4 Commissioning additional monitoring functions............................................................... 132
7.10 Commissioning cos phi display ......................................................................................... 134
7.11 Commissioning supplementary controls ........................................................................... 136
7.11.1 Commissioning active, reactive and apparent current limiting .......................................... 136
7.11.2 Active current limiting ..................................................................................................... 137
7.11.3 Reactive and apparent current limiting ............................................................................. 137
7.11.4 Current limiting for dynamic grid support ......................................................................... 138
7.11.5 Apparent current limiting for grid droop control ............................................................... 140
7.11.6 Notes for Active Line Modules of the Booksize format ....................................................... 140
7.12 Notes for commissioning systems for operation on grids with low short-circuit power
(fault level) and variable grid parameters ......................................................................... 142
7.12.1 General information ........................................................................................................ 142
7.12.2 Automatic adaptation of the control to the grid short-circuit rating ................................... 142
7.12.3 Manual adaptation of the control to the grid short-circuit rating ....................................... 145
8 Device overview ................................................................................................................................ 147
8.1 Control Units ................................................................................................................... 148
8.2 Voltage Sensing Module VSM10 ....................................................................................... 148
8.3 Active Interface Modules, air-cooled ................................................................................. 149
8.3.1 Booksize format ............................................................................................................... 149
8.3.2 Chassis format ................................................................................................................. 149
8.4 Air-cooled Active Line Modules for the grid infeed, chassis format .................................... 151
8.4.1 Description ...................................................................................................................... 151
8.4.2 Technical data ................................................................................................................. 155
8.4.2.1 Permissible range for the step-up factor ........................................................................... 160
8.4.2.2 Derating factors ............................................................................................................... 160
8.5 Active Interface Modules, liquid-cooled ............................................................................ 161
8.5.1 Chassis format ................................................................................................................. 161
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Table of contents
8.6 Liquid-cooled Active Line Modules for the grid infeed, chassis format ............................... 162
8.6.1 Description ...................................................................................................................... 162
8.6.2 Technical specifications ................................................................................................... 165
8.6.3 Coolant and protection against condensation ................................................................... 168
8.7 Active Interface Modules water cooled for common cooling circuits ................................. 169
8.7.1 Chassis format ................................................................................................................. 169
8.8 Active Line Modules for grid infeed, chassis format water cooled for common cooling
circuits ............................................................................................................................ 170
8.8.1 Description ...................................................................................................................... 170
8.8.2 Technical data ................................................................................................................. 173
8.8.3 Coolant and protection against condensation ................................................................... 176
9 Function diagrams ............................................................................................................................. 177
A Appendix ........................................................................................................................................... 179
A.1 Glossary .......................................................................................................................... 179
A.2 Cable lugs........................................................................................................................ 180
Index .................................................................................................................................................. 183
Grid infeed
Fundamental safety instructions 1
1.1 General safety instructions
WARNING
Electric shock and danger to life due to other energy sources
Touching live components can result in death or serious injury.
• Only work on electrical devices when you are qualified for this job.
• Always observe the country-specific safety rules.
Generally, the following six steps apply when establishing safety:
1. Prepare for disconnection. Notify all those who will be affected by the procedure.
2. Isolate the drive system from the power supply and take measures to prevent it being
switched back on again.
3. Wait until the discharge time specified on the warning labels has elapsed.
4. Check that there is no voltage between any of the power connections, and between any of
the power connections and the protective conductor connection.
5. Check whether the existing auxiliary supply circuits are de-energized.
6. Ensure that the motors cannot move.
7. Identify all other dangerous energy sources, e.g. compressed air, hydraulic systems,
batteries, fuel cells or water. Bring the energy sources into a safe state.
8. Check that the correct drive system is completely locked.
After you have completed the work, restore the operational readiness in the inverse
sequence.
WARNING
Electric shock due to connection to an unsuitable power supply
When equipment is connected to an unsuitable power supply, exposed components may
carry a hazardous voltage that might result in serious injury or death.
• Only use power supplies that provide SELV (Safety Extra Low Voltage) or PELV-
(Protective Extra Low Voltage) output voltages for all connections and terminals of the
electronics modules.
Grid infeed
Fundamental safety instructions
WARNING
Electric shock due to equipment damage
Improper handling may cause damage to equipment. For damaged devices, hazardous
voltages can be present at the enclosure or at exposed components; if touched, this can
result in death or severe injury.
• Ensure compliance with the limit values specified in the technical data during transport,
storage and operation.
• Do not use any damaged devices.
WARNING
Electric shock due to unconnected cable shield
Hazardous touch voltages can occur through capacitive cross-coupling due to unconnected
cable shields.
• As a minimum, connect cable shields and the cores of power cables that are not used
(e.g. brake cores) at one end at the grounded housing potential.
WARNING
Electric shock if there is no ground connection
For missing or incorrectly implemented protective conductor connection for devices with
protection class I, high voltages can be present at open, exposed parts, which when
touched, can result in death or severe injury.
• Ground the device in compliance with the applicable regulations.
WARNING
Arcing when a plug connection is opened during operation
Opening a plug connection when a system is in operation can result in arcing that may
cause serious injury or death.
• Only open plug connections when the equipment is in a voltage-free state, unless it has
been explicitly stated that they can be opened in operation.
NOTICE
Property damage due to loose power connections
Insufficient tightening torques or vibration can result in loose power connections. This can
result in damage due to fire, device defects, or malfunctions.
• Tighten all power connections to the prescribed torque.
• Check all power connections at regular intervals, particularly after equipment has been
transported.
Grid infeed
WARNING
Spread of fire from built-in devices
In the event of fire outbreak, the enclosures of built-in devices cannot prevent the escape of
fire and smoke. This can result in serious personal injury or property damage.
• Install built-in units in a suitable metal cabinet in such a way that personnel are
protected against fire and smoke, or take other appropriate measures to protect
personnel.
• Ensure that smoke can only escape via controlled and monitored paths.
WARNING
Active implant malfunctions due to electromagnetic fields
Converters generate electromagnetic fields (EMF) during operation. People with active
implants in the immediate vicinity of this equipment are at particular risk.
• As the operator of an EMF-emitting installation, assess the individual risks of persons
with active implants. The following clearances are usually adequate:
– No clearance to closed control cabinets and shielded MOTION-CONNECT supply
cables
– Forearm length (approx. 35 cm clearance) to distributed drive systems and open
control cabinets
WARNING
Unexpected movement of machines caused by radio devices or mobile phones
When radio devices or mobile phones with a transmission power > 1 W are used in the
immediate vicinity of components, they may cause the equipment to malfunction.
Malfunctions may impair the functional safety of machines and can therefore put people in
danger or lead to property damage.
• If you come closer than around 2 m to such components, switch off any radio devices or
mobile phones.
• Use the "SIEMENS Industry Online Support App" only on equipment that has already been
switched off.
WARNING
Motor fire in the event of insulation overload
There is a greater load on the motor insulation through a ground fault in an IT system. If the
insulation fails, it is possible that death or severe injury can occur as a result of smoke and
fire.
• Use a monitoring device that signals an insulation fault.
• Correct the fault as quickly as possible so the motor insulation is not overloaded.
Grid infeed
WARNING
Fire due to inadequate ventilation clearances
Inadequate ventilation clearances can cause overheating of components with subsequent
fire and smoke. This can cause severe injury or even death. This can also result in increased
downtime and reduced service lives for devices/systems.
• Ensure compliance with the specified minimum clearance as ventilation clearance for the
respective component.
WARNING
Unrecognized dangers due to missing or illegible warning labels
Dangers might not be recognized if warning labels are missing or illegible. Unrecognized
dangers may cause accidents resulting in serious injury or death.
• Check that the warning labels are complete based on the documentation.
• Attach any missing warning labels to the components, where necessary in the national
language.
• Replace illegible warning labels.
NOTICE
Device damage caused by incorrect voltage/insulation tests
Incorrect voltage/insulation tests can damage the device.
• Before carrying out a voltage/insulation check of the system/machine, disconnect the
devices as all inverters and motors have been subject to a high voltage test by the
manufacturer, and therefore it is not necessary to perform an additional test within the
system/machine.
WARNING
Unexpected movement of machines caused by inactive safety functions
Inactive or non-adapted safety functions can trigger unexpected machine movements that
may result in serious injury or death.
• Observe the information in the appropriate product documentation before
commissioning.
• Carry out a safety inspection for functions relevant to safety on the entire system,
including all safety-related components.
• Ensure that the safety functions used in your drives and automation tasks are adjusted
and activated through appropriate parameterizing.
• Run a function test.
• Only put your plant into live operation once you have guaranteed that the functions
relevant to safety are running correctly.
Grid infeed
1.2 Handling electrostatic sensitive devices (ESD)
Note
Important safety instructions for Safety Integrated functions
If you want to use Safety Integrated functions, you must observe the safety instructions in
the Safety Integrated manuals.
1.2 Handling electrostatic sensitive devices (ESD)

Electrostatic sensitive devices (ESD) are individual components, integrated circuits, modules
or devices that may be damaged by either electric fields or electrostatic discharge.
NOTICE
Damage through electric fields or electrostatic discharge
Electric fields or electrostatic discharge can cause malfunctions through damaged individual
components, integrated circuits, modules or devices.
• Only pack, store, transport and send electronic components, modules or devices in their
original packaging or in other suitable materials, e.g conductive foam rubber of
aluminum foil.
• Only touch components, modules and devices when you are grounded by one of the
following methods:
– Wearing an ESD wrist strap
– Wearing ESD shoes or ESD grounding straps in ESD areas with conductive flooring
• Only place electronic components, modules or devices on conductive surfaces (table
with ESD surface, conductive ESD foam, ESD packaging, ESD transport container).
Grid infeed
1.3 Industrial security
1.3 Industrial security

Siemens provides products and solutions with industrial security functions that support the
secure operation of plants, systems, machines and networks.
In order to protect plants, systems, machines and networks against cyber threats, it is
necessary to implement – and continuously maintain – a holistic, state-of-the-art industrial
security concept. Products and solutions from Siemens constitute one element of such a
concept.
Customers are responsible for preventing unauthorized access to their plants, systems,
machines and networks. Such systems, machines and components should only be connected
to an enterprise network or the Internet if and to the extent such a connection is necessary
and only when appropriate security measures (e.g. using firewalls and/or network
segmentation) are in place.
For additional information on Industrial Security measures that can be implemented, please
visit:
Industrial Security (http://www.siemens.com/industrialsecurity).
Siemens’ products and solutions undergo continuous development to make them more
secure. Siemens strongly recommends that product updates are applied as soon as they
become available, and that only the latest product versions are used. Use of product versions
that are no longer supported, and failure to apply latest updates may increase customer’s
exposure to cyber threats.
To stay informed about product updates, subscribe to the Siemens Industrial Security RSS
Feed at:
Siemens Industrial Security RSS feed
(https://new.siemens.com/global/en/products/services/cert.html#Subscriptions).
Additional information is provided on the Internet:
Industrial security Configuration Manual
(https://support.industry.siemens.com/cs/ww/en/view/108862708)
WARNING
Unsafe operating states resulting from software manipulation
Software manipulations, e.g. viruses, Trojans, or worms, can cause unsafe operating states
in your system that may lead to death, serious injury, and property damage.
• Keep the software up to date.
• Incorporate the automation and drive components into a state-of-the-art, integrated
industrial security concept for the installation or machine.
• Make sure that you include all installed products into the integrated industrial security
concept.
• Protect files stored on exchangeable storage media from malicious software by with
suitable protection measures, e.g. virus scanners.
• Once commissioning has been completed, carefully check all security-related settings.
Grid infeed
1.4 Residual risks of power drive systems

When assessing the machine or system-related risk in accordance with the respective local
regulations (e.g. EC Machinery Directive), the machine manufacturer or system integrator
must take into account the following residual risks emanating from the control and drive
components of a drive system:
1. Unintentional movements of the driven machine or system components during
commissioning, operation, maintenance, and repairs caused by, for example:
– Hardware fault and/or software errors in the sensors, controllers, actuators and
connection technology
– Response times of the controller and drive
– Operation and/or environmental conditions outside the specifications
– Condensation/conductive contamination
– Parameterization, programming, cabling, and installation errors
– Use of wireless devices/mobile phones in the immediate vicinity of electronic
components
– External influences/damage
– X-rays, ionizing radiation and cosmic radiation
2. Unusually high temperatures, including open flames, as well as emissions of light, noise,
particles, gases, etc. can occur inside and outside the components under fault conditions
caused by, for example:
– Component malfunctions
– Software errors
3. Hazardous shock voltages caused by, for example,
– Component malfunctions
– Influence of electrostatic charging
– Induction of voltages in moving motors
– Condensation/conductive contamination
4. Electrical, magnetic and electromagnetic fields generated in operation that can pose a risk to
people with a pacemaker, implants or metal replacement joints, etc. if they are too close.
5. Release of environmental pollutants or emissions as a result of improper operation and/or
failure to dispose of components safely and correctly
6. Influence of line-connected communication systems, e.g. ripple-control transmitters or data
communication via the network
For more information about residual risks of the components in a drive system, see the
relevant sections in the technical user documentation.
Grid infeed
Grid infeed
General information 2
To assess the inverter system required, the following distinction can be made between the
types of electric power generation:
• Power generation with rotating machines
• Power generation without rotating machines
In particular, the amount of power generated depends largely on fluctuating ambient
conditions, such as wind speed or exposure to sunlight. For energy storage applications, an
additional dependency is the charge state of the storage source. When a generator is directly
operated on the grid, the amplitude and frequency of the generated voltage vary accordingly,
and decoupling of the producer and consumer grid is required. This task is handled using
state-of-the-art power electronics.
Note
Operation without transformer on an IT grid
Contact technical support for operation without a transformer on an IT grid
Note
Common mode voltage
Information on the common mode voltage is provided in the Low Voltage Engineering
Manual: LV Engineering Manual
(https://support.industry.siemens.com/cs/de/en/view/83180185).
Grid infeed
General information
Power flow for electrical power generation with rotating machines

Both in power technologies based on fossil fuels, or nuclear energy as well as regenerative
energies with solar thermal, wind, water or biomass, generators are normally used to convert
the kinetic energy into electrical energy and supply it to the consumers via power grids.
① Power generation
② Conversion into electrical energy
③ Conversion into DC voltage
④ DC link
⑤ Conversion into AC voltage with output filter
⑥ Transformer to connect to the grid
⑦ Power grid
Figure 2-1 Power flow for electrical power generation with rotating machines
Power flow for electrical power generation without rotating machines

For power sources such as batteries, fuel cells or various other DC sources, for example, the
electrical energy is converted using chemical processes or semiconductors. As a rule, the
resulting DC voltage must be converted to a 3-phase AC voltage for distribution in the power
grid.
① Power generation
④ DC link
⑤ Conversion into AC voltage with output filter
⑥ Transformer to connect to the grid
⑦ Power grid
Figure 2-2 Power flow for electrical power generation without rotating machines
Grid infeed
Grid types 3
3.1 Power grid
A power grid covers a wide area, is generally supraregional and comprises large power
generating units (regarding the electric power). It is operated by a power supply utility, which
is responsible for the grid, and therefore also grid codes.
Generating units, which feed into a power grid must synchronize their voltage and frequency
to that of the power grid.
Figure 3-1 Schematic diagram of a power generating system connected to a power grid
Requirements
Every grid operator defines the grid code for customer plants and systems (loads, generating
devices and storage devices) connected to its grid. The customer plant or system includes all
of the electrical equipment connected after the transfer location, with the exception of
devices for measuring the energy demand. The grid codes can vary between the different
grid operators and different countries. As a consequence, a plant/system-specific analysis is
required.
In addition to generally applicable requirements, for example, at the transfer location or the
permissible grid harmonics of the plant or system, there are special requirements relating to
power generating systems and storage devices.
These especially refer to:
• Riding through grid faults (Fault Ride Through, FRT):
No isolation from the grid for defined, short grid faults and disturbances.
These especially involve voltage dips or short-circuits between two or all 3 phases.
• Dynamic grid support:
During one of the previously mentioned voltage dips or short-circuits, a reactive current
must be impressed into the grid, which counteracts/corrects the voltage deviation.
• Provision of a steady-state or characteristic-based reactive power for compensation if
necessary.
The higher-level objective is to comply with the grid voltage quality according to DIN EN
50160 in public grids.
Grid infeed
Grid types
3.1 Power grid
Function modules for the power grid

When operating a power generating or energy storage device in the power grid in Germany,
conformance regarding the connection guideline must be verified by providing a
plant/system certificate. Software functions are required to fulfill the requirements resulting
from grid codes. These are defined in function modules, and must be explicitly activated.
The following function modules of the Active Line Module are typically required to satisfy the
time-critical requirements resulting from grid codes:
• Line transformer function module (Page 34)
• Function module, dynamic grid support (Page 40)
If a specific grid code does not have to be complied with, then it is not necessary to enable
the "Dynamic grid support" function module.
In addition to the specified time-critical requirements, other requirements are frequently
placed on the software; for example, characteristics for providing reactive power as a
function of the voltage. These functions must be additionally implemented as required. These
can be realized for example in a Drive Control Chart (DCC) or a higher-level control system.
Contact technical support if you have any additional questions.
Grid infeed
Grid types
3.2 Island grid
3.2 Island grid

An island grid supplies a limited area and has no connection to the public grid or to other
grids. The utility company operating the grid must maintain the balance between used and
generated power in the island grid; an energy storage system can be used.
The company operating an island grid can define their own grid codes. These can deviate
from the regulations of public grid operators (power utility companies).
Figure 3-2 Schematic representation of an island grid
Requirements placed on distributed power producers

• Black start of the island grid
This function involves establishing an island grid voltage starting from zero with the
disconnector open to the external grid.
Generally, a component black start is required (24 V DC supply).
• Controlling the grid voltage and frequency, and quickly adapting the generated power to
the varying load conditions
• Provision of the entire short-circuit current in the event of a short-circuit
• Provision of reactive power for grid support
• Reestablishing the voltage and maintaining the frequency after the short-circuit has been
cleared
Requirements placed on a higher-level island grid control

• Matching the generated power (active power/reactive power) at the rated frequency to
the load power (active power/reactive power)
Using an isolating transformer

• A neutral point generator or isolating transformer with neutral point that can be loaded on
the island grid side must be used if a neutral conductor is required in the island grid.
• An isolating transformer must also be used in order to avoid inadmissible ground currents,
which can occur as a result of a clocked inverter connected to the power generating unit.
Function modules for an island grid

Additional software functions are required for operation in an island grid. These are defined
in function modules, and must be explicitly activated.
The following function modules of the Active Line Module are required for operation in an
island grid:
• Line transformer function module (Page 34)
• Function module for grid droop control (Page 35)
Grid infeed
Grid types
3.3 Microgrid
3.3 Microgrid
A micro grid represents a locally constrained electrical system with several power generating
units, loads and possibly energy storage systems. This can be connected to a large power grid
– or can also be independently operated (i.e. an island grid with one or several power
generating units).
Figure 3-3 Microgrid
Requirements
If the micro grid is separated from the power grid, then the same requirements apply as for
an island grid. When running up, the power generating units must also be synchronized to
the actual grid frequency and voltage. In addition, the energy mix must be controlled, i.e. the
percentage participation of the individual power generating units to reliably supply the
connected loads ("load sharing").
However, if it is coupled with the power grid, then generally the same requirements apply as
for customer plants and systems connected to the public grid. For the scenario where energy
is fed from a micro grid into a public grid, then in addition, the requirements relating to
power generating systems must be complied with.
Further, the transition between the two operating modes must be able to be reliably handled.
In this case, additional requirements of the grid operator may have to be taken into
consideration.
Function modules for a micro grid

A micro grid can form an island grid, but can also be connected to a power grid. This means
that all of the requirements specified in the two previous chapters must be fulfilled.
Correspondingly, all of the previously mentioned function modules must be activated in the
Active Line Module.
Grid infeed
Standards and directives 4
When feeding electric power into a grid, different requirements can apply depending on the
actual location. Frequently, the requirements depend on the particular country, and in some
cases depend on the specific guidelines (grid codes) of the individual power utility company.
This is complemented by the individual conditions resulting from the power generating
application itself. Complying with these requirements requires using special hardware
components and settings in the higher-level control system.
The following list of notes regarding the applicable standards does not claim to be complete.
Active Line Modules in the booksize and chassis formats, used in industrial applications,
satisfy the following properties.
4.1 Protection and safety

Standard EN 61800-5-1 is complied with in the area of protection/safety.
EN 61800-5-1: Adjustable-speed electrical power drive systems
Part 5: Safety requirements
Main section 1: Electrical and thermal requirements
For the North American market, Active Line Modules comply with UL508C
UL508C: Power Conversion Equipment
4.2 EMC
Active Line Modules comply with EMC standard EN 61800-3
EN 61800-3: Variable-speed electric drives
Part 3: EMC - requirements and specific test methods
4.3 Grid harmonics

When using self-commutated IGBT infeed devices (for example, S120 Active Line Modules),
the limit values of standard IEEE 519 (Recommended Practices and Requirements for
Harmonic Control in Electrical Power Systems) are typically complied with.
Grid infeed
4.4 Grid codes/standards
4.4 Grid codes/standards

Complying with the grid codes of a power utility company is a basic precondition for feeding
power into an electric grid. The details of these grid codes differ around the globe and
depend on the voltage class, country and power utility company. However, they are very
similar regarding requirements placed on the response when grid faults occur, for grid and
plant protection and for grid harmonics and/or EMC issues.
Complying with grid codes such as these requires a complete system with power source,
inverters, filters and protective devices and equipment. In some countries, for example,
Germany, the conformance of the power generating system with the grid code must be
verified in the form of a plant certificate. SINAMICS Active Line Module grid inverters, with
their options for riding through and identifying grid faults, reactive power control and
measured value acquisition – as well as grid and system protection – support all of the
important functions that support the certification of a complete system. Complying with limit
values for voltage and current harmonics requires grid and EMC filters, which are adapted to
address the specific requirements. Whether SINAMICS grid filter Active Interface Modules,
possibly supplemented with additional reactors or filters, can be used, must be checked on a
case-for-case basis.
4.5 Standards for Germany, Italy, USA, China
Requirements/standards for connecting to the grid in Germany

Depending on the voltage level, in Germany, the following VDE application regulations form
the basis for the grid codes specified by the grid operator:
• VDE-AR-N 4100
Technical rules for connecting customer systems to the low voltage grid and their
operation (TAR low voltage)
• VDE-AR-N 4105
Power generating systems connected to the low voltage grid - minimum technical
requirements for connection and parallel operation of power generating systems
connected to the low voltage grid
• VDE-AR-N 4110
Technical rules for connecting customer systems to the medium-voltage grid and their
operation (TAR medium-voltage)
• VDE-AR-N 4120
Technical rules for connecting customer systems to the HV grid and their operation (TAR
high voltage)
The conformance of power generating systems and energy storage devices must be verified
using a certificate, which must be issued by an accredited and approved certification body
according to DIN EN ISO/IEC 17065.
The SINAMICS PCS is used as grid converter to connect stationary battery storage devices to a
public grid and to a medium voltage grid not in the public domain. The product has a unit
certificate according to VDE-AR-N 4110.
For additional information, please contact technical support.
Grid infeed
Requirements/standards for connecting to the grid in Italy

Standards CEI 0-21 for the low voltage grid and CEI 0-16 for the medium-voltage grid
regulate how power is to be fed into the Italian grid. Here, special certificates for the
converter are mandatory, which can only be issued by an appropriately authorized test
laboratory.
At the present time, Siemens does not provide any certified standard device according to the
last edition of these standards; however, on request, your Siemens contact can explain the
current status of our solutions.
Requirements/standards for connecting to the grid in the USA

For feeding into the grid standard UL1741 (UL Standard for Safety for Inverters, Converters,
Controllers and Interconnection System Equipment for Use with Distributed Energy
Resources) generally applies in the US (some US states are an exception here).
A certificate for the converter is mandatory and it can only be issued by an accredited test
laboratory.
Siemens already offers a 120 kVA grid converter ("UL1741 listed") – certified to UL1741 and
IEEE 1547 – as a ready-to-connect control cabinet. It is based on the SINAMICS S120 Active
Line Module Booksize. These still do not comply with the new requirements laid out in
Supplement A and the rules laid out in the "Source Requirement Document" (SRD). Higher
power ratings are possible by connecting units in parallel.
The air-cooled SINAMICS S120 chassis components (Active Line Module and Motor Module)
have the "UL1741 recognized" seal. These still do not comply with the new requirements laid
out in Supplement A and the rules laid out in the "Source Requirement Document" (SRD).
Since September 2017, the converters must provide the functions for grid support according
to UL1741 Supplement A (also known as UL1741 SA), if they are to be operated as grid
infeed for new plants and systems. In addition, in the "Source Requirement Document" (SRD),
specific parameter settings are defined, which should be used for UL1741 SA test methods.
The content and the implementation in the "Source Requirement Document" (SRD) differ
depending on the particular US state (e.g. Electric Rules 21 in California, Electric Rules 14H in
Hawaii).
UL certification exists for the SINAMICS firmware (SINAMICS firmware 4.8: UL1998).
Additional certified solutions are presently being developed – please contact your local
Siemens person for information regarding the current state.
Grid infeed
Requirements/standards for connecting to the grid in the China

Certified solutions are presently being developed – please contact your local Siemens person
for information regarding the current state.
Contact in China:
• Team name: MC PCI Center Asia/Pacific
• Email: pci.apc.asiapacific@siemens.com
Certification according to
• GB/T 34120-2017 (Technical specification for power conversion system of electrochemical
energy storage system)
• GB/T 34133-2017 (Testing code for power converter of electrochemical energy storage
system)
Grid infeed
Function modules 5
The function modules, which are required to feed power into an island grid or micro grid – or
to fulfill the grid code requirements of a power grid – are described in this chapter.
5.1 Overview
Power and island grids have different requirements relating to the open-loop and closed-loop
control for grid infeeds. The firmware includes function modules that can be selected
depending on the particular control task. The parameters contained in the function modules
can only be seen after first activating the function module; information about the parameters
is provided in the List Manual.
• Grid transformer function module
The "Grid transformer" function module is used to magnetize, synchronize and to connect
a grid transformer to a power or island grid. In addition, using this function module in
conjunction with the "Grid droop control" function module, a black start can be realized
for an island grid. This can then be subsequently synchronized to a power grid.
The "Grid transformer" function module does not require a license.
The function module includes the following subfunctions:
– Grid-friendly transformer magnetization
– Identification of the transformer data
– Transformer model to take into account the transformer for the grid control and
dynamic grid support
– Negative sequence system current control to compensate for grid dissymmetries
– DC component control to avoid DC components in the AC current, therefore avoiding
transformer saturation
– Support of additional VSM10 modules to measure the voltage for transformer
magnetization and synchronizing an island grid
– Grid filter and transformer monitoring
– Additional grid PLL and synchronizing functions
– Extended current limits
This function module is activated in the STARTER operating software.
A detailed description of the activation is provided in Chapter "Commissioning the grid
transformer (Page 105)".
Grid infeed
Function modules
5.1 Overview
• Function module for grid droop control

The "Grid droop control" function module enables an island grid to be created. The
inverter for grid infeed has the task of controlling the frequency and the voltage in the
grid, and assumes an "grid former function". The power that is output is defined by the
consumers (loads) and where relevant, other power generating units in the island grid. In
addition, supplementary setpoints allow the amount of energy that is issued to be
adapted using higher-level control systems. The DC voltage present in the DC link must be
controlled by other participants, such as generator-side inverters, or provided by other
sources (e.g. from a battery).
The "Grid droop control" function module requires a license that must be (additionally)
ordered.
The associated function module (this requires a license) is described here: "Function
modules requiring a license (Page 32)".
The transition between the operating modes "Grid control" and "Current control" or "Vdc
control" is possible at any time while operational. However, it should be noted that when
exiting grid control, the power is controlled down to zero. As a consequence, loads still
available in an island grid must be temporarily supplied from another source
When grid control is exited, at least one other power generating unit in the island grid
must still control frequency and voltage.
– Grid droop control for grid voltage and frequency
– Grid voltage control for the connection point
– Island grid black start to establish an autonomous island grid
– Synchronizing an island grid to another grid
– Provision of short-circuit currents in the case of a grid fault (riding through grid faults)
– Supplementary droop and damping input to avoid load peaks or power oscillations to
stabilize the grid (emulation of the generator dynamic response)
– Supplementary setpoints for no-load points of the droop characteristics
• Function module dynamic grid support
The "Dynamic grid support" function module allows grid faults to be ridden through and
allows grid-supporting reactive currents to be injected; this is specified in many grid codes
in order to clear short-circuits. Contrary to grid droop operation for island grids, in this
particular case, the Active Line Module is operated as grid support element with DC link
voltage and grid current control. In this operating mode, the complete power injected into
the DC link is output to the grid.
The "Dynamic grid support" function module requires a license that must be (additionally)
ordered.
The associated function module (this requires a license) is described here: "Function
modules requiring a license (Page 32)".
The Active Line Module is operated in current and DC link voltage control.
The grid droop control must be deactivated (p5401 = 0).
Grid infeed
Function modules
5.1 Overview
As a consequence, "Dynamic grid support" is typically used for feeding power grids.
However, this operating mode can also make sense in island grids, e.g. for feeding in
power from DC sources, which are operated with DC link voltage controlled to optimize
the energy yield. Other power generating units in this island grid must ensure adequate
frequency and grid voltage control.
In addition to dynamic support, the function module also provides a range of
comprehensive functions for grid monitoring regarding frequency and voltage
amplitudes. The monitoring limits can be parameterized with either a fixed value or with a
characteristic, as a function of time.
Further, using the anti-islanding function, the unintended and undesirable creation of an
island grid can also be detected. This function is normally used when generating power in
a power grid. Isolating a partial grid without adequate frequency and grid voltage control
causes the Active Line Module to be shut down (which is connected to this partial grid).
– Dynamic grid support with reactive current (symmetrical and non symmetrical grid
support can be set)
– Provision of short-circuit currents in the case of a grid fault (riding through grid faults)
to comply with grid codes
– Active anti-islanding detection with active frequency shift algorithm
– Extended voltage and frequency check for automatic restart after a grid fault
– Freely-definable curves with support points (voltage-time monitoring and frequency-
time monitoring) to monitor voltage and frequency during a grid fault corresponding
to local grid codes.
• Cosinus phi display function module
The "Cosine Phi display" function module provides the option of providing a precise cos
phi measurement at the connection point (fault: typically <1 %).
An appropriate current transformer with voltage output can be connected to VSM10 to
sense the current.
– Evaluation of the displacement factor and the connection point
– Calculation of the cosφ value
• Additional closed-loop controls function module
Most functions of this function module (negative sequence system current control,
extended current limits, synchronous controller parameterization) are also included in the
"Grid transformer" and "Dynamic grid support" function modules.
The "Supplementary controls" function module is selected if the main functions of the
"Grid transformer" and "Dynamic grid support" modules are not required.
Grid infeed
Function modules
5.2 Typical applications of grid infeed to generate power
5.1.1 Function modules requiring a license

The licenses for the SINAMICS function modules "Dynamic grid support" (also designated
option S01) and "Grid droop control" (also designated option S02) are offered and ordered as
electronic "Certificate of License" (CoL), using different article numbers, depending on the
devices used:
• Dynamic grid support for feeding back energy / feeding into the power grid:
Article numbers according to the format (Booksize or Chassis)
• Grid droop control for feeding back energy / feeding into an island grid:
Article numbers according to the performance of the Active Line Module (nine possible
performance ranges)
Just as when ordering another electronic "Certificate of License" (CoL), it is mandatory to
enter an e-mail address in the ordering system.
More information on the performance-based ordering concept for these functions and on the
electronic "Certificate of License" (CoL) for SINAMICS function modules is available at:

The function modules for grid infeed are typically required for the following applications:
• Feeding in power from various DC sources for power grid operation
• Battery energy storage systems with the option of island and power grid operation
"Grid transformer" and "Grid droop control" function modules
When the converter is operated on a power grid, the "Dynamic grid support" function
module may only be used if the battery system is considered to be a power generating
system (instead of a load).
• Hydroelectric turbine and small wind turbine
The "Grid droop control" function module is only required for island grid operation.
• Application Shaft Generator Drive for use onboard ships
"Grid transformer" and "Grid droop control" function modules.
• Grid couplings, applications to improve the grid quality
"Grid transformer", "Grid droop control" and "Dynamic grid support" function modules.
• Grid emulation (e.g. device tests for countries with other grid parameters, e.g. USA <-
> Europe)
"Grid transformer" and "Grid droop control" function modules.
Grid infeed
Function modules
Note
The following rules apply when using function modules for the grid infeed:
• "Grid transformer" function module (license not required)
is necessary, if a grid transformer is used in a power generating application, or
– if an island grid is to be operated, or
– if the measured data is required from additional VSMs.
• "Grid droop control" function module (a license is required)
operation in an island grid with participation in the grid U/f control (grid former
operation), (typical applications: Generating units in the island grid, grid buffering with
battery).
• "Dynamic grid support" function module (a license is required)
operation in a power grid where grid codes must be complied with – or requirements
relating to grid monitoring apply (anti-islanding, fault ride through).
• "Cosinus phi display" (a license is not required)
precise cos phi measurement at the connection point.
Grid infeed
Function modules
5.3 Description of the function modules
5.3.1 Line transformer function module
Task
The main task of this function module is to magnetize a grid transformer before connecting
the power generation system to the grid. This magnetization is always necessary and
expedient when the grid transformer forms part of the system and is also disconnected from
the grid when the system is shut down. Without magnetization by the inverter, very high
transformer inrush currents would otherwise flow when closing the circuit breaker, and these
could, among other things, cause excessive grid harmonics.
Before connecting a power generating system to the grid using a circuit breaker, the voltage
amplitude, frequency and angular phase position is synchronized with that of the grid.
In addition, the function module allows identification of the transformer data. This can
compensate the voltage drop across the transformer during operation and optimize the
behavior of the power generating system at the grid connection point.
Non-symmetrical currents can be specifically compensated using a dedicated current control
for negative sequence systems.
Figure 5-1 Principle of a power generating system with transformer and circuit breaker
5.3.1.1 Grid-friendly transformer magnetization

