Overview of Capacitive Couplings in Windings: April 2015

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Overview of Capacitive Couplings in Windings

Conference Paper · April 2015


DOI: 10.1109/EVER.2015.7112940

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2015 Tenth International Conference on Ecological Vehicles and Renewable Energies (EVER)

Overview of Capacitive Couplings in Windings


Nenad Djukic,Laurentiu Encica and Johan J. H. Paulides
Advanced Electromagnetics BV
Kerkstraat 13
5161 EA S prang-Capelle, The Netherlands
Emails:nenad@ae-magnetics.nl.laurentiu@ae-magnetics.nl andjohan@ae-magnetics.nl

Abstract-The use of electrical machines (EMs) with application today [1-3]. Some advantages of using VFDs
variable-frequency drives (VFDs) results in electromagnetic are: higher efficiency of a driven motor, fast control
interference (EMI). At high frequencies (HFs) of conducted response,accurate speed control,good torque response,etc.
EMI, the impedance of an EM insulation system fed from a [4,5]. High switching frequency of VFD in correlation with
VFD is small due to the parasitic capacitive couplings. Thus, the high rate of voltage rise and fall times (50-300ns [6-9]),
the conducted EMI currents flow through the insulation sets a significant voltage stress on the winding insulation
into the other conductive parts of the machine or ground. system. Winding insulation system, together with two
This can cause damage to the insulation, accelerate
conductive parts of the machine, forms a capacitive
corrosion and bearings, and influence other electrically
coupling. Inside an EM,the following capacitive couplings
and/or mechanically connected equipment in the system. In
can be observed,as shown in Fig. 1 [10]:
order to understand the phenomena of EMI and how to
minimize it, one must understand parasitic capacitances in • stator winding-to-core capacitance (Cws);
a VFD-cable-EM system. Many authors analyze the topic of • phase-to-phase capacitance (Cpp);
parasitic capacitances of cables and machine's bearing
capacitances. However, not many pUblications are focused
• stator winding -to-rotor capacitance (CWR);
on the detailed analysis of the windings. In most cases, the • stator core-to- rotor capacitance (CSR);

part of a global equivalent RLC circuit. Some authors use


parasitic capacitances of the winding are represented as a • bearing capacitance (CSI and Cso).

simplified models such as solenoids, which are not adequate


representatives of the actual winding topologies used in
EMs. To date, not much attention is given to the actual
distribution of parasitic capacitive couplings in the winding
itself, especially for multi-layer coils. Therefore, it appears
necessary to provide an overview of the models proposed in
the literature and their implementation in the analysis of
EMs. This paper presents capacitive couplings from the
point of view of winding topology and conductor geometry,
including insulation coating between conductors, and

winding equivalent RLC circuit, which can further be


conductor and ground, which can be implemented in the

applied to analyze the machine's behavior at HFs. The


discussion section at the end of this paper recommends
further steps on how to determine the parasitic capacitive
couplings in the future with more accuracy.

Keywords-electric machines; windings; coils;


insulation system; capacitance; capacitive coupling;
electromagnetic interference; variable-frequency drive.

Cpp / �
Inner I "
I. INTRODUCTION

Electrical machines in combination with variable­


frequency drives are widely present in almost any

r-ace


--
\, __
_-
I

Fig. 1. Capacitive couplings inside an EM [10]

978-1-4673-6785-1115/$31.00 ©2015 European Union


At low frequencies,mentioned capacitive couplings can a) Triangle and reference voltage signals'" PWM signals (u,v.w)
1
be neglected,considering their very low value (i.e. order of
o ... .. . .
tenths of pF [11] up to tenths of nF [12,13]). However,the
. . . .

effect of these couplings becomes apparent in inverter­ -1

b) PWM signal (u)


