College of Criminal Justice Education

Subject: Character Formation 1 Patriotism and Nationalism

Year: 2nd year BS Criminology

Lecture No 3
(NATIONALISM AND PATRIOTISM)

BASIC CONCEPTS OF NATIONALISM AND PATRIOTISM

NATIONALISM

Nationalism is an ideology and movement defined by promoting the interests of a particular

nation, in particular with the aim of acquiring and maintaining the nation's sovereignty over
its country of origin (Smith, 2010). Nationalism claims that each nation should regulate itself,
free from outside intervention, that a nation is a natural and ideal political basis, and that the
nation is the only legitimate source of political authority (Finlayson, 2014).

It also aims to build and maintain a single national identity, based on shared social
characteristics such as culture, language, religion, politics and belief in a distinctive shared
history, and to promote national unity or solidarity (Yack, 2012). Nationalism therefore seeks
to preserve and encourage a nation's traditional culture, and cultural revivals have been
connected to nationalist movements. It also fosters pride in domestic accomplishments and is
strongly associated with patriotism (Triandafyllidou, 1998). Nationalism is often paired with
other ideologies, for instance conservatism or socialism (Finlayson2014).

Types of Nationalism

Nationalism can be expressed along civil, ethnic, cultural, religious or ideological lines. These
self definitions of countries are used to classify distinct kinds of nationalism, although these
categories are not mutually exclusive and many nationalist movements combine to differing
degrees some or all of these components.

1. Ethnic Nationalism (Ethnonationalism)

The country is described from prior generations in terms of ethnicity and descent. It also
involves the concept of a shared culture among group members, and generally a shared
language. The nation's membership is hereditary. The state derives political legitimacy from
its status as the ethnic group's homeland and from its obligation to safeguard the partially
domestic group and as a group to promote its family and social life.

In contrast to Western opinions of a country defined by its geographic territory, theorist

Anthony D. Smith utilizes the word 'ethnic nationalism' for non Western notions of
nationalism.

The word "ethnonationalism" is usually used only in relation to nationalists who support an
explicit ideology along these lines; the more generic word is "ethnic nationalism" and is used
by nationalists who hold such views in an informal, instinctive, or manner. unsystematic

The pejorative type of both is "ethnocentric nationalism" or "tribal nationalism," although

"tribal nationalism" may have a non-pejorative significance when debating African, Native
American or other nationalisms that publicly claim a tribal identity.
 2. Civic Nationalism (Civil Nationalism)

The state derives political legitimacy from its citizens' active involvement and the extent to
which it reflects the "will of the individuals." Civic nationalism lies within the traditions of
rationalism and liberalism, but it is contrasted with ethnic nationalism as a type of
nationalism.

Civic nation membership is regarded to be voluntary. The growth of representative

democracy in nations such as the United States and France was affected by civil-national
values.

State nationalism, often coupled with ethnic nationalism, is a version of civic nationalism. It
means that the country is a community of those who contribute to the state's maintenance
and strength, and that there is the person to contribute to that objective.

The country is supposed to be a community of those who contribute to the state's

maintenance and strength, and where the person exists expressly in the society to contribute
to that objective. This often results in fascism - generally characterized by authoritarianism
and nationalism, fascism is a political

3. Expansionist Nationalism

A radical form of imperialism that includes independent, patriotic feelings with a faith in
expansionism, generally through military aggression. The word was coined in the late 19th
century as European powers indulged in the Scramble for Africa in the name of domestic
glory, but was most closely linked with militarist governments in the 20th century, including
Fascist Italy, Nazi Germany, the Japanese Empire, and the Balkan nations of Albania (Great
Albania), Bulgaria (Greater Bulgaria), Croatia (Greater Croatia), Hungary.

Nations are not believed to be equivalent to their right to self-determination; some countries
are believed to possess features or qualities that make them superior to others. Therefore,
expansionist nationalism argues the right of the state to expand its boundaries at the cost of
its neighbours.

4. Romantic Nationalism

It is otherwise known as organic nationalism and identity nationalism. Is the form of ethnic
nationalism in which the state derives political legitimacy as a result and expression of the
nation's natural. It is based on the presence of a historical ethnic culture that meets the
romantic ideal.