This function controls the magnetization of the grid transformer before connection to the
existing grid. The energy for magnetization must be provided by the DC link.
Two VSM10s are required for this function. The first VSM10 (included in the Active Interface
Module Bauform Chassis – or to be additionally provided for Active Line Modules Booksize
format) measures the output voltage of an Active Line Module at the transformer secondary.
If there is a disconnector between the infeed and island grid, then the VSM10 (2) is used to
sense the island grid voltage. The amplitude, frequency and phase position of the voltages
are calculated in the Control Unit. The circuit breaker can be closed if synchronism has been
achieved – and therefore the primary transformer voltages and grid voltages match one
another.
The adjustable parameters of VSM10(2) become visible when the "Grid transformer" function
module is activated in the expert list.
Grid infeed
Function modules
5.3.1.2 Identification of the transformer data

The main and leakage inductance of the transformer are identified – together with the phase
shift and the voltage correction.
5.3.1.3 Line filter and transformer monitoring

As already described, network connection regulations stipulate the provision of short-circuit
current during short-term short-circuits in the power grid. Short-circuits within the power
generation system (between the inverter and the network connection point) however must
result in an immediate shutdown to prevent additional damage to the system.
Using the grid filter monitoring function, a distinction/detection is carried out for external
grid short-circuits (requiring grid support) and internal short-circuits that result in a safety
shutdown.
A VSM_1 is used for the fundamental monitoring to measure the AIM voltage (this is
integrated into Active Interface Modules in the chassis format).
Using additional current measurements, the monitoring functionality can be improved and
the source of a system-internal short-circuit within the Active Interface Module can be
localized.
5.3.2 Function module for grid droop control
Task
In normal operation, the Active Line Module acts as a grid support by injecting sinusoidal grid
currents. The function module "Grid droop control" also enables grid former operation, i.e.
the grid voltage and grid frequency are controlled instead of the DC link voltage and the
reactive current. Using droop characteristics, stable grid operation with additional power
generators (e.g. diesel generators) is possible in an island grid without requiring any
additional communication link.
Using this function module, an Active Line Module is in a position to establish island grids,
operate them so that they remain stable (as single grid former – or together with other
generating units), and when required, to synchronize with external grids.
Prerequisite for the operating mode "Grid control" is that the DC link voltage is specified or
controlled by one of the connected power generating units (generator-inverter, battery, ...).
Grid infeed
Function modules
Note
Automatic shutdown
The Active Line Module switches to this operating mode in the case of frequency faults
(120 % of the set upper frequency threshold p0284 – or 80 % of the lower frequency
threshold p0285) and shuts down to protect itself (overcurrent, overvoltage,
overtemperature, etc.). Smaller frequency and voltage deviations – as well as voltage dips or
phase steps in the grid – do not result in a shutdown as a result of the fault ride through
function (FRT). The filter monitoring p3667 must be activated in order to guarantee that for
system-internal short-circuits (e.g. in the Active Interface Module), the system is immediately
shut down. Depending on the requirements relating to the particular application, for
example, the parameterizable grid monitoring (p5540 and higher) can be used.
The shutdown limits for overcurrent (F30001, F6200 to A6205 = 128), overvoltage
(Vdc_max, F30002, F30003, F6200 to A6205 = 16), overtemperature, I2t are described in the
List Manual.
Functions
• Control of grid voltage and grid frequency (grid former)
• Stationary and dynamic load distribution to other energy producers in the network using
droop characteristics
• Provision of reactive current and short-circuit current for clearing network incidents
• An autonomous island grid can be established and maintained using the "Island grid black
start" function.
• An island grid can be connected to an external grid using the "Synchronize island grid to
an external grid" function. To achieve this, the voltage amplitude and frequency of the
island grid is modified in operation, and before closing the disconnector, adapted to that
of the external grid.
• Droop function to control the frequency and voltage of the network, including load
distribution
• Adaptable no-load point and supplementary setpoints for frequency and voltage
• Sequential control and current limitation control for grid voltage dips and short-circuits
• Modulation depth control to achieve the optimum modulation depth for minimum grid
harmonics
• DC component control ensures a grid current that is free from DC components and thus
avoids saturation effects in the transformer
• Closed-loop voltage control for compensating the voltage drop at the transformer.
To do this, the measured values from the 2nd VSM10 must be wired as signal source to
parameter p5425 (CI: grid droop control voltage control signal source) (r5488[0-4] ->
p5425[0-1]).
Using the VSM10 measured value used in the standard solution, only the voltage drop
across the reactor is compensated. Using an additional measurement location after the
transformer, the voltage compensation can be improved, and the voltage drop across the
transformer eliminated.
• Damping elements and filters to stabilize an island grid
• DC link voltage control to automatically adapt the output power if the DC link voltage
exceeds parameterized limits.
Grid infeed
Function modules
Grid control operating mode

As explained at the beginning of this Chapter, the "Grid droop control" function module
includes the "Grid control" operating mode to control the grid frequency and grid voltage in
an island grid. The essential differences between normal current and DC link voltage control
with respect to grid control operation are listed in the following table.
Closed-loop control mode

Grid current Grid frequency
DC link voltage Grid voltage
Island grid System acts as consumer or as lower-level The system acts as exclusive or powerful
generating subunit with low power rating generating unit in the island grid
(grid support)
Infeed Infeed of the entire power available in the Contribution to frequency and voltage
active power DC link infeed into the grid, regardless of control in the network; time-variant in-
the operating state of the grid (under feed of active power to the network de-
standard conditions) pending on the operating point
Load distribution Only by external setpoint input from the With the aid of droop characteristics
higher-level power management system Supplementary setpoints via external
setpoints (e.g. power management sys-
tem) are possible.
Stationary reactive power compen- (fixed setpoint) 1) Automatic provision of the required grid
sation reactive power
Dynamic reactive power compensa- Only possible with "Dynamic grid support" Automatic provision of the required grid
tion (incl. grid fault) function module or by external setpoint reactive power
input
Short-circuit current for "Grid short- Only possible with "Dynamic grid support" Devices in the chassis format:
circuit" fault type function module Automatically up to 123 % of the refer-
ence current (r5479[5])
Devices in the booksize format:
Up to 90 % of the reference current
(r5479[5])
DC link voltage Control of the DC link voltage by the grid Maintenance of the DC-link voltage re-
inverter quired by other components
1) The following application description is available for this purpose: Application description reactive power compensation
Synchronizing to an existing grid is possible in both operating modes.

After synchronization, in operation, a transition can be made at any time between normal
current/voltage DC link control and grid control. In these two modes, the grid inverter can
operate as a power source or load, depending on the valid setpoints for DC link voltage and
reactive current or grid frequency and grid voltage.
In the grid control operating mode, power oscillations in the grid, e.g. after a load change,
can result in energy flowing in the DC link – and in turn a fast increase of the DC link voltage.
This has to be especially taken into account if the power generating component cannot
accept any power (e.g. a diesel generator or a fully-charged battery). Depending on the
requirements of the application, a temporary load may be required, for instance, a braking
resistor.
Grid infeed
Function modules
Droop function to control the frequency and voltage of the network, including load distribution
Using the droop functions, is possible to establish an island grid and supply it, together with
other generating units. In this case, all of the generating units in this island grid must have
comparable droop functions. An additional communication link between the generating units
is not required for the common control of the grid frequency and grid voltage. The
parameterization of the droop functions defines the load distribution between the power
generating systems.
The frequency droop calculates the setpoint for the output frequency of the Active Line
Module (i.e. a grid frequency setpoint) depending on the active power absorbed or output.
Figure 5-2 Frequency droop
The voltage droop defines a setpoint for the output voltage, depending on the reactive
current that is absorbed or output.
Figure 5-3 Voltage droop
If all of the generating units in the grid have a comparable droop function, then a stable
operating point for frequency and voltage is obtained in the island grid. Restoring rated
frequency and rated voltage can be achieved using a slow higher-level secondary control of
the no-load frequency.
Note
For high load levels, the task of a higher-level control is to maintain the grid frequency within
permissible frequency limits (by adapting the grid droop setpoints).
Oscillation damping of the grid voltage

The supplementary frequency droop can be used to dampen power oscillations or oscillations
in the grid voltage amplitude after load changes, see Chapter "Damping power oscillations
(Page 66)".
Grid infeed
Function modules
5.3.2.1 Black start in an island grid
Description
The "Island grid black start" function allows an autonomous island grid to be established and
subsequently maintained with the grid droop control.
For a black start (p5580 = 2) initially, a check is made as to whether the island grid is in a no-
voltage condition. The circuit breaker between the infeed and the island grid is closed and
the infeed voltage increased until the rated voltage in the island grid is reached.
The automatic black start (p5580 = 3) can be set via the mode setting. If the island grid is
already at a certain voltage level, then an immediate switch is made into grid droop operation
(standard switching to an existing grid). Otherwise, a black start is realized.
Preconditions
The "Grid transformer" function module is required.
The Active Line Module requires a power supply in order to ramp-up the grid (e.g. from an
uninterruptible power supply); this means that the device fan with its supply voltage and
additional components can be supplied with a 24 V DC control voltage.
Further, the actual power source to supply the DC link is required. The DC link must be
established using suitable pre-charging.
If there is a disconnector between the infeed and island grid, then a 2nd VSM10 is required in
order to measure the island grid voltage with which the infeed should be connected.
5.3.2.2 Synchronizing an island grid to an external power grid

Before connecting an island grid with an external power grid at a specific voltage using a
circuit breaker, the voltage amplitude, frequency and phase must be synchronized with that
of the external power grid. The "Island grid synchronization" function is used for this purpose.
A typical application involves connecting a micro grid with a power grid (depending on the
particular demand) or establishing a power grid from several micro grids.
To synchronize an island grid to an external grid, a 3rd VSM10 is required in order to measure
the voltage of the external grid that is to be connected to the island grid.
Grid infeed
Function modules
5.3.3 Function module, dynamic grid support

The function module includes the "Dynamic grid support" function to support the grid when
voltage dips occur – and the "Grid monitoring anti-islanding" function in order to detect an
undesirable creation of an island grid.
The "Dynamic grid support" function is used to ride through grid faults in a current-controlled
or grid current-impressed operation with DC link voltage control in the Active Line Module.
Typical application examples include feeding-in power from various DC sources or grid
inverters belonging to wind turbine systems connected to a power distribution grid. Contrary
to this, in the previous chapter, grid voltage-impressed operation without DC link voltage
control for island grid applications was discussed.
5.3.3.1 Dynamic grid support

The "Dynamic grid support" function controls the network in the event of voltage dips for a
defined time, as stipulated by the regional network operators.
Non-symmetrical currents can be specifically compensated using a dedicated current control
for negative sequence systems.
The infeed systems in a medium-voltage network must participate in dynamic grid support,
typical applications include for example:
• It is not permissible that they are disconnected from the grid when grid faults occur.
• During a grid voltage fault, they must support the grid by injecting reactive power (e.g.
during a grid short-circuit by providing the short-circuit current).
• They may not draw more inductive reactive power after clearing the fault than prior to
occurrence of the fault.
Note
When riding through grid faults, it must be ensured that auxiliary voltages to maintain grid
contactors and/or fans and 24 V power supplies are buffered or operated using a UPS system.
Grid infeed
Function modules
Function
The dynamic grid support includes the necessary additional functions for monitoring and
control of the grid. This allows most of the important grid codes to be satisfied.
It must be checked on a case-for-case basis whether different codes are also fulfilled and, if
necessary, parameter settings must be adapted accordingly.
With dynamic grid support activated, the regulated boost mode of the Active Line Module is
maintained even when network incidents occur (amplitude and phase errors in the grid
voltage). The grid is supported by injecting an additional reactive current, which is calculated
according to a parameterizable characteristic, as a function of the grid voltage fault.
The supplementary setpoint for the reactive current controller causes an increase of the
output voltage if the grid voltage is too low, and reduction of output voltage if the grid
voltage is too high.
The monitoring threshold for the minimum voltage (p0283) must be adapted to the
requirements of the specific application. It must be carefully noted that in steady-state
continuous operation, it is not permissible that the ratio of the DC link voltage (r0070) with
respect to the grid voltage (r0072[2]) exceeds the maximum step-up factor p3508 for the
grid filter being used.
Note
For activated grid support (BI: p5501 = 1 signal), the reactive current setpoint is limited as
follows:
• with the standard IPD to 100 % of the device rated current (r0207).
• with the special replacement IPD and firmware ≥ V5.2 only at 150 % of the rated current
(r0207), details are described in the last section of this chapter.
Grid infeed
Function modules
Example of a characteristic for dynamic grid support
Figure 5-4 Dynamic grid support to support the voltage
Explanations for voltage control:

• Voltage deadband (can be parameterized):
In the range between 0.9 x Un ≤ 1.1 x Un, there is no dynamic grid support.
• The rise time is < 20 ms (typical ∼10 ms).
• Voltage control after returning to the voltage deadband is maintained for a further 500 ms
(p5507[0], parameterizable).
• Reactive current: IB = k x ((U - U0)/Un) x In
• The default setting of the characteristic curve parameter corresponds to the characteristic
in accordance with the previous diagram.
• The magnitude and symmetry of the active and reactive current can be defined during a
fault ride through. This means that adaptations can be made to address grid codes as well
as special applications.
ΔIB = IB - IB0
ΔU = U - U0
k: Gradient of the characteristic
Un: Rated voltage In: Rated current
U0: Voltage before the fault IB0: Reactive current before the fault
U: Instantaneous voltage IB: Reactive current
(during the fault)
Grid infeed
Function modules
Example of a grid code: VDE-AR-N 4110
Figure 5-5 Limiting characteristics for the voltage characteristic at the network connection point
Explanation of the voltage characteristic:

① Within the upper and lower FRT limit characteristics, after overvoltage or undervoltage
events, it is neither permissible that the power generating system is disconnected from
the grid nor that the power generating system becomes unstable.
② In the range above the upper FRT limit characteristic, it is permissible that the power
generating system is disconnected from the grid.
③ In the range below the lower FRT limit characteristic, it is permissible that the power
generating system is disconnected from the grid. One or the other limit characteristic
applies depending on whether a two or three-pole grid fault exists.
The function "dynamic grid support" function ensures that the power inverter can maintain
grid support for at least the time required in this grid code example. Depending on the
parameter settings and the thermal preload, a grid short circuit can be supported for up to
2 s. Time-related shutdown conditions (e.g. in accordance with the diagram above after
150 ms short-circuit), which differ according to specific grid codes, must be implemented
using the grid monitoring (p5540ff), with DCC or in a higher-level controller. Grid monitoring
can also be implemented using external grid and system protection devices (grid and system
protection relay).
Grid infeed
Function modules
Note
Automatic shutdown
The Active Line Module switches to this operating mode in the case of frequency faults
(120 % of the set upper frequency threshold or 80 % of the lower frequency threshold) and
shuts down to protect itself (overcurrent, overvoltage, overtemperature, etc.). In all other
cases, the Active Line Module supports the network by injecting a reactive current in
accordance with the characteristic curve.
The shutdown limits for overcurrent (F30001, F6200 to A6205 = 128), overvoltage
(Vdc_max, F30002, F30003, F6200 to A6205 = 16), overtemperature, I2t are described in the
relevant manuals.
NOTICE
Damage to other grid components as a result of overvoltage
Without using additional monitoring functions, the dynamic grid support can mean that
even when a subgrid is completely isolated from the power grid (unintentional creation of
an island grid), PWM/pulsed operation of the Active Line Module in the disconnected
subgrid is maintained.
It is especially important to note that the shutdown conditions previously mentioned
regarding converter self protection do not prevent AC overvoltages and frequency changes
occurring in the remaining grid formed if high ohmic grid faults occur; these can possibly
mean that other components in the subgrid either malfunction or are damaged.
As a consequence, when activating the dynamic grid support, using suitable supplementary
measures it must be guaranteed that the voltage and frequency limits are maintained in
each individual application scenario.
• Using the "Grid monitoring" function, the function module already provides suitable
internal monitoring functions. To do this, activate the grid monitoring with p5540ff, and
suitably parameterize the function (see Chapter "Commissioning dynamic grid support
(Page 127)").
• Alternatively, you can implement grid and plant protection, for example using DCC in the
Control Unit, in an external control or using an autonomous protection system.
• If, for a high ohmic grid failure, resonance effects occur (e.g. in the area of 1 kHz due to
oscillating grid filters), then this oscillation can be dampened by activating a bandstop
filter for the controller output voltage (p5200ff).
Difference to normal operation

In normal operation (without dynamic grid support), a severe grid fault (thresholds for
tripping A06205 are exceeded) will disable the pulses as well as the boost mode, until the
grid has been restored. Injection of active or reactive current to the network is therefore not
possible while the fault is present.
By evaluating the alarm bits r3405.2 or re-parameterizing alarm A06205 into a fault, it is also
possible to achieve a fast safety shutdown in the event of grid faults.
Grid infeed
Function modules
Supporting increased reactive current with Active Line Modules in the chassis format
Using a replacement IPD, which can be optionally ordered, and the SINAMICS firmware
version V5.2 HF2 or higher, when using the "Dynamic grid support" function module (option
S01), the reactive current limit can be extended up to 150 % of the rated power unit current.
When grid faults occur (overvoltage or undervoltage), a higher reactive current can be
provided, especially for applications with dynamic grid support. Without the special IPD
replacement part, in dynamic grid support, the reactive current is limited to the rated current.
For more detailed information, please contact technical support.
5.3.3.2 Grid monitoring anti-islanding

The "Grid monitoring anti-islanding" function allows an active island grid detection to be
implemented (anti-islanding).
If the power generating system feeds into a power grid, then it is possible that the
connection to the grid is interrupted. This disconnection can either be deliberate (e.g. a
subgrid is tripped due to overload or if work is being carried out on the system) or
inadvertently (e.g. sudden cable interruption in the case of a storm or construction work). An
island grid is created if there are loads between the power generating system and the point
of disconnection.
This island grid is undesirable and unstable as there is no grid control. In order to protect
personnel and to facilitate normal restoration of the grid, the power generating system must
identify that an island grid has been formed (anti-islanding detection), and must shut down
the grid infeed.
Function
As the grid control is missing, generally the creation of an island grid quickly results in
violation of the frequency and voltage limit values. As a consequence, it is detected by the
frequency and voltage monitoring function. However, if the power generated by the power
generating system and the power used in the remaining island grid are the same, then
frequency and voltage remain within the limit values and the creation of an island grid is
either not detected at all – or not quickly enough.
For cases such as these, an active anti-islanding function is required such as the "Grid
monitoring anti-islanding" of the Active Line Module. It operates according to the frequency
shift technique, i.e. if the function is activated, then the Active Line Module attempts to
continually actively change the line frequency. However, this can only occur in an island grid,
i.e. the creation of an island grid is always reliably and quickly detected.
Note
During a grid short-circuit (r5502.4 = 1), the active anti-islanding function is inhibited, so that
this grid fault can be ridden through and the supporting reactive current injected.
However, if it is necessary to satisfy requirements regarding shutting down the formation of
an island grid, the subsequently described voltage-time monitoring can be employed, for
example.
Grid infeed
Function modules
5.3.3.3 Voltage-time monitoring

The voltage-time monitoring provides two characteristics with 10 adjustable interpolation
points to set the time and the associated voltage value.
One characteristic is used to monitor the voltage increase (HVRT, high voltage ride through),
the other characteristic is used to monitor the voltage dip (LVRT: low voltage ride through).
Status bits and messages are used to signal if the defined tolerance range is violated for the
line voltage characteristic.
This means that the grid voltage can be monitored, and after a grid fault, a response that
complies with the power utility company initiated.
5.3.3.4 Frequency-time monitoring

The frequency-time monitoring provides two characteristics with 10 adjustable interpolation
points to set the time and the associated frequency value.
One characteristic is used to monitor the frequency increase (HFRT, high frequency ride
through), the other characteristic is used to monitor the frequency decrease (LFRT, low
frequency ride through).
Status bits and messages are used to signal if the defined tolerance range is violated for the
frequency characteristic.
This means that the grid frequency can be monitored, and after a grid fault, a response that
complies with the power utility company's grid codes initiated.
5.3.3.5 Other monitoring functions that can be activated
Monitoring additional voltage/frequency thresholds when switching on or switching on again

Some individual grid codes specify that when switching on or switching on again, before the
operating enable, the voltage and/or the frequency must be additionally checked.
While the test is being conducted, it is monitored that voltage and frequency thresholds are
complied with.
For a regular switch-on operation, the test duration is set using p5545[6], For an automatic
restart, a separate test duration is entered (p5545[7]).
Grid infeed
Function modules
5.3.4 Cosinus phi display function module
Background
Active Line Modules have, in the basic configuration, the smoothed power factor available as
a display variable (r0038).
In this case, power factor λ is defined as quotient
However, grid codes and technical directives for power generating units also specify that the
displacement factor (also: cosφ) is evaluated.
Contrary to the power factor, the displacement factor is defined as
The basic fundamentals of the voltages and currents are used as basis to calculate the
apparent power S1 (just the same as for the active power according to the definition). If the
harmonic reactive power is not equal to zero, then the following applies λ < cosφ1, and the
power factor indicated in r0038 is poorer than the actual cosφ.
Further, generally, the displacement factor for the connection point of the complete system
must be specified. For example, for an upstream transformer, this point can differ electrically
from the connection terminals of the grid filter, which are used as basis for r0038.
The "Cosinus phi display" that can be optionally activated, allows the calculation of the cosφ
value to be flexibly configured.
Note
Definition, displacement factor cosφ
Displacement factor cosφ is also defined as the cosine of the phase angle φ between the
sinusoidal oscillations of the voltage and the current having the same frequency. For a more
precise designation, an index is therefore added corresponding to the particular frequency or
harmonic number.
The VSM10 measures voltages and currents, so that these variables (and not power) are used
as input signals for the cosφ display.
Grid infeed
Function modules
Defining the sign
Note
Defining the sign
The definition of the sign as generating unit matches the use in the grid standards (e.g. VDE-
AR-4105).
• For underexcited operation (negative reactive current: r0076 < 0) the following applies:
Lower output voltage or lagging current is designated with a positive sign.
• For overexcited operation (positive reactive current: r0076 > 0) the following applies:
Higher output voltage or leading current is designated with a negative sign.
The direction of rotation is defined to be counterclockwise.

• A positive cosφ signifies inductive reactive power
• A negative cosφ signifies capacitive reactive power
φ = 1: pure ohmic load +φ = ohmic inductive load -φ = ohmic capacitive load

Urated = grid voltage at the AIM input
UALM = voltage at the ALM input
UR = ohmic voltage drop at the AIM
UXL = inductive voltage drop at the AIM
I = converter current
Figure 5-6 Defining the sign
Grid infeed
Function modules
5.3.5 Additional closed-loop controls function module
5.3.5.1 Current limits
Background
Using current limits, the operating behavior of the Active Line Module can be adapted to
address the requirements of an application. Current limits are available for various current
types, operating states and parameter types.
The following differences apply:
• Active current
Percentage grid current that is in phase with the grid voltage and which results in an
active power exchange between the load connected to the DC link and the grid.
• Reactive current
Percentage grid current with a phase shift of 90° to the grid voltage. A reactive current
results in a voltage drop across grid inductances and capacitances, as well as losses in the
ohmic components of the grid impedance. However, the reactive current is not involved
with exchanging power between the load connected to the DC link and the grid.
• Apparent current
The vectorial sum of the active current and reactive current results in the total current
called the apparent current. Limiting the current amplitude in each grid phase
corresponds to apparent current limiting.
• Negative sequence system current
In the case of unsymmetrical 3 AC currents (different amplitudes in the grid phase arms),
it is possible to mathematically break down the currents into positive sequence system in
synchronism with the grid voltage (basic fundamental of active and reactive current) and
a current vector rotating in the opposite direction (what is known as the negative
sequence system).
For example, negative sequence systems occur for 2-phase grid dips, and do not
participate in the average value of the active power over a fundamental (frequency)
period, but generate power harmonics with twice the grid frequency.
Note
Definition of active power
The active power exchanged between the load and grid is defined as the integral of the
product of voltage and current over one grid period. The instantaneous values for the
currents (e.g. r0076, r0078) calculated by the closed-loop control, are not average values
over a fundamental (frequency) period, but also include harmonic components.
Note
The limits are not active in the grid droop control.
Grid infeed
Function modules
Note
The permissible reactive current limit differs depending on the active operating mode.
• In the "Grid droop control" mode, the maximum power unit current can be utilized, just
the same as in normal closed-loop current control mode.
• In the "Dynamic grid support" mode, the reactive current is limited to the rated current in
the standard application.
See also Chapter "Dynamic grid support (Page 40)" and Chapter "Reactive and apparent
current limiting (Page 137)".
Grid infeed
Detailed descriptions of the function modules 6
6.1 Additional closed-loop controls for current-controlled operation
6.1.1 Background information

The following diagram shows the control structure of a grid inverter for feeding power into a
power grid, together with a typical system configuration. The function blocks added to
comply with the different global grid codes are marked in gray. However, it should be noted
that the complete standards can only be complied with by considering the complete
generating system as a whole, e.g. with a drive component, so that for a grid overfrequency
condition, the active power can be reduced.
The control always operates in rotating active-reactive coordinates with the grid frequency;
VDC controller and active current controller form a cascade structure. Using the Park
transformation technique, the output voltages of the active and reactive current controllers
are converted into space phasors with stationary αβ coordinates or into phase voltages. A
PWM modulator determines the switching operations of the grid inverter for the next pulse
clock. The grid phase angle required for the Park transformation is calculated from the grid
voltages using a PLL.
Grid infeed
Detailed descriptions of the function modules
Figure 6-1 Additional modules for current-controlled operation
6.1.2 Dynamic grid support
Background
A parameterizable characteristic allows a reactive current to be specified corresponding to the
deviation of the grid voltage from its rated value. This is specified in many grid codes. The
background to this requirement is the inductive behavior of a grid inverter, whose most
simple equivalent circuit diagram comprises a series circuit of a controlled voltage source and
inductance L. Different absolute voltage levels between the grid inverter and grid cause a
current to flow in the reactive axis as a result of the following formula:
Ib = (Ugrid - Uinv)/jωL
Grid infeed
Conversely, a reactive current results in a voltage change at inverter outputs u12, u23.
The characteristic is selected so that the line voltage change is counteracted, therefore
helping to stabilize the grid voltage (inverter acts as grid support element).
Application
The "Dynamic grid support" function module must be activated to use this functionality
(p5500 to p5529).
The overall function comprises two subfunctions that are coupled with one another: On one
hand, reactive current injection corresponding to the characteristic defined with p5505 and
p5506, which can be configured to address the requirements of the local power utility
company. The other subfunction involves the settings for fast current limiting when riding
through low and possibly non-symmetrical line dips (FRT).
By specifying the signal sources for line current (p5503) and line voltage (p5504), the grid
support function can be configured for various connection points of the power generation
system. It is especially important to note that a connection point can be selected at the grid
side of a connection transformer.
It is recommended that the configuration bit to calculate the negative sequence system is
kept at its default setting (p5500.3 = 1). Otherwise, generally current symmetry cannot be
attained – especially during an unsymmetrical grid fault. During a grid fault, if active and
reactive power injection are not required (Z mode) then the system can also operate in the
mode p5500.3 = 0 without negative sequence system controller. This can be advantageous
for difficult grid conditions (e.g. for grids with low system fault levels).
Generally, for grid voltage dips, it is not possible to transfer the available active power to the
grid. As a consequence, the DC link voltage increases. Depending on the general conditions
of the application, this increase can result in a fault trip due to DC link overvoltage if no
countermeasures are taken on the power generating side. To prevent this and to reduce Vdc,
when the Vdc threshold p5508[0] is reached, the active current has priority over the reactive
current component. Correspondingly, when a Vdc threshold is fallen below (see p5508[1]), a
motoring active current can be injected in order to prevent a pending shutdown due to an
undervoltage condition.
Note
By dynamically limiting the grid currents (for example, see p3524, p3528, p3529, p5520)
depending on the operating state of the grid support (r5502, r5522), the system can be
adapted to address the specific requirements of individual grid codes.
Note
For p5500.5 = 1, a steady-state reactive current setpoint is also limited. This must be
especially taking into account at low k factors (or small gradients of the support characteristic
p5506) (see FP 7996/7997)
Grid infeed
6.1.3 DC component controller
Background
Especially when used in power generating systems, grid inverters must normally maintain
extremely low limit values for the DC component in the phase currents.
Low DC components can already have a negative impact, for example on the operation of
grid transformers ["Technique and device to correct distortion in the magnetization current of
a transformer that is coupled with a self-commutated converter with switchable power
semiconductors", EP0896420, H. Weiss, Siemens AG]:
A DC current component in the phase currents shifts the magnetic operating point of a
transformer. As a consequence, an unsymmetrical current characteristic is obtained in
operation, where the dissymmetry depends very heavily on the amplitude of the shift. If
a transformer is operated with the grid voltage, it is normally very highly utilized mag-
netically; this means that the magnetizing current already manifests visible symmetrical
distortion. This distortion is symmetrical and only causes harmonics with uneven order
numbers. If a DC current component is injected into the transformer, then even very low
DC current amplitudes can result in a very high distortion of the magnetizing current. For
modern transformers, the limit values for DC components may only be a per mill of the
rated AC current. This distortion is no longer "hidden" in the generally very high primary
current, but instead generates very high magnetizing current spikes, which then visibly
impact the primary current. The effects range from noise as a result of the electromag-
netic current forces, through harmonics in the output voltage with even order numbers
up to insulation faults as a result of high voltage peaks occurring across resistances
and/or inductances.
Already standard active and reactive current controllers significantly reduce the DC
components in AC currents through the proportional element, therefore guaranteeing
reliable and straightforward operation of converter transformers.
Further, in order to satisfy the requirements of the grid codes – also without connection
transformer – a dedicated additional controller is available to compensate any remaining DC
components.
It is worth noting that a DC component in the phase currents should not be confused with
what is known as a zero component when breaking down three-phase currents into
symmetrical components. The latter does not involve a DC component when generating a
mean value over one line period (in an individual conductor), but involves a current
component, which flows with the same phase in all 3 conductors – and that returns, e.g. via
a ground conductor.
Grid infeed
Application
The "Line transformer" function module must be activated in order to use the DC component
controller (p3648 to p3654).
The controller is activated by selecting the proportional gain p3650 > 0. The value
p3650 = 100 % corresponds to the recommended default setting for a correctly set
magnetizing inductance of the transformer (p5492).
When the magnetizing inductance of the transformer is not known (type plate, data sheet),
then the magnetizing inductance can also be measured (p5480 = 11). It should be taken into
account that the identification result r5491, especially for transformers with low magnetizing
current (large magnetizing inductance LH) is very sensitive with respect to disturbing
quantities. The reliability when determining LH can be improved by separately sensing the
filter currents using a VSM10 (r3671, r3672). To do this, filter monitoring must be activated
using p3678 > 0.
If there is any doubt regarding the validity of the set magnetizing inductance p5492, then we
recommend that the gain of the DC component controller is set to somewhat lower values
(e.g. p3650 = 30 %), to avoid any instability.
Note
The DC component control increases the computational load and reduces the ruggedness of
the control, as additional natural resonance effects occur. As a consequence, the controller
should only be activated when required.
Note
DC component control (p3650) operates in the current-controlled mode and during
transformer magnetization. For grid droop operation (p5401[0] = 1), the DC component
control (p5436) of the grid droop is active.
Grid infeed
6.1.4 Negative sequence system current controller
Background
In the case of unsymmetrical grid faults or voltage dips, some grid codes specify that
symmetrical grid currents should be injected, i.e. the same current amplitude in all three grid
phases. In conjunction with a fluctuating grid voltage, this automatically results in a power
oscillation, where the DC link capacitor is used as energy buffer.
The current is firstly broken down into symmetrical components, where each 3-phase system
can also be defined with complex amplitudes for a zero component, a positive sequence
system and a negative sequence system. In the time domain, the negative sequence system
corresponds to a vector rotating in the opposite direction, i.e. a coordinate transformation
with a negated grid phase angle -φ.
For a negative sequence system setpoint of "0", the controller modulates the converter
output voltage with a signal component at twice the grid frequency, so that a symmetrical 3-
phase current is obtained. By suitably entering negative sequence system current setpoints,
when required, individual grid phases can also be supported. In fact, in an extreme case with
identical positive sequence system and negative sequence system setpoints, a no current grid
phase can be achieved.
Application
In the frequency spectrum of the phase currents, an existing negative sequence system is
noticeable as a result of a frequency characteristic at twice the grid frequency – and possibly
multiples of this. This current dissymmetry is corrected by activating the negative sequence
system control (p3640 = 1) with a setpoint of zero (p3641). The gain of the negative
sequence system controller corresponds to the gain factor of the standard positive sequence
system current control, and therefore cannot be separately adjusted. On the other hand, the
integral time can be adapted when required (p3639).
In most applications, a setpoint other than zero does not make sense. During an FRT, a
possibly required non-symmetrical support current is directly injected internally (p5509[8]).
In the default setting of the dynamic grid support with p5500.3 = 1, the negative sequence
system control is automatically activated, in order to guarantee current symmetry even for 2-
phase grid faults.
A negative sequence system in the grid voltage or grid current is associated with power
pulsations, which result in the corresponding oscillations in the DC link voltage. However, in
order to dynamically control the average value of the DC link voltage (which is actually the
decisive value), Vdc is suitably filtered using an adjustable bandstop filter (p3645).
Note
The negative sequence system control increases the computational load and reduces the
ruggedness of the control, as additional natural resonance effects occur. As a consequence,
the controller should only be activated when required.
Grid infeed
6.1.5 Grid-friendly transformer magnetization
Background
If the primary side of the transformer represents the system connection point, then when
switching-in, a type of transformer pre-charging is required in order to avoid impermissible
inrush currents and grid flicker. The function block uses the power available in the DC link to
establish a voltage at the transformer terminals with the correct phase assignment. After this,
the main switch can be closed in an almost no-current condition.
Application
Adapted transformer data must be specified (p5436, p5492) if the transformer model (r5497,
r5498) is used, for example, for voltage control or a current DC component controller is
active (p3650 or p5436). Transformer data identification is not required for pure transformer
magnetization.
The transformer parameters (p5436, p5492) are appropriately preassigned for the relevant
Active Line Module power rating. If no applicable data are available, or can be measured (also
see Section "Current DC component controller"), then we recommend that the default values
are kept.
If the pre-charging circuit of an application only generates a low DC link voltage, which is not
sufficient to fully magnetize the transformer (modulation depth r0074 at its limit), then the
target value for the magnetization can be reduced (p5494[0]). When closing the grid
contactor, the residual magnetization required only creates a relatively low and generally
permissible recharging current surge.
Typical signs of an excessively low Vdc are high phase currents as a result of operation with
overmodulation (r0074 > 100 %).
The maximum current while magnetizing can be monitored in order to avoid overloading the
precharging circuit (p5494[1]). This means that an attempt to magnetize an inadvertently
grounded transformer can be canceled in a timely manner, for example.
The status is displayed in r5482 and r5499.
If a transformer is not being used, a 1:1 transformer can be parameterized (for example, to
still be able to use other functions such as the DC component controller etc.).
Especially for transformers with low magnetizing current - or for long magnetizing periods -
current DC component control is required during magnetization (p3650).
See also Chapter "DC component controller (Page 54)" and "DC component controller
(Page 66)".
Grid infeed
6.2 Controls for grid droop operation
6.2.1 Background information