3.5 4 4.5 5 5.5
driven EM due to the high frequency (HF) switched
voltages. The resulting effects are conducted and radiated 200
electromagnetic interference (EMI). The radiated EMI, 100
found in the 30MHz-40GHz frequency range, will not be

c)
addressed in this paper [14]. The conducted EMI,however, 3.5 4 4.5 5.5

200 IF'
PWM signal (v)
is manifested through differential- and common-mode

100
����lW' I
voltages and currents (DMV, DMC, CMV and CMC,

tl
.. .

o U
respectively) with harmonic frequencies ranging from
3.5 4 4.5 5 5.5
lS0kHz up to 30MHz [ lS-17]. Electronic switching
elements inside an inverter,i.e. IGBTs,represent the source d) PWM signal (w)

:� tI IUlllill llll,l ll__


of this unwanted EMI. The differential-mode noise is also
referred as symmetrical noise or line-to-line noise. DMC
flows through one phase and returns through the other (line­
e) Common-Mode voltage
U U 5 U 6
to-line path). Common-mode noise is referred as
asymmetrical noise or line-to-ground noise. CMC flows 200 . . . .. : . . .
. .
. . .

through all phase conductors and returns via the ground 100 ' . . . . . . . . .
.
. .

.
.

conductor. Differential- and common-mode paths are .. . .

o .. .
presented in Fig. 2. Connections between the phase
. . . . . . ,

U 4 U 5 U 6

conductors and the ground conductor are realized via


(parasitic) capacitive couplings between the phase windings Fig. 3: PWM signals; a) sinusoidal reference voltage signals and the
and the ground (i.e. stator and/or rotor core). carrier signal; b) PWM signal of first phase; c) PWM signal of second
phase; d) PWM signal of third phase; e) CMV signal at the neutral point
Unlike grid supplied machines,pulse-width modulation in reference to the ground [20]
(PWM) inverter-fed machines inherently result in CMV on
the connection point of the machine phase windings,which prevent mentioned damage, one must minimize the
has a value at any point in the time as shown in the example capacitive couplings. However,in order to analyze parasitic
given in Fig. 3 [18-20]. In Fig. 3a reference voltage signals capacitive couplings at HFs,equivalent circuit of a winding
are presented with red, green and blue sinusoidal signals, and a coil at HF as in Section 3 must be observed [2S-32].
while triangle carrier signal is marked black. In diagrams in This paper presents an overview of the most common and
Figs. 3b-3d, red, green and blue rectangular signals, applied analytical methods for calculation of the parasitic
respectively,represent output signals of the inverter. These capacitances of different types of windings which are given
are also signals at the machine's input. The diagram in Fig. in Section 4 [2S-46]. Parasitic capacitive couplings in the
3e presents the CMV signal at the machine's neutral point bearings and between stator and rotor core will not be
in respect to ground. The frequency of CMV is three times addressed in this paper.
higher than the switching frequency of the inverter's IGBTs II. WHY MINIMIZING THE CAPACITIVE COUPLING?
[21,22].
For EMs, which are working with SOHz or 60Hz
Above mentioned parasitic effects can cause premature nominal frequency,the insulation system of the windings is
failure of the electrical insulation and bearings [23, 24]. usually designed according to the EM manufacturer's best
Further, equipment connected to the EM shaft (e.g. practice and experience and based on general standards and
gearboxes, cooling systems) can be affected by shaft-to­ latest technologies. Even for inverter-fed EM with nominal
ground capacitive currents,possibly leading to damage. To frequency e.g. 400Hz, the insulation system will often be
the same as for SO/60Hz or enhanced by applying different
Differential mode path
insulating material of more insulation layers. In order to
demonstrate the necessity of minimizing the capacitive
couplings of the insulation system, an example given in
parasitic
table 1 shows what happens with the capacitive reactance
motor/
cable
of the insulation in the case of different frequencies. For this
capacitance example assumed capacitance of the winding insulation
system is SnF and SpF.

