Assessment of The Gas Turbine Performance at Khartoum North and Kuku Power Stations

University Of Khartoum
Faculty of Engineering
Department of Electrical and Electronics
Assessment of the Gas Turbine Performance at

Khartoum North and Kuku Power Stations
Prepared by:
Abdelgadir Ahmed Eltahir
A Thesis Submitted In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement of the

Master Degree in Power System Engineering
Supervised by:
Dr. Mohammed M. Elawad
April 2009
Content
SUBJECT Page
No.
Dedication ……………………………………………………………. i
Acknowledgements…………………………………………………… ii
Abstract………………………………………………………………. iii
LIST OF FIGURES………………………………………………….. v
LIST OF TABLES…………………………………………………… vi
INDICATIVE………………………………………………………… vii
1 INTRODUTION
1.1 POWER GENERATION IN SUDAN ………………………. 1
1.2 GAS TURBINE IN SUDAN…………………………………….. 3
1.2.1 Khartoum north gas turbine (K.N.G.T)……………………… 3
1.2.2 Kuku gas turbine……………………………………………….. 4
1.3 LITRATURE REVIW…………………………………………… 4
1.4 OBJECTIVE……………………………………………………… 5
2 GAS TURBINE THEORY AND CLASSIFICATION
2.1 GAS TURBINE HISTORY……………………………………… 6
2.2 GAS TURBINE THEORY ………………………………………. 8
2.3 GAS TURBINE CLASSIFICATION…………………………….. 12
2.4. MAJOR COMPONENTS OF A GAS TURBINE ………………. 14
2.4.1 Compressors ……………………………………………….. 14
2.4.1.1 Axial-Flow Compressors…………………………………… 14
2.4.1.2 Centrifugal Compressors……………………………………. 15
2.4.2 Combustors…………………………………………………….. 16
2.4.2.1 Tubular Combustion Chamber ………………………………. 17
2.4.2.2 Can-Annular Combustion Chamber ………………………….. 18
2.4.2.3 Annular Combustion Chamber………………………………... 18
2.4.2.4 Combustor Operation………………………………………. 19
2.4.3 Turbine………………………………………………………. 20
2.4.3.1 Axial-Flow Turbines………………………………………… 20
2.4.3.2 Radial-Inflow Turbine ……………………………………… 21
3 EVALUATION OF THE ENERGY COST
3.1 ELECTRICITY COST………………………………………….. 22
3.1.1 Fixed cost ……………………………………………………….. 22
3.1.2 Variable………………………………………………………… 22
3.2 TARIFF OF ELECTRICITY …………………………………… 23
3.2.1 Tariff rate type…………………………………………………. 23
3.2.2 Kilowatt hour (kwh) Cost Calculation………………………. 24
4 EFFICENCY OF THE GAS TURBINE
4-1 GAS TURBINE EFFEICINCY FACTORS……………………. 31
4-1-1 Ambient conditions effective…………………………. 31
4.1.2 Load ……………………………………………………………. 32
4-2 EFFICIENCY CALCULATION………………………………… 32
5 RESULTE AND DISCUSSION
5-1 THE CAUSESE OF INCREASING ENERGY COST ………. 38
5-2 THE CAUSESE OF DECREASING EFFEICIENCY …………... 39
5-3 RECOMMENDATION…………………………………………... 39
REFERENCES………………………………………………………… 40
Appendix……………………………………………………………….. 41
DEDICATION
To my mother
To my father
To all my friends and
colleagues
i
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
All praises and thanks are due to ALLAH (Subhana WA taala) for
bestowing me with health, knowledge and patience to complete this
work.
My thanks to Old Gas Turbine power Stations staff for given help to
complete this research.
All the thanks and gratitude to the research supervisor Dr.