The subsequent diagram shows the principle, modular design of a power generating system
based on the kinetic energy with the generator, converter system, grid filter to reduce the
pulse-frequency grid harmonics to comply with the applicable grid code and a grid
transformer. By adjusting the magnitude and angle of the output voltage, inverters with 3
conductor connection without internal energy storage device (e.g. B6 bridges) have the
ability to control two independent variables. These are used on the generator side, e.g. using
subordinate current controls in dq coordinates for the flux and the torque/speed control. For
the grid side, the currents differ corresponding to the active and reactive axes; the higher-
level Vdc controller is used for the active current control. A specific cosφ with respect to the
grid can be set using the reactive current controller.
In a first approximation, in this configuration, the grid currents are impressed, independent
of the grid state and the grid parameters. As a consequence, with respect to the grid, the
power generating system behaves like a current source, whose power only depends on the
power of the primary energy source. The grid converter continually follows the changing
amplitude and frequency of the grid voltage. This principle of operation requires a grid, which
can absorb the instantaneous generated power at any time; further, it must control (closed
loop) the amplitude and frequency. As a consequence, it is suitable for feeding into power
grids.
These preconditions are violated when it comes to an island grid, if the power generating
system reaches an excessively high percentage of the overall grid capacity (power rating). In
this case, the behavior of a voltage source is required, which provides the instantaneously
required load power with a defined voltage amplitude and frequency. The two degrees of
freedom of the grid inverter are now required for these controlled variables. As a
consequence, the DC link voltage must be controlled from another source (e.g. an inverter
with generator, battery), so that the balance between generated and required power can be
secured. If the source is a generator with inverter, then this typically uses the Vdc controller
with torque controller in a cascade structure.
Grid infeed
Figure 6-2 Basic control concept
Overview
In island grid operation, a power generating system must play its role in maintaining the
voltage and frequency (grid former). Stiffly impressing voltage and frequency would be
conceivable using inverters. However, this would not facilitate stable, common operation
with other power generating systems for a specific load distribution without the use of
additional, complex communication.
For primarily inductive grids (X>>R), from a general apparent power perspective for an
electrical "two-port" between two grid connection points, a change of the voltage angle or
the frequency especially influences the exchanged active power P; on the other hand, the
amplitude of the voltage influences the reactive power. As a result of the commutation
inductances of the inverters and the inductive behavior of generators and many loads, the
precondition X>>R can be assumed to be applicable in typical microgrids.
For the setpoints for frequency fdroop and amplitude Udroop, the following droop characteristics
are applied to the inverter output voltage (see the following diagram):
• fdroop(t) = f0 - kfp(t) with no load frequency f0
• Udroop(t) = U0 - kUib(t) with no load voltage U0
Instead of the reactive power, for the voltage droop characteristic, reactive current ib is used.
This means that in the case of grid voltage dips (high reactive current, low reactive power), a
sensible setpoint input is achieved. Typical values for characteristic gradients kf and kU are
3 %; however, these are very dependent on the specific application.
By smoothing the droop outputs, the behavior of rotating machinery is emulated to such an
extent so that for mixed power generation involving generators and inverters, a stable,
steady state grid is generated – as well as the required transition response for load steps in
the grid. Time constant Tf1 in the frequency axis corresponds to the mechanical inertia of a
generator. The higher Tf1, the lower the frequency change at the start of a load step, which in
turn means that the inverter system must initially provide more power. Using a fast
supplementary droop Tf2 a temporary frequency change can be implemented in order to
avoid these types of power peaks. This results in a damping effect, which opposes any power
oscillation in the grid. Using time TU for the voltage axis, the inverter system can adapt the
Grid infeed
generator inductances in the island grid. The downstream voltage controller ensures a
steady-state accuracy of the voltage amplitude at the connection terminals, and therefore
compensates the impedance of the inverter generating system.
① External grid ② Disconnector to the external grid

③ Island grid ④ Disconnector to the island grid
Figure 6-3 Grid droop control
Grid infeed
Droop characteristics fdroop(t) and Udroop(t) represent proportional controllers for controlling
the power balance between the generating units in a microgrid, and result in power-
dependent and remaining deviations of the f and U setpoints. The necessary subsequent
control of f0 and U0 to return to the rated f-U values after load changes, is not part of the
control scheme shown here. This is the task of a higher-level power management system.
In grid forming operation, the currents are defined by the load. Currents with harmonics –
e.g. as a result of non-linear loads – generate the corresponding voltage drops between the
inverter and grid connection point; these can be reduced using harmonic output voltage
control. At the same time, a DC component controller suppresses possible DC fault
components in the phase voltages, which would otherwise result in transformer saturation
effects and power oscillations in the grid.
Providing high short-circuit currents to clear grid faults (trip fuses) is another important
requirement placed on power generating systems. Here, a fast current controller allows
(non)symmetrical grid faults for single generator operation – or together with other power
generating sources – to be reliably ridden through (FRT). After a short circuit has been
cleared, the power generating units are resynchronized without requiring any additional
communication resources. For continuous, ongoing grid faults, after a defined time, a grid
monitoring function shuts down and prevents short-circuit currents from being maintained
when it comes to internal plant/system faults.
For use in microgrids, in addition to the power grid and island grid mode, all conceivable
operating changes must be supported (diagram above, marked in gray).
• Black start
This function involves establishing the island grid voltage u12isl, u23isl starting from a
voltage of zero, with disconnector 2 to the external grid open.
• Island grid synchronization
In operation, this function block adapts amplitude, frequency and phase position of the
island grid voltage to an external grid u12ext, u23ext. Disconnector 2 can then be closed in an
almost no-current condition, and coordinated by a higher-level management system –
power can be exchanged between a micro grid and power grid.
• Operating mode change
Also when disconnector 2 is open, it can make sense to switch over a power generating
system from the voltage source mode into the current-impressing mode. For example, this
applies if a sufficient number of grid formers is active so that individual regenerative
power generators can operate with their maximum power as a current source.
Grid infeed
6.2.2 U-f droop control
Background
The load equalization (balancing) between the power generating units in the grid, which is
required for stable operation at an operating point with common frequency and amplitude, is
preferably realized using droop characteristics (see the following diagrams). The droop
function can also involve smoothing elements (PT1) to allow the existing time constants to
be adapted to the particular grid. For instance, the frequency of a power generating unit
decreases with increasing power output.
Every power generating unit in the grid, which actively participates in maintaining the
frequency and voltage, determines, using these characteristics, its actual setpoints for the
output voltage and frequency. In the case of conventional power generating stations, this
would be comparable with what is known as the primary control. For instance, if all of the
power generating units have the same rated power and the same characteristics, then an f-U
operating point is obtained in the grid, where all power generating units provide the same
power to cover the required overall load. This therefore results in a symmetrical load
distribution without requiring any additional communication between the power generating
units.
Figure 6-4 Active power droop characteristic and reactive power droop characteristic for frequency
and voltage
The principle of operation can be explained using a simple example for the reactive power
characteristic with 2 power generating units and a consumer load PV (following diagram): For
the output frequency of the first and second power generating unit, with k1 and k2 as
characteristic gradients and identical no-load frequency f0, the following applies:
fE1 = f0 + k1 x P1,.....fE2 = f0 + k2 x P2.
For the condition for the sum of powers P1 + P2 + PV = 0, for the frequency of the second
power generating unit, the following dependency on the power of the first power generating
unit is obtained:
fE2 = f0 + k2 x (-P1 -PV).
As a consequence, the characteristic of the second power generating unit can be mirrored –
and shifted by PV – entered in the P-f diagram of the first power generating unit in order to
show the resulting operating point with common frequency fA. The first power generating
unit participates with PE1 in the overall power required.
Grid infeed
Figure 6-5 Common operating point of several power generating units in the grid
Typically, the primary control in grids is a fast P control, which cannot control system
deviations down to zero. Steady-state accuracy is achieved using slow higher-level, secondary
controls. These shift the no-load points of the droop characteristics so that the rated grid
frequency is reached as average value. To achieve this, it may be necessary to manually
switch-in additional power generating units.
Application
The "Grid droop control" function module must be activated in order to use the "U/f droop
control" functionality (p5400 to p5479).
• Suitable droop settings for the no load frequency p5405, no load voltage p5415 as well as
the gradients of characteristics (p5407, p5417) must be entered for the particular
application. In a grid with several power generating units, the energy management for the
island grid can assume this task, for example. BiCo signal sinks for synchronous setpoint
inputs are available for this purpose.
If an island grid is operated with only one power generating unit, then the gradient of the
droop characteristics can also be set to 0.
Typical gradients for operation with several power generating units lie in the 3 % range.
Excessively high gradients result in high frequency and voltage fluctuations. This can lead
to stability problems in the grid, especially if additional self-commutated inverters are
operated in this grid in the current controlled mode. The reason is that they cannot follow
these grid fluctuations fast enough.
• Using signal sinks p5403 and p5404, the actual values for grid current and voltage are
defined, which are used to calculate the droop input variables – i.e. active power and
reactive current. The output variable of the voltage droop is the voltage at the inverter
terminals. The load currents result in voltage drops across the impedances between the
inverter and the connection point of the power generating system (for instance, at the
grid filter of an upstream transformer). The additional voltage controller p5425 is used to
compensate these voltage drops, and to set the voltage setpoint according to the droop at
the required interconnection point. Integration time p5427 of the voltage controller is
typically selected to be higher than the smoothing time p5419 of the droop function.
Grid infeed
• The harmonic content of the output voltage depends very heavily on the modulation
depth r0074, i.e. the ratio of the voltage at the AC terminals of the inverter with respect to
the DC link voltage. Optimum grid harmonics are obtained at approx. r0074 = 94 %. The
harmonic content increases when the output voltage changes with the DC link voltage
remaining constant. Using the supplementary setpoint r5433 for the DC link voltage
controller (e.g. {VECTOR}p3511 = {ALM}r5433), the harmonic content can therefore be
optimized depending on the operating point.
The modulation depth is not limited in the default setting. As a consequence, especially in
the overmodulation range (r0074 > 100 %) significant current components can occur,
even with low grid harmonics. Limiting the modulation depth with p5432[1] can prevent
this happening. In the case of overmodulation, limiting the output voltage results in an
increased reactive current with the basic fundamental frequency corresponding to the U
droop characteristic.
• Using the harmonic controller, especially for non-linear loads in the grid, low grid
frequency harmonics (especially the 5th and 7th) of the output voltage, caused by
harmonic currents in the internal impedances of the power generating system, can be
reduced. It is activated using p5440.
• Using p5401[0], it is possible to change between normal current-controlled operation (the
Active Line Module is then mostly assigned to the DC link voltage control) and droop
operation as voltage source. This switchover can be made at any time in operation.
When switching from closed-loop current control to grid control it should be ensured that
the set droop parameters match the instantaneous grid frequency and amplitude.
Otherwise, high active and reactive powers are obtained corresponding to the droop.
When changing from grid control to current control it should be observed that during a
transition ramp, the no-load points internally shift the droop, so that the transition can be
carried out in an almost no-power condition. For this short transition time, it is possible
that other power generating units in the island grid provide consumer loads. Such a
change is always possible if an island grid is connected with an external power grid, or if
other, sufficiently powerful power generating units can ensure that the frequency and
voltage are maintained.
• When required, the droop characteristics can be enabled or inhibited using p5401[1]. For
active grid control (p5401[0] = 1), but with the characteristics inhibited, the no-load
points are continually internally adapted to the grid so that over the average, the power
generating unit is operating under no-load conditions. However, in turn, other power
generating units must control the grid frequency and amplitude. For instance, this
function can be used to very simply implement a hot standby function for the power
generating system. When a fault occurs, the system can supply the grid without any
interruption.
Further, the characteristic inhibit can be used to already change into droop operation,
even without correctly adapted droop parameters (no-load points, gradients); the suitable
droop settings can then be made afterwards.
• When activating the grid control, the Vdc control must be realized using another DC link
component. For example, this can be a battery buffering system or feeding in power from
various DC sources. For drive applications, Vdc control using a motor inverter is typical.
Status signal r5402.0 can be connected, for example, to the inhibit input of the
Vdccontroller p3513 in the vector drive object.
Grid infeed
Note
Current limits (e.g. for heavy-duty drive starting or when transformers are switched-in as well
as for grid short-circuits) using p5478 are described in Chapter "Commissioning active,
reactive and apparent current limiting (Page 136)".
Note
The following settings are always recommended for "Operation on a power grid":
• Smoothing times p5409/p5419 must be selected low enough, e.g. 30 ms.
• For gradients p5407/5417, the grid droops must be selected high enough, e.g. according
to the default setting.
• The dampening, fast supplementary grid droop p5413 must be active, e.g. p5413 = 50 %
• The automatic no-load operation with p5401[1] = 0 assumes that the no-load points of
the droops (r5410/r5420) are not continuously changed (e.g. from a high-level control
system).
Grid infeed
6.2.3 Damping power oscillations

When several power generating units operate in a grid, power oscillations and undesirable
power peaks can occur.
For example, in the case of a step-like increase in the active load in the grid, that power
generating unit can quickly take over the main load whose frequency remains the highest or
which manifests the lowest dip. While rotating generating equipment (generators) manifest a
speed dip, at least temporarily, inverters can maintain the output frequency constant, even
when maximum load changes are involved. However, this would result in undesirably
overloading the grid inverter.
During these types of load changes, in order to guarantee a uniform power distribution
between the power generating units, PT1 elements p5409 and p5419 are used to emulate
the basic transitional behavior of rotating machinery. The higher that these time constants
are selected, the "stiffer" the behavior of the Active Line Module as power generating unit,
and the higher the load peaks at the Active Line Module (while "softer" generating units in
the same grid are temporarily relieved). Therefore, higher values for p5409 correspond to
generators with a high moment of inertia or a high flywheel mass. As a consequence, time
parameters should be adapted to the time response of the other generating units in the grid.
Load oscillations between the generating units can also occur without grid consumer load
changes if the grid parameters and the droop settings result in an unstable operating point.
To secure grid stability if there are several generating units in the island grid, we urgently
recommend that at least one damping option is applied for the droop control:
• Using the fast supplementary droop p5413, the frequency dip of a generator is emulated
using the setpoint of the grid droop, which occurs in the case of a load step. This can be
converted into a differentiating component of the control, and significantly increases the
control loop damping (p5413 = 50 % … 100 %).
• Alternatively, or when required, the droop controller can be supplemented by an explicit
DT1 arm (p5476 = 50 % … 100 %).
Further, we also also urgently recommend that the supplementary droop is activated, even
when using the grid droop in conjunction with very high fault levels - e.g. in conjunction with
the public grid (p5413 > 30 %).
6.2.4 DC component controller
Application
Regarding the background information, please refer to the section on the DC component
control in current-controlled operation, see Chapter "DC component controller (Page 54)".
Contrary to this, the DC component control in the grid controlled operation is generally
mandatory, especially if the island grid contains transformers. (In current-controlled
operation, the basic frequency current control already ensures adequate compensation of the
DC component)
The controller is automatically preset. A transformer with typical data and a power rating
approximately the same as the Active Line Module is assumed. If this assumption does not
apply, then the main transformer inductance p5492, total resistance p5436 and controller
integration time p5437 must be appropriately set (also refer to the parameter descriptions). If
Grid infeed
data sheet data is not available, the magnetizing inductance can be measured using an
identification run. Please refer to the section on the DC component control in current-
controlled operation.
Note
Unsuitable settings of this DC component controller (especially excessively high control gain
p5436) can result in instability of the complete grid control.
Note
Parameter p5436 is not effective while the transformer is being magnetized. To avoid
saturation effects in the transformer during magnetization (especially for high modulation
depth r0074), we recommend that the DC component control is activated using p3650.
6.2.5 Min/max control for the DC link voltage
Application
As discussed in previous sections, in grid droop operation, the DC link voltage must always be
determined by another component. This can typically be a motor inverter (Motor Module)
with the DC link voltage control (vector_p3510). However, if this DC link voltage control is
not active at all operating points, e.g. as a result of power limits or because only one power
flow direction is possible (generator with rectifier), then the Active Line Module must also
stabilize the DC link voltage, also in grid droop operation. The minimum/maximum control for
the DC link voltage can be used for this purpose (ALM_p1250). Using parameters ALM_p1241
and ALM_p1245, voltage thresholds for the DC link are defined, which when violated
(exceeded or fallen below), the control becomes active. The output power of the Active Line
Module is then appropriately adapted by modifying the output frequency. It appears that a
power setpoint according to a specified frequency droop can then no longer be maintained.
The Vdc_min controller or Vdc_max controller for grid droop operation can only be correctly
applied (as a result of their inherent principle of operation) if, in island grid, additional
components are connected whose power significantly changes with the grid frequency.
Examples include other power generating units running at an operating point with sufficient
reserve for higher and lower power output - or line motors with sufficient reserve for drawing
a higher and lower power. Otherwise, if the activation level for Vdc_min controller or
Vdc_max controller is exceeded, critical grid faults can occur (underfrequency/overfrequency
and undervoltage/overvoltage).
Grid infeed
6.3 Supplementary functions
6.3.1 Grid voltage sensing using an additional VSM10

Corresponding to Figure 6-3 Grid droop control (Page 60), additional voltage measured
values are required for many applications when it comes to creating island grids. The "Grid
transformer" function module supports the evaluation of up to 2 additional VSM10 devices.
Voltages u12/u23 are detected by the VSM10 included as standard for Active Interface
Modules, chassis format. In the case of a parallel ALM/AIM circuit, it should be noted that
each of these parallel components includes a VSM10; an average measured value is
calculated and is considered here as a single, effective VSM10. The administration parameters
are available from p0140ff. (For power generating applications using Active Line Modules,
booksize format, a VSM10 connected to the Active Interface Module is specified.)
When the "Transformer magnetization" function is used, voltages u12isl/u23isl must be sensed
using an additional VSM10. We recommend that this VSM10 is used for the grid droop
control, in order to guarantee that the droop characteristics are precisely maintained. When
required, instead of this, the voltages can be also calculated using the transformer model
(r5498).
However, errors in the model parameters then automatically result in incorrect voltage values
and deviations in the power distribution in the island grid involving several power generating
units.
The administration parameters for this can be found starting at p0150[0]ff, the VSM
measured values are then available in index 0 of parameter p5460.
Voltages u12ext/u23ext must be sensed using an additional VSM10 if the "Island grid
synchronization" function is to be used. The administration parameters for this are available
from p0150[1]ff; the VSM measured values are in index 1 of parameter p5460.
Grid infeed
6.3.2 Transformer model and identification

In addition to having a specific ratio, other significant properties of transformers include
introducing a phase shift, having a leakage inductance (results in a voltage drop) as well as a
magnetizing inductance; this is decisive for the magnetizing current and setting the DC
component control.
The precise ratio and the phase shift are of significance for the transformer magnetization
function. Both data can be taken from the transformer data sheet, and must be set as
precisely as possible in p6420[0] and p6421[0]. With p5480 = 12, a fine measurement can be
performed (display in r6440, r6441), so that, with the optimum settings, equalization
currents are minimized when closing the grid contactor (see the diagram in Chapter
"Commissioning example of an infeed with dynamic grid support for a power grid
(Page 91)").
Further, with p5480 = 13 – in conjunction with the grid identification p3410 = 1 – the
transformer leakage inductance can be determined (r5489). To repeat a measurement,
p5480 must first be set to 1, and then set back again to a value of 13. It is important that
p5490 is precisely set if, for example, for functions such as the grid voltage control, the
transformed VSM measured values (r5488) of the transformer primary side are not used, but
instead calculated based on the results of a model (r5498).
For the island grid synchronization function, the corresponding parameters p6420[1] and
p6421[1] must be set for a transformer between the island grid and external grid. If there is
no transformer between the island grid and external grid, then the values from index 0 must
be transferred into index 1. An automated measuring routine is not available here. It is
important that the parameters define the voltage relationships between the Active Interface
Module and the external grid. This special means that in the case that transformers are
connected in series, the phase shifts are added, and the ratios must be multiplied.
With test modes p5480 = 101, 102, operation of the power generating system can be tested
with the circuit breakers open and without a connection to the grid.
Grid infeed
6.4 Back-to-back operation of Active Line Modules
6.4 Back-to-back operation of Active Line Modules
f1 Frequency of the power grid

f2 Frequency of the island grid
F1 Grid filter of the power grid
F2 Grid filter of the island grid
*) It is not permissible that the ground connection is established.
Figure 6-6 Back-to-back operation - diagram showing the principle of operation
Back-to-back operation of Active Line Modules designates the connection between two Active
Line Modules in a DC link. In this case, the DC link is supplied from an Active Line Module
(ALM1), the ALM2 generates a decoupled grid (regarding voltage and frequency). On the AC
side, the two Active Line Modules are operated in two separate grids. Typical applications
include the supply of island grids from the public power grid as well as establishing back-to-
back station couplings (e.g. for frequency conversion). Inadmissible ground connections
between the two separate grids (e.g. via capacitively grounded neutral points) result in
overcurrents, instability and overvoltages, which can also damage other grid components
(e.g. power supply units).
Further, it is not permissible that there is any other low ohmic ground connection between
the AC connection of the Active Line Module at the island grid and the primary side of an
island grid transformer (e.g. no neutral point grounding). This is also especially true for
capacitive connections of the PE conductor to the grid neutral point. As a consequence, in
most situations, the grounding bar of the Active Interface Module (including the grounding
bar of the VSM10 included) must be removed when used in an island grid.
A typical configuration with 2 Active Line Modules (first Active Line Module in the supply grid,
DC link, second Active Line Module for forming the island grid) can therefore look like this:
• Grid filter of the first Active Line Module (supply grid) with grounding bar in the Active
Interface Module (①).
• Grid filter of the second Active Line Module (island grid) without grounding bar in the
Active Interface Module (②) - incl. grounding bar of the VSM10 included.
• Further, it is not permissible that there is any other low ohmic ground connection
between the AC connection of the Active Line Module at the island grid and the primary
side of an island grid transformer (e.g. no neutral point grounding between the Active
Line Module and the island grid transformer, ③).
• It is permissible to ground the neutral point at the secondary side of the island grid
transformer (e.g. neutral point grounding of the transformer, connecting EMC filters with
respect to ground, etc.).
Grid infeed
Commissioning 7
The functions for the dynamic grid infeed as well as grid infeed were described in the
previous chapters. Reference was also made to the parameter settings required.
The steps obtained for commissioning typical system configurations are shown in tabular
form based on two application examples. Individual aspects are then separately discussed, for
example setting transformer parameters.
7.1 Safety-related note
WARNING
Non-observance of the fundamental safety instructions and residual risks
If the fundamental safety instructions and remaining risks in Chapter 1 are not observed,
accidents involving severe injuries or death may occur.
• Adhere to the fundamental safety instructions.
• When assessing the risk, take into account residual risks.
Grid infeed
Commissioning
7.2 Preconditions
7.2 Preconditions
Hardware
• Control Unit CU320-2 PN or CU320-2 DP
• Active Line Modules:
– Booksize format with article number ...AA3
– Chassis format, air cooled or liquid cooled with article number ...AA4 with associated
Active Interface Module
(The Active Interface Module in conjunction with option S02 may have to be adapted;
contact technical support)
– Chassis format, water cooled with article number ...AA8 with associated Active
Interface Module
(The Active Interface Module in conjunction with option S02 may have to be adapted;
contact technical support)
• Application-dependent number of Voltage Sensing Modules (VSM10) to measure voltages
• DC voltage supply for the DC link, e.g. Motor Module, for rotating power generation using
a generator, or battery
Software
• STARTER with Version 5.2 or higher
SSP for SINAMICS V5.2
• SINAMICS S120 firmware version 5.2 or higher
• Memory card for CU320-2 with one of the options:
– Booksize device:
Licensing corresponding to the power rating and application
– Chassis format devices:
S01: Dynamic grid support for feeding back energy / feeding into a power grid
S02: Line droop control for feeding back energy / feeding into an island grid
Hardware to be supplied on-site
• Transformer
• Grid contactor
• Generator
Grid infeed
Commissioning
7.3 Basic commissioning

When commissioning offline with the STARTER, you must select the infeeds on the basis of
their article numbers.
7.3.1 Infeed units in the chassis format
Table 7- 1 Active Line Modules in the chassis format, air cooled
Active Line Module Active Interface Module 1) Grid connection Rated current Rated power
voltage 2)
6SL3330-7TE35-0AA4 6SL3300-7TE35-0AA1 320 ... 480 V 490 A 300 kW
6SL3330-7TG41-0AA4 6SL3300-7TG41-3AA1 500 ... 690 V 1025 A 1100 kW
Table 7- 2 Active Line Modules in the chassis format, liquid cooled
voltage 2)
6SL3335-7TG35–8AA4 6SL3300-7TG35-8AA1 3) 500 ... 690 V 575 A 630 kW
Table 7- 3 Active Line Modules in the chassis format, water cooled for common cooling circuits
voltage 2)
6SL3335-7TG35-8AA8 6SL3300-7TG35-8AA1 3) 500 ... 690 V 575 A 630 kW
1) The Active Interface Module may have to be adapted after the grid analysis.
2) For deviating voltages, contact technical support.
3) Only an air-cooled Active Interface Module is available for this rated power.
Grid infeed
Commissioning
7.3.2 Infeed units in the booksize format
Table 7- 4 Active Line Modules in the booksize format, internal air cooling
Active Line Module Active Interface Module Grid connection Rated current Rated power
voltage 1)
6SL3130-7TE21-6AA3 6SL3100-0BE21-6AB0 380 ... 480 V 25 A 16 kW
Table 7- 5 Active Line Modules in the booksize format, cold plate cooling
voltage 1)
Grid infeed
Commissioning
7.4 Commissioning example for an infeed with voltage and frequency control for an island grid.
7.4 Commissioning example for an infeed with voltage and

frequency control for an island grid.
7.4.1 Design
Generator plant
In the example, the electrical power generated by a rotating generator is fed into an island
grid. The island grid can be supplied from several power generating systems.
The generator is driven by a motor or a turbine. Examples for sources of energy are biogas,
solar energy (solar thermal), natural gas, diesel, or hydro-electric power.
Block diagram
Figure 7-1 Infeed to a island grid via a generator
Table 7- 6 Components for infeed into an island grid via a generator
Number Description
1 Driving machine (turbines, blade wheel, etc.)
2 Generator
3 Motor Module
4 Active Line Module
5 Active Interface Module with integrated Voltage Sensing Module VSM10
• the VSM10 is integrated for chassis format devices
• the VSM10 must be separately provided for booksize format devices
6 Grid transformer
7 Circuit breaker
8 VSM10 Voltage Sensing Module for measuring the grid voltage on the primary side of
the grid transformer
9 Island grid (low voltage)
10 Control Unit
11 Consumers
Grid infeed
Commissioning
7.4.2 General information
Commissioning procedure
The following procedure is used to commission an Active Line Module for an island grid
offline.
The Active Line Module should participate in the frequency and voltage control of the island
grid.
In this case, a generator is used as an example to generate the power.
1. Create project.
2. Create drive units.
The drive unit for feeding into the grid is called INFEED.
The drive unit to control a Motor Module (with vector control) is called MOTORINVERTER.
3. Activating the function modules on the MOTORINVERTER drive device:
– Activate the "Technology controller" function module; when required, also the
"Extended messages/monitoring functions" function module.
– Select the control mode "n/M control + U/f control, I/f control".
4. Activate the function modules on the INFEED drive device (see Chapter "Function modules
for creating a line infeed in an island grid (Page 77)").
5. Create additional VSM10 for measuring the grid voltage on the primary side of the grid
transformer (No. 8).
6. If required, create an additional VSM10 to measure the power grid voltage for the
"Synchronize island grid to an external grid" function.
Also refer to Chapter "Synchronizing an island grid to an external power grid (Page 117)".
7. Adapt the topology and the VSM10 assignments.
8. Perform additional parameter settings in the expert list.
To do this, the sequence of the individual sequential steps for identification and setting of the
transformer data must be taken into consideration (see Chapter "Commissioning grid-friendly
transformer magnetization (Page 105)").
Additional recommended settings (see Chapter "Automatic adaptation of the control to the
grid short-circuit rating (Page 142)") apply for weak grids (large inductance and low short-
circuit power).
Note
Description of the commissioning process
The basic steps when commissioning a SINAMICS S120 are contained in the Commissioning
Manual.
Grid infeed
Commissioning
7.4.3 Function modules for creating a line infeed in an island grid

In the project, click on "INFEED" under "Infeeds" and then select "Properties...".
• Under the "Function modules" tab, select the "Grid transformer" and "Grid droop control"
modules, and when required, select additional modules.
Note
Activation of the function modules by a higher-level control system
The function modules can also be activated by a higher-level control system. For this purpose,
parameter p0009 of the Control Unit must be set to "2" (defining the drive type function
module). You can then use parameter p0108[x].y = 1 of the Control Unit to activate the
individual function modules.
In this case, the object number of the INFEED must be used for the index "x".
The meanings of the "y" bits for the function modules for grid infeed are as follows:
• (Bit 03 = supplementary controls)
• Bit 04 = grid transformer
• (bit 07 = dynamic grid support)
• Bit 12 = grid droop control
The function modules are activated with p0009 = 0.
Grid infeed
Commissioning
7.4.4 Creating an additional VSM10

If the drive device was commissioned with full DRIVE-CLiQ topology using an automatic
configuration, then the VSM10 modules are already in the topology. In this case, the number
should not be changed, but the assignment checked corresponding to the following chapter,
and if required adapted.
Procedure if the project was configured offline

In the project, double-click on "INFEED" under "Infeeds" and click on "Wizard..." in the
configuration window.
• Do not change anything in the first screen.
• In the second screen form in selection box for "Number VSM:" - select as required.
A VSM is entered in the "Number VSM" for each Active Line Module; this number of VSMs
must be incremented by 1 to create an additional VSM10
Even though the selection box is grayed out, the number of VSMs can be increased using
the arrow keys.
Figure 7-2 Creating additional VSM10 modules
• Click through the remaining screens without making changes and close the wizard.
• This adds an additional VSM10 to the topology.
Grid infeed
Commissioning
7.4.5 Adapting the topology and the VSM10 assignments