Fig. 2: Differential and common mode paths in VFD


TABLE 1: EXAMPLE OF INSULATION CAPACITIVE REACTANCE
AT DIFFERENT FREQUENCIES

1[Hz] 50 400 150k 30M

Fig. 4: The basic lumped parameter equivalent circuit of a phase winding


C�5nF 636.6k 79.6k 212.2 1.1

-;;;:c [ill
1
Xc = in HF domain

C�5pF 636.6M 79.6M 212.2k I.Ik

Rp1
From this example it can be seen that at 50Hz and even
at 400Hz the reactance is still high. However, considering

A B
the HF harmonics of CM signals, it is obvious that
reactance is almost negligible. It should be noted that this
example is only given for the capacitive reactance,while in
reality, the total impedance of the winding insulation Fig. 5: Detailed equivalent circuit of a coil at HF
system should be considered. This impedance can be
calculated using the equivalent circuits given in Section 3
or measured with appropriate high current RLC meters.

III. HIGH-FREQUENCY MODEL OF THE WINDING

A
Referenced publications propose lumped parameter
circuit models in order to qualify and quantify parasitic
capacitances of windings. To analyze the winding and its
insulation system at HF of CM signals, the basic lumped
parameter equivalent circuit of a phase winding at HF
should be observed as in Fig. 4 [25-27]. Here: L is the total
inductance and it includes main and leakage inductances,R
is the serial connection of ac winding resistance and core
resistance,C represents stray capacitance which consists of
turn-to-turn and turn-to-ground capacitances,which will be
further elaborated on in Section 4. Inductance and Fig. 6: Detailed equivalent circuit of coil at HF with capacitance
resistance are frequency dependent,due to eddy-currents in towards the ground being taken into consideration

IV.
the core,and skin and proximity effect in the winding. Stray
capacitance is assumed not to be frequency dependent [29]. TYPES OF CAPACITANCES

In a more detailed representation,equivalent circuits of Basic types of parasitic capacitances regarding the
a coil are given in Figs. 5 and 6 [30] and [32]. Some authors windings are turn-to-turn and turn-to-ground.
are applying the same equivalent circuits to represent the Additionally,coil-to-coil,coil-to-ground,phase-to-phase,
winding [31]. These equivalent circuits represent a coil and and phase-to-ground capacitances can be observed as an
designations are: Rp/ represents AC iron losses (eddy­ extension of basic types [47].
current and hysteresis losses inside the magnetic core and From the two basic types of capacitances, the
the frame); RCI represents dissipative phenomena due to HF capacitance matrix [48,49] can be formed with diagonal
capacitive current and dielectric losses; RLJ is AC wire elements Cu, which are called "self-capacitance
resistance; CJ represents turn-to-turn capacitance; LJ is coefficients" [49-55]. They are positive constants and
overall inductance of the coil (sum of overhang part and slot represent, the sum of c�racitances � etween the i1h
part of the coil). Overall inductance LJ and AC wire conductor and every other Ut ) conductor III the system,as
resistance are frequency dependent,but in order to use this well as between the ith conductor and its ground. Non­
equivalent circuit in frequency and time domain, these diagonal elements Cij, which are called "mutual­
values are usually set to average value [11]. Values of Rp/, capacitance coefficients",and exist between the ith and lh
RCI and RLJ are usually a couple of kQ-:-10x kQ,10x Q and conductor. They are negative constants that represent the
100x Q, respectively. Additional capacitance towards the mutual partial capacitance between the ith and /h conductor
ground must be taken into consideration with the resistance in the system. In Fig. 7,an example of a random coil cross­
Rg and the capacitance Cg. section with four conductors is given.
A
ett = E·(i (3)
e

Figs. 8-10 present turn-to-turn capacitance for simple,


two-turn coil, and one-layer and two-layer multi-turn
coils. In the case as in Fig. 10,turn-to-turn capacitance will
be different due to different surfaces between two adjacent
turns (CttdCtt2).