Mohammed M. El-Awad for his time and continuous guidance given to me.
Thanks are due to my colleagues at Old Gas Turbine power Stations
specially shift engineers who were always to help me in my work.
Finally, thanks are due to my family members for their emotional

and moral support through out my academic career and also for their
love, patience, encouragements and prayers.
ii
Abstract
The objective of this research is to assess the performance of the

gas turbines operating in the National Electricity Corporation
(NEC) grid. Currently there are five units, divided into two stations
of Khartoum North power station (three units) and Kuku power
station (two units).
Gas turbines within the grid are important for the stability of grid
and for overcoming power Shortages, especially in the summer.
The Assessment of gas turbines units was done in two ways:-
1. Calculation of the average cost of producing unit of energy

(KWh) in the plants.
2. Calculation of the thermal efficiency of gas turbine units,
according to local operation conditions.
The study found that the average per unit of energy produced
in plants is (0.54) Sudanese pounds, which is considerably high
compared to average selling price of kilowatt-hour which is
(0,237) Sudanese pounds. The study also found that thermal
efficiency has been found that the average thermal efficiency of the
units’ ranges between (15% and 21%) is less than the usual
efficiency of gas turbines.
iii
‫ﻣﺴﺘﺨﻠﺺ اﻟﺒﺤﺚ‬
‫اﻟﻬﺪاف ﻣﻦ هﺬا اﻟﺒﺤﺚ هﻮ ﺗﻘﻴﻢ اداء اﻟﺘﺮﺑﻴﻨﺎت اﻟﻐﺎزﻳﺔ اﻟﻌﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻬﻴﺌﺔ اﻟﻘﻮﻣﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎء وهﻲ ﺧﻤﺲ وﺣﺪات ﻣﻮزﻋﺔ ﻋﻠﻲ ﻣﺤﻄﺘﻴﻦ‬
‫• ﻣﺤﻄﺔ ﺷﻤﺎل اﻟﺨﺮﻃﻮم اﻟﻐﺎزﻳﺔ )ﺛﻼث وﺣﺪات (‬
‫• ﻣﺤﻄﺔ آﻮآﻮ اﻟﻐﺎزﻳﺔ ) وﺣﺪﺗﺎن(‬
‫اﻟﺘﺮﺑﻴﻨﺎت اﻟﻐﺎزﻳﺔ داﺧﻞ اﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ ﺗﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﻣﻦ اهﻢ اﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ اﻟﻤﻜﻮﻧﺔ ﻻﺳﺘﻘﺮار اﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ‬
‫وﺳﺪ اﻟﻨﻘﺺ ﺧﺼﻮﺻﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻓﺼﻞ اﻟﺼﻴﻒ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﻘﻴﻢ اﻟﺘﺮﺑﻴﻨﺎت ﻓﻲ هﺬا اﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺗﻢ ﻋﺒﺮ وﺳﻴﻠﺘﻴﻦ ‪-:‬‬
‫‪ .1‬ﺑﺤﺴﺎب ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﺳﻌﺮ ﺗﻜﻠﻔﺔ اﻧﺘﺎج وﺣﺪة اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺠﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺤﻄﺘﻴﻦ ﻣﻮﺿﻊ اﻟﺪراﺳﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .2‬ﺑﺤﺴﺎب اﻟﻜﻔﺎءة اﻟﺤﺮارﻳﺔ ﻟﺘﺮﺑﻴﻨﺎت اﻟﻐﺎزﻳﺔ ﺣﺴﺐ ﻇﺮوف اﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴﻞ اﻟﻤﺤﻠﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫وﺟﺪت اﻟﺪراﺳﺔ ان ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﺗﻜﻠﻔﺔ وﺣﺪة اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺠﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺤﻄﺘﻴﻦ هﻮ ) ‪ ( 0.54‬ﺟﻨﻴﻪ‬