Double-click on "Topology" in the project; the topology view appears.
The topology looks like this after the above commissioning steps, for instance:
Figure 7-3 Topology
The numbers in brackets to the right of the components in the topology view are the
"Component numbers".
• The VSM10 for the closed-loop control functionality of the infeed must be connected at
DRIVE-CLiQ socket -X402 (booksize format: -X202) of the INFEED infeed.
• The VSM10 for synchronization with the power supply (on the primary side of the grid
transformer) must be connected to DRIVE-CLiQ socket -X401 (booksize format: -X201) of
the INFEED infeed unit.
• The optional VSM10 for synchronizing to an external grid must be connected to a free
DRIVE-CLiQ socket of the Control Unit.
You must use the expert list to check the assignments of the VSM10 components present in
the project and correct these where necessary.
The following settings refer to the topology shown above.
• The VSM10 with component number 3 is responsible for the closed-loop control
functionality of the infeed.
INFEED.p0140 = 1
INFEED.p0141[0] = 3
• The VSM10 with component number 8 is responsible for synchronizing the infeed with
island grid (VSM2 functionality).
INFEED.p0150 = 2
INFEED.p0151[0] = 8
• The VSM10 with component number 9 (when required) is responsible for synchronizing
the infeed with an external grid (VSM3 functionality).
INFEED.p0150 = 2
INFEED.p0151[1] = 9
Note
Parameters p5460[0] ... p5474[0] are responsible for the VSM2 functionality.
Parameters p5460[1] ... p5474[1] are responsible for the VSM3 functionality.
Grid infeed
Commissioning
7.4.6 Performing additional parameter settings in the expert list

The following table provides an overview of the most important adjustable parameters with
typical values and notes for an island grid application.
This overview should provide help when commissioning the system. It does not replace the
information in the previous chapters or the parameter descriptions and function charts in the
List Manual.
Depending on the application, in individual cases, it may be necessary to change parameters,
which are not listed in the tables.
Parameter settings for "INFEED" drive unit

In the project, right click on "INFEED" under "Infeeds" and then select "Expert list".
Table 7- 7 Parameter settings for "INFEED" drive unit
Parameter Value Comment

p0210 e.g. 400 V or 690 V Enter the grid-side connection voltage for the grid converter
Rated voltage at the generator side of the transformer/at the connection point of
the Active Interface Module.
p0840[0] e.g. INFEED.r2090.0 BI: On/Off1 via PROFIdrive PZD1, bit 0
Switch-on command for the Active Line Module or the beginning of the DC link
precharging
p0844[0] e.g. BI: 1.OFF2 in CDS 0 via DI0 (-X122.1) of the Control Unit
CONTROL_UNIT.r0722.0 Signal sink for the OFF2 command of the Active Line Module
p0852[0] e.g. fixed value 1 BI: Enable operation
After p0840 = 1, without this operating enable signal, the Active Line Module
would remain in the ready state after precharging has been completed. Further,
the enable signal is required for transformer magnetization.
p0860 e.g. BI: Grid contactor, feedback signal
CONTROL_UNIT.r0722.1 The feedback signal contact of the circuit breaker must be connected in order that
the transformer magnetization function operates correctly. For this example, a
connection is made to terminal DI1 (-X122.2) of the Control Unit.
p0861 e.g. 200 ms 1) Grid contactor monitoring time
Monitors activation/feedback signal from the generator switch.
The value to be set depends on the switching times of the switch being used.
Pulse frequency wobbulation
p1810.2 Yes 1) Activate pulse frequency wobbulation
Wobbulating (sweeping) the pulse of frequency ensures that the pulse-frequency
voltage and current components are distributed over a frequency range. This
makes sense if the distortion power at the individual frequencies should be re-
duced between 2 kHz and 9 kHz. This frequently applies to island grids.
p5456.4 No 1) Inhibit wobbulation amplitude
Using this bit, the wobbulation function is controlled in grid droop operation.
p1810.4 Yes 1) Inhibit wobbulation amplitude
Depending on the filter being used: For standard Active Interface Modules: Yes
Using this bit, the wobbulation function is controlled for regular current-controlled
operation (no grid droop operation). The "Yes" setting is recommended when
using standard Active Interface Modules.
p1811 e.g. 5 % 1) Pulse frequency wobbulation amplitude
With a setting value of 5 %, regarding the pulse-frequency distortion powers,
typical requirements placed on island grids are complied with.
Grid infeed
Commissioning

DC link control
p3410 0 Infeed identification method – identification (ID) off
p3415[0] 10.00 % Infeed excitation current L identification – run 1
Amplitude of the measured currents for identifying the DC link capacitance
For grids with low fault level (short-circuit rating), we recommend reducing the
measuring current to 10 % (possibly down to 7 %) in order to ensure stable grid
operation during the identification routine. See also Chapter "Automatic adapta-
tion of the control to the grid short-circuit rating (Page 142)".
p3415[1] 10.00 % Infeed excitation current L identification – run 2
operation during the identification routine.
Run 2 is prevented by setting the same value as in p3415[0].
p3510 e.g. p0210 * 1.5 Infeed DC link voltage setpoint
for 690 V 3 AC devices: 1035 V DC
Normally, the setpoint should not be selected to be lower than 1.5x the grid volt-
age, as the control range for the current control would otherwise be limited too
much, and current harmonics would occur.
Upwards, the setpoint is limited by the maximum boost (step-up) factor p3508.
p3560 e.g. 50% Infeed Vdc controller proportional gain
Note: Setting for soft networks (low short-circuit power)
p3603 e.g. 0% Infeed current precontrol factor D component
can be increased by up to 50 % for load surges in the event of a poor dynamic
response of the controller.
p3615 e.g. 50% Infeed current controller P gain
Generator operation
p5401[0] e.g. INFEED.r2090.1 BI: Grid droop control activation – grid control activated via PROFIdrive PZD1, bit 1
For p5401[0] = 1, the Active Line Module switches from current-controlled opera-
tion to operation as voltage source (grid droop operation). The current is then no
longer impressed, but is obtained from the connected load and the grid frequency
and grid voltage characteristics.
p5401[1] e.g. 1 BI: Grid droop control activation - static setpoint activation
For p5401[1] = 1, droop characteristics p5405ff and p5415ff are active. For stable
generator operation, the setting for the no-load points for voltage and frequency
must match the actual operating point of the island grid (especially the load dis-
tribution between several power generating units).
For p5401[1] = 0, the no-load points of the voltage and frequency droops must be
internally corrected, so that on the average an apparent power of zero is obtained
at the Active Line Module (parameters p5405/p5406 and p5415/p5416 are deac-
tivated for the no load points).
p5403[0, 1] e.g.: CI: Grid droop control current signal source
p5403[0] = r5497[0] With this setting, the grid droop acts at the connection point of the grid trans-
p5403[1] = r5497[1] former (carefully observe the notes in the parameter description).
p5404[0, 1] e.g. CI: Grid droop control voltage signal source
p5404[0] = r5488[0] With this setting, the grid droop acts at the connection point of the grid trans-
p5404[1] = r5488[1] former (carefully observe the notes in the parameter description).
p5405 e.g. 100% Grid droop control frequency droop no load frequency
A suitable value is obtained from the corresponding no load frequencies of the
other power generating units in the island grid as well as from the required load
distribution.
Grid infeed
Commissioning

p5406[0] e.g. 0 1) Grid droop control frequency droop supplementary setpoint
In island grids with several power generating units, the no-load frequency is dy-
namically adapted to the instantaneous load and power generating conditions
using a higher level island grid control.
p5407 e.g. 4 % 1) Grid droop control frequency droop gradient
A suitable value is obtained from the corresponding gradient values of the other
power generating units in the island grid as well as from the required load distri-
bution.
In the example, the following procedure provides a practical value to be set:
Measure the gradient of the diesel generator characteristic, and set p5407 to the
same value.
p5409 e.g. 150 ms Grid droop control frequency droop smoothing time
Other power generating units in the island grid must also manifest a frequency
droop, however they respond to load changes with a specific "inertia". In order to
avoid load peaks in individual power generating units for load steps in an island
grid, at least power generating units with similar power ratings must manifest a
comparable dynamic response. This dynamic response for active power changes is
set using p5409.
p5413 e.g. 50% Grid droop control additional frequency droop gradient
The additional droop offers a fundamental emulation of the dynamic speed dip or
overshoots of generators when load steps occur. Easing the output frequency as a
result of the additional droop avoids load peaks in the Active Line Module, and
also helps dampen power oscillations in the island grid.
p5415 e.g. 100 % 1) Grid droop control voltage droop no load voltage
A suitable value is obtained from the corresponding no load voltages of the other
bution.
Measure the no load voltage of the diesel generator, and in test operation 2, set
the output voltage to the same value.
p5416[0] e.g. 0 1) Grid droop control voltage droop supplementary setpoint
In island grids with several power generating units, the no-load voltage is dynami-
cally adapted to the instantaneous load and power generating conditions using a
higher level island grid control.
p5417 e.g. 4 % 1) Grid droop control voltage droop gradient
A suitable value is obtained from the corresponding gradient values of the other
bution.
Measure the gradient of the diesel generator characteristic, and set p5417 to the
same value.
p5419 e.g. 150 ms Grid droop control voltage droop smoothing time
Other power generating units in the island grid must also manifest a voltage
droop, however they respond to load changes with a specific "inertia". In order to
avoid load peaks in individual power generating units for load steps in an island
grid, at least power generating units with similar power ratings must manifest a
comparable dynamic response. This dynamic response for reactive power changes
is set using p5419.
p5425[0, 1] e.g. r5488[1, 2] CI: Grid droop control voltage control signal source
Selecting the signal source for the voltage control defines at which point the volt-
age error should be compensated (or at which point, the voltage droop should be
active).
With the example setting, the terminal voltage of the Active Line Module is cor-
rected/tracked so that at the selected measurement point (here: VSM2 voltage at
the circuit breaker) the setpoint voltage is set according to the droop.
Grid infeed
Commissioning

p5426 e.g. 0% Grid droop control voltage control P gain
Voltage droop p5415ff supplies the setpoint for the output voltage of the power
generating unit. Initially, this voltage is realized at the terminals of the grid invert-
er. Under load, especially the voltage drops across the inductances (commutating
reactor, transformer) result in the corresponding voltage deviations at the connec-
tion point (e.g. at the circuit breaker). The voltage control is used to compensate
these voltage errors.
p5427 e.g. 500 ms Grid droop control voltage control integration time
The voltage control is intended to correct steady-state voltage errors, compara-
tively slowly. As a consequence, the integration time constant should be selected
to be somewhat higher than the smoothing times of the voltage and frequency
droop.
5430[1] e.g. 105% Modulation depth controller setting – setting the maximum modulation depth.
Limits the modulation depth to avoid harmonics in the output voltage.
p5432[0, 1] e.g.: Modulation depth controller output voltage limiting
p5432[0] = 50 V The pulse-frequency harmonic component of the Active Line Module output volt-
p5432[1] = -50 V age depends on the modulation depth (ratio between the AC voltage and DC volt-
age) and is optimal when r0074 = 94 %.
This means that with the modulation depth controller, the setpoint for the DC link
voltage can be adapted to the actual AC island grid voltage. When doing this, in
the particular application, it must be noted whether, in all operating states, the
component is suitable for the Vdc control (in this case: inverter on the generator
side) for a corresponding change of the DC link voltage (voltage reserve of the
generator control, Vdc_max limiting, etc.).
p5436 1) DC component controller P gain
Especially if an island grid contains transformers or grid motors, it is absolutely
necessary that this control is activated to prevent DC components in the AC cur-
rent. The controller parameters are preset based on the rated Active Line Module
data (assumption: the transformer rating approximately corresponds to the Active
Line Module power rating).
However, depending on the particular system, adaptations may be required in
order to achieve stable operation of the grid droop control. To achieve this, the
identification p5480 = 11 of the transformer magnetizing inductance p5492 can
be used if data sheet values are not available. In operation, it is possible that the
controller gain p5436 must be adapted. To achieve this, evaluate the characteris-
tic of the current DC components r5448[2, 3].
Note
Parameter p5436 is not effective while the transformer is being magnetized. To
avoid saturation effects in the transformer during magnetization (especially for
high modulation depth r0074), we recommend that the DC component control is
activated using p3650.
p5451 e.g. 1 BI: Current hysteresis controller operating mode
This parameter is used to define as to whether the Active Line Module in the island
grid is presently the most powerful generating unit (= 0) – or not (= 1). In this
case, the rated power of the power generating unit is not decisive, but the short-
circuit power (for example, a nominally smaller diesel generator can supply higher
short-circuit currents). The operating mode information is used in the Active Line
Module to facilitate fast and stable resynchronization after a grid short-circuit with
the support from possibly other power generating units. Also note the following
description for p5478[0, 1].
Grid infeed
Commissioning

p5478[0, 1] e.g.: Grid droop control current limits
Chassis format devices: The current limits for current controlled operation (e.g. p3530ff) are not effective
p5478[0] = 90 % in grid droop operation, but only the apparent current limiting according to
p5478[1] = 123 % p5478.
Booksize format devices:
p5478[0] = 90 % In so doing, a distinction is made between normal operation (island grid voltage >
p5478[1] = 90 % p5459[2]) and grid short-circuit. For example, a lower current limit in normal
operation makes sense so that larger motors in an island grid can be started
(heavy-duty starting). When the current limit is reached, the output voltage de-
creases so much that the current limit is permanently maintained (and the motor
continues to accelerate with reduced voltage). The current limit (p5478[0]) is also
applicable for short-circuit situations (i.e. grid voltage < p5459[2], if a power
source with a higher rating for the short-second current is available in the island
grid (p5451 = 1). The resulting current limits in amps are indicated in r5479.
Grid transformer
p5480 e.g. 1 Transformer magnetization mode
(standard operation) Activating the transformer magnetization
Notice:
When magnetization is deactivated, with the DC link precharged, the circuit
breaker is controlled independent of the operating state of a transformer that may
be available.
This can result in overloading grid or plant components or even damage if a trans-
former is present.
We recommend that an external, independent synchronizing monitoring function
is used.
Also see the following chapter about transformer magnetization.
p5481[0] e.g. 2 s Transformer magnetization times: Voltage ramp-up time
Ramp-up time to magnetize the transformer
p5481[1] e.g. 0.7 s 1) Transformer magnetization times: Circuit breaker bounce time
If the time set is less than the actual bounce time, extremely high currents can
occur when the pulses are enabled, which can damage the circuit breaker.
Note: A permanent feedback signal from the switch is not a sure sign that the
switching process has been completed!
Note: If problems occur when connecting to the grid (e.g. overcurrent, overvolt-
age, power failure F6200), then you should increase the bounce time.
p5483 e.g. 1 BI: Grid circuit breaker enable
(Sets the signal source for closing the circuit breaker after voltage ramp-up)
Enables the function for closing the circuit breaker when transformer magnetiza-
tion and synchronization are selected.
For instance, this enable can be used to keep the power generating system in a
hot standby mode – synchronized with the grid – so that it can immediately go
into grid operation with a rising edge.
p5486[0] e.g. 400 V Rated transformer voltage, primary, infeed transformer
Enter the island grid rated voltage (in the application example: Rated voltage at
the terminals of switch 7).
Internally, the transformer ratio is calculated from the ratio between p0210 and
p5486[0].
p5487[0] e.g. INFEED.r5461[0] Transformer primary voltage signal source, conductor voltage u12
Signal input for the measured conductor-conductor voltage u12 at the circuit
breaker (7) to convert over to the transformer secondary side at the Active Line
Module.
The converted voltage value transformed into space vector coordinates is indicat-
ed in r5488[0, 1].
Grid infeed
Commissioning

Module.
ed in r5488[0, 1].
p5490 1) Transformer leakage inductance
Use the data from the transformer data sheet – or measure using the transformer
ID p5480 = 13)
p5492 1) Transformer magnetizing inductance
ID (p5480 = 11).
Carefully observe the notes regarding r5491 in the List Manual!
r5493 - CO/BO: Grid circuit breaker control signals
Bit 0: Connected with a digital output to control an external DC link precharging
system.
For instance, an external DC link precharging system is required if transformer
magnetization is required before connecting to an existing grid, however, at this
point in time, a DC link voltage cannot be established by the power
source/generator. When dimensioning the external precharging system, it should
be noted that this must cover the losses in the grid filter and in the transformer
itself during magnetization (see function diagram FP7990).
p5494[0] e.g. 93% Magnetizing scale values
The adjustable parameter defines the percentage of the rated voltage for trans-
former magnetization. In practice, the ideal value of 100 % is generally not re-
quired. This is because a small step-like residual magnetization when closing the
circuit breaker does not result in any inadmissible settling currents.
Especially in the case of an external DC link pre-charging system via a separate DC
circuit may mean that reduced magnetization is required, if the achievable magni-
tude of the DC link voltage is not sufficient to provide 100 % transformer magneti-
zation. It should be ensured that during magnetization, the Active Line Module
modulation depth does not reach the overmodulation range (r0074 > 100 %), in
order to avoid harmonic currents and DC current components.
p6420[0] 1) Grid transformer phase shift, infeed transformer
Enter the phase shift of the grid transformer. Vector group Dy5 => -150° (is de-
termined more precisely with transformer identification p5480 = 12).
For the successful transformer identification in mode p5480 = 12, the coarse set-
ting must be made manually (also see the following chapter on transformer com-
missioning).
Note: With the circuit breaker closed at the infeed transformer, a correct setting of
p6420[0] and p6421[0] can be identified by the fact that the characteristics with
respect to time of voltages r3468[0, 1] and r5488[0, 1] approximately coincide for
low load conditions.
p6421[0] 1) Grid transformer gain adaptation, infeed transformer
(Is determined more precisely with transformer identification p5480 = 12).
For successful transformer identification in mode p5480 = 12, the coarse setting
must be made manually (also see the following chapter on transformer commis-
sioning).
Grid infeed
Commissioning

Additional parameter settings for a black start
p5580 e.g. 2 Island grid black start mode
A black start designates establishing a voltage in a grid that initially was in a no
voltage condition. It must be ensured that the supply for the power generating
system itself must be ensured on the plant side before the black start.
For a black start (p5580 = 2) initially, a check is made as to whether the island grid
is in a no-voltage condition, before the circuit breaker between the infeed and the
island grid is closed. The infeed voltage is then increased until the rated voltage is
reached in the island grid. An automatic black start can be set using p5580 = 3.
If the island grid is already at a certain voltage level, then an immediate switch is
made into grid droop operation (standard switching to an existing grid). Other-
wise, a black start is realized.
p5581[0] e.g. 2 s Island grid times, black start voltage ramp duration
Sets the ramp duration for the grid voltage.
p5581[1] e.g. 1 s Island grid times, black start circuit breaker bounce time
Sets the bounce time for the circuit breaker on the grid side of the grid transform-
er.
An interruption-free connection between the grid and transformer is only ensured
after the bounce time has elapsed.
p5586[0] e.g. 3 % 1) Island grid scaling values, black start voltage limit
A black start is not carried out if the voltage in the island grid is greater than
p5586[0] * p0210. For example, this can be the case if capacitors in the grid only
discharge slowly.
1) Values are system-specific and must be taken into special consideration when adapting to the particular system configu-
ration.
Parameter settings for the drive device "MOTORINVERTER"

In the project, right click on "MOTORINVERTER" under "Drives" and then select "Expert list".
The subsequent list to parameterize the inverter on the generator side includes special
settings for grid droop operation of the power generating system. We would like to refer to
the relevant manuals with regard to commissioning the generator control itself.
Note
The DC link voltage control is, for the drive device "MOTORINVERTER", part of the "Technology
controller" function module. The function module can be activated during commissioning.
Note
In this case, the object number of the MOTORINVERTER must be used for the index "x".
The meaning of the "y" bit for the technology control function module is as follows:
• Bit 16 = technology controller
Grid infeed
Commissioning
Table 7- 8 Parameter settings for the drive device "MOTORINVERTER"

p1200[0] e.g. 1 Flying restart operating mode in DDS 0
Flying restart always active, start in setpoint direction
"Flying restart always active" is especially required for applications without en-
coder.
p1300[0] e.g. 20 Open-loop/closed-loop control operating mode in DDS 0
Speed control (encoderless)
p1501[0] e.g. 1 BI: Change over between closed-loop speed/torque control in CDS 0
1 signal = Closed-loop torque control
0 signal = Closed-loop speed control
Technology controller
p3422 1) Total DC link capacitance
Note:
set the same value as for INFEED.p3422 (after the DC link identification routine!)
p3510 e.g. 1035 V DC link voltage setpoint
for 690 V AC devices Standard setting: same value as for INFEED.p3510. If required, adapt so that the
modulation depth controller (INFEED.r5433) can operate within its limits.
p3511 e.g. INFEED.r5433 CI: DC link voltage supplementary setpoint
Interconnect with the value "Modulation depth control output" of the infeed.
This BICO interconnection ensures that in grid droop operation of the Active Line
Module, the DC link voltage is adapted to the actual grid voltage; in turn, this
means minimum harmonic content of the grid voltage.
p3513 e.g. INFEED.r5402.0 BI: Inhibit voltage-controlled operation
Interconnect to "Grid droop control inactive" signal from the infeed.
This BICO interconnection ensures that the motor inverter controls the DC link
voltage if the Active Line Module is in grid droop operation.
p3520[0] e.g. INFEED.r0082 CI: DC link precontrol power (unscaled)
Interconnect to "Active power actual value" of the infeed.
Contrary to power precontrol via p3519, at p3520 an unscaled variable is ex-
pected so that the various power reference values (r2004) of the drive objects
do not have to be taken into consideration.
p3521[0] e.g. 80% DC link pre-control power scaling
It makes sense to precontrol the power demand in the DC link voltage controller,
especially when correcting grid-side load steps in grid droop operation. We rec-
ommend a scaling of approx. 80 % to 100 %.
p3523[0] e.g. 8 ms DC link pre-control power smoothing
It makes sense to precontrol the power demand in the DC link voltage controller,
especially when correcting grid-side load steps in grid droop operation. To sup-
press high-frequency disturbing components, we recommend that the precon-
trol signal is smoothed between 1 ms and 10 ms.
p3560 e.g. 70% Vdc controller proportional gain
If a very high dynamic performance of the Vdc control is not required, then we
recommend a setting value of < 100 % to increase the ruggedness (stability) of
the controller.
ration.
Grid infeed
Commissioning
7.4.7 Signal interfaces
Description
The following signals are required by the drive unit for operation and/or provided for
monitoring purposes.
Signals transferred to the drive unit

This involves a list of typical signals for communication with the higher-level control system.
Table 7- 9 Signals transferred to the drive unit
Parameter Drive Object Signal Type Unit

p0840[0] INFEED BI: ON/OFF1 Bit -
Sets the signal source for control word 1 bit 0
(ON/OFF1).
p5401[0] INFEED BI: Activation of the grid droop control of the Bit -
infeed unit
• 1 signal: Activation of grid droop control
and deactivation of closed-loop DC link
voltage control/closed-loop current control
• 0 signal: Activation of grid droop control
and deactivation of closed-loop DC-link
voltage control/closed-loop current control.
p5401[1] INFEED BI: Activation of the grid droop setpoints Bit -
(p5405, p5406, p5415, p5416)
• 1 signal: Activation of the setpoints.
• 0 signal: Deactivation of the setpoints.
p3611 INFEED CI: Infeed reactive current supplementary set- Unsigned32 / -
point FloatingPoint32
Reactive current setpoint for operation with
p5401 = 0
p5406[0...1] INFEED CI: Grid droop control frequency droop supple- Unsigned32 / -
mentary setpoint FloatingPoint32
dynamic supplementary frequency setpoint for
operation with p5401 = 1
p5416[0...1] INFEED CI: Grid droop control voltage droop supple- Unsigned32 / -
mentary setpoint FloatingPoint32
dynamic supplementary voltage setpoint for
operation with p5401 = 1
p5451 INFEED BI: Current hysteresis controller operating Bit -
mode
Parallel operation with diesel generator
1 signal: Combined operation
(INFEED and additional infeeds together supply
the island grid, INFEED is not the power gener-
ating unit with the highest short-circuit power)
0 signal: Operation by itself
(INFEED exclusively supplies the island grid
and/or is the power generating unit with the
highest short-circuit power)
Grid infeed
Commissioning

p5480 INFEED Transformer magnetization mode Integer, 16-bit -
0 = deactivated
1 = normal operation
Notice:
When magnetization is deactivated, with the
DC link precharged, the circuit breaker is con-
trolled independent of the operating state of a
transformer that may be available.
This can result in overloading grid or plant
components or even damage if a transformer is
present.
We recommend that an external, independent
synchronizing monitoring function is used.
p5483 INFEED BI: Grid circuit breaker enable Unsigned32 / -
(Sets the signal source for closing the circuit Binary
breaker after voltage ramp-up)
Enables the function for closing the circuit
breaker when transformer magnetization and
synchronization are selected.
For instance, this enable can be used to keep
the power generating system in a hot standby
mode – synchronized with the grid – so that it
can immediately go into grid operation with a
rising edge.
p5580 INFEED Sets the mode for a black start. Integer, 16-bit -
The function is used to establish the grid volt-
age in an island grid. The Active Line Module
acts as grid voltage source or as grid former for
the connected island grid.
Signals transferred from the drive unit

Table 7- 10 Signals transferred from the drive unit

r0899.0 INFEED Ready for switching on Bit -
1 signal: Ready for switching on
0 signal: Not ready for switching on
r0899.1 INFEED Ready Bit -
1 signal: Ready
0 signal: Not ready
r0899.2 INFEED Operation enabled Bit -
1 signal: Operation enabled
0 signal: Operation not enabled
r0046.0 INFEED OFF1 enable missing Bit -
1 signal: OFF1 enable missing
0 signal: OFF1 enable not missing
r2139.3 INFEED Fault active Bit -
1 signal: Fault active
0 signal: Fault not active
The 1 signal is set if a fault occurs in one or
more drive objects
Grid infeed
Commissioning

r2139.7 INFEED Alarm active Bit -
1 signal: Alarm active
0 signal: Alarm not active
The 1 signal is set if an alarm occurs in one or
more drive objects
r5402 INFEED Line droop control status word Unsigned16 -
r5411[1] INFEED Grid control frequency droop active power FloatingPoint32 kW
(smoothed)
Displays the input active power of the active
power frequency droop.
r5421[1] INFEED Grid control frequency droop reactive current FloatingPoint32 A
(smoothed)
Displays the input reactive current of the reac-
tive current voltage droop.
r0068 INFEED Absolute current actual value FloatingPoint32 Arms
Displays actual absolute current.
r5410 INFEED Grid control frequency droop output FloatingPoint32 Hz
Displays the smoothed output frequency of the
active power frequency droop.
r0025 MOTORINVERTER Output voltage smoothed FloatingPoint32 Vrms
Displays the smoothed output voltage of the
power unit.
r0027 MOTORINVERTER Absolute actual current smoothed FloatingPoint32 Arms
Displays the smoothed absolute actual current
value.
r0024 MOTORINVERTER Output frequency smoothed FloatingPoint32 Hz
Displays the smoothed converter frequency.
r0070 MOTORINVERTER Actual DC link voltage FloatingPoint32 V
Displays the measured actual value of the DC
link voltage.
r0722.0 CU CU digital inputs, status: DI 0 (X122.1) Bit -
Feedback signal, circuit breaker (prerequisite is
the wiring of the feedback signal with the DI0
of the Control Unit, terminal X122.1)
r5482 INFEED Displays the status of the sequence control for Integer, 16-bit -
transformer magnetization, black start and
island grid synchronization
Grid infeed
Commissioning
7.5 Commissioning example of an infeed with dynamic grid support for a power grid
7.5 Commissioning example of an infeed with dynamic grid support

for a power grid
7.5.1 Design
Electrical energy generated by a DC source being fed into a power grid as example.
The DC source is directly connected to the DC link of the Active Line Module.
It can be optionally connected via a DC contactor. The DC link capacitance of the Active Line
Module must be suitably precharged.
Sequence
The higher-level control system closes the optional DC contactors, and issues the command
to start the grid infeed. The DC link voltage generated from the DC source must correspond to
at least 1.5 times the transformer secondary voltage. First, the grid transformer is magnetized
and synchronized with the network. The required power must be provided from the DC
source. The VSM10 performs sensing of the grid voltage on the primary side of the grid
transformer until synchronization is achieved. After synchronization, the circuit breaker is
closed and power infeed to the network started.
Grid fault
Fault ride through in accordance with grid codes, occurs automatically via the grid inverter
according to the required parameter settings.
Block diagram
Figure 7-4 Infeed to a power grid
Grid infeed
Commissioning
Table 7- 11 Components for infeed to a power grid
Number Description
1 Energy generator (DC source)
1a Optional DC contactor 1)
3 Active Interface Module with integrated Voltage Sensing Module VSM10
• the VSM10 is integrated for chassis format devices
• the VSM10 must be separately provided for booksize format devices
4 Grid transformer
5 Circuit breaker
6 VSM10 Voltage Sensing Module for measuring the grid voltage on the primary side of
the grid transformer
7 Power grid
8 Control Unit
1) The DC link capacitance of the Active Line Module must be suitably precharged.
Commissioning procedure
The following procedure is used to commission (offline) an infeed with dynamic grid support
for a power grid.
A DC source for power generation is used as an example in this case.
1. Create project.
2. Create drive units.
The drive unit for feeding into the grid is called INFEED.
3. Function modules for grid infeed to a power grid.
4. Create additional VSM10 for measuring the grid voltage on the primary side of the grid
transformer.
5. Adapt the topology and the VSM10 assignments.
6. Perform additional parameter settings in the expert list.
To do this, the sequence of the individual sequential steps for identification and setting of the
transformer data must be taken into consideration (see Chapter "Commissioning grid-friendly
transformer magnetization (Page 105)").
Additional recommended settings (see Chapter "Automatic adaptation of the control to the
grid short-circuit rating (Page 142)") apply for weak grids (large inductance and low short-
circuit power).
Note
Description of the commissioning process
The basic steps when commissioning a SINAMICS S120 are contained in the Commissioning
Manual.
Grid infeed
Commissioning
7.5.3 Function modules for creating a line infeed in a power grid

In the project, click on "INFEED" under "Infeeds" and then select "Properties...".
• Under the "Function modules" tab, select the "Grid transformer" and "Dynamic grid
support" modules, and when required, select additional modules.
Note
In this case, the object number of the INFEED must be used for the index "x".
The meanings of the "y" bits for the function modules for grid infeed are as follows:
• (Bit 04 = supplementary controls)
• Bit 04 = grid transformer
• Bit 07 = dynamic grid support
• (Bit 12 = grid droop control)
7.5.4 Creating an additional VSM10

If the drive device was commissioned with full DRIVE-CLiQ topology using an automatic
configuration, then the VSM10 modules are already in the topology. In this case, the number
should not be changed, but the assignment checked corresponding to the following chapter,
and if required adapted.
Procedure if the project was configured offline

In the project, double-click on "INFEED" under "Infeeds" and click on "Wizard..." in the
configuration window.
• Do not change anything in the first screen.
• Select "Number of VSMs:" in the second screen in the list box Select "2".
A VSM is entered in the "Number VSM" for each Active Line Module; this number of VSMs
must be incremented by 1 to create an additional VSM10.
• Click through the remaining screens without making changes and close the wizard.
• This adds an additional VSM10 to the topology.
Grid infeed
Commissioning
7.5.5 Adapting the topology and the VSM10 assignments

Double-click on "Topology" in the project; the topology view appears.
The topology looks like this after the above commissioning steps, for instance:
Figure 7-5 Topology
The numbers in brackets to the right of the components in the topology view are the
"Component numbers".
• For the closed-loop control functionality of the infeed, the VSM10 must be connected to
the DRIVE-CLiQ INFEED socket -X402 (booksize format: -X202).
• The VSM10 for synchronization with the power supply (on the primary side of the grid
transformer) must be connected to the DRIVE-CLiQ INFEED socket -X401 (booksize format:
-X201).
You must use the expert list to check the assignments of the VSM10 components present in
the project and correct these where necessary.
The following settings refer to the topology shown above.
• The VSM10 with component number 3 is responsible for the closed-loop control
functionality of the infeed.
INFEED.p0140 = 1
INFEED.p0141[0] = 3
• The VSM10 with component number 4 is responsible for synchronizing the infeed with a
power grid (VSM2 functionality).
INFEED.p0150 = 1
INFEED.p0151[0] = 4
7.5.6 Performing additional parameter settings in the expert list

typical values and notes for a power grid application.
List Manual.
Grid infeed
Commissioning
Parameter settings for "INFEED" drive unit


p0210 1) Enter the supply voltage for the grid converter (corresponds to the rated value of
the voltage at the transformer secondary side or at the AIM connecting terminals)
p0840[0] e.g. INFEED.r2090.0 BI: On/Off1 via PROFIdrive PZD1, bit 0
On command for the Active Line Module
p0844[0] e.g. BI: 1.OFF2 in CDS 0 via DI0 (-X122.1) of the Control Unit
CONTROL_UNIT.r0722.0 Signal sink for the OFF2 command of the Active Line Module
p0852[0] e.g. 1 BI: Enable operation
Enable for transformer magnetization and controlled grid infeed operation
p0860 e.g. BI: Grid contactor, feedback signal
CONTROL_UNIT.r0722.1 The feedback signal contact of the circuit breaker must be connected in order that
the transformer magnetization function operates correctly. For this example, a
connection is made to terminal DI1 (-X122.2) of the Control Unit.
p0861 e.g. 200 ms 1) Grid contactor monitoring time
Monitors activation/feedback signal from the circuit breaker.
The value to be set depends on the switching times of the switch being used.
Pulse frequency wobbulation
p1810.2 e.g. no Activate pulse frequency wobbulation
Wobbulating (sweeping) the pulse of frequency ensures that the pulse-frequency
voltage and current components are distributed over a frequency range. This
makes sense if the distortion power at the individual frequencies should be re-
duced between 2 kHz and 9 kHz.
Pulse frequency wobbulation (sweeping) in current controlled operation results in
additional harmonics in the current measured values. This is the reason that the
function should only be activated if this is necessary with the grid filter used in
order to maintain pulse-frequency interference limit values.
Wobbulation is generally not required when using an Active Interface Module!
p1810.4 e.g. no Inhibit wobbulation amplitude
If pulse frequency wobbulation is always activated with p1810.2, using p1810.4
the wobbulation amplitude p1811 can be enabled for normal operation of the
Active Line Module.
p5526[0].4 e.g. no Inhibit wobbulation amplitude
p5526[1].4 If pulse frequency wobbulation is always activated with p1810.2, using p5526.4
the wobbulation amplitude p1811 can be enabled for operation with dynamic grid
support (p5501 = 1).
p1811 e.g. 0 % 1) Pulse frequency wobbulation amplitude
If wobbulation is activated and enabled, the wobbulation amplitude can be select-
ed using this adjustable parameter. The higher the setting value, the wider the
pulse frequency spectrum of the output voltage; however, the harmonics in the
current measured values are also higher. Generally, setting values of about 5 %
are sufficient.
Grid infeed
Commissioning