Fig. 7: An example of capacitances between four conductors of which Taking into account parallel plate capacitor, another
two have round and two have rectangular cross-section [54] approach for calculation of turn-to-turn capacitance is
given in [28] and with regard to the Fig. 11. It is based on
The combination of cross-sections of the conductors (two
the calculation of the capacitance between two infinite,
rectangular and two round conductors) is given
straight, parallel conductors in homogenous medium (in
deliberately. The capacitance matrix for this example is
this case it will be assumed air).
given with (1). For the general case,this matrix would be
given with (2).

c:; I +C:;2 +
+C:;3+C:;4 Ctt

- C:; I
(1)
C;1+C;2+
-C;4
+C;3+C;4 Fig. 8: Simple,two-turn coil and its capacitances [33]
�1+�2+
-CI3 +�3+C44
CIgl


rI Ctt
-e:;2 -
e:; ll
C21+�2+
8 Ctt

Ctt
-�n
+,,+C2J1 (2) CIg2 ---I
CIg2
Ir-I Ctt
Cnl +c'12 +
-c'12
+···+c'm � Ctt

A.
CIgl
Turn-to-Turn Capacitance
Fig. 9: Single-row coil and distributed network of its capacitances [33]
Turn-to-turn capacitance implies the capacitance Clgl Clll
between any two conductors inside the same coil. Turn-to­
turn capacitance Cit is calculated between the turns i andj
Utj). This capacitance can be calculated in different ways,
l 1II�
..L I
c1I2 CIg2

depending on the shape of the conductor and their C'12 Clll CII2 CIg2
arrangement in the slot. T
t--I+---III I I I
CI12 Clll .I CII2 CIg2
J) Formed winding - Conductors with rectangular cross­ I
I--I�- II I I
section: For rectangular conductors it is relatively easy to CII2 Clll CII2 CIg2
II-I T
T
calculate Cit. Thanks to the surface contours of form­ -
+---
I---� � I
Ctt2 1
wound coils,which are sufficiently and necessarily regular
ICII21 1 T
to permit the representation of a coil in a slot or end region
Clll Clgl
by equivalent parallel-plate capacitors [33]. In this case,
capacitance is given with (3), where E:, A, and de, are Fig. 10: Double-row coil and distributed network of its capacitances
[33]
permittivity,conductor surface and distance between two
turns edges,respectively [34].
d
DI12
DI12 r I t

h h
� e-O
Fig. 11: Cross-section of rectangular wires and ground [28] Fig. 12: Cross-section of round wires and ground,D=2r [28]

Turn-to-turn capacitance from Fig. 11 would be: Equation (8) is the same as (6) with regards to the
mathematical identity between cosh-I (x) and In(x). If
k ED L b insulation thickness cannot be neglected, it should be
-d--=---a-
Ctt =
(4)
taken into consideration by applying of the following
The factor k includes edge effects which are the function equation:
of the winding geometry. Equation (4) does not consider
insulation coating thickness, i.e. t« d-a. If the insulation
coating thickness cannot be neglected, the equation (5)
(9)
should be used.
k ED L b
Where factor F is given by:
Ctt = --------:;--
d - a - 2.t. 1 -
(5)
( E�)
d
In equations (4) and (5) it is assumed that L is the turn
F
_
-
lz r
length. (10)
(l_f)l-ET
1

2) Formed winding - Conductors with round cross-section:


In the case of two conductors with round cross-section in Derivation of (9) is presented in detail in [28].
homogenous medium of permittivity E:, capacitance
between them, according to [14] and [35], can be Main downside of the previous two methods described
calculated as: with equations (6)-(9) is the limitation to single-layer coils.
Further, these two methods include only the capacitance
1[ EL calculated in regards to the shortest possible path along the
Ctt = (6) center axis of two turns, i.e. axis which connects the
cosh-1 (�) centers of two observed turns (conservative
Where L is the length of a conductor (turn), distance approximation). The actual capacitance between two
between centers of the two conductors is d, while D conductors will vary due to the roundness of the
represents the diameter of these conductors. In the case of conductors,which means that the lines of the electric field
diD> 3,mentioned capacitance reduces to: will not have an equal length. In order to obtain a result
which can be applied to a multi-layer coil,and to take into
1[ EL consideration different length paths between two
Ctt = (7)
(
In 2 .�) conductors as given in Fig. 13,previous equations must be
expanded.
In another approach, similar to the case of the
The equivalent capacitance consists of three
rectangular wire from Fig. 11, capacitance between two capacitances connected in series - capacitance of the
turns can be calculated on the basis of the calculation of
insulation layer of the first turn,capacitance of the air gap
infinite, parallel conductors with round cross-section in
between two turns, and capacitance of the second turn
homogenous medium as presented in Fig. 12 [28]. The
[36]. From Fig. 13 it can be seen that a basic cell for
calculation neglecting the insulation thickness is given by:
capacitance calculation can be extracted in regards to the
symmetry as according to Fig. 14.
Further,from the geometrical symmetry of the coil and
with the assumption that the turn in the middle is fully
(8)
surrounded with other turns, a turn can be divided into
elementary surfaces which face adjacent turn. The angle
between two elementary cylindrical surfaces of adjacent
turns covers 1[/3. Turns located at the edges of a coil differ
Fig. 13: Hexagonal arrangement of conductors in a multi-layer winding
Fig. 15: Assumed path of an electric field line between two adjacent
[36]
turns for calculating CII [36]

Fig. 16: The elementary cylindrical surface of an insulation coating [36]

The result of the equation (11) after the integration over


the turn length L and insulation thickness t, will be:
C o cr L
d Cc = de (12)
Do
In
Dc
Fig. 14: A basic cell for the calculation of CII [36] The capacitance of the air gap is calculated considering
the assumed paths as a function of B. The paths are given
from this model, but in order to make a first-order by:
approximation,all turns will be considered in accordance
xCB) = DoC1 cos B) (13)
to this basic cell. This approximation is equal to neglecting
-

the fringing effects. In the zone of 1[/3, the air gap path And the air gap capacitance is:
between two elementary cylindrical surfaces of adjacent Co L
turns is the length of a line of the electric field connecting d Cg = de (14)
2C1 cos B)
the two opposite elementary cylindrical surfaces, i.e. x.
_

This length is a function of angle B, as shown in Fig. 15. The total capacitance between two turns is:
In this region the capacitance must be integrated along the dCc dCg
dCtt =
d c + 2 dCg
angle B, i.e. over the angle of 1[/3. The elementary (15)
C
cylindrical surface for calculating the insulation layer
capacitance is given in Fig. 16.
First, the capacitance of the insulating coating is After the integration over the angle of 1[/3:
calculated with respect to Fig. 16. The elementary
capacitance of the cylindrical insulation coating shell is
given by:
Co c r
dCc = dl dB (11)
(16)
dr

where:
M=-l+v'3 (17) calculate the turn-to-turn capacitance based on the coil
geometry. The turn-to-turn capacitance can be obtained
and only by measurements and then calculating the
N = 2Er + In
D capacitance via resonant frequency and inductance matrix
o . (18)
Dc as explained in [29] and [32], or via stored energy as
In order to simplify equation (16),instead of e, a new presented in [40,41].
B.
*
angle e is introduced. It is the angle at which the serial Turn-to-Ground Capacitance
connection of elementary capacitances of the insulation
Turn-to-ground capacitances (Cg) is the capacitance
coatings is equal to the elementary capacitance of the air
between the turn and the slot wall. It is also referred as a
gap,i.e.:
turn self-capacitance. It is larger than turn-to-turn

dC
e* T = dCg (19) capacitance and it can also be calculated in different ways,
depending on the wire type and its configuration in the
The capacitance of the insulating coating is now: slot.