It expressed Romanticism's values and opposed the rationalism of Enlightenment. A historical

ethnic culture that meets the Romantic Ideal was emphasized by romantic nationalism;
folklore evolved as a romantic nationalist notion.

5. Cultural Nationalism
The country is described by shared culture, not solely civic or ethnic. Chinese nationalism is
an instance of cultural nationalism, partially due to China's many national minorities.
Membership in the nation is neither completely voluntary nor hereditary.
However, a traditional culture can be more readily integrated into the lives of any person,
particularly if the person can obtain his or her abilities at an early point of his or her own
lives. (Conversi, 2008). Cultural nationalism has been defined as a variety of non-civil or
ethnic nationalism (Nielsen, 1999).

6. Third World Nationalism

Nationalist feelings are the outcome of opposition to colonial rule to survive and maintain a
domestic identity.

7. Liberal Nationalism
Is a kind of nationalism lately defended by political philosophers who think that a non-
xenophobic form of nationalism compatible with liberal values of liberty, tolerance, equality
and individual rights can exist (Tamir, 1993, Kymlicka, 1995, Miller, 1995). It is asserted that in
order to lead meaningful, independent life, people need a national identity and those liberal
democracies need domestic identity to work correctly.

Liberal nationalists often defend the importance of domestic identity by stating that people
need a domestic identity to lead meaningful, independent life (Kymlicka, 1995) and that
liberal democratic politics need domestic identity to work correctly (David, 1995, 2002).
Ernest Renan, author of "Qu'est-ce qu'une nation?" and John Mill are often thought to be
early liberal nationalists.

8. Religious Nationalism

Nationalism's connection to a specific religious faith, church, or affiliation. It can be seen that
a shared religion contributes to a sense of domestic unity and a mutual bond between the
nation's people. This connection can be divided into two dimensions; religion's politicization
and religion's converse effects on politics. In the former aspect, it can be seen that a shared
religion contributes to a sense of domestic unity; a common bond between the nation's
people. The support of a national identity, comparable to a shared ethnicity, language or
culture, is another political element of religion. More ideological is the impact of religion on
politics, where present interpretations of religious concepts inspire political activism and
action; for instance, leg are enacted to encourage stricter religious (Juergensmeyer, 1996).

9. Pan-Nationalism

Ethnic or cultural nationalism refers to a country that is itself a cluster of associated ethnic
and cultural communities (such as Turkish peoples).

10. Diaspora Nationalism

Diaspora is an ethnic population residing outside their traditional homelands. In this type of
nationalism, there is a nationalist sense, e.g. the Irish in the United States, the Jews in the
United States and elsewhere, etc.

11. Stateless Nationalism

On nationalist basis (e.g. the Catalans and Basques in Spain) an ethnic or cultural minority
within a nation-state aims independence.

12. National Conservatism

A political term, mainly used in Europe, to describe a version of conservatism that focuses
more on domestic interests than conventional conservatism, while not being unduly
nationalist or pursuing a far right agenda.

13. Revolutionary nationalism

Revolutionary nationalism is an ideological theory that calls for a domestic group united by a
shared sense of intent and destiny, also known as radical nationalism. It was first ascribed
and strongly promulgated by Benito Mussolini to followers of revolutionary syndicalism. In
France and Italy at the start of the 20th century, this intellectual synthesis of "radical
nationalism and dissident society" was created.

14. Left-Wing Nationalism

Left-wing nationalism, also sometimes referred to as socialist nationalism, relates to any

political movement combining left-wing or socialism with nationalism. Notable examples
include the 26 July Movement of Fidel Castro, which launched the Cuban Revolution in 1959
to oust the American-backed Fulgencio Batista, Ireland's Sinn Féin, Israel's Labor Zionism and
the African National Congress.

PATRIOTISM
Patriotism or national pride is a sense of love, dedication and attachment to a country and an
alliance with other people who share the same impression. This attachment can be a mixture
of many distinct emotions, including ethnic, cultural, political or historical elements, related
to one's own country. It is a predominant virtue linked to a nation's love, with greater
emphasis on values and beliefs. One who is patriotic will be willing to offer any sacrifice to his
nation. He'll never live alone egotistically. For example, for the sake of his country, a soldier
makes the ultimate sacrifice of his life. For no other reason than being a citizen of that nation,
patriotism is a dedication to one's nation. In essence, patriotism is a sense of attachment and
dedication to a country, nation, or political community or just country love.