DC link control
p3410 0 Infeed identification method – identification (ID) off
p3415[0] 10.00% 1) Infeed excitation current L identification – run 1
Identification is, under certain circumstances, not possible for extremely low grid
fault levels (RSC <3), see also Chapter "Automatic adaptation of the control to the
grid short-circuit rating (Page 142)".
p3415[1] 10.00% 1) Infeed excitation current L identification – run 2
Identification is, under certain circumstances, not possible for extremely low grid
fault levels (RSC <3), see also Chapter "Automatic adaptation of the control to the
grid short-circuit rating (Page 142)".
p3510 e.g. p0210 * 1.5 Infeed DC link voltage setpoint
for 400 V 3 AC devices: 600 V DC
Normally, the setpoint should not be selected to be lower than 1.5x the grid volt-
age, as the control range for the current control would otherwise be limited too
much, and current harmonics would occur.
Upward, the setpoint for the DC link voltage (p3510) is limited by the maximum
step-up factor (p3508).
p3511 1) CI: Infeed DC link voltage supplementary setpoint
Using the connector for the supplementary setpoint, the DC link voltage setpoint
can be changed; for example, if this is required for the higher-level control system.
Grid transformer
p5460 1) VSM2 input grid voltage voltage divider
Sets a voltage divider for the Voltage Sensing Module 2 (VSM2).
Using a measuring transformer, the 100 V input of the VSM can also be used to
measure voltages in a medium voltage grid.
For a 20 kV primary voltage and connection at -X521 (100 V input) and a measur-
ing transformer with a step-down factor of 200:1, a value of 20000 % can be set,
for example.
p5480 e.g. 1 (standard opera- Transformer magnetization mode
tion) Also see the following chapter about transformer magnetization.
p5481[0] e.g. 2 s Transformer magnetization ramp-up time/bounce time/timeout: Voltage ramp-up
time
Ramp-up time to magnetize the grid transformer
p5481[1] e.g. 1 s 1) Transformer magnetization ramp-up time/bounce time/timeout: Circuit breaker
bounce time
If the time set is less than the actual bounce time, extremely high currents can
occur on pulse enable and cause damage to the circuit breaker.
Note: A permanent feedback signal from the switch is not a sure sign that the
switching process has been completed!
Note: If problems occur when connecting to the grid (e.g. overcurrent, overvolt-
age, power failure F6200), then you should increase the bounce time.
p5483 e.g. 1 BI: Transformer magnetizing signal source for circuit breaker activation
(sets the signal source for activating the circuit breaker after voltage ramp-up)
Enables the function for closing the circuit breaker when transformer magnetiza-
tion and synchronization are selected
Grid infeed
Commissioning

p5486[0] e.g. 10000 V Transformer rated voltage on the primary side, infeed transformer
Enter the rated voltage at the connection point on the power grid side of the in-
feed transformer.
Internally, the transformer ratio is calculated from the ratio between p0210 and
p5486[0].
Module.
ed in r5488[0, 1].
Module.
ed in r5488[0, 1].
p5490 Transformer leakage inductance
ID (p5480 = 13)
See also: Chapter on commissioning the grid transformer
p5492 Transformer magnetizing inductance
ID p5480 = 11)
Observe the notes about r5491 in the List Manual!
p6420[0] 1) Grid transformer phase shift, infeed transformer
Enter the phase shift of the grid transformer. Vector group Dy5 => -150° (is de-
termined more precisely with transformer identification p5480 = 12).
For the successful transformer identification in mode p5480 = 12, the coarse set-
ting must be made manually (also see the following chapter on transformer com-
missioning!)
p6421[0] 1) Grid transformer gain adaptation, infeed transformer
(Is determined more precisely with transformer identification p5480 = 12).
For successful transformer identification in mode p5480 = 12, the coarse setting
must be made manually (also see the following chapter on transformer commis-
sioning!)
Dynamic grid support
p5500 e.g. 88(hex) Dynamic grid support configuration.
The setting defines how the Active Line Module responds when riding through
grid voltage dips (down to 0 % residual voltage).
Generally, grid codes for feeding power into power grids as well as for non-
symmetrical grid faults specify a defined support current and a sinusoidal current
waveform. In this case p5500.3 = 1 must be set.
The current control when fast voltage changes occur is improved by using dynam-
ic current limits: p5500.7 = 1.
The additional setting bits (modes regarding the type of reactive and active power
support and for calculating the reactive support current) can be taken from the
List Manual.
Grid infeed
Commissioning

p5501 e.g. 1 BI: Dynamic grid support activation
Signal to activate the dynamic grid support.
A difference to normal operation of the Active Line Module when using p5501 = 1
only becomes effective if the grid voltage lies outside the selected tolerance band
p5505[0, 2]: In this particular case (r5502.1 = 1) an additional reactive power is
injected into the grid, whose magnitude with p5506 depends on the grid voltage
error. Steady-state reactive current setpoints, which apply independent of instan-
taneous grid voltage fluctuations, must still be entered using p3610/p3611.
When support is activated (i.e. p5501 = 1) the internal current control is extended,
so that grid faults are ridden through with a defined grid current; the Active Line
Module is only shutdown (fault tripped) to protect the power unit and the Active
Interface Module itself (overload, overvoltage/undervoltage in the DC link). For
remaining voltage and frequency deviations, to protect the grid, the grid monitor-
ing must be set according to local requirements and regulations.
p5504 e.g.: CI: Dynamic grid support voltage signal source
p5504[0] = r5488[0] Interconnection with r5488 is especially required, if a transformer is used and the
p5504[1] = r5488[1] connection point of the power generating system is not located at the connection
side of the Active Line Module, but instead is on the medium voltage side, for
example.
p5505[0...3] In accordance with Dynamic grid support characteristic voltage values
country-specific guide-
line 1)
p5506[0...3] In accordance with Dynamic grid support characteristic reactive current setpoint
country-specific guide-
line 1)
p5507[0] e.g. 20 ms 1) Dynamic grid support times, minimum time dynamic grid support
The adjustable parameter defines the time that the grid voltage must again lie
within tolerance limits before support with a dynamic reactive current is exited.
Depending on the particular grid code, here, significantly lower values must be
selected than the default setting (e.g. for China).
p5507[3] e.g. 8 ms 1) Dynamic grid support times, smoothing time instantaneous value
The adjustable parameter defines the fast smoothing time for breaking down the
voltage into a positive and negative sequence system. Especially for grids with
high inductance, the smoothing should be greater than the default setting in
order to avoid resonance problems.
p5508[0] e.g. -30 V 1) Dynamic grid support Vdc threshold, offset overvoltage
A sudden load change at the beginning of a grid short-circuit increases the risk of
a fault trip due to Vdc overvoltage. Using this adjustable parameter, a threshold
for the DC link voltage is defined (Vdc_max – p5508[0]). When this is exceeded,
then the Active Line Module control responds with an increased active power
output. For power fed-in from a DC source, for example, the threshold must be
selected to be higher than the no-load voltage of the DC source.
p5509[0] e.g. 20% Dynamic grid support scaling values, ramp reactive current at the start/end of grid
support
If, in the grid code for dynamic support current, rise times of > 30 ms are speci-
fied, then generally, ramp gradients of p5509[0] = 10 % .. 20 % are sufficient, and
avoid control variables from overshooting.
p5509[1] e.g. 0.1% Dynamic grid support scaling values, reactive current ramp when the Vdc thresh-
old is exceeded
For the setting p5509[1] = 0.1 %, the support current is not reduced when reach-
ing the Vdc threshold p5508. This is specified in many grid codes.
Grid infeed
Commissioning

p5509[5] e.g. 85% Dynamic grid support scaling values, current limiting scaling
Important note: This limit for the Active Line Module apparent current becomes
effective when dynamic grid support is activated (p5501 = 1) – and is therefore
also active if the grid voltage lies within the permissible tolerance.
For power generation operation, if the full overload capability according to the
datasheet (i.e. maximum current r0209) is not demanded from the Active Line
Module, then this apparent current limit should be reduced, in order to improve
settling operations when grid dips occur.
p5509[6] e.g. 5% Dynamic grid support scaling values, grid voltage change for fast negative se-
quence system calculation
The adjustable parameter defines a voltage threshold to quickly adapt breaking
down the voltage into a positive and negative sequence system. Especially for
grids with low short-circuit power, the threshold should be selected higher than
the default setting (3 % .. 5 %), in order to avoid resonance problems.
p5509[7] e.g. 100% Dynamic grid support scaling values, grid dissymmetry current limit positive se-
quence system
If, also for non-symmetrical grid voltage dips, a support current is specified (corre-
sponding to the relevant grid code), then the current limit p5509[7] must be ap-
propriately increased for the positive sequence system.
p5509[8] e.g. 0.1% Dynamic grid support scaling values, grid dissymmetry current limit negative se-
quence system
The majority of grid codes also specify a symmetrical support current for unsym-
metrical grid dips (pure positive sequence system support: p5509[8] = 0.1 %). If
dynamic support is required for the negative sequence system, then the current
limit can be appropriately increased up to 100%.
p5509[9] e.g. 20% Dynamic grid support scaling values, grid dissymmetry minimum value for the
start of grid support
For non-symmetrical grid voltage dips, in some instances other specifications
apply, and therefore other settings than for the symmetrical situation. As a conse-
quence, a threshold value is required in order to identify the start of unsymmetry.
For soft grid conditions, the value should be increased when compared to the
default settings (in this case, 20 %).
p5509[10] e.g. 10% Dynamic grid support scaling values, grid dissymmetry minimum value for the end
of grid support
For non-symmetrical grid voltage dips, in some instances other specifications
apply, and therefore other settings than for the symmetrical situation. As a conse-
quence, a threshold value is required in order to identify the end of unsymmetry.
For soft grid conditions, the value should be increased when compared to the
default settings (in this case, 10 %).
p5509[11] e.g. 25% Dynamic grid support scaling values, active current limiting scaling
This active current limiting becomes effective as soon as the grid voltage lies out-
side the tolerance (r5502.1 = 1) and a dynamic support current is impressed. The
setting must be made dependent on the particular grid code.
Contrary to this, the active current limiting in the Q mode and the Z mode (see
parameter description p5500) only becomes effective if the grid voltage is less
than p5529[2] and as a consequence, a grid short-circuit is identified
(r5502.4 = 1).
p5528[2] e.g. 0.2 ...0.3 s Recommended setting p5528[2] = 0.2 s … 0.3 s.
The setting value should correspond to the maximum duration that an FRT should
run with 0 % residual voltage.
Old default values of p5528[2] = 3.0 s must be appropriately corrected.
ration.
Grid infeed
Commissioning
7.5.7 Additional parameter settings for grid monitoring

The grid monitoring comprises three components, which can be set using configuration
parameter p5540:
1. Monitoring of the grid voltage and frequency (activated using p5540.0). Initiation of fault
message F6851 when limits p5543 and p5544 are exceeded.
In addition, the voltage and frequency check can be activated when switching on using
p5540.9. To do this, before the operating enable, a check is made against limits p5543[2,
3] and p5544[2, 3] and the system waits until these limits are complied with.
2. Actively influencing the grid frequency in the case of an actual island learned grid situation,
in order to reach monitoring limits (Point 1) (activated using p5540 bit 1).
3. Voltage-time monitoring and frequency-time monitoring (activated using p5540.4 and
p5540.7). The monitoring thresholds p5543 and p5544 are deactivated when voltage-time
monitoring or frequency-time monitoring are active.
The monitoring is activated via signal input p5541, the state is indicated in r5542.
The permissible limits for voltage and frequency must be set corresponding to the specific
country grid codes (p5543, p5544).
For simultaneous operation of dynamic grid support with reactive current and island grid
detection, the delay time for island grid detection p5545[0] must be selected just as long as
the permissible duration of a complete voltage dip.
Parameter settings for grid monitoring


p5540.0 1 Grid monitoring configuration, voltage and frequency monitoring.
As a result of the fault ride through function, when dynamic support is activat-
ed, the Active Line Module only shuts down (trips) to protect itself. Grid pro-
tection (shutdown involving frequency or voltage faults) must be separately
activated. Alternative to monitoring with p5540.0, this can also be realized
using flexible characteristics (p5540.4, refer above) or externally, using a sepa-
rate control system.
p5540.1 e.g. 0 Grid monitoring configuration, activating the AISL (anti islanding) frequency
shift technique.
The frequency shift technique actively changes the injected frequency. When
an island grid is created, this causes the permissible frequency band to be
violated. A shutdown is realized as a result of fault F06851.
Anti-islanding should only be activated if it is actually required!
p5541 1 BI: Grid monitoring activation
The signal source for activating the dynamic grid support must be entered.
p5543 In accordance with coun- Grid monitoring voltage threshold
try-specific guideline 1)
p5544 In accordance with coun- Grid monitoring frequency threshold
try-specific guideline 1)
Grid infeed
Commissioning

p5545[0] In accordance with coun- Voltage and frequency monitoring, minimum shutdown time
try-specific grid codes:
Permissible duration of a
100 % voltage dip
p5547[0] e.g. 0.1 Hz AISL (anti islanding) frequency shift excitation frequency
For frequency changes below the set excitation frequency, a normal grid fre-
quency change is assumed. For frequency changes above the set excitation
frequency, the algorithm for island grid detection is activated.
p5548[0] e.g. 0.1 Sets the gains for the grid monitoring
Sets the gain for the frequency deviation for the frequency shift technique.
Parameter assignment for monitoring for grid synchronization
p5540.9 e.g. 1 1) Grid synchronization voltage/frequency check
Activates the additional voltage and frequency check when switching on. To
do this, before the operating enable, a check is made against limits p5543[2,
3] and p5544[2, 3] and the system waits until these limits are complied with.
If voltage and frequency limits are exceeded, then this is indicated in r5542.
p5545[7] e.g. 60000 ms 1) Grid synchronization restart check duration
Duration of the frequency and voltage check (p5543, p5544) of the grid for
automatic restart (p1207 and following).
ration.
As an alternative to the grid monitoring with threshold values for voltage and frequency
(p5543, p5544) as mentioned above, flexibly adaptable grid protection can be implemented
using characteristics, as shown in the subsequent table.
Parameter settings for voltage-time monitoring and frequency-time monitoring


p5540.4 1) The voltage-time characteristic (HVRT - high voltage ride through, LVRT - low
voltage ride through) can only be activated when voltage and frequency moni-
toring are activated (p5540.0 = 1).
The monitoring thresholds in p5543 are deactivated.
The voltage-time monitoring set using p5550 to p5554 apply (indicated in
r5542 bits 10 and 11).
p5540.5 1) FRT (fault ride through) shutdown delayed
Sets the response after a voltage dip (LVRT - Low Voltage Ride Through)
0 signal = immediate shutdown.
1 signal = shutdown only after the time in p5545[2] has expired.
p5540.7 1) The frequency-time characteristic (HFRT - High Frequency Ride Through, LFRT -
Low Frequency Ride Through) can only be activated when voltage and fre-
quency monitoring are activated (p5540.0 = 1).
The monitoring thresholds in p5544 are deactivated.
The frequency-time monitoring set using p5555 to p5559 apply (indicated in
r5542 bits 12 and 13).
p5545[2] e.g. 3000 ms 1) FRT LVRT (low voltage ride through) shutdown time
p5545[3] e.g. 0 1) FRT (fault ride through) voltage return wait time
p5545[4] e.g. 0 1) FRT (fault ride through) frequency return wait time
Grid infeed
Commissioning

p5550[0] e.g. 120 % 1) Sets the activation thresholds for HVRT (high voltage ride through) of a grid
fault for FRT (fault ride through) grid monitoring.
The setting is made as a percentage of p0210.
p5550[1] e.g. 80 % 1) Sets the activation thresholds for LVRT (low voltage ride through) of a grid
fault for FRT (fault ride through) grid monitoring.
p5551[0] … In accordance with coun- Sets the time values for HVRT (high voltage ride through) voltage characteristic
p5551[9] try-specific guideline 1) If the voltage does not return to the permissible tolerance range (p5550[0, 2])
within the monitoring range (p5551[9]) then the system is shut down with
fault F06851.
p5552[0] … In accordance with coun- Sets the voltage values for HVRT (high voltage ride through) voltage character-
p5552[9] try-specific guideline 1) istic.
p5553[0] … In accordance with coun- Sets the time values for LVRT (low voltage ride through) voltage characteristic.
p5553[9] try-specific guideline 1) If the voltage does not return to the permissible tolerance range (p5550[1, 2])
within the monitoring range (p5553[9]) then the system is shut down with
fault F06851.
p5554[0] … In accordance with coun- Sets the voltage values for LVRT (low voltage ride through) voltage characteris-
p5554[9] try-specific guideline 1) tic.
p5555[0] e.g. 0.5 Hz 1) Sets the activation frequency thresholds for HFRT (high frequency ride
through) of a grid fault for FRT (fault ride through) grid monitoring.
The setting is made as difference to the rated frequency p0211
p5555[1] e.g. -0.7 Hz 1) Sets the activation frequency thresholds for LFRT (low frequency ride through)
of a grid fault for FRT (fault ride through) grid monitoring.
The setting is made as difference to the rated frequency p0211
p5556[0] … In accordance with coun- Sets the time values for HFRT (high frequency ride through) frequency charac-
p5556[9] try-specific guideline 1) teristic.
If the frequency does not return to the permissible tolerance range (p5555[0,
2]) within the monitoring range (p5556[9]) then the system is shut down with
fault F06851.
p5557[0] … In accordance with coun- Sets the frequency values for HFRT (high frequency ride through) frequency
p5557[9] try-specific guideline 1) characteristic.
The setting is made as difference to the rated frequency p0211.
p5558[0] … In accordance with coun- Sets the time values for LFRT (low frequency ride through) frequency charac-
p5558[9] try-specific guideline 1) teristic.
If the frequency does not return to the permissible tolerance range (p5555[1,
2]) within the monitoring range (p5558[9]) then the system is shut down with
fault F06851.
p5559[0] … In accordance with coun- Sets the frequency values for LFRT (low frequency ride through) frequency
p5559[9] try-specific guideline 1) characteristic.
The setting is made as difference to the rated frequency p0211.
ration.
Grid infeed
Commissioning
7.5.8 Signal interfaces
Description
The following signals are required by the drive unit for operation and/or provided for
monitoring purposes.
Signals transferred to the drive unit

Table 7- 15 Signals transferred to the drive unit

p0840[0] INFEED BI: ON/OFF1 Bit -
Sets the signal source for control word 1 bit 0 (ON/OFF1).
p5501 INFEED BI: Dynamic grid support activation Bit -
1 signal: Activates dynamic grid support.
0 Signal: Deactivates dynamic grid support.
p3511 INFEED CI: Infeed DC link voltage supplementary setpoint Unsigned32 / -
Signal input for control signal of the higher-level external FloatingPoint32
controller
p3611 INFEED CI: Infeed reactive current supplementary setpoint Unsigned32 / -
Reactive current setpoint for operation with p5501 = 0 FloatingPoint32
p5480 INFEED Transformer magnetization mode Integer, 16-bit -
0 = deactivated
1 = Normal operation
Notice:
When magnetization is deactivated, the circuit-breaker is
controlled independently of the operating state of any
transformer that may be present.
This can cause an overload of the grid or system compo-
nents, or may also lead to damage if a transformer is pre-
sent.
Use of an external independent synchronization monitor is
recommended.
p5541 INFEED BI: Grid monitoring activation Unsigned32 / -
Signal source to activate grid monitoring Binary
1 signal: Activates grid monitoring.
0 Signal: Deactivates grid monitoring
Grid infeed
Commissioning
Signals transferred from the drive unit

Table 7- 16 Signals transferred from the drive unit

r0899.0 INFEED Ready for switching on Bit -
1 signal: Ready for switching on
0 signal: Not ready for switching on
r0899.1 INFEED Ready Bit -
1 signal: Ready
0 signal: Not ready
r0899.2 INFEED Operation enabled Bit -
1 signal: Operation enabled
0 signal: Operation not enabled
r0046.0 INFEED OFF1 enable missing Bit -
1 signal: OFF1 enable missing
0 signal: OFF1 enable not missing
r2139.3 INFEED Fault active Bit -
1 signal: Fault active
0 signal: Fault not active
The 1 signal is set if a fault occurs in one or more drive
objects
r2139.7 INFEED Alarm active Bit -
1 signal: Alarm active
0 signal: Alarm not active
The 1 signal is set if an alarm occurs in one or more drive
objects
r5502 INFEED Dynamic grid support status word Unsigned16 -
r5482 INFEED Transf magnetization status Integer -
Status of the transformer magnetization
r0068 INFEED Absolute current actual value FloatingPoint32 Arms
Displays actual absolute current.
r0070 INFEED Actual DC link voltage FloatingPoint32 V
r0072[1] INFEED Voltage at the input terminals of the grid filter FloatingPoint32 Vrms
r0082 INFEED Active power actual value FloatingPoint32 kW
r0722.0 CU CU digital inputs, status: DI 0 (X122.1) Bit -
Feedback signal, circuit breaker (prerequisite is the wiring
of the feedback signal with the DI0 of the Control Unit,
terminal X122.1)
r5542 INFEED Grid monitoring status word Unsigned16 -
Grid infeed
Commissioning
7.6 Commissioning the grid transformer
7.6.1 Commissioning grid-friendly transformer magnetization
DRIVE-CLiQ topology
The following DRIVE-CLiQ topology must be used so that auto-commissioning will work. If a
different DRIVE-CLiQ topology is selected, the user must assign all the VSM10s manually in
the offline configuration using the STARTER tool.
Figure 7-6 DRIVE-CLiQ topology using the chassis format as example
Functional sequence
Magnetization starts after completion of the DC link pre-charging.
With an open circuit breaker between transformer and the grid, the Active Line Module
produces an output voltage for synchronous magnetization of the primary side (grid side) of
the transformer.
Any residual magnetization of the transformer, or a residual voltage in the line filter, is taken
into account during the magnetization process.
Magnetizing sequence:
1. At the beginning of the power-up sequence, r0899.8 is set to "1".
2. When DC link pre-charging is completed, then r0899.11 = 1 applies.
3. During transformer magnetization, r0899.8 = 1 and r0899.11 = 1 apply.
4. After the transformer has been magnetized, the converter has the status "Ready to Operate":
r0899.1 = 1 (r0899.8 = 0 and r0899.11 = 1).
5. The feedback signal of the circuit breaker must be interconnected via p0860 in order to
facilitate that the transformer magnetization is automatically completed on time (internal
Grid infeed
Commissioning
pulse inhibit for the Active Line Module). After the debounce time has elapsed, then
controlled ALM operation is automatically assumed.
Note
If, already in the synchronous state, the application requires a long wait time for the
(external) circuit breaker to close, then the feedback signal of the switch can be used for
the enable p5483.
Parameter r0863.1 (control external line contactor) is used as output to control the circuit
breaker. If the function "Grid transformer" is activated (magnetization mode p5480 > 0), the
command to close is issued via r0863.1 after the expiry of the premagnetizing ramp and
when synchronization is achieved.
Identification of the transformer data

The correct compensation of the voltage drop at the transformer and the optimum control of
the voltage at the grid connection point of the island grid by the Active Line Module requires
that the magnetizing inductance, leakage inductance and the phase shift of the transformer
are taken into account. This transformer-specific data is either provided by the transformer
manufacturer, and must be manually entered in the adjusting parameters of the expert list of
the Active Line Module of the island grid, or determined using the following measuring
routines in the sequence described below.
In the following, the DC link capacitance, and if connected to a power grid, the line
inductance are also identified.
Please note, to measure the phase shift, the leakage inductance and the grid inductance of
the connection to the power grid with closed circuit breaker must be known. To manually
change the parameters described in the following, using parameter p0010 (infeed
commissioning), "quick commissioning" must be selected; whereby this parameter must then
be set back to a value of 0 ("Ready").
Circuits and vector groups

The circuit configurations of three-phase transformers are the connections of the winding
phases of the input or output side to create star, delta or zigzag connections.
These circuit diagrams and the corresponding vector diagrams are shown in the following
diagram. The vector group specifies the connection of the phases of two windings of a
transformer, as well as the characteristic number for the phase position of the voltage vector.
These connection types are identified by the letters specified below:
• Star connection: Y, y
• Delta connection: D, d
• Zigzag connection: Z, z
The uppercase letters designate the connection of the primary winding; the lower case
letters, the secondary winding. The upper case letters come first in the vector groups. If the
neutral point of a winding is brought out into a star or zigzag connection, then the marking is
YN or ZN – or, yn or zn.
Grid infeed
Commissioning
The characteristic number (0; 5 etc.) in the vector diagram specifies by which multiple of 30°
the vector of the secondary voltage lags with respect to the primary voltage with the
associated connection designation. The direction of rotation of the vector is
counterclockwise.
The usual vector groups are Yy0 (Yy6), Yz5 (Yz11), Dy5 (Dy11).
Figure 7-7 Connections and vector groups of three-phase transformers
Identification sequence
1. Before carrying out the measurements, the rated primary voltage (p5486[0]) and the
secondary voltage (p0210) of the transformer as well as the effective shift of the phase
angle (p6420[0]) must be entered. Even if the phase shift is measured (as described below
under 3.), beforehand, the most accurate value possible must be entered into p6420[0]. For
a type Dyn5 transformer, the value -150° must be entered in p6420[0].
In order to limit the current flowing into the power grid during the following measurements,
parameter p3415 must be set to p3415[0] = p3415[1] = 5 % before switching on for the
first time. Depending on the actual system state, it is possible that this parameter may only
be able to be changed offline.
2. Magnetizing inductance:
Switching on the Active Line Module of the island grid with p5480 = 11 identifies the
magnetizing inductance of the transformer. The alarm displayed is only for information
purposes, and does not have to be taken into consideration.
During the measurement, it must be ensured that the DC link is supplied with power. For
this particular measurement, the circuit breaker is not closed; a connection to the power
grid on the island grid side is therefore not necessary.
The measured value of the main inductance, that was written to r5491 by the system after
the measurement had been completed, must be manually entered into p5492. To manually
change parameter p5492, using parameter p0010 (infeed commissioning), "quick
commissioning" must be selected; whereby this parameter must then be set back to a value
of 0 ("Ready").
3. Phase angle shift:
Switching on the Active Line Modules of the island grid with p5480 = 12 identifies the total
effective phase shift, and determines a correction value for the effective transformation
ratio. Measured values r6440 and r6441 must be transferred into adjustable parameters
p6420[0] (phase shift of the voltage between the island grid and grid filter voltage) and
p6421[0] (correction value for the effective ratio, e.g. using measuring transformers).
The system closes the circuit breaker for this measurement. Parameter p5480 must then be
reset to 0 ("deactivated").
Grid infeed
Commissioning
4. DC link capacitance and grid inductance:

Parameter p5580 (island grid black start mode) must be set to p5580 = 0. Switching on the
Active Line Modules with p3410 = 5 executes an identification of the line inductance and DC
link capacitance. The displayed alarm is for information purposes only, and is of no further
significance.
Based on the measured values, the controller is automatically optimized, and the settings
saved in a non-volatile fashion. To do this, the circuit breaker is closed, the converter goes
completely into operation and as test impresses a defined reactive current at the connection
point to the external grid.
Parameter p3410 is automatically reset after the measurement. The Active Line Module
must be manually switched off (p840.0 = 0), after the alarm mentioned above has been
hidden, and the "OK" message displayed.
5. Leakage inductance:
Switching on the Active Line Modules with p5480 = 13 identifies the effective total leakage
inductance of the transformer. For this measurement, the system closes the circuit breaker.
The measured value r5489 should be transferred into adjustable parameter p5490. To
manually change parameter p5490, using parameter p0010 (infeed commissioning), "quick
commissioning" must be selected; whereby this parameter must then be set back to a value
of 0 ("Ready").
6. Control parameter p5480 to identify the transformer data must, after the measurements
have been completed, be manually set to "1 = Normal operation".
Note
• Changing amplitude, frequency and angular position can result in undesirable
behavior/response of the other components in the island grid.
• Influencing loads/consumers in the island grid:
The ramp times for voltage, frequency and phase angle must be selected, so that
loads/consumers are neither overloaded nor tripped as a result of a fault (p5586[1...6]).
• Frequently, the correct parameterization of the phase shift (p6420[0, 1]) results in
problems. A check without using additional measuring equipment is only possible if the
circuit breaker to the island grid or to the external grid is closed.
For instance, the first case can be created using a black start. When the circuit breaker is
closed, then the following must apply: r5498[0, 1, 2] = r5488[0, 1, 2] or r5498[0, 1,
2] = r5488[3, 4, 5].
The time-variant variables can be compared using a trace, for example. If it is not possible
to close the circuit breaker in a no-voltage state and subsequently establish a voltage (e.g.
when switching between an island grid and power grid) then an oscilloscope with
differential voltage probes can be used to check whether the voltages at both sides of the
circuit breaker match before the close command.
Note
To avoid saturation effects in the transformer during magnetization (especially for high
modulation depth r0074), we urgently recommend the DC component control is activated
using p3650.
Grid infeed
Commissioning
Operation on weak grids

A "weak grid" is involved if the system fault level (RSC = relative short circuit power) at the
connection point is less than 10. For instance, this is frequently the case if the rating of the
feeding grid transformer is less than the connection value of the Active Line Module. In this
case, the dynamic control operations must be reduced:
• Prior to switching on for the first time, set the following parameters:
p3560 = 50 %, p3615 = 50 %, p3603 = 0 %, p3415[0] = p3415[1] = 5 %.
• If the controller dynamics without feedforward control is not sufficient for the load duty
cycle of the respective application (e.g. due to abrupt load changes), the feedforward
control p3603 may be increased up to 50%
Large step-like load changes should be avoided for very soft grids.
• If these settings do not result in successful operation, additional notes are provided in
Chapter "Automatic adaptation of the control to the grid short-circuit rating (Page 142)".
DANGER
Electric shock and fire hazard caused by overcurrent protective equipment tripping too
late
Overcurrent protective equipment that trips too late or not all can cause electric shock or
fire.
• To protect personnel and for fire protection purposes, at the infeed point, the short-
circuit rating and loop impedance must match the technical data in the documentation
so that the installed overcurrent protective equipment can trip within the specified time.
• If the minimum short-circuit current specified in the technical data cannot be achieved,
then additional protective measures must be implemented on the plant side.
Grid filter and transformer monitoring

Parameters p3678 and p3679 are used as adjustable parameters for the monitoring. Using
these parameters, threshold value and monitoring time are set for the line filter monitoring.
When exceeded, the safety monitoring is initiated and fault F6855 output (Infeed: line filter
monitoring responded).
The filter current is measured using current transformers in the Active Interface Module. The
connection is established at the VSM10. The current transformer gain is parameterized in
p3670.
Depending on the frame size of the Active Interface Module, the following values are
obtained:
Article number Current transformer gain

6SL3300-7TE38-4AA1 50
6SL3300-7TE41-4AA1 50
6SL3300-7TG35-8AA1 50
6SL3300-7TG37-4AA1 50
6SL3300-7TG41-3AA1 50
6SL3305-7TG41-3AA5 80
6SL3305-7TG41-3AA5 80
Grid infeed
Commissioning
Ratio of the power ratings of the grid transformer to the power rating of the Active Line Module
The setting of the DC component controller must be observed especially in cases where the
rating of the grid transformer differs from the rating of the grid converter (for active grid
droop control p5436, otherwise p3650).
For grid droop control using transformer magnetization, in addition to p5436, p3650 should
also be set in order to avoid DC components while the transformer is being magnetized.
Island grid with special topologies
Grid without circuit breaker