Cc =
2 E o Er L e* J) Formed winding - Conductors with rectangular cross­
D (20) section: From Figs. 8-10 it can be noticed that Cg will be
In -2..
Dc the same for two-turn coil,but it will be different in the
case of multi-turn coils. The difference will appear
If it is assumed that the insulation coating thickness s
between the outer turns (top and bottom) and the inner
is small comparing to the conductor diameter,cylindrical
turns, which will have the capacitance CgJ and Ctg2,
shell can be further approximated with parallel plate
respectively (Ctg4Cg2). This difference appears due to
capacitor,so (20) becomes:
difference of surfaces which are facing the slot wall. It is
Cc =
Eo Er L Da e* (21) obvious that Cg, > Cg2 considering that the outer turn has
t larger surface.
And the air gap capacitance will be: Turn-to-ground capacitance for the coil in Fig. 11 can
Cg = Eo L cot [ (�*) - (�)] cot (22)
be calculated in the similar way as Cu. If the insulation
coating thickness is negligible, i.e. t« d,-a/2, the result
Where Da represents average diameter of the insulation
will be:
coating: kED L b
a
Ct g = (26)
(23) h -Z
If the insulation coating thickness cannot be neglected,
With a couple of simple mathematical operations
* Cg will be:
between (12), (14) (19), (20) and (21), angle e can be
expressed as: kED L b
Ct g = (27)
e* = cos-1 1( -�)
Er Da
(24) h-!!:'-t
2 (
l--
Er
1
)
Finally,the overall turn-to turn capacitance will be: 2) Formed winding - Conductors with round cross-section:
For the case from Fig. 12,Ctg will be given by (28) if the
Ctt = Eo L [Er Dt e* + ("2e') - 3.732]
cot (25) insulation coating thickness can be neglected,i.e. t« h-r,
if that is not the case,then expression (29) is applied.
2 1[ Eo L
Previous analysis is given under the assumption of
uniformly-wound single-wire coils.
Detailed derivation of (25) is presented in [37]. (28)

3) Random winding (mush-wound cois) - Conductors with


round cross-section: Random-wound coils imply bundle of
round wires inserted into the slot,neglecting the order of
the wires [38, 39]. This type of winding is used in low­
(29)
voltage machines (up to lkV). Due to the randomly
inserted wire,it can happen that the first turn can be next
to the last one, and in that case the voltage difference
between these two turns is the highest. Not knowing the Where factor F' is given by:
actual wire distribution inside the slot,it is impossible to
would be to consider layer-to-layer CII and layer-to-ground
(30) Cig capacitances. As above-mentioned,coils,i.e. windings
can be single- or multi-layer. For a single-layer coil
(winding) CII does not exist, while Cig can be observed
through the equivalent II circuit as in [27] by solving the
network of distributed capacitances by applying D-Y
To calculate turn-to-ground capacitance for a multi­
layer coil from Fig. 13, similar methodology will be
applied as for Cu. If it would be assumed that the slot wall transformation for capacitances. In the case of multi-layer
is the symmetry plane from Fig. 15,the path lengths of the coils,CII and Cig can be calculated according to [43],which
electric field lines between the tum and the slot wall will suggests to observe a layer as plate:
be a half of the path lengths between two turns. This means bw l
that Ctg will be a serial connection of the coating Clx =5 (32)
e
capacitance given by (12) and a half of the air capacitance
given by (14),as shown in Fig. 17. After solving a simple Where x in the subscript stands for I layer or g- -

network of serial capacitances it can be obtained that Cg is ground. In the expression blV, I and Se represent coil width,
double the Cu given by (25),i.e.: an average length of a tum, and the distance between
horizontal axis of a layer, respectively. For Cll, Se is
(31)
calculated as:
In the reality,the basic cell for calculating Cg is wider Se = boll + 1.26 Do - 1.15 Dc (33)
than the one used for calculating Cu. The angle between
the elementary cylindrical surfaces from Fig. 15 and the While for CIg,Se is:
ground plane will actually be n/2. For the simplicity 1
reasons, expression (31) is given as a first-order Se = bolg + (34)
"2 (1.26 Do - 1.15 DJ
approximation.
Distance between two layers, i.e. between a layer and
3) Random winding (mush-wound cois) - Conductors with ground is given with All, i.e. Aig.
round cross-section: As explained in the case of Cu, for
random-wound coil it is not possible to determine Cg on Alternative expression for calculating CII is presented
the basis of coil geometry. In [42] Cg was determined as in [44]:
an average value of the measured coil-to-ground nt (nt + 1) (2 nt + 1)
capacitances,divided with the number of turns. It can be Cll = 2 l Ctt (35)
stated that turn-to-ground capacitance can be obtained 6 nt
only by measurements [32] and [42]. where nt is number of turns in the layer and I is average
C. Layer-to-Layer and Layer-to-Ground
length of a tum.