The English word patriot is first known in the Elizabethan period; it originated from Latin (6th
century) patriota via Middle French, meaning "countryman," finally from Greek (patriotes),
meaning from the same nation' (patris), meaning "fatherland" (Liddell & Scott, 2013). The
abstract noun patriotism appears in the early 18th century.

By adhering to a national religion, patriotism can be reinforced. This is the reverse of the
church-state separation requested by the Enlightenment intellectuals who saw patriotism
and religion as analogous and opposing forces. Michael Billig and Jean Bethke Elshtain both
asserted that it is hard to discern the distinction between patriotism and faith and depends
heavily on the attitude of the person who does the label (Billig 1995).

Kinds of Patriotism

1. Patriotism of Duty

This includes fidelity to one's nation through material acts. This is military service patriotism
and other selfless sacrifice types. This is where patriotism becomes embodied and its ideals
take praiseworthy particular actions.

2. Patriotism of Affection

This is the patriotism of the heart. It is about one's internal desire for his country's well-being.
The patriotism of affection can be seen in the patriotism of duty, but it does not necessarily
result in it; one can truly love his country and yet be a coward, just as one can theoretically
fulfil a patriotic duty and yet feel apathetic about the country's welfare.

3. Patriotism of Manners

This is customs patriotism, written and unwritten. The patriotism of manners is to place one's
hand over the heart during the national anthem. It can be performed by anyone without
actually needing affection or duty patriotism. While the above types of patriotism show, at
least in part, the real beliefs and hopes of a person, the patriotism of manners establishes
mostly a set of protocols

Types of Patriotism

1. Personal Patriotism - Is emotional and voluntary.

The patriot adheres to certain patriotic values, such as respect for the flag or the honoring of
veterans. Other expressions of personal patriotism include enlisting in the army, public
service, and participation in the political process through voting or other forms of activism.

2. Official Patriotism-Promoted by the government which has a high symbolic and ceremonial
content. It is a logical consequence of the state itself, which derives legitimacy from being the
expression of the common good of the political community.

National monuments, and veterans days and commemoration ceremonies are typical
examples. Often official patriotism is highly regulated by protocol, with specific methods for
handling flags, or specific pledges and displays of allegiance.

Official patriotism relies heavily on symbolic acts, such as displaying the flag, singing the
national anthem, saying a pledge, participating in a mass rally, placing a patriotic bumper
sticker on one's vehicle, or any other way of publicly proclaiming allegiance to the state.
3. Symbolic Patriotism - In wartime is intended to raise morale, in turn contributing to the
war effort.

4. Peacetime Patriotism - Cannot be so easily linked to a measurable gain for the state, but
the patriot does not see it as inferior. Levels of patriotism vary across time, and among
political communities. Typically, patriotic intensity is higher when the state is under external
threat.

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN PATRIOTISM AND NATIONALISM

While the terms patriotism and nationalism were once regarded as synonymous, distinct
connotations were assumed. While both are people's feelings of affection for their nation, the
values on which they are based are very distinct. Patriotism feelings are based on the
country's positive values- like liberty, justice, and equality. The patriot thinks that both their
country's state system and individuals are inherently good and working together to achieve a
better quality of life.

On the other hand, nationalism emotions are based on the belief that one's nation is superior
to all others. It also holds a connotation of other countries' distrust or disapproval, leading to
the premise that other states are competitors. While patriots do not degrade other countries
automatically, nationalists do, sometimes to the point of calling for the global dominance of
their country. Nationalism is the polar opposite of globalism by its protectionist beliefs.

Historically, both positive and negative have been the impacts of nationalism. While it has
motivated movements of autonomy, such as the Zionist movement that formed
contemporary Israel, it was also a main factor in the increase of the German Nazi Party and
the Holocaust (Longley, 2019).
According to Sydney J. Harris, the patriot is proud of his nation for what it does, and the
nationalist is proud of his nation whatever it does; the first approach generates a sense of
accountability and the second a sense of blind stupidity leading to war.

End of Lecture No 3