If, in an individual case, the circuit breaker between the Active Line Module/Active Interface
Module and grid can be eliminated, or if the circuit breaker is not controlled from the
SINAMICS system, and it can be guaranteed that the voltage is the same at both sides of the
switch using the appropriate external systems, then island grid operation can also be
implemented without having to use a 2nd VSM.
Then, only the voltage measured values of the VSM at the Active Interface Module are
available. Contrary to the factory setting, this especially means
p5487[0] = r3661
p5487[1] = r3662.
Grid without isolating transformer

An isolating transformer is always required between an Active Line Module/Active Interface
Module and an island grid. The transformer can also be eliminated, if, in the island grid, an N
conductor is not required, and all loads/consumers and cables in the island grid are designed
for the pulse-frequency potential steps of the particular grid with respect to ground potential.
Further, for the filter monitoring (p3678) an inductance with uk ≥ 5 % is required between
the filter and the grid. The transformer can also be replaced by a reactor, for example.
Without filter monitoring, it is not permissible to clear short-circuits and p5458[1] must be
set = 0.01 s. These conditions must be checked on a case-by-case basis. If necessary, please
contact customer support.
The transformer data identification steps (p5480 = 11, 12) are no longer possible. If the
default values for the DC component control (p5492, p5436) are not suitable, then suitable
settings must be individually determined based on the island grid properties.
Note
When parameterizing the island grid, for operation without a transformer, a 1:1 transformer
must be selected (p5486[0] = p0210).
The inductance of a substitute (replacement) reactor should be entered as leakage
inductance (p5490).
DANGER
Fire when the insulation in the island grid is overloaded when an isolating transformer
is not used
Overloaded insulation of loads and cables in the island grid as a result of pulse-frequency
potential steps in the kV range can cause electric shock or fire.
• Carefully ensure that the loads/consumers and cables in the island grid have been
designed for pulse-frequency potential steps in the kV range with respect to ground
potential.
Grid infeed
Commissioning
7.6.2 Overview of important parameters
Grid-friendly transformer magnetization

• p5480 Transformer magnetization mode
• p5481[0...2] Transf magnetization times
• r5482 Grid synchronization state
• p5483 BI: Grid circuit breaker enable
• p5484[0...2] Transf magnetization controller dynamic performance
• p5485[0...1] Transf magnetization voltage thresholds
• p5486[0...1] Transf rated voltage primary
• p5487[0...3] CI: Transf primary voltage signal source
• r5488[0...5] CO: Transformer secondary voltage transformed
• r5489 transf leakage inductance identified
• p5490 Transf leakage inductance
• r5491 Transf magnetizing inductance identified
• p5492 Transf magnetizing inductance
• r5493.0...1 CO/BO: Grid circuit breaker control signals
• p5494[0...1] Magnetization scaling values
• r5497[0...1] CO: Transf secondary current
• r5498[0...2] CO: Transf secondary voltage
• r5499.0...6 CO/BO: Grid synchronization status word
PLL2
• p5571 Grid PLL2 activation signal source
• r5572.0...3 CO/BO: Grid PLL2 status word
• p5574[0...1] Grid PLL2 voltage signal source
• p5580 Island grid black start mode
• p5581[0...8] Island grid times
• p5582[0...1] CO: Island grid synchronization setpoint control
• p5583[0...2] BI: Island grid synchronization setpoint sources
• p5584[0...2] Island grid synchronization controller dynamics
• p5585[0...1] Island grid synchronization voltage thresholds
• p5586[0...6] Island grid scaling values
• r6311[0...1] CO: Grid PLL2 frequency
• r6313 CO: Grid PLL2 voltage smoothed
• r6314 CO: Grid PLL2 phase angle
Grid infeed
Commissioning
• r6316 CO: Grid PLL2 grid phase angle measured

• p6420[0...1] Phase shift input voltage VSM to converter
• p6421[0...1] Grid voltage sensing gain adaptation
• p6422 Grid voltage rotating field direction
• p6423 PLL2 dynamic
• p6425 Grid voltage active/reactive component smoothing time constant
• r6440 Transformer phase shift identified
• r6441 Transformer gain adaptation identified
Display and parameter assignment of the VSM2 for transformer primary voltage
• p5460 VSM2 input grid connection voltage, voltage scaler
• r5461[0…n] CO: VSM2 input grid connection voltage u1 - u2
• r5462[0...n] CO: VSM2 input grid connection voltage u2 - u3
• r5464[0...n] CO: VSM2 temperature evaluation status
• p5465[0...n] VSM2 temperature evaluation sensor type
• r5466[0...n] CO: VSM2 temperature KTY
• p5467[0...n] VSM2 overtemperature alarm threshold
• p5468[0...n] VSM2 overtemperature shutdown threshold
• p5469[0...n] VSM2 overtemperature hysteresis
• p5470[0...n] VSM2 10 V input CT gain
• r5471[0...n] CO: VSM2 10 V input CT 1 actual value
• r5472[0...n] CO: VSM2 10 V input CT 2 actual value
• r5473[0...n] CO: VSM2 10 V input 1 actual value
• r5474[0...n] CO: VSM2 10 V input 2 actual value
DC component controller
• p3648[0...1] CO: Transformer DC component controller current actual value
• r3649 Transformer DC component controller integral time
• p3650 Transformer DC component controller proportional gain
• p3651 Transformer DC component controller limiting
• r3652[0...1] CO: Transformer DC component controller manipulated variable
• p3654 Transformer DC component controller PT2 limit frequency
Filter monitoring
• p3670 VSM 10 V input current transformer gain
• p3678[0...1] Filter monitoring threshold values
• p3679[0...1] Transformer filter monitoring times
Grid infeed
Commissioning
Others
• p5406[0...1] CI: Grid droop control frequency droop supplementary setpoint
• p5416[0...1] CI: Grid droop control voltage droop supplementary setpoint
7.6.3 Function block diagrams

• 7987 Negative sequence system controller
• 7988 Island grid black start sequence control
• 7989 Island grid synchronization sequence control
• 7990 Transformation model
• 7991 Line filter monitoring
• 7992 PLL2 (phase-locked loop 2)
• 7993 Transformer magnetization, voltage threshold
• 7994 Transformer magnetization sequence control
Grid infeed
Commissioning
7.7 Commissioning the grid droop control

For commissioning the grid droop control, reference is made to Chapter "Commissioning
example for an infeed with voltage and frequency control for an island grid. (Page 75)" and
the general function chapter (Chapter "Function module for grid droop control (Page 35)").
7.7.1 Black start in an island grid
Preconditions
Binector output r0863.1 is used to control the circuit breaker to connect the infeed and island
grid.
The circuit breaker feedback signal must be connected with p0860.
Grid droop control operation (p5401) must be activated.
Black start sequence

1. r5482 = 1: Operation inactive
The system waits for the switch-on command (p0840).
The island grid black start must be activated (p5580 = 2, 3).
Transformer test operation must be deactivated (p5480 ≤ 1).
2. r5482 = 100: Black start grid test
A check is made as to whether the absolute value of the grid voltage of the island grid
(r0072[2]) is less than the voltage limit in p5586[0].
3. r5482 = 101: Wait for PLL
The system waits for the ready signal of the grid PLL (r3452 ≥ 4).
4. r5482 = 102: Black start demagnetization ramp runs
The demagnetization ramp is used to dissipate energy that may still be stored in the line
filter of the Active Interface Module.
5. r5482 = 103: Black start wait for voltage threshold p5586[0]
A check is made as to whether the absolute value of the grid voltage of the island grid
(r0072[2]) is less than the voltage limit in p5586[0] within the time in p5581[3].
6. r5482 = 104: Black start wait for circuit breaker enable (p5483 = 1 signal)
The system waits for the circuit breaker to be enabled to connect the infeed with the island
grid (p5483) and the grid droop control to be activated (p5401).
The feedback signal must be connected via p0860. The status is indicated in r0863.1.
7. r5482 = 105: Black start wait for circuit breaker bounce time
The system waits for the bounce time of the circuit breaker to connect the infeed with the
island grid (p5581[1]).
8. r5482 = 106: Black start wait for grid droop active
The system waits for the grid droop control to run up (r5402.1 = 1).
Grid infeed
Commissioning
9. r5482 = 107: Black start magnetization ramp

The voltage of the infeed is increased up to the rated voltage via a parameterizable run-up
time (p5581[0]).
The existing grid droop control is used to compensate for load fluctuations in the island grid.
10.r5482 = 108: Black start complete grid check
It is checked as to whether voltage and frequency of the island grid lie within the
permissible tolerance limits (p0282 < r0072[2] < p0281 and p0285 < r0066[1] < p0284).
11.r5482 = 109: Black start completed
Settings
The island grid black start is configured using p5580.
• 0: Deactivated
• 2: Grid black start:
A black start is executed, precondition is that the grid voltage is less than p5586[0].
• 3: Grid black start automatic:
– a) When the grid voltage is less than p5586[0], a black start is executed (same as for
p5580 = 2).
– b) When the grid voltage lies between p0281 and p0282 and the frequency between
p0284 and p0285, then the infeed is synchronized with the already existing island
grid.
– If neither a) nor b) are fulfilled, then the system waits, and after the time in p5581[2]
expires, the switch-on attempt is canceled with fault F6503.
Notes
• Frequently, the grid infeed is connected to the island grid through a transformer. Using
the "Black start" function, this transformer is magnetized together with the grid along a
ramp. Switching-in a transformer in a no-voltage condition to an island grid already at its
specific voltage level generates high inrush currents and grid harmonics, and should
therefore be generally avoided.
Using the "Transformer magnetization" function (p5480 = 1) in these cases (no black start)
the transformer voltage can be softly increased before normal synchronization of the grid
infeed with the grid.
• The "Black start" function requires the same BiCo connections as the "Transformer
magnetization" function (p5480). For a black start, together with the magnetization of the
grid transformer, the connected island grid is also established.
• The 2nd VSM10 senses the grid voltage at the grid side of the circuit breaker between the
infeed and island grid (FP 7990).
The voltage measured values are displayed in parameters r5461[0] / r5462[0] and are
used as inputs for the voltage conversion in the transformer model (p5487[0] = r5461[0],
p5487[1] = r5462[0]. The transformer ratio (between the island grid and infeed input) is
set using p5486[0].
Grid infeed
Commissioning
• The phase angle of the voltage between the island grid and the grid filter voltage must be
set in parameter p6420[0].
Remaining gain errors (e.g. caused by measuring transformers) can be corrected using
parameter p6421[0].
The determination or check can be realized, for example, using a trace or by evaluating
parameter r3661 (secondary side of the transformer) and r5461[0] (primary side of the
transformer, island grid).
• Corresponding to function diagram FP7990, different measuring tasks are uniquely
assigned to the various VSM10 devices; it is not permissible to change this assignment.
For an assignment of the various VSM10, see the diagram in the subsequent chapter, the
assignment of the VSM10 to the numbers in the diagram are as follows:
VSM_1 = ③, VSM_2 = ⑥, VSM_3 = ⑩.
– VSM_1 is, according to a possible parallel connection of power units and grid filters,
assigned to p0141 (measured values r3661, r3662).
– VSM_2 is defined with p0151[0]; the measured values are displayed in r5461[0] and
r5462[0].
– VSM_3 is defined with p0151[1]; the measured values are displayed in r5461[1] and
r5462[1].
Overview of important parameters

• p5401 BI: Line droop control activation
• r5479[0...5]: Grid droop control current permissible
• p5483 BI: Line circuit breaker enable
• p5486[0] Transformer rated voltage primary - infeed transformer
• p5487[0, 1] CI: Transf primary voltage signal source - infeed transformer
• p5581[0...4] Island grid times - black start
• p5586[0] Black start voltage limit
Function block diagrams

• 7988 Island grid black start sequence control
Grid infeed
Commissioning
7.7.2 Synchronizing an island grid to an external power grid
Configuration
Figure 7-8 Configuration for the infeed in an island grid with coupling to the power grid – example, chassis format devices
Table 7- 17 Components for the infeed in an island grid with coupling to the power grid
Number Description
1 DC voltage source
1a Optional DC contactor
3 • Active Interface Module with integrated Voltage Sensing Module VSM10 (for
chassis format)
• Active Interface Module with additional Voltage Sensing Module VSM10 (for
booksize format)
4 Grid transformer
5 Circuit breaker to connect the infeed to the island grid
6 Voltage Sensing Module VSM10 to measure the grid voltage of the island grid
7 Island grid
8 Island grid transformer
9 Circuit breaker to connect the island grid to the power grid
10 Voltage Sensing Module VSM10 to measure the grid voltage of the power grid
11 Power grid
Preconditions
A 3rd VSM10 is required in order to measure the voltage and frequency of the external grid
that is to be connected to the island grid.
Binector output r5493.1 is used to control the external circuit breaker to connect the island
grid and external grid after synchronization has been completed. The feedback signal of the
circuit breaker must be interconnected with a digital input, which must be appropriately
parameterized in parameter p5583[1].
The voltage in the island grid has been established. If required, for this purpose, before the
island grid synchronization, a black start of the island grid is carried out.
Grid infeed
Commissioning
Synchronization sequence
1. r5482 = 1: Wait
The start is realized using a 1 signal at binector input p5583[0].
The grid control must be active (r5402.1 = 1).
The infeed must be switched-on (the pulses must be enabled).
It is not permissible that the circuit breaker is closed, as the feedback signal is realized using
binector input p5583[1].
2. r5482 = 200: Island grid synchronization grid check
A check is made as to whether the external grid maintains the tolerance for voltage and
frequency during the time in p5581[7] (see p0281 ... p0285).
3. r5482 = 201: Island grid synchronization U/f ramp
The voltage amplitude and the frequency of the island grid are slowly aligned to the external
grid along a parameterizable ramp (p5584[1]) until the deviations of the voltage and
frequency are less than the threshold values in p5586[6] and p5586[5].
4. r5482 = 202: Island grid synchronization angular ramp
The frequency of the island grid is temporarily reduced along a parameterizable ramp
(p5584[0]) and then increased again until the deviations of angle and frequency are less
than the threshold values in p5586[4] and p5586[5].
5. r5482 = 203: Island grid synchronization control
Possibly existing voltage, frequency and angular differences between the island grid and
external grid are corrected using an adjustable controller (p5584[0...2]) until the island grid
has been synchronized to the external grid.
6. r5482 = 204: Island grid synchronization – wait for circuit breaker feedback signal
Bit p5493.1 is set and the system waits for the circuit breaker feedback signal for the island
grid, the feedback signal is realized via binector input p5583[1].
7. r5482 = 205: Island grid synchronization – wait for circuit breaker bounce time
The system waits for the bounce time of the island grid circuit breaker (p5581[5]).
8. r5482 = 206: Island grid synchronization – wait for grid control to become inactive
This state is maintained until the grid control has been deactivated.
Settings
• The maximum time for grid synchronism to be achieved is set using p5481[6].
If, during this time, synchronization is not reached, then the system is shut down with
fault F06504.
• The supplementary setpoints (r5582) for voltage and frequency for alignment to an
external grid remain active even after synchronization has been completed. With
p5583[2], at the same time as adapting the standard setpoints (p5406[0], p5416[0]) the
supplementary setpoints can be reset.
Withdrawing the supplementary setpoints must be compensated by appropriately
adapting the main setpoints (p5406, p5416).
Grid infeed
Commissioning
Note
Synchronization to an external grid for additional generating units in the island grid
Synchronization to an external grid is generally possible if additional generating units exist in
the island grid. To do this, the synchronizing setpoints for frequency and voltage (r5582[0,
1]) must be sent to the lower-level (subordinate) generating units, and they must
immediately respond to these setpoints.
Additional parameter settings for synchronizing an island grid to an external grid

typical values and notes for an application involving synchronizing an island grid to an
external grid.
List Manual.

p5486[1] e.g. 690 V Transformer rated primary voltage, island grid transformer
The rated voltage of the external grid is specified in p5486[1], with which
the island grid is to be occasionally connected to with switch (9). An island
grid transformer (8) is provided between the island grid and external grid so
that the island grid can be synchronized.
Note 1:
The voltages indicated in r5488[3,4,5] are obtained from converting over
the external grid voltage to the connection point of the Active Line Module.
If, as shown in the diagram above, an additional infeed transformer is locat-
ed in between, then the voltage values r5488[3,4,5] do not correspond to
the voltage in the island grid - or at the secondary side of the island grid
transformer.
Note 2:
Generally, a series circuit of transformers - as shown in the diagram above -
do not have to be taken into account for the voltage amplitudes, but only
the phase angle (see p6420[1]).
Setting the rated primary voltage of the grid transformer, to whose second-
ary side an island grid with Active Line Module in grid droop operation
(p5401) is connected.
Typically, the primary side of this transformer is connected to the power grid
or another island grid via a circuit breaker. Setting the primary voltage and
setting the device supply voltage (p0210) define the ratio of the island grid
transformer for grid synchronization (and therefore do not have to corre-
spond to the ratio stamped on the grid transformer rating plate).
Grid infeed
Commissioning

p6420[1] 1) Transformer phase shift, island grid transformer
Setting the overall phase shift between the island grid transformer and the
infeed transformer. There is no automatic identification routine available for
this phase shift.
When converting the external voltages to the connection point of the Active
Line Module (see r5488[3, 4]) it should be noted that the sum of the phase
shifts of all intermediate transformers is effective, and should be entered in
p6420[1].
Note: With the circuit breaker is closed at the infeed transformer and at the
island grid transformer, a correct setting of p6420[1] and p6421[1] can be
identified by the fact that the characteristics with respect to time of voltages
r3468[0, 1] and r5488[3, 4] approximately coincide for low load conditions.
p6421[1] e.g. 100 % 1) Transformer gain adaptation, island grid transformer
Setting the overall correction factor for the fine calibration of the voltage
conversion ratio between the external grid and the connection point of the
Active Line Module. There is no automatic identification routine available for
this correction factor.
p5487[2] e.g. INFEED.r5461[1] CI: Transformer primary voltage signal source - island grid transformer u12
Signal source for the measured conductor-conductor voltage at the grid
disconnector (9) for internal conversion to the connection point of the Active
Line Module.
The converted voltage value transformed into space vector coordinates is
indicated in r5488[3, 4].
The conversion takes into account the ratio between p5486[1] and p0210 as
well as phase shift p6420[1] and correction factor p6421[1].
p5487[3] e.g. INFEED.r5462[1] CI: Transformer primary voltage signal source - island grid transformer u23
Signal source for the measured conductor-conductor voltage at the grid
disconnector (9) for internal conversion to the connection point of the Active
Line Module.
The converted voltage value transformed into space vector coordinates is
indicated in r5488[3, 4].
p5571 INFEED.r5499.5 BI: Grid PLL2 activation signal source
Sets the signal source to activate PLL2 for determining the frequency, phase
angle and amplitude of an external grid. The synchronization of an island
grid (p5493[0]) is realized at the output signals of PLL2 (r6311[1], r6313,
r6314).
p5574[0, 1] e.g. INFEED.r5488[3, 4] CI: Grid PLL2 voltage signal source
To synchronize to an external grid, its frequency, amplitude and phase posi-
tion must be determined using the supplementary grid PLL2. The converted
voltage measured values of the external grid must be used (in this case
r5488[3, 4]) as input signals for the PLL2.
p5581[5] e.g. 1 s Synchronizing circuit breaker bounce time
Setting the bounce time for the circuit breaker on the grid side of the grid
transformer.
p5581[6] e.g. 60 s Maximum synchronizing time
Setting the permissible maximum time. Fault F06504 is output if grid syn-
chronization has not been realized when the maximum time has expired.
p5583[0] e.g. CONTROL_UNIT.r0722.3 BI: Island grid synchronization signal sources, start
Signal source for the start command to synchronize the island grid with an
external grid.
p5583[1] e.g. CONTROL_UNIT.r0722.4 BI: Island grid synchronization signal sources, circuit breaker feedback signal
Signal source for the feedback signal the circuit breaker between the island
grid and external grid.
Grid infeed
Commissioning

p5583[2] e.g. CONTROL_UNIT.r0722.5 BI: Island grid synchronization signal sources, reset setpoints
Signal source to reset supplementary setpoints for voltage and frequency
(r5582[0, 1]) after island grid synchronization has been completed.
At the same time as the reset command, the external cyclic supplementary
setpoints must be appropriately adapted (p5406[0], p5416[0]).
Explanation: Synchronization is realized using suitable supplementary set-
points for the grid droop, i.e. the original settings of the grid droop are no
longer suitable after the grids have been connected with one another. When
resetting the supplementary setpoints from the synchronizing operation, the
application must simultaneously correct the old droop settings.
p5586[1] e.g. 0.5% Island grid scaling values, synchronization grid phase angle ramp
Setting the maximum permissible frequency deviation (as a percentage of
the rated frequency p0211) for aligning the grid phase angle for island grid
synchronization.
p5586[2] e.g. 1% Island grid scaling values, synchronization frequency ramp
Setting the ramp speed for aligning the grid frequency for island grid syn-
chronization (as a percentage of the rated frequency p0211 per second).
p5586[3] e.g. 1% Island grid scaling values, synchronization voltage ramp
Setting the ramp speed for aligning the grid voltage for island grid synchro-
nization (as a percentage of the rated voltage p0210 per second).
ration.
Damping grid oscillations

A good damping is achieved, for example with the setting p5413 = 50 % x p5407 and
p5414 = 10 % x p5409. The magnitude of the damping increases with p5413.
Damping can be additionally or alternatively increased using DT1 filter p5476.
Notes
• Changing amplitude and frequency can result in undesirable behavior/response of the
other components in the island grid (for example generators, motors connected directly to
the grid). The application is responsible for checking the suitability of all of the
components.
• Influencing loads/consumers in the island grid:
The ramp times for the grid parameters to be synchronized must be selected, so that
loads/consumers are neither overloaded nor tripped as a result of a fault (p5586[1...6]).
• Interaction with other power generating units in the island grid:
The synchronizing grid infeed must be the only generating unit in the island grid that
controls the grid voltage and grid frequency. If other power generating units are involved
in the voltage and frequency control in the island grid, then the offset values for
frequency and voltage (r5582[0, 1]) must be communicated with these other power
generating units using a real-time-capable communication link.
Grid infeed
Commissioning
• The 3rd VSM10 that is mandatory senses the grid voltage at the grid side of the circuit
breaker between the island grid and external grid (FP 7990).
The voltage measured values are displayed in r5461[1] / r5462[1] and are used as inputs
for the voltage conversion in the transformer model (p5487[2] = r5461[1], p5487[3] =
r5462[1]. The transformer ratio (between the external grid and the infeed input) is set
using p5486[1].
The phase shift of the voltage between the external grid and the grid filter voltage must
be set in parameter p6420[1].
The remaining gain errors (e.g. caused by measuring transformers) can be corrected using
parameter p6421[1].
• In order to guarantee reliable synchronization of the two grids, reliable values for
amplitude, frequency and angular position of the external grid are required.
These variables represent the setpoints for synchronizing the island grid.
A proven technique employs a phase-locked loop, i.e. a control loop for the stable
calculation of the variables being searched for from the measured actual values of the
external grid voltages.
The "Grid transformer" function module provides a generally usable PLL; the input variable
is a measured voltage vector in alpha/beta coordinates.
As a consequence, the following parameter assignments are required:
– The voltage values of the external grid converted into alpha/beta coordinates are
connected with the PLL inputs: p5574[0, 1] = r5488[3, 4]
– PLL2 should be activated at the start of synchronization: p5571 = r5499.5
– The setpoints for voltage, frequency and angular position used for synchronization are
displayed in r6311[1], r6313 and r6314.
• Frequently, the correct parameterization of the phase shift (p6420[0, 1]) results in
problems. A check without additional measuring equipment is only possible if the circuit
breaker to the island grid or to the external grid is closed.
For instance, the first case can be created using a black start. When the circuit breaker is
closed, then the following must apply: r5498[0, 1, 2] = r5488[0, 1, 2] or r5498[0, 1, 2] =
r5488[3, 4, 5].
Traces can be used to compare the time-variant variables, for example.
If it is not possible to close the circuit breaker in the no-voltage state and subsequently
establish a voltage (e.g. when switching between the island grid and power grid), then an
oscilloscope with differential voltage probes can be used to check that the voltages at
both sides of the circuit breaker match before the close command is issued.
Grid infeed
Commissioning

• r5482 Grid synchronization state
• p5486[1] Transformer rated voltage primary - island grid transformer
• p5487[2, 3] CI: Transf primary voltage signal source - island grid transformer
• p5571 BI: Grid PLL2 activation signal source
• r5572 CO/BO: Grid PLL2 status word
• p5574[0...1] CI: Grid PLL2 voltage signal source
• r5582[0...1] CO: Island grid synchronization setpoint control
• r6311[0...1] CO: Grid PLL2 frequency
• r6313 CO: Grid PLL2 voltage smoothed
• r6314 CO: Grid PLL2 phase angle
• r6316 CO: Grid PLL2 grid phase angle measured

• 7989 Island grid synchronization sequence control
Grid infeed
Commissioning
Grid control
• r0206[0...4] Rated power unit power
• r0207[0...4] Rated power unit current
• p0210 Device supply voltage
• P0211 Rated grid frequency
• p1300[0...n] Open-loop/closed-loop control operating mode
Grid droop control

• p5401 BI: Line droop control activation
• r5402.0...5 CO/BO: Line droop control status word
• p5403[0...1] CI: Line droop control current signal source
• p5404[0...1] CI: Line droop control voltage signal source
• p5405 Line droop control frequency droop no-load frequency
• p5406[0...1] CI: Line droop control frequency droop supplementary setpoint
• P5407 Line droop control frequency droop gradient
• p5408 CI: Line droop control frequency droop gradient dynamic
• p5409 Line droop control frequency droop smoothing time
• r5410 Line droop control frequency droop output
• r5411[0...1] Line droop control frequency droop active power
• r5412 Line droop control line phase angle
• P5413 Line droop control additional frequency droop gradient
• p5414 Line droop control additional frequency droop smoothing time
• p5415 Line droop control voltage droop no-load voltage
• p5416[0...1] CI: Line droop control voltage droop supplementary setpoint
• p5417 Line droop control voltage droop gradient
• p5418 CI: Line droop control voltage droop gradient dynamic
• p5419 Line droop control voltage droop smoothing time
• r5420 Line droop control voltage droop output
• r5421[0...1] Line droop control voltage droop reactive current
• r5422[0...1] Line droop control voltage droop reactive power
• p5423 Line droop control voltage droop reactive power
• p5424 Line droop control supplementary inductance smoothing time
• p5425[0...1] Line droop control voltage control signal source
• p5426 Line droop control voltage control P gain
Grid infeed
Commissioning
• p5427 Line droop control voltage control integration time

• p5428[0...3] Line droop control voltage control short circuit
• r5429 Line droop control voltage control output
Black start synchronization

• p5582[0...1] CO: Island grid synchronization setpoint control
General grid control parameters

• r5444[0...1] Line droop control line voltage absolute value
• r5445[0...11] Line droop control voltage alpha/beta component
• r5446[0...1] Line droop control line voltage active/reactive component
• r5447 CO: Line droop control line voltage absolute value
• r5448[0...3] Line droop control line current alpha/beta component
• r5449[0...1] Line droop control line current active/reactive component
• r5450[0...5] CO: Line droop setpoint active
• p5476 Line droop control damping gain
• p5477 Line droop control damping smoothing time
• p5478[0...1] Line droop control current limits
• r5479[0...5] Line droop control current permissible
Modulation depth controller

• p5430[0...1] Modulation depth controller setting
• p5431 Modulation depth controller dynamic response
• p5432[0...1] Modulation depth controller output voltage limits
• r5433 CO: Modulation depth controller output
DC component controller
• p5434 DC component controller lowpass limit frequency
• p5435 DC component controller lowpass damping
• p5436 Direct component controller P gain
• p5437 Direct component controller integration time
• p5438 Direct component controller limiting
Grid infeed
Commissioning
Harmonics controller
• p5440 Harmonics controller bandpass filter activation
• p5441[0...3] Harmonics controller bandpass filter gain
• p5442[0...3] Harmonics controller bandpass filter mid-frequency
• p5443 Harmonics controller bandpass filter gain total
Current hysteresis controller

• p5451 BI: Current hysteresis controller operating mode
• r5452.0...3 CO/BO: Current hysteresis controller sequence control status word
• p5453[0...5] Current hysteresis controller overcurrent limit
• p5454[0...5] Current hysteresis controller overcurrent hysteresis width
• p5455[0...5] Current hysteresis controller overcurrent tolerance range
• p5456[0...2] Current hysteresis controller configuration
• p5457[0...2] Current hysteresis controller pulse frequency changeover
• p5458[0...1] Current hysteresis controller minimum time operating state
• p5459[0...3] Current hysteresis controller sequence control state change
Others
• p1241 Vdc_max controller switch-in level
• p1245 Vdc_min controller switch-in level
• p1250 Vdc controller proportional gain

• 7982 Line droop, voltage correction
• 7983 Direct component control, harmonics control
• 7984 Modulation depth control
• 7986 Sequence control, overcurrent
Grid infeed
Commissioning
7.8 Commissioning dynamic grid support
7.8 Commissioning dynamic grid support

For commissioning the dynamic grid support, reference is made to Chapter "Commissioning
example of an infeed with dynamic grid support for a power grid (Page 91)" and the general
function chapter (Chapter "Function module, dynamic grid support (Page 40)").