In the previous interpretation of turn-to-turn and turn­ Voltage distribution among layers must be taken into
to-ground capacitance it was explained how to calculate consideration as well,as shown in [43,44].
mentioned capacitance,considering them as an elementary If z represents the number of layers in a coil then self­
capacitances regarding the windings in EM. The next step capacitance of a coil is given as:

(36)

D. Coil-to-Coil and Coil-to-Ground

Depending on the form of a coil (rectangular or round),


coil-to-coil capacitance Ccc and coil-to-ground Ccg can be
approximated with the expressions for a parallel plate
capacitor or round conductor [43-45].
E. Phase-to-Phase and Phase-to-Ground

The phase-to-phase capacitances Cpp are formed


mainly by the winding parts of the different phases U,V
and W,in the winding overhang and inside the slots [21].
This type of capacitance is usually an order of magnitude
Fig. 17: Assumed path of the electric field line between two adjacent smaller than phase-to-ground capacitance [21] and [31].
turns for calculating etg [36] This difference is attributed to the different parts of a
machine that form the capacitances. The stator windings presented in this paper. As such, many simplifications
are embedded into the stator slots of the stator core iron have been applied in order to obtain the presented
stack where the area of contact is large and the distance is equations. However, it can be concluded that truly
small when compared with the area and the distance accurate results can only be obtained by applying accurate
between the phases in the winding overhang. analytical or FE based calculations and considering the
real configuration of the winding in parallel with
The stator phase-to-ground capacitance epg can be
measurements. Future work will be focused on deriving
approximated as a Qsl3 parallel plate capacitor,where Qs
the complete parasitic capacitance matrix based on
is a number of stator slots [21] and [46].
analytical and FE models in order to implement improved
V. DISCUSSION AND RECOMMENDA nONS HF model in EMs. Such improved model can then be used
during the EM design process in order to minimize the
Many assumptions and approximations are applied in effects of EMI.
order to simplify the calculations of a winding parasitic
capacitive couplings. Further, the comparison of results ACKNOWLEDGMENT
obtained by analytical methods and measurements done in This paper is part of the ADvanced Electric Powertrain
referenced publications report a deviation of 20% [21-37] Technology (ADEPT) project which is an EU funded
up to even 174% [21]. Thus, authors of mentioned Marie Curie ITN project, grant number 607361. Within
publications are proposing correction coefficients. ADEPT a virtual and hardware tool are created to assist
The authors of this article would suggest following the design and analysis of future electric propulsions.
recommendations to be taken in account when Especially within the context of the paradigm shift from
determining the parasitic capacitances in EM: fuel powered combustion engines to alternative energy
sources (e.g. fuel cells, solar cells, and batteries) in
• details of design of EM should be known before vehicles like motorbikes, cars, trucks, boats, planes. The
proceeding with the parasitic capacitance calculation. design of these high performance, low cost and clean
These details imply the knowledge of the complete propulsion systems has stipulated an international
insulation system applied, number and shape of the cooperation of multiple disciplines such as physics,
wire used,the number of slots and their shape,etc. mathematics, electrical engineering, mechanical
engineering and specialisms like control engineering and
• capacitances between non-adjacent turns, and
safety. By cooperation of these disciplines in a structured
between non-adjacent layers should not be neglected.
way,the ADEPT program provides a virtual research lab
• finite elements (FE) based calculations in community from labs of European universities and
combination with analytical analysis presented in this industries [56].
paper, should be used in order to determine parasitic
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