• p5500 Dynamic grid support configuration
• p5501 BI: Dynamic grid support activation
• r5502.0...4 CO/BO: Dynamic grid support status word
• p5503[0...1] CI: Dynamic grid support current signal source
• p5504[0...1] CI: Dynamic grid support voltage signal source
• p5505[0...3] Dynamic grid support characteristic voltage values
• p5506[0...3] Dynamic grid support characteristic voltage values
• P5507[0...3] Dynamic grid support times
• p5508[0...1] Dynamic grid support Vdc thresholds
• P5509[0...11] Dynamic grid support scaling values
• r5510[0...7] CO: Dynamic grid support output
• r5511[0...1] CO: Dynamic grid support line voltage amplitude
• r5512[0...1] CO: Dynamic grid support line voltage amount
• r5513[0...3] CO: Dynamic grid support line voltage pos/neg sequence system
• r5514[0...1] CO: Dynamic grid support current setpoint alpha/beta
• r5515[0...1] CO: Dynamic grid support active power display
• r5516[0...1] CO: Dynamic grid support reactive power display
• p5518 CI: Dynamic grid support line phase angle signal source
• p5519 CI: Dynamic grid support line frequency signal source
• p5520 CI: Dynamic grid support FRT current limit signal source
• r5522.0...3 CO/BO: Dynamic grid support sequence control status word
• p5523[0...2] Dynamic grid support overcurrent limit
• p5524[0...2] Dynamic grid support hysteresis width
• p5525[0...2] Dynamic grid support overcurrent tolerance range
• p5526[0...2] Dynamic grid support overcurrent modulator configuration
• p5527[0...2] Dynamic grid support changeover pulse frequency
• p5528[0...1] Dynamic grid support minimum time operating state
• p5529[0...3] Dynamic grid support sequence control state change
Grid infeed
Commissioning
7.9 Commissioning the grid monitoring
Function diagrams
• 7996 Characteristic
• 7997 Current limitation
• 7998 Sequence control
7.9.1 Commissioning the anti-islanding function

The anti-islanding function (AISL) is activated by setting parameter p5541 and configuration
with p5540.1. The setting of the permissible limit values for frequency and voltage is realized
using p5543 and p5544. If the limit values are exceeded, then this is signaled in status word
r5542. If the limit values are still exceeded during the wait time p5545[0], then fault F6851 is
output.
7.9.2 Commissioning voltage-time monitoring
Activating
The voltage-time monitoring is activated using p5540.4 = 1. The simple threshold monitoring
that is otherwise active is deactivated using p5543.
Response when grid faults occur

• The start of a grid fault is identified as soon as one phase of the grid voltage lies above the
threshold p5550[0] or below threshold p5550[1].
• The grid fault has ended as soon as all phases of the grid voltage lie below threshold
(p5550[0] - p5550[2]) or above threshold (p5550[1] + p5550[2]).
• Both voltage characteristics are monitored during a grid fault.
– When the HVRT curve is exceeded (voltage increases), then the system is shut down
without delay and fault F6851 is output.
– When the LVRT curve is fallen below (voltage dip), then the system is shut down
In the case of p5540.5 = 1, the shutdown is only realized after delay time p5545[2] has
expired.
This means that other brief voltage dips can, where necessary, be tolerated when the
grid returns.
• If the grid voltage does not return within the parameterized fault duration p5551[9] or
p5553[9], then the system is shut down and fault F6851 is output. Taking into account
the selected hysteresis p5550[2], the lower limit of the tolerance range is (p5550[0] -
p5550[2]), the upper threshold is obtained according to the sum p5550[1] + p5550[2].
Grid infeed
Commissioning
Example for monitoring the voltage dip

In the following example, the parameterization of a monitoring characteristic is shown for
the voltage according to the following diagram.
The individual characteristic required depends on the country-specific grid codes and the
specifications of the individual power utility company:
• After a voltage interruption of 200 ms, infeed operation must be maintained in the range
above the subsequent limit curve.
• In this example, a grid fault should be detected as soon as the grid voltage falls below 80
% of the rated voltage: p5550[1] = 80 %.
• The end of a fault ride through is detected if all line phase voltages lie within the threshold
values defined with p5550[0, 1] and p5550[2] for time p5545[3].
If the voltage falls below p5550[1] again, then a new characteristic monitoring process
starts at instant in time p5553[0]
Figure 7-9 Example for voltage-time monitoring
The settings for the LVRT characteristic are described in the following table.
Table 7- 19 Settings for the LVRT characteristic
LVRT time values in s LVRT voltage values in %

p5553[0] = 0.00 p5554[0] = 0.00
p5553[1] = 0.20 p5554[1] = 0.00
p5553[2] = 0.20 p5554[2] = 30.00
p5553[3] = 0.70 p5554[3] = 30.00
p5553[4] = 0.70 p5554[4] = 70.00
p5553[5] = 1.50 p5554[5] = 80.00
p5553[6] = 2.98 p5554[6] = 80.00
p5553[7] = 2.99 p5554[7] = 80.00
p5553[8] = 3.00 p5554[8] = 80.00
p5553[9] = 3.01 p5554[9] = 85.00
Grid infeed
Commissioning
Notes
• The times in p5553[x] must be entered in ascending order.
For example, for simply parameterizing steps, the same consecutive times are permissible.
• The time in p5553[9] defines the maximum duration of a fault ride through and must
therefore always be defined.
Fault F6851 is output if the voltage does not return to the tolerance band within this time.
If not all of the interpolation points are required, then the interpolation points before
point p5553[9] can be assigned the same voltage values.
7.9.3 Commissioning the frequency-time monitoring
Activating
The frequency-time monitoring is activated using p5540.7 = 1. The simple threshold
monitoring that is otherwise active is deactivated using p5544.
Response when grid faults occur

• The start of a grid fault is identified as soon as the frequency lies above threshold
p5555[0] or below threshold p5555[1].
• The grid fault has ended as soon as the frequency lies below threshold (p5555[0] -
p5555[2]) or above threshold (p5555[1] + p5555[2]).
• Both frequency characteristics are monitored during a grid fault.
– When the HFRT curve is exceeded (frequency increases), then the system is shut down
– When the LFRT curve is fallen below (frequency dip), then the system is shut down
• If the frequency does not return within the parameterized fault duration p5556[9] or
p5558[9] then the system is shut down and fault F6851 is output. Taking into account the
selected hysteresis p5555[2], the lower limit of the tolerance range is (p5555[0] -
p5555[2]), the upper threshold is obtained according to the sum p5555[1] + p5555[2].
Grid infeed
Commissioning
Example for frequency-time monitoring

In the following example, the parameterization of a monitoring characteristic is shown for
the grid frequency according to the following diagram.
The individual characteristics required depend on the country-specific grid codes and the
specifications of the individual power utility company:
• A grid fault involving a frequency increase (HFRT) should be detected as soon as the
frequency exceeds the threshold of p5555[0] = 0.5 Hz.
• A grid fault involving a frequency decrease (LFRT) should be detected as soon as the
frequency exceeds the threshold of p5555[1] = -0.7 Hz.
• After the start of a grid fault, the frequency characteristics should be monitored as shown
in the following diagram.
• The system is immediately shut down when the upper curve is exceeded or the lower
curve is fallen below.
Figure 7-10 Example for frequency-time monitoring
The settings for the frequency-time monitoring are described in the following table.
Table 7- 20 Settings for the frequency monitoring characteristics
Times in s Frequency values in Hz

Frequency increase (HFRT)
p5556[0] = 0.00 p5557[0] = 0.6
p5556[1] = 0.50 p5557[1] = 0.6
p5556[2] = 0.50 p5557[2] = 0.5
p5556[3] = 1.00 p5557[3] = 0.5
p5556[4] = 1.00 p5557[4] = 0.4
p5556[5] = 2.20 p5557[5] = 0.4
p5556[6] = 2.20 p5557[6] = 0.3
p5556[7] = 2.98 p5557[7] = 0.3
p5556[8] = 2.99 p5557[8] = 0.3
p5556[9] = 3.00 p5557[9] = 0.3
Grid infeed
Commissioning
Times in s Frequency values in Hz

Low frequency (LFRT)
p5558[0] = 0.00 p5559[0] = -1.6
p5558[1] = 0.20 p5559[1] = -1.6
p5558[2] = 0.20 p5559[2] = -1.1
p5558[3] = 0.70 p5559[3] = -1.1
p5558[4] = 0.70 p5559[4] = -0.6
p5558[5] = 1.50 p5559[5] = -0.6
p5558[6] = 1.50 p5559[6] = -0.4
p5558[7] = 2.98 p5559[7] = -0.4
p5558[8] = 2.99 p5559[8] = -0.4
p5558[9] = 3.00 p5559[9] = -0.4
Notes
• The times in p5556[x] or p5558[x] must be entered in ascending order.
For example, for simply parameterizing steps, the same consecutive times are permissible.
• The time in p5556[9] or p5558[9] defines the maximum duration of a fault ride through
and must therefore always be defined.
Fault F6851 is output if the frequency does not return to the tolerance band within this
time.
If not all of the interpolation points are required, then the interpolation points before
point p5556[9] or p5558[9] can be assigned the same voltage values.
7.9.4 Commissioning additional monitoring functions

Some grid codes require that the grid is checked for a defined period of time before switching
on the power generating system.
Especially when the automatic restart function is active, the automatic switch-on is prevented
until the grid has completely returned.
The activation of the voltage and frequency check before synchronization is indicated using
r5542.14.
When the voltage and frequency limits are exceeded, this is displayed in r5542.6 ... r5542.9.
Activating
The monitoring is activated with p5540.9 = 1.
In addition, the corresponding threshold values must be set in p5543[2, 3] and p5544[2, 3];
these thresholds are deactivated in the default setting.
Grid infeed
Commissioning
Parameters for grid monitoring anti-islanding function

• p5540 Line monitoring configuration
• p5541 BI: Line monitoring activation
• r5542.0...14 CO/BO: Line monitoring status word
• p5543[0...3] Line monitoring voltage threshold
• p5544[0...3] Line monitoring frequency threshold
• p5545[0...7] Line monitoring times
• p5547[0] Line monitoring frequencies
• p5548[0] Line monitoring gains
• p5550[0...2] Line monitoring line fault thresholds voltage characteristic
• p5551[0...9] Line monitoring HVRT time values
• p5552[0...9] Line monitoring HVRT voltage values
• p5553[0...9] Line monitoring LVRT time values
• p5554[0...9] Line monitoring LVRT voltage values
• p5555[0...2] Line monitoring line fault thresholds frequency characteristic
• p5556[0...9] Line monitoring HFRT time values
• p5557[0...9] Line monitoring HFRT frequency values
• p5558[0...9] Line monitoring LFRT time values
• p5559[0...9] Line monitoring LFRT frequency values
Others
• p3612 CI: Infeed reactive power precontrol

• 7999 Line monitoring anti-islanding
Grid infeed
Commissioning
7.10 Commissioning cos phi display
Preconditions
• For the cosφ calculation function, when commissioning, the Active Line Module function
module "Supplementary module cosinus phi" must be activated. This means that
additional parameters p3473 to p3479 are available.
If a second VSM10 is to be used to display cosφ, then the grid transformer function
module should also be activated.
• Precondition for a correct cosφ display, is that the Active Line Module and the Voltage
Sensing Module operate on the same grid, i.e. with the same grid frequency. It is
especially important that parameter r0066 indicates the correct grid frequency and that
the Active Line Module is operational. Transformers can be used between the measuring
point and the connection point of the Active Line Module; a possibly associated phase
shift (interchanged phase sequence) must be parameterized (see p3475).
• Phase currents and conductor voltages at the measuring point are the input variables for
the cosφ display.
– Measured values (i1, i2, u12, u23) can be sensed using various devices and fed to the
calculation block through a BiCo link (p3473, p3474). Possible deadtimes as a result of
signal transfer times/propagation times should be taken into account (see "Calibration
parameter p3479" in Section, Application).
– The VSM10 with 2 measuring inputs for grid voltages up to 3 AC 690 Vrms and current-
voltage transformers for +/-10 V are suitable for sensing values. Suitable current
transformers must be selected and the conversion into current magnitude (p3670)
parameterized on an application-for-application basis.
– In principle, currents or voltages can also be used from the grid model of the Active
Line Module control (r3467, r3468) for the cosφ display. However, the unavoidable
component statistical scatter (especially of the grid filter) can result in a lower display
accuracy.
Application
• cosφ values for two different connection points at the same grid can be simultaneously
sensed and calculated (e.g. an outer cosφ at the connection point of the complete system
with the grid, and an inner cosφ at the inverter terminals). This is the reason that the
parameters are indexed 2x.
• Using p3475, two independent cosφ displays can be activated (bit 0) and configured.
– Configuration bit 1 defines whether the input signals for voltage and current are
present in space vector coordinates (alpha/beta) – or in a 3-conductor representation
(phases R, S, T). As a consequence, signals can be used from internal grid models (e.g.
r3467, r3468) – or also direct VSM10 measured values (e.g. r5461, r5471).
– Configuration bit 2 defines whether between the cosφ measuring point (voltages,
currents) and the terminals of the Active Line Module, the phase sequence has been
interchanged as a result of a transformer.
Grid infeed
Commissioning
• Corresponding to the selected configuration, the signal sources for the current and
voltage actual values must be parameterized for the cosφ measuring point in p3473 and
p3474.
• The measured value is displayed as amount (r3478) and sign (r3477). Especially for r3478
= 1, even minimum phase shifts of the currents cause the sign to change. Suitably
selecting the smoothing p3476 can prevent undesirable toggling and/or ensure the
required response time of the measurement.
• Taking into account all dead times and delay times in the current and voltage
measurement is decisive regarding the accuracy of the cosφ display. The measurement
can be adapted using p3479 if a VSM10 is not being used to measure the current, or
additional dead times occur as a result of the communication buses.
The cosφ calculation can be simply calibrated without using external measuring devices
by simultaneously using both cosφ displays. The first display r3478[0] uses the current
measurement in the Active Line Module as well as the VSM10 voltages at the grid filter.
The second display r3478[1] uses the application-specific external measurement of the
same currents between the Active Line Module and Active Interface Module, as well as the
same VSM10 voltages in 3-conductor coordinates:
– p3473[0] = r3467[2],
– p3473[1] = r3467[3],
– p3474[0] = default,
– p3474[1] = default,
– p3475[0] = 1,
– p3473[2] = e.g. r5471[0],
– p3473[3] = e.g. r5472[0],
– p3474[2] = r3661,
– p3474[3] = r3662,
– p3475[1] = 3.
When dead time p3479[1] is correctly set, the displays of r3478[0] and r3478[1] are the
same in operation.
Calibration accuracy can be increased when required by using separate external reference
measuring devices.
Calibration parameter p3479 is preset for current measurement with the 10 V inputs of
the VSM10. When correctly calibrated, the cosφ display error is typically <0.01.

• p3473[0...3] CI: cos phi signal source current indication
• p3474[0...3] CI: cos phi signal source voltage indication
• p3475[0...1] cos phi display configuration
• p3476[0...1] cos phi display smoothing time
• r3477[0...1] CO: cos phi display actual value sign
• r3478[0...1] CO: cos phi display absolute actual value
• p3479[0...1] cos phi display current measurement dead time
Grid infeed
Commissioning
7.11 Commissioning supplementary controls

• 8951 Active Infeed - cos phi display
7.11.1 Commissioning active, reactive and apparent current limiting
Preconditions
Current-controlled operation
• Limits p3528 up to p3533 for active currents in the motoring (r0078 > 0) and generating
(r0078 < 0) directions are a part of the regular Active Line Module control, and are always
available - if the grid droop control is not active. The limits are not active in grid droop
operation.
• Adjustable parameters p3524 up to p3527 are used to limit the reactive and apparent
current.
They require that at least one of the following functional modules is activated: Grid
transformer, supplementary controls, dynamic grid support.
• Adapted current limits can be parameterized for riding through grid faults using p5509
and p5520. The "Dynamic grid support" function module is required for this purpose.
Grid droop operation

• In island grid operation with grid control, with respect to the grid, the Active Line Module
acts as voltage source; the currents as well as the cosφ are defined by the
loads/consumers in the grid.
As a consequence, it is only possible to adjust the apparent current limiting (p5478). The
"Grid droop control" function module is required for this purpose.
Application
Without any additional settings, the instantaneous value of the total current (apparent
current) is limited to the maximum permissible current r0209. If the vector sum of the active
and reactive current exceeds this maximum value, then initially, the reactive component of
the current setpoint is reduced to zero. This means that in the case of an overload, the active
current has priority over the reactive current.
Grid infeed
Commissioning
7.11.2 Active current limiting

The limits for the active current can be set to different values for the two energy flow
directions "motoring" and "generating".
If the motoring current limit is reached, then less active current is injected into the DC link
than is specified by the active current setpoint. Generally, the DC link voltage would
decrease; however, only up to the rectified value (Vdc ≈ 1.35 Vgrid), which is dependent on the
load. Below this DC link voltage, as a result of the design, uncontrolled recharging currents
flow, similar to those of a diode bridge circuit. As a consequence, the active current limiting
when motoring is only effective under the condition that the DC link voltage is appropriately
high.
For example, the active current limiting can be used to reduce the magnitude of the grid
current peaks during load cycles (this has the disadvantage of higher DC link voltage
fluctuations) - or if the DC link voltage control, at least temporarily, is realized using another
component in the DC link.
7.11.3 Reactive and apparent current limiting

The reactive current can be limited, separately for capacitive (r0075 > 0) and inductive
(r0075 < 0) reactive current setpoint (p3525, p3526). Dynamic limits are also possible using
the appropriate BiCo interconnection (p3524).
When using the apparent current limit p3527, initially, the reactive component is reduced
(possibly down to 0) before the active current setpoint is adapted.
The associated display parameters for current actual values and status signals should be
taken from function block diagram FP8945.
Here we would like to make reference to the derating characteristic (SINAMICS Low Voltage
Engineering Manual) for continuous operation with cosφ not equal to one.
Figure 7-11 Derating characteristic for cosφ not equal to one
Grid infeed
Commissioning
When using the flattop modulation type, which is used for Active Line Modules, the switching
losses are dependent on displacement factor cosφ.
From firmware V5.2, for infeeds with Article numbers ...AA4, ...AA8, the switching instants
are shifted as a function of cosφ.
Using this function, the switching instants are shifted so that switching losses are reduced.
However, the cosφ-variable flattop modulation can only minimize the switching losses up to
a shift of 30°.
Parameter p1810.13 = 1 and parameter p1810.14 = 1 must be set.
Note
However, in principle, the derating characteristic shown in the diagram remains applicable.
7.11.4 Current limiting for dynamic grid support

Depending on the grid codes of the power utility company, special requirements apply to
power generating systems regarding the current characteristic during a grid fault. Generally,
a certain participation in the short-circuit current is specified, i.e. impressing a defined
reactive current during a grid fault. When grid support is active (p5501 = 1), the reactive
current setpoint has priority over the active current, contrary to normal operation. As a
consequence, when necessary the active power of the Active Line Module is reduced in order
to supply reactive power to the grid according to p5506.
The settings of the following parameters are valid when the "Dynamic grid support" function
is activated (p5501 = 1):
• p5509[5]: Additionally effective apparent current limit.
• p5509[7]: Additionally effective reactive current limit when the tolerance range for
voltage dissymmetry is exceeded (r5502.2 = 1).
With the setting p5509[7] = 0.1 %, for example, the grid-supporting reactive current can
be deactivated according to the characteristic (p5506) for non-symmetrical grid faults.
• p5509[8]: Additionally effective limit for the apparent current of the negative sequence
system when the tolerance range for voltage dissymmetry is exceeded (r5502.2 = 1).
For the setting p5509[8] = 0.1 %, the non-symmetrical support current is prevented,
which is actually necessary for non-symmetrical grid faults. Most grid codes specify this.
• p5509[10]: Additionally effective active current limit when the tolerance range for the
grid voltage is exceeded (r5502.1 = 1).
This means that the active power of the power generating system can be reduced when
the grid voltage manifests a deviation.
• p5520: Additionally effective dynamic apparent current limit when the tolerance range for
the grid voltage is exceeded (r5502.1 = 1).
This allows application-specific apparent current characteristics to be implemented during
grid faults.
• p5500.6 = 1: Additionally effective internal apparent current limit when the tolerance
range for the grid voltage is exceeded (r5502.1 = 1). The value corresponds to the
smoothed apparent current before the grid fault.
Grid infeed
Commissioning
Corresponding to individual grid codes, this means that the total current can be kept
constant before and during a grid fault.
• p5500.8 = 1: During a grid short-circuit (r5502.4 = 1, r5522.3 = 1) the active current
setpoint is internally set to zero.
Corresponding to the directives of individual grid codes, a fault ride through (FRT) can be
executed with pure reactive power output (Q mode).
• p5500.9 = 1: During a grid short-circuit (r5502.4 = 1, r5522.3 = 1) the active current
setpoint and the reactive current setpoint are internally set to zero.
Corresponding to the directives of individual grid codes, a fault ride through (FRT) can be
executed without power output (Z mode).
• The priority for providing reactive power for dynamic grid support can be briefly
automatically deactivated if the DC link voltage comes close to the upper shutdown limit.
In order to avoid a protective shutdown, the reactive current is reduced via p5508 – and
the full active power is available to reduce the DC link voltage down to zero.
• For the previously mentioned conditional current limits, a differentiation is made between
– the permissible tolerance range of the grid voltage (symmetrical and non symmetrical)
status signals: r5502.1, r5502.2
adjustable parameters: p5505[0, 2], p5509[9, 10]
– and the detection of a grid short-circuit due to undervoltage
status signals: r5502.4, r5522.3
adjustable parameters: p5529[2, 3].
Supplementary notes/setting recommendations for the parameterization:
• If, after the grid returns, active power must be quickly re-established (for instance, China),
then the "Minimum time dynamic grid support" p5507[0] must be set = 10 ... 20 ms.
Background: During a grid fault, adjustable conditions apply for a reduced active current.
The previous active power is restored step-by-step after the grid fault has been cleared.
• If the permissible time to establish the reactive current after the start of a grid fault is long
enough, then the starting ramp for the support current should be reduced (e.g.
p5509[0] = 10 %). This can avoid overvoltages at the start of a fault.
• In many cases, during a grid fault, it is not permissible that the reactive current is reduced,
if the DC link voltage reaches its shutdown limits (e.g. p5508 = -40 V). To do this, set
p5509[1] = 0.1 %.
• If reactive current support is also required for non-symmetrical grid faults (e.g. China GB/T
19964:2012), then the setting p5509[7] = 100 % is necessary. Further, for riding through
all fault types, we recommend p5509[8] = 0.1 % as well as p5509[11] = 20 ... 50 %. When
required, lower and higher values are also possible. The permissible total current must
then be selected to be appropriately high (p5509[5] > 70 %).
• For weak grid conditions, which are typical for test laboratories, we further recommend:
p3603 = 0 ... 50 %, p5507[3] = 8 ms, p5509[6] = 3 %.
• For operation on power grids with a stable frequency characteristic, for dynamic support,
a longer smoothing time for the PLL is recommended: p3458[1] = 50 ms.
Grid infeed
Commissioning
Note
The permissible reactive current limit differs depending on the active operating mode.
• In the "Grid droop control" mode, the maximum power unit current can be utilized, just
the same as in normal closed-loop current control mode.
• In the "Dynamic grid support" mode, the reactive current is limited to the rated current in
the standard application.
See also Chapter "Dynamic grid support (Page 40)" and Chapter "Reactive and apparent
current limiting (Page 137)".
7.11.5 Apparent current limiting for grid droop control

In grid control operation (p5401[0] = 1) with respect to the grid, the Active Line Module acts
as voltage source. This is responsible for maintaining and controlling grid voltage and
frequency, and to provide the power required for the various loads/consumers. For an Active
Line Module overload condition, the grid control must be adapted by the higher-level power
controller so that a sensible and stable load distribution is achieved in the island grid.
The Active Line Module protects itself against overcurrents by limiting the apparent current
(or the total current). When the limit is reached, the output voltage and frequency are
automatically adapted so that no inadmissible currents flow.
The apparent current limit can be separately set for normal operation and clearing short
circuits using p5478.
Typically, for normal operation, a lower current limit is selected (characterized by relatively
low grid voltage dip). For instance, this allows heavy-duty drives to be started in island grids
to be supplied: the current limit results in a decreased output voltage (in addition to the grid
droop function) and therefore to a slower start and a reduction of the currents to a level that
can be realized by the Active Line Module for the duration of the heavy load.
In the short circuit state for single generator operation (status signal r5402.4 = 1, threshold
values p5459[2, 3], single generator operation p5451 = 0) current limit p5478[1] is effective,
and facilitates briefly increased maximum currents (time limit p5458[1]), to support clearing
a grid short-circuit.
7.11.6 Notes for Active Line Modules of the Booksize format

In grid control operation, the short-circuit current p5478[1] is limited to 100 % of the
maximum current (r0209) (presetting, 90 %).
For active dynamic grid support, the Active Line Module apparent current p5509[5] is limited
to 80 % of the maximum current r0209.
The reactive current presetting for dynamic grid support is zero (p5506[..] = 0). The same is
true for the active and negative sequence currents during a grid fault
(p5509[7] = p5509[8] = p5509[11] = 0). Using these pre-settings, a grid fault is ridden
through in an almost no-current condition.
The local Siemens office can be contacted regarding any deviation from the presettings.
Grid infeed
Commissioning
Parameters for the Vdc actual value filter 5

• p1656 Signal filter activation
• p1677 Vdc actual value filter 5 type
• p1678 Vdc actual value filter 5 denominator natural frequency
• p1679 Vdc actual value filter 5 denominator natural frequency
• p1680 Vdc actual value filter 5 numerator natural frequency
• p1681 Vdc actual value filter 5 numerator damping
Parameters for the output voltage setpoint filter 5

• p5200 Signal filter activation
• p5201 Output voltage setpoint filter 5 type
• p5202 Output voltage setpoint filter 5 denominator natural frequency
• p5203 Output voltage setpoint filter 5 denominator damping
• p5204 Output voltage setpoint filter 5 numerator natural frequency
• p5205 Output voltage setpoint filter 5 numerator damping
Parameters for current actual value filter 7

• p5211 Current actual value filter 7 type
• p5212 Current actual value filter 7 denominator natural frequency
• p5213 Current actual value filter 7 denominator damping
• p5214 Current actual value filter 7 numerator natural frequency
• p5215 Current actual value filter 7 numerator damping
Others
• p3612 CI: Infeed reactive power precontrol

• 8940 Controller modulation depth reserve / controller DC-link voltage (p3400.0 = 0)
• 8946 Current pre-control / current controller / gating unit (p3400.0 = 0)
Grid infeed
Commissioning
7.12 Notes for commissioning systems for operation on grids with low short-circuit power (fault level) and
variable grid parameters
7.12 Notes for commissioning systems for operation on grids with low
short-circuit power (fault level) and variable grid parameters

Especially in island grids, test grids or when connecting to long grid cables, frequently – in
comparison to the Active Line Module rated power – there is a low grid short-circuit power
available (e.g. RSC values < 10). Such a "weak" grid manifests a high inductance at the Active
Line Module connection point. The resonance attributes of the system from the grid and
Active Interface Module change significantly with the grid inductance and require that the
control is appropriately adapted.
Operating the Active Line Module on these grids frequently results in faults such as F06200
(Failure of one or several grid phases) or alarm A06205 (F) (Voltage drop for at least one grid
phase) - in some instances already during the grid identification routine.
For faults such as these, to start, it must be completely ruled out that other fault sources are
the underlying reason, e.g. wiring mistakes, actual grid failure or an incorrect setting in
p0210.
7.12.2 Automatic adaptation of the control to the grid short-circuit rating

Using the grid data identification (p3410 = 4 or 5), normally, the necessary controller
adaptations are automatically made. To do this, before normal operation commences, grid
parameters and the DC link capacitance are measured once - and the results are then used as
basis to optimize the control parameters. The setting values that are determined are saved,
and the Active Line Module automatically switches into normal operation. If the grid
connection point or the size of the DC link is significantly changed, then we recommend a
new grid ID routine is performed.
It is advantageous if an optimum controller setting is achieved for the given grid conditions.
Generally, this controller optimization increase the ruggedness of the control for weak grids,
and as a consequence the rise and correction times are increased. In this case, "ruggedness"
means the tolerance of the control with respect to fluctuating grid short-circuit ratings (grid
fault levels).
The identification routine using p3410 = 5 involves the reset of important control parameters
to the factory setting, and this especially makes sense for identification routines that were
unsuccessful. If additional parameters were previously changed, then a complete reset using
p0970 = 1 can make sense.
Additional manual parameter settings may be required in extreme cases involving very low
grid short-circuit ratings (very low grid fault levels). Situations such as this can be identified,
for example when identification routines are interrupted, unstable DC link voltages or
significant harmonics in the grid current (r0068) or the filter voltage (r0072[1]) for controlled
operation. A very low grid short-circuit rating (grid fault level) always has a negative impact
on the controller response.
Grid infeed
Commissioning
7.12 Notes for commissioning systems for operation on grids with low short-circuit power (fault level) and variable grid pa
The measuring current is reduced if the automatic control optimization becomes unstable,
and is canceled with an overvoltage and/or overcurrent fault in order to minimize the load on
the supplying grid:
Set p3415[0] = p3415[1] = 7 % and repeat the optimization with p3410 = 5.
Further, it must be noted that the frequency and voltage limits p0281 … p0286 must also be
set to the grid-specific limit values.
For a fluctuating grid short-circuit power, the automatic controller setting should be
performed in an operating state involving an average, typical grid short-circuit power - and
not involving an extreme case. In the case of an island grid application, this means that the
power ratings of the generating units and loads should be harmonized, for example.
It may be necessary to also carry out the manual parameter settings listed below:
• The gain factors for the grid current control and the DC link voltage control can be
reduced; in addition, the current precontrol can also be reduced. These measures
especially apply to applications with relatively low requirements placed on the dynamic
performance of the control systems without step-type load surges. It may be necessary
that these parameter settings are already made before the grid data identification routine
mentioned above.
Typical settings include, for example
– p3560 = 25 % … 50 % (small DC links, e.g.: 1 Active Line Module + 2 Motor Modules
chassis format)
– p3560 = 100 % … 150 % (large DC links, e.g.: 4 Active Line Module + 4 Motor Modules
chassis format)
– p3603 = 25 % … 50 %
– p3615 = 50%
Especially for time-variable grid conditions, the controller can also be adapted dynamically
and in time synchronism via BiCo signal inputs (p3561, p3604, p3616).
• For operation on weak grids, frequently, the system – comprising inverter, grid filter and
the grid – manifests a resonance point at approximately 1/4 of the controller frequency of
the Active Line Module (0.25 / p0115[0]). For analysis, for example, high resolution traces
and FFT calculations of the phase currents (r0069) and filter voltages (r3661, r3662) can
be carried out.
A bandstop filter can be configured for the Active Line Module output voltage (p5201 ff)
to dampen a resonance point. When required, a bandstop filter can be activated for the
current actual values (p5211 ff). All bandstop filters are preconfigured for a blocking
(trap) frequency of 1000 Hz.
• Normally, the Vdc controller of the Active Line Module corrects/cancels any DC link voltage
oscillations. If this is not possible as a result of the oscillation frequency, or is not desirable
for a specific application, then a bandstop filter can be configured for the Vdc actual value
(p1677 ff).
Grid infeed
Commissioning
• Using p3520, the powers of the Motor Modules connected to the DC link can be
precontrolled for the DC link voltage control. This can be especially necessary if the
controller dynamic response that is available is no longer sufficient as a result of the
rugged settings.
The correct scaling must be ensured for interconnections spanning drive objects, see also
p3519.
• For grid conditions that vary over time, control adaptations can also be performed
dynamically and in time synchronism via BiCo signal inputs. After activating the
"Supplementary control" function module, controller gains can be tracked/corrected using
p3561/p3604/p3616.
For example, individual Motor Modules can be disconnected from the DC link while the
system is operational. Or, the drive system knows the switching scenarios in the island
grid and therefore permits signals to be entered for the named parameters.
Grid infeed
Commissioning
7.12 Notes for commissioning systems for operation on grids with low short-circuit power (fault level) and variable grid pa
7.12.3 Manual adaptation of the control to the grid short-circuit rating

From SINAMICS firmware version V4.8, the ruggedness of the current and voltage control has
been extended even further with respect to grid parameters that can change. Using just one
single control setting, the objective is to achieve stable, oscillation-free operation even with
significantly fluctuating RSC values; situations such as these frequently occur in the onboard
power supplies of ships, for example.
This setting option primarily addresses experienced commissioning engineers, as
measurements and controller parameterization are not automatically performed - instead, all
of the settings are made manually.
It should be ensured that these controller settings are typically made before operation is
enabled for the first time - and are not overwritten by a subsequent grid identification routine
with p3410 = 4/5.
Further, it must be noted that the frequency and voltage limits p0281 … p0286 must also be
set to the grid-specific limit values.
Parameter Setting value Comment

p3410 0 Deactivate grid identification
(otherwise, the following parameter settings will be overwritten)
p3421 2 x p0223
p3422 Capacitance of the complete Sum the values from the device data sheets
DC link (if datasheet data is not available, then the p3422 setting value from a
previous grid ID with p3410 can be used.)
p3424 p0223 If a customer-specific grid filter is used, then the value of the commutat-
ing reactor is entered here
p3425[0] 100%
p3425[1] 100%
p3425[2] 175 %
p3425[3] 400 %
p3560 50 % … 150 % For large DC link circuits, a higher value should be selected
p3614[0] 0
p3614[1] 0
p3614[2] 2.5 x p0115[0]
p3562 50 % … 100 % Start with a setting value of 50% - and if necessary, increase
p3519/p3520 e.g. VECTOR.r0082[2] If it makes sense in the specific application
Grid infeed
Commissioning
Grid infeed
Device overview 8
The document applies to the following devices.
Table 8- 1 Active Line Modules in the booksize format, internal air cooling
voltage 1)
Table 8- 2 Active Line Modules in the booksize format, cold plate cooling
voltage 1)
Table 8- 3 Active Line Modules in the chassis format, air cooled
voltage 1)
Table 8- 4 Active Line Modules in the chassis format, liquid cooled
voltage 1)
Grid infeed
Device overview
8.1 Control Units
Table 8- 5 Active Line Modules in the chassis format, water cooled for common cooling circuits
voltage 1)
8.1 Control Units

A description for the CU320-2 PN and CU320-2 DP Control Units is provided in Control Units
and Additional System Components Manual
(https://support.industry.siemens.com/cs/ww/en/view/109771804).
8.2 Voltage Sensing Module VSM10

You can find a description of the VSM10 Voltage Sensing Module in the Control Units and
Additional System Components Manual
Grid infeed
Device overview
8.3 Active Interface Modules, air-cooled
8.3.1 Booksize format

Active Interface Modules are grid-side interfaces for the Active Line Modules.
They contain the following functional units:
• Grid reactor
• Low-frequency/switching frequency filters
• Grid filters to EN 61800-3, category C3, max. total motor cable length 350 m (shielded)
In conjunction with an Active Line Module and an EMC-compliant configuration the following
radio interference voltage categories are achieved:
• EN 61800-3 category C3 without an additional grid filter up to a total cable length of
350 m (shielded) for 16 kW, 36 kW, 55 kW, 80 kW and 120 kW components
• EN 61800-3 category C2 with an additional Basic Line Filter up to a total cable length of
350 m (shielded) for 16 kW, 36 kW, 55 kW, 80 kW and 120 kW components
• EN 61800-3, category C3, with an additional Basic Line Filter up to a total cable length of
– 630 m (shielded) for 16 kW and 36 kW components
– 1000 m (shielded) for 55 kW, 80 kW and 120 kW components.
The Active Interface Module is fitted with a fan. The 24 V supply is essential for operating the
component. The temperature signaling contact must also be connected to the Active Line
Module.
You can find a description of the air-cooled Active Interface Modules in the Booksize power
units manual (https://support.industry.siemens.com/cs/ww/en/view/109781351).
8.3.2 Chassis format

Active Interface Modules are used in conjunction with the Active Line Modules in the chassis
format. The Active Interface Modules contain a Clean Power Filter with basic RI suppression,
the pre-charging circuit for the Active Line Module, the grid voltage sensing circuit and
monitoring sensors.
Frame size GI is equipped as standard with a bypass contactor. which ensures a highly
compact design. The bypass contactor must be provided separately for frame sizes HI and JI.
The vast majority of grid harmonics are suppressed by the Clean Power Filter.
Grid infeed
Device overview
The Active Interface Module contains:

• Clean Power Filter
• Grid reactor
• Pre-charging circuit
• Bypass contactor (for frame size GI)
• Grid voltage sensing module VSM10
• Fan
You can find a description of the air-cooled Active Interface Modules in the Air-cooled chassis
power units manual (https://support.industry.siemens.com/cs/ww/en/view/109781448).
Note
Modified grid connection voltage
The permissible grid connection voltage of the Active Interface Modules for
3 AC 380 ... 480 V for operation for the grid infeed is:
3 AC 320 V -10 % (-15 % < 1 min) ... 3 AC 480 V +10 %
UL approval is only applicable for the restricted voltage range 380 V -10 % (-15 % < 1 min) ...
3 AC 480 V +10 %, which, for this reason, is specified together with the UL approval on the
type plate.
Note
The general data in the SINAMICS Low Voltage Engineering Manual should be carefully
observed.
Especially for island grids and weak grids, a grid analysis should be performed with the
following content:
• Analysis of the complete drive system, including diesel engines, with statements
regarding the total harmonic distortion factor (THD) – along with the aptitudes of the
individual harmonics as a function of the customer's grid parameters. The necessary
operating modes must be taken into account.
As a result of this analysis, it may be necessary to make adaptations to the drive system,
especially the Active Interface Module.
These adaptations cannot be carried out by the region/customer, but by the manufacturer's
factory. Further, these adaptations are not part of the analysis.
The application support group in head office sales can provide support when performing a
simulation and a grid analysis.
Grid infeed
Device overview
8.4 Air-cooled Active Line Modules for the grid infeed, chassis format
8.4.1 Description
The self-commutating infeed / regenerative feedback units act as step-up converters and
generate a stabilized DC link voltage that is typically 1.5x greater (factory setting) than the
rated grid voltage. In this way, the connected Motor Modules are isolated from the grid
voltage. This improves the dynamic response and control quality because grid tolerances and
fluctuations do not affect the motor voltage.
If required, the Active Line Modules can also provide reactive power compensation.
Especially for power generated from various DC sources, the 3 AC 320 V … 480 V Active Line
Modules have an AC connection voltage range up to 320 V and a very wide DC voltage range.
The technical data includes supplements for operation with connection voltages 3 AC 320 V.
Table 8- 6 Overview of Active Line Modules for grid infeed
Frame size GX Frame size JX
Grid infeed
Device overview
Active Infeed components

An Active Infeed comprises an Active Interface Module and an Active Line Module.
The bypass contactor is fitted in the relevant Active Interface Module on Active Infeeds which
feature an Active Line Module of frame size GX. The Active Interface Modules and Active Line
Modules of this frame size have degree of protection IP20.
Figure 8-1 Overview of Active Infeeds, frame sizes GI/GX
In the case of an Active Infeed with an Active Line Module of frame size JX, the bypass
contactor is not included in the associated Active Interface Module, but must be provided
separately. The Active Interface Modules and Active Line Modules of this frame size have
degree of protection IP00.
Figure 8-2 Overview of Active Infeeds, frame size JI/JX
Grid infeed
Device overview
Parallel connection of Active Line Modules to increase power rating

Up to four Active Line Modules with the same power rating can be connected in parallel in
order to increase power.
The following rules must be observed when connecting Active Line Modules in parallel:
• Up to 4 identical Active Line Modules can be connected in parallel.
• A common Control Unit is required whenever the modules are connected in parallel.
• When connected in parallel, power must be supplied to the systems from a common
infeed point (i.e. the modules cannot be operated on different grids).
• A derating factor of 5 % must be taken into consideration, regardless of the number of
modules connected in parallel.
Note
It is only possible to connect identical power units in parallel if all power units have the same
hardware version.
Grid infeed
Device overview
Connection example
Figure 8-3 Active Line Module connection diagram
Additional details
Additional details regarding air-cooled Active Line Modules are provided in the Air-cooled
chassis power units manual
Grid infeed
Device overview
8.4.2 Technical data
Table 8- 7 Technical data for Active Line Modules, 3 AC 320 ... 480 V with supplements for operation with 3 AC 320 V for
power fed-in from various DC sources
Article number 6SL3330– 7TE35–0AA4 7TE41–0AA4 7TE41–4AA4

Rated power
- At In_DC (50 Hz, 400 V) kW 300 630 900
- At IH_DC (50 Hz, 400 V) kW 270 545 780
- At In_DC (50 Hz, 320 V) kW 270 540 770
- At In_DC (60 Hz, 460 V) HP 500 900 1250
- At IH_DC (60 Hz, 460 V) HP 400 800 1000
DC input power
- at In_DC (50 Hz, 320 V) kW 275 550 785
DC link current
- Rated current In_DC A 549 1103 1574
- Base load current IH_DC A 489 982 1401
- Maximum current Imax_DC A 823 1654 2361
Infeed/regenerative feedback current
- Rated current In_E 1) A 490 985 1405
- Maximum current Imax_E 2) A 735 1477 2107
Alternating current for short-circuit clearing
current for 2 s 3) A 750 1500 2200
Short time overload 1
- Overload current A 700 1250 2100
- Overload duration (time/overload cycle) s/s 5 / 300 5 / 300 5 / 300
- Base load current A 450 945 1360
-Overload duration (time/overload cycle) s/s 30 / 300 30 / 300 30 / 300
Connection voltages
- Grid voltage VACrms 3 AC 320 4) -10 % (-15 % < 1 min) ... 3 AC 480 +10 %
- Grid frequency Hz 47 ... 63
- DC voltage range, continuous VDC 520 ... 750
- Maximum DC voltage, brief 5) VDC 800
- Electronics power supply VDC 24 (20.4 ... 28.8)
- DC link voltage VDC 1.5 x Ugrid
Pulse frequency kHz 4 2.5 2.5
Current consumption
- Electronics current consumption (24 V DC) A 1.35 1.5 1.7
- Total fan current consumption (at 400 V AC) A 1.8 5.4 5.4
Max. ambient temperature
- Without derating °C 40 40 40
- With derating °C 55 55 55
Efficiency at cos(phi) = 1, Un_DC = 600 V
- Rated efficiency at Un_AC = 3 AC 400 V, In_E % 98 98 98
- Maximum efficiency (including the associated grid % 98.3 98.4 98.6
filter AIM) at Un_AC = 3 AC 400 V
- European efficiency (including the associated grid % 97.2 97.1 97.8
filter AIM) at Un_AC = 3 AC 400 V
Power loss 6)
- Max. power loss kW 5.1 10.1 13.3
- Standby operation W 36.5 40 45
- Own use, auxiliaries in operation W 990 3280 3280
Grid current harmonics (THDi) % 5 5 5
THDi calculated according to IEEE 519 (2014)
Grid infeed
Device overview
Article number 6SL3330– 7TE35–0AA4 7TE41–0AA4 7TE41–4AA4

Grid type TN, IT TN, IT TN, IT
DC link capacitance
- Active Line Module µF 9600 18900 28800
- Drive line-up, max. µF 76800 230400 230400
Cooling air requirement m3/s 0.36 1.08 1.08
Sound pressure level 7)
LpA (1 m) at 50/60 Hz dB(A) 69 / 73 71 / 73 71 / 73
Grid/load connection Flat connector for screw
M10 M12 M12
Max. connection cross-sections
- Grid connection (U1, V1, W1) mm² 2 x 240 6 x 240 6 x 240
- DC-link connection (DCP, DCN) mm² 2 x 240 Busbar Busbar
- PE connection PE1 mm² 2 x 240 1 x 240 1 x 240
- PE connection PE2 mm² 2 x 240 3 x 240 3 x 240
Max. cable length
(total of all motor cables and DC link)
- Shielded m 2700 3900 3900
- Unshielded m 4050 5850 5850
Degree of protection IP20 IP00 IP00
Dimensions
- Width mm 326 704 704
- Height mm 1533 1480 1480
- Depth mm 545 550 550
Frame size GX JX JX
Weight kg 136 450 450
Recommended fuse acc. to IEC 3NE1436-2 3NE1436-2 3NE1448-2
- Number per phase (connected in parallel) 1 2 10) 2 10)
- Rated current A 630 630 850
- Frame size acc. to IEC 60269 3 3 3
Recommended fuse according to UL 8) 3NE1436-2 3NB3352-1KK26 3NB3358-1KK26
Minimum short-circuit current 9) kA 8 16 21
1) For continuous operation with cosφ < 1, the derating characteristic according to the Low Voltage Engineering Manual,
Section "Fundamentals and system description", Chapter "Active Infeed" must be taken into account.
2) The reactive current for operation with option S01 is limited to the rated current In_E.
3) Additional information, value only applicable for grid droop operation.
4) UL approval is only applicable for the restricted voltage range 380V -10% (-15 % < 1 min) ... .3 AC 480 +10 %, which, for
this reason, is specified together with the UL approval on the type plate.
5) The continuous permissible DC link voltage is 750 V. Briefly up to 800 V is possible (is permissible a maximum of 5 times
per hour for 1 minute).
6) The specified power loss is the maximum value for a 100 % utilization level. The value in normal operation is lower.
7) Summed (total) sound pressure level of Active Interface Module and Active Line Module
8) To achieve a UL-approved system, it is absolutely essential to use the fuse types specified in the table.
9) Minimum current required to reliably rupture the intended fuses.
For island grid operation, an adapted protective concept must be drawn up.
10) When using fuses connected in parallel in each phase, all of the fuses must be replaced if one fuse trips.
Grid infeed
Device overview
NOTICE
Every short-circuit reduces the service life of the device fuses
Longer short-circuits, or short-circuits closely following one another, reduce the service life
of the Active Line Module.
The short-circuit clearing currents are not suitable to rupture the device fuses, but for
downstream fuse associated with connected loads/consumers.
Table 8- 8 Technical data for Active Line Modules, 3 AC 500 V ... 690 V
Article number 6SL3330– 7TG41–0AA4 7TG41–3AA4

Rated power
- For In_DC (50 Hz, 690 V) kW 1100 1400
- For IH_DC (50 Hz, 690 V) kW 980 1215
- For In_DC (50 Hz, 500 V) kW 780 965
- For IH_DC (50 Hz, 500 V) kW 710 880
- For In_DC (60 Hz, 575 V) HP 1250 1500
- For IH_DC (60 Hz, 575 V) HP 1000 1250
DC link current
- Rated current In_DC A 1148 1422
- Base load current IH_DC A 1022 1266
- Maximum current Imax_DC A 1722 2133
- Rated current In_E 1) A 1025 1270
- Maximum current Imax_E 2) A 1537 1905
current for 2 s 3) A 1700 2600
- Overload current A 1500 1870
- Overload duration (time/overload cycle) s/s 5 / 300 5 / 300
- Base load current A 1000 1239
- Overload current A 1300 1600
-Overload duration (time/overload cycle) s/s 30 / 300 30 / 300
- Base load current A 1000 1239
Supply voltages
- Grid voltage VACrms 3 AC 500 -10 % (-15 % < 1 min) ... 3 AC 690 +10 %
- Grid frequency Hz 47 ... 63
- DC-link voltage VDC 1.5 x Ugrid
Pulse frequency kHz 2.5 2.5
Current consumption
- Electronics current consumption (24 V DC) A 1.7 1.7
- 500 V AC A 4.4 4.4
- 690 V AC A 3.1 3.1
Max. ambient temperature
- Without derating °C 40 40
- With derating °C 55 55
Efficiency at cos(phi) = 1, Un_DC = 1035 V, % 98 98
Un_AC = 3 AC 690 V, In_E
Grid type TN, IT TN, IT
DC link capacitance
- Active Line Module µF 14400 19200
- Drive line-up, max. µF 153600 153600
Grid infeed
Device overview
Article number 6SL3330– 7TG41–0AA4 7TG41–3AA4

Power loss 4)
- At 50 Hz 690 V kW 13.6 16.5
- At 60 Hz 575 V kW 12.9 15.3
Cooling air requirement m3/s 1.08 1.08
Sound pressure level 5)
LpA (1 m) at 50/60 Hz dB(A) 71 / 73 71 / 73
Grid/load connection Flat connector for screw
M12 M12
- Grid connection (U1, V1, W1) mm² 6 x 240 6 x 240
- DC-link connection (DCP, DCN) mm² Busbar Busbar
- PE connection PE1 mm² 1 x 240 1 x 240
- PE connection PE2 mm² 3 x 240 3 x 240
Max. cable length
- Shielded m 2250 2250
- Unshielded m 3375 3375
Degree of protection IP00 IP00
Dimensions
- Width mm 704 704
- Height mm 1480 1480
- Depth mm 550 550
Frame size JX JX
Weight kg 450 450
Recommended fuse acc. to IEC 3NE1436-2 3NE1438-2
- Number per phase (connected in parallel) 2 8) 2 8)
- Rated current 630 800
- Frame size acc. to IEC 60269 3 3
Recommended fuse according to UL 6) 3NB3352-1KK26 3NB3357-1KK26
- Rated current A 1250 1600
Minimum short-circuit current 7) kA 16 20
5) Summed (total) sound pressure level of Active Interface Module and Active Line Module
6) It is mandatory that the specified fuses are used to achieve a UL-approved system.
NOTICE
Grid infeed
Device overview
Overload capability
The Active Line Modules have an overload reserve.
The criterion for overload is that the drive is operated with its base load current before and
after the overload occurs (a load duration of 300 s is used as a basis here).
High overload
The base load current for a high overload IH_DC is based on a duty cycle of 150 % for 60 s; the
max. current Imax_DC can flow for 5 s.
Figure 8-4 High overload
Grid infeed
Device overview
8.4.2.1 Permissible range for the step-up factor

The step-up factor (HSF) is the quotient of the DC link voltage UDC and the rms value of the
grid connection voltage: HSF = UDC / UAC,rms .
As a result of the permissible range for the step-up factor, for some devices it is not possible
to simultaneously use the maximum AC connection voltage range and the maximum DC
voltage range. When utilizing the maximum AC connection voltage range, either the
maximum DC voltage range should be restricted, or when utilizing the maximum DC voltage
range, the maximum AC voltage range should be restricted corresponding to the permissible
range for the step-up factor. The presetting for the setpoint of the DC link voltage (p3510)
corresponds to a step-up factor (HSF) of 1.5; the restrictions as listed in the following table
apply. The maximum step-up factor (p3508) must be appropriately adapted.
Table 8- 9 Step-up factors
Active Line Module Active Interface Module Grid connec- Rated cur- Permissible step- Maximum step-up
tion voltage rent up factor range factor (p3508)
6SL3330-7TE35-0AA4 6SL3300-7TE35-0AA1 320 ... 480 V 490 A 1.42 ... 3.0 3.0
6SL3330-7TE41-0AA4 6SL3300-7TE41-4AA1 320 ... 480 V 985 A 1.42 ... 2.3 2.3
6SL3330-7TE41-4AA4 6SL3300-7TE41-4AA1 320 ... 480 V 1405 A 1.42 ... 2.3 2.3
6SL3330-7TG41-0AA4 6SL3300-7TG41-3AA1 500 ... 690 V 1025 A 1.42 ... 2.0 2.0
6SL3330-7TG41-3AA4 6SL3300-7TG41-3AA1 500 ... 690 V 1270 A 1.42 ... 2.0 2.0
8.4.2.2 Derating factors

When using the Active Line Module, the power must be derated depending on the ambient
temperature, installation altitude and the cosφ.
Also refer to the Low Voltage Engineering Manual: LV Engineering Manual
(https://support.industry.siemens.com/cs/de/en/view/83180185)
An application description is available to determine the available reactive power: Application
description reactive power compensation
Grid infeed
Device overview
8.5 Active Interface Modules, liquid-cooled
8.5 Active Interface Modules, liquid-cooled

Liquid-cooled Active Interface Modules are used in conjunction with liquid-cooled Active Line
Modules in the chassis format. The liquid-cooled Active Interface Modules contain a Clean
Power Filter with basic RI suppression, the pre-charging circuit for the Active Line Module, the
grid voltage sensing circuit and monitoring sensors.
The bypass contactor must be provided separately for frame size JIL.
The liquid-cooled Active Interface Module contains:

• Filter reactor
The liquid-cooled Active Interface Modules comprise the following components:
• Filter reactor
• Filter module
• Associated connection elements (pressure hose, cable, hose connections)
You can find descriptions for the liquid-cooled Active Interface Modules in the Chassis power
units manual liquid cooled (https://support.industry.siemens.com/cs/en/en/view/109752561).
Note
observed.
following content:
especially regarding the Active Interface Modules.
The Active Interface Module in conjunction with option S02 may have to be adapted; contact
technical support.
Grid infeed
Device overview
8.6 Liquid-cooled Active Line Modules for the grid infeed, chassis format
8.6 Liquid-cooled Active Line Modules for the grid infeed, chassis
format
8.6.1 Description
Table 8- 10 Active Line Modules for grid infeed
Frame size HXL Frame size JXL
Grid infeed
Device overview
Active Infeed infeed components for grid infeed

In the case of an Active Infeed with an Active Line Module of frame sizes HXL or JXL, the
bypass contactor is not included in the associated Active Interface Module, but must be
provided separately. The Active Interface Modules and Active Line Modules of this frame size
have degree of protection IP00.
Figure 8-5 Overview of Active Infeeds, frame sizes HI/HXL and JI/JXL

Note
hardware version.
Grid infeed
Device overview
Connection example
Additional details
Additional details regarding liquid-cooled Active Line Modules are provided in the Chassis
power units manual liquid cooled
(https://support.industry.siemens.com/cs/en/en/view/109752561).
Grid infeed
Device overview
8.6.2 Technical specifications
Article number 6SL3335– 7TG35–8AA4 7TG41–3AA4 7TG41-6AA4

Rated power
- At IL DC (50Hz 690V) kW 630 1400 1700
- At IH DC (50Hz 690V) kW 620 1215 1490
- At IL DC (50Hz 500V) kW 447 965 1180
- At IH DC (50Hz 500V) kW 450 880 1080
- At IL DC (60Hz 575V) HP 675 1500 1855
- At IH DC (60Hz 575V) HP 506 1250 1530
DC link current
- Rated current IN DC A 644 1422 1740
- Base load current IL DC A 627 1386 1700
- Rated current IH DC A 573 1266 1550
- Maximum current Imax DC 1) A 966 2133 2620
- Rated current IN E 2) A 575 1270 1560
- Maximum current Imax E 3) 4) A 862 1905 2055
current for 1 s 5) A 1146 2403 2689
Supply voltages
- Grid voltage VACrms 3 AC 500 -10% (-15% < 1 min) ... 3 AC 690 +10 %
- Grid frequency Hz 47 ... 63Hz
Pulse frequency kHz 2.5 2.5 2.5
Electronics current consumption (24 V DC) A 1.6 1.46 1.5
Cooling method Liquid cooling with integrated aluminum
heat exchanger
Power loss, max. 6)
- At 50 Hz 690 V kW 5.61 13.55 17.96
- At 60 Hz 575 V kW 4.89 12.6 15.7
- Dissipated to the ambient air kW 0.16 0.61 0.79
Max. coolant temperature
Rated flow rate l/min 16 27 27
for water at 70 kPa pressure drop 7)
Liquid volume of integrated heat exchanger dm³ 0.74 1.56 1.56
DC link capacitance
Sound pressure level
LpA (1 m) at 50/60 Hz dB(A) 54 56 56
Grid/load connection Flat connection for M12 screw
Grid infeed
Device overview

- Grid connection (U1, V1, W1) mm² 4 x 185 Busbar Busbar
- DC-link connection (DCP, DCN) mm² Busbar Busbar Busbar
- PE connection mm² 4 x 185 Busbar Busbar
Max. cable length
- Shielded m 2250 2250 2250
- Unshielded m 3375 3375 3375
Dimensions
- Width mm 265 295 295
- Height mm 1002 1516 1516
- Depth mm 545 545 545
Frame size HXL JXL JXL
Weight kg 110 220 230
Minimum short-circuit current 9) kA 8.4 20 24
1) Valid for a 5 s duty cycle (overload duration) and a duty cycle duration of 300 s based on the rated DC link current.
4) Valid for a 5 s duty cycle (overload duration) and a duty cycle duration of 300 s based on the rated infeed/regenerative
feedback current.
7) This value applies to the water coolant option; for other coolant types, see Chapter "Cooling circuit and coolant proper-
ties" in the SINAMICS S120 Power Units Chassis Liquid Cooled Manual.
NOTICE
Grid infeed
Device overview
Overload capability
High overload
Grid infeed
Device overview

Active Line Module Active Interface Grid connec- Rated cur- Permissible step- Maximum step-up
Module 1) tion voltage rent up factor range factor (p3508)
6SL3335-7TG35-8AA4 6SL3300-7TG35-8AA1 2) 500 ... 690 V 575 A 1.42 ... 2.0 2.0
6SL3335-7TG41-3AA4 6SL3305-7TG41-3AA5 500 ... 690 V 1270 A 1.42 ... 2.0 2.0
6SL3335-7TG41-6AA4 6SL3305-7TG41-6AA5 500 ... 690 V 1560 A 1.42 ... 2.0 2.0

When using liquid-cooled Active Line Module, the power must be derated depending on the
coolant temperature, the ambient temperature, installation altitude and the cosφ.
8.6.3 Coolant and protection against condensation

When using liquid-cooled Active Line Modules, the cooling medium specifications and the
prevention of condensation must be observed.
Grid infeed
Device overview
8.7 Active Interface Modules water cooled for common cooling circuits
8.7 Active Interface Modules water cooled for common cooling

circuits

Water-cooled Active Interface Modules are used in conjunction with water-cooled Active Line
Modules in the chassis format. The water-cooled Active Interface Modules include a Clean
Power Filter with basic RI suppression, the pre-charging circuit for the Active Line Module, the
grid voltage sensing circuit and monitoring sensors.
The bypass contactor must be provided separately for frame size JIL.
The water-cooled Active Interface Modules include:

• Filter reactor
The water-cooled Active Interface Modules comprise the following components:
• Filter reactor
• Filter module
• Associated connection elements (pressure hose, cable, hose connections)
You can find descriptions for the water-cooled Active Interface Modules in the Chassis Power
Units Water-Cooled for Common Cooling Circuits Manual
Note
observed.
following content:
especially regarding the Active Interface Modules.
The Active Interface Module in conjunction with option S02 may have to be adapted; contact
technical support.
Grid infeed
Device overview
8.8 Active Line Modules for grid infeed, chassis format water cooled for common cooling circuits
8.8 Active Line Modules for grid infeed, chassis format water cooled
for common cooling circuits
8.8.1 Description
Table 8- 13 Active Line Modules for grid infeed
Frame size HXL Frame size JXL
Grid infeed
Device overview
Active Infeed infeed components for grid infeed

In the case of an Active Infeed with an Active Line Module of frame sizes HXL or JXL, the
bypass contactor is not included in the associated Active Interface Module, but must be
provided separately. The Active Interface Modules and Active Line Modules of this frame size
have degree of protection IP00.
Figure 8-8 Overview of Active Infeeds, frame sizes HI/HXL and JI/JXL

Note
hardware version.
Grid infeed
Device overview
Connection example
Additional details
Additional details regarding water-cooled Active Line Modules are provided in the Chassis
Power Units Water-Cooled for Common Cooling Circuits Manual
Grid infeed
Device overview
8.8.2 Technical data

Rated power
- At IL DC (50Hz 690V) kW 630 1400 1700
- At IH DC (50Hz 690V) kW 620 1215 1490
- At IL DC (50Hz 500V) kW 447 965 1180
- At IH DC (50Hz 500V) kW 450 880 1080
- At IL DC (60Hz 575V) HP 675 1500 1855
- At IH DC (60Hz 575V) HP 506 1250 1530
DC link current
- Rated current IN DC A 644 1422 1740
- Base load current IL DC A 627 1386 1700
- Rated current IH DC A 573 1266 1550
- Maximum current Imax DC 1) A 966 2133 2620
- Rated current IN E 2) A 575 1270 1560
- Maximum current Imax E 3) 4) A 862 1905 2055
current for 1 s 5) A 1146 2403 2689
Supply voltages
- Grid voltage VACrms 3 AC 500 -10% (-15% < 1 min) ... 3 AC 690 +10 %
- Grid frequency Hz 47 ... 63Hz
Pulse frequency kHz 2.5 2.5 2.5
Electronics current consumption (24 V DC) A 1.6 1.46 1.5
Cooling method Water cooling system with integrated heat exchanger
manufactured out of a copper-nickel alloy
Power loss, max. 6)
- At 50 Hz 690 V kW 5.61 13.55 17.96
- At 60 Hz 575 V kW 4.89 12.6 15.7
- Dissipated to the ambient air kW 0.16 0.61 0.79
Max. coolant temperature
Rated flow rate l/min 16 27 27
for water at 70 kPa pressure drop 7)
Liquid volume of integrated heat exchanger dm³ 0.74 1.56 1.56
DC link capacitance
Sound pressure level
LpA (1 m) at 50/60 Hz dB(A) 54 56 56
Grid/load connection Flat connection for M12 screw
Grid infeed
Device overview

- Grid connection (U1, V1, W1) mm² 4 x 185 Busbar Busbar
- DC-link connection (DCP, DCN) mm² Busbar Busbar Busbar
- PE connection mm² 4 x 185 Busbar Busbar
Max. cable length
- Shielded m 2250 2250 2250
- Unshielded m 3375 3375 3375
Dimensions
- Width mm 265 295 295
- Height mm 1002 1516 1516
- Depth mm 545 545 545
Frame size HXL JXL JXL
Weight kg 125 230 240
Minimum short-circuit current 9) kA 8.4 20 24
1) Valid for a 5 s duty cycle (overload duration) and a duty cycle duration of 300 s based on the rated DC link current.
4) Valid for a 5 s duty cycle (overload duration) and a duty cycle duration of 300 s based on the rated infeed/regenerative
feedback current.
7) This value applies to the water coolant option; for other coolant types, see Chapter "Cooling circuit and coolant proper-
ties" in manual SINAMICS S120 water cooled power units in the chassis format for common cooling circuits.
NOTICE
Grid infeed
Device overview
Overload capability
High overload
Grid infeed
Device overview

Active Line Module Active Interface Grid connec- Rated cur- Permissible step- Maximum step-up
Module 1) tion voltage rent up factor range factor (p3508)
6SL3335-7TG35-8AA8 6SL3300-7TG35-8AA1 2) 500 ... 690 V 575 A 1.42 ... 2.0 2.0
6SL3335-7TG41-3AA8 6SL3305-7TG41-3AA7 500 ... 690 V 1270 A 1.42 ... 2.0 2.0
6SL3335-7TG41-6AA8 6SL3305-7TG41-6AA7 500 ... 690 V 1560 A 1.42 ... 2.0 2.0

When using water-cooled Active Line Module, the power must be derated depending on the
coolant temperature, the ambient temperature, installation altitude and the cosφ.
8.8.3 Coolant and protection against condensation

When using water-cooled Active Line Modules, the cooling medium specifications and the
prevention of condensation must be observed.
Grid infeed
Function diagrams 9
An overview of the function charts for the grid infeed is shown in the following. They are
arranged in the schematic according to the function modules described above.
The function diagrams for the corresponding firmware versions are included in the "SINAMICS
S120/S150 List Manual".
Table 9- 1 Line transformer
Function diagram No. Function diagram name

7987 Line transformer - negative sequence system controller
7988 Line transformer - island grid black start sequence control
7989 Line transformer - island grid synchronization sequence control
7990 Line transformer - transformer model (p5480 = 1)
7991 Line transformer - line filter monitoring
7992 Line transformer - PLL2 (phase locked loop 2)
7993 Line transformer - transformer magnetization voltage threshold
7994 Line transformer - transformer magnetization sequence control
7995 Line transformer - island grid synchronization voltage threshold
Table 9- 2 Grid droop control

7982 Grid droop control - grid droop, voltage correction
7983 Grid droop control - direct component control, harmonics control
7984 Grid droop control - modulation depth control
7986 Grid droop control - sequence control overcurrent
Table 9- 3 Dynamic grid support

7996 Dynamic grid support - characteristic
7997 Dynamic grid support - current limiting (p5501 = 1)
7998 Dynamic grid support - sequence control
7999 Dynamic grid support - line monitoring, anti-islanding
Table 9- 4 Supplementary controls

8945 Reactive current/apparent current limits
Table 9- 5 Cos phi display

8951 Cos phi display
Grid infeed
Function diagrams
Grid infeed
Appendix A
A.1 Glossary
List of the abbreviations used in the document
AISL Anti-islanding
FRT Fault ride through
LSS Circuit breaker
HFRT High frequency ride through
HVRT High voltage ride through
LFRT Low frequency ride through
LVRT Low voltage ride through
Grid infeed
Appendix
A.2 Cable lugs
A.2 Cable lugs
Chassis format devices

The cable connections on the devices are designed for cable lugs according to DIN 46234 or
DIN 46235.
When connecting alternative cable lugs, the maximum dimensions are listed in the following
table.
These cable lugs are not to exceed these dimensions, as otherwise mechanical fastening and
compliance with the voltage clearances is not guaranteed.
WARNING
Electric shock when voltage clearances are fallen below when using unsuitable cable
lugs
When using unsuitable cable lugs, voltage clearances can be fallen below, which in turn can
result in death or severe injury.
• Only use cable lugs that do not exceed the maximum dimensions of the following table.
Figure A-1 Dimensions of the cable lugs
Table A- 1 Dimensions of the cable lugs
Screw / bolts Connection cross- d2 b l c1 c2

section [mm] [mm] [mm] [mm] [mm]
[mm²]
M8 70 8.4 24 55 13 10
M10 185 10.5 37 82 15 12
M10 240 13 42 92 16 13
M12 95 13 28 65 16 13
M12 185 13 37 82 16 13
M12 240 13 42 92 16 13
M16 240 17 42 92 19 16
Grid infeed
Appendix
A.2 Cable lugs
Booksize format devices

The directives when using cable lugs are provided in Booksize power units manual
Grid infeed
Appendix
A.2 Cable lugs
Grid infeed
Index
A G
Active Interface Modules Grid control, 35
Air-cooled, 149 Grid filter and transformer monitoring, 35
Booksize format, 149 Grid infeed applications, 32
Liquid-cooled, 161 Grid monitoring anti-islanding, 45
Water cooled, 169 Grid transformer function module, 34
Active Line Modules Grid-friendly transformer magnetization, 34, 105
Air-cooled, 151
Booksize format, 74, 147
Chassis format, 73, 147 I
Liquid-cooled, 162
Identification of the transformer data, 35
Step-up factor, 160, 168, 176
Island grid, 23
Water cooled, 170
M
C
Magnetization, 105
Cable lugs, 180
Microgrid, 24
Commissioning the anti-islanding function, 128
Connection example
Active Line Modules, 154
O
cosφ display, 47
Overload capability of Active Line
Modules, 159, 167, 175
D High overload, 159, 167, 175
DC link precharging, 105
Displacement factor, 47
P
Dynamic grid support, 40
Power generation
With rotating machines, 20
E Without rotating machines, 20
Power grid, 21
Electromagnetic fields, 13
Electrostatic sensitive devices, 15
R
F Residual risks, 17
Function module dynamic grid support, 40
Function module for grid droop control, 35
S
Function modules for a micro grid, 24
Function modules for an island grid, 23 Safety instructions
Function modules for the grid infeed, 29 Electromagnetic fields, 13
Function modules for the power grid, 22 Electrostatic sensitive devices, 15
Function modules requiring a license, 32 General safety instructions, 11
Fundamental safety instructions, 11 Step-up factor, 160, 168, 176
Grid infeed
Index
T
Technical data
Active Line Modules, 155, 165, 173
Transformer magnetization, 34
V
VSM topology, 105
Grid infeed

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Preface

Siemens AG A5E03347436A Copyright © Siemens AG 2011 - 2020.

Further reference documents

European and African time zones

America time zones

Asia/Pacific time zones

5.3.5 Additional closed-loop controls function module ................................................................ 49

7.6 Commissioning the grid transformer ................................................................................ 105

1.2 Handling electrostatic sensitive devices (ESD)

1.3 Industrial security

1.4 Residual risks of power drive systems

Power flow for electrical power generation with rotating machines

Power flow for electrical power generation without rotating machines

Function modules for the power grid

3.2 Island grid

Figure 3-2 Schematic representation of an island grid

Requirements placed on distributed power producers

Requirements placed on a higher-level island grid control

Using an isolating transformer

Function modules for an island grid

Figure 3-3 Microgrid

Function modules for a micro grid

4.1 Protection and safety

4.3 Grid harmonics

4.4 Grid codes/standards

4.5 Standards for Germany, Italy, USA, China

Requirements/standards for connecting to the grid in Germany

Requirements/standards for connecting to the grid in Italy

Requirements/standards for connecting to the grid in the USA

Requirements/standards for connecting to the grid in the China

• Function module for grid droop control

5.1.1 Function modules requiring a license

5.2 Typical applications of grid infeed to generate power

5.3 Description of the function modules

5.3.1 Line transformer function module

5.3.1.1 Grid-friendly transformer magnetization

5.3.1.2 Identification of the transformer data

5.3.1.3 Line filter and transformer monitoring

5.3.2 Function module for grid droop control

Grid control operating mode

Closed-loop control mode

Synchronizing to an existing grid is possible in both operating modes.

Figure 5-2 Frequency droop

Figure 5-3 Voltage droop

Oscillation damping of the grid voltage

5.3.2.1 Black start in an island grid

5.3.2.2 Synchronizing an island grid to an external power grid

5.3.3 Function module, dynamic grid support

5.3.3.1 Dynamic grid support

Example of a characteristic for dynamic grid support

Figure 5-4 Dynamic grid support to support the voltage

Explanations for voltage control:

Example of a grid code: VDE-AR-N 4110

Explanation of the voltage characteristic:

Difference to normal operation

5.3.3.2 Grid monitoring anti-islanding

5.3.3.3 Voltage-time monitoring

5.3.3.4 Frequency-time monitoring

5.3.3.5 Other monitoring functions that can be activated