‫ﺳﻮداﻧﻲ وهﻮ ﺳﻌﺮ ﻋﺎﻟﻲ ﺟﺪا ﻋﻨﺪ ﻣﻘﺎرﻧﺔ ﺑﻤﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﺳﻌﺮ اﻟﺒﻴﻊ ﻟﻠﻜﻴﻠﻮات‪-‬ﺳﺎﻋﺔ وهﻮ )‪( 0.237‬‬
‫ﺟﻨﻴﻪ ﺳﻮداﻧﻲ ‪ .‬اﻟﻌﺎﻣﻞ اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ اﻟﺬي ﺗﻢ ﺑﻪ ﺗﻘﻴﻢ اﻟﻮﺣﺪات هﻮ ﻗﻴﺎس اﻟﻜﻔﺎءة اﻟﺤﺮارﻳﺔ ‪ ،‬وﻗﺪ وﺟﺪ‬
‫ان ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ اﻟﻜﻔﺎءة اﻟﺤﺮارﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﻮﺣﺪات ﻳﺘﺮاوح ﺑﻴﻦ )‪ %15‬و ‪ (%21‬وهﻲ اﻗﻞ ﻣﻊ اﻟﻜﻔﺎءة‬
‫اﻟﻤﻌﺘﺎدة ﻟﻠﺘﺮﺑﻴﻨﺎت اﻟﻐﺎزﻳﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫‪iv‬‬
LIST OF FIGURES
Page
FIGURE NAME No
Figure (2-1) Open cycle gas turbine component………………………… 9
Figure (2-2) The T-s and P-v diagrams of an ideal Brayton cycle……….. 10
Figure (2-3) Aero-derivative gas turbine internal parts………………….. 12
Figure (2-4) Industrial gas turbine internal parts………………………… 13
Figure (2-5) Axial-Flow Compressors…………………………………… 15
Figure (2-6) Centrifugal Compressors…………………………………… 16
Figure (2-7) Tubular Combustion Chamber …………………………… 17
Figure (2-8) Can-annular combustor type………………………………. 18
Figure (2-9) Annular Combustion Chamber……………………………... 19
Figure (2-10) Axial-Inflow Turbine…………………………………….. 20
Figure (2-11) Radial-Inflow Turbine……………………………………. 21
Figure (3-1) The monthly (kwhr) cost for (Sep2005-Aug2008)………… 27
Figure (3-2) The (kwhr) item cost percentage for (Sep2005-Aug2006).. 28
Figure (3-3) The (kwhr) item cost percentage for (Sep2006-Aug2007)… 29
Figure (3-4) The (kwhr) item cost percentage for (Sep2007-Aug2008)… 29
Figure (4-1) effect of inlet temperature to power output……………… 31
Figure (4-2) The old gas turbine power stations monthly efficiency ……. 34
Figure (4-3) Unit1 K.N.G.T monthly efficiency for Years studied……. 35
Figure (4-6) Unit1 Kuku monthly efficiency for Years studied……….. 36
Figure (4-7) Unit2 Kuku monthly efficiency for Years studied……….. 37
v
LIST OF TABLES
TABLE NAME Page

No
Industrial Gas Turbines Compared To Aero-Derivative……………… 14
(Kwhr) item cost for Sep 2005………………………………………... 25
Monthly (kwhr) cost from (Sep 2005 to Aug 2008)………………...... 26
Annual item cost per kwhr for years (Sep 2005 to Aug 2008)……….. 28
Average of KW per hour for three years (Sep 2005 to Aug 2008)…… 32
Monthly thermal efficiency for three years form (Sep 05 to Aug 08)... 33
vi
Appreciation
ISO International Standard Organization…….. -
N.E.C National Electricity Corporation………… -
Symbol Unit
T Temperature………………………………… K,C
P Pressure……………………………………… Bar
V Volume………………………………………. m³
h Enthalpy……………………………................ KJ/kg
Q Heat…………………………………………… KJ/kg
W Work………………………………………….. KJ/kg
Specific Value………………………………... KJ/kg.k
Calorific Value……………………………….. KJ/Kg

Work ratio……………………………………. -
Efficiency…………………………………….. -
vii
1.1 POWER GENERATION IN SUDAN
Power generation is an important issue today; Demand is outweighing

supply because of lack of incentives for the utilities industry to build additional
power plants over the past 10-20 years. Electrical innovations (such as the
personal computer) were not accounted for in earlier predictions of power
utilization, now, the country is in dire need of streamlining the current power
plants while pushing through as many applications as possible for new power
plants [1].
Power shortages and even no power at all, are a tedious fact of life for
many Sudanese people. This has prompted the authorities to actively seek
private sector investors to sort out the electricity but bluntly, the country simply
can not generate anywhere near the amount of power that it needs. At present,
the country's installed generating capacity totals an estimated 1196 MW far
short of what is required by a population that is approaching 35 million.
Industry analysts suggest that the actual working capacity of the the total
installed capacity in (N.E.C) in 2006 is 1138 MW [2].
The only sizable area of the country having electric power available to
the public was the central region along the Blue Nile from Khartoum south to
Ad Damazin. The central region in the early 2007s accounted for
approximately 87 percent of Sudan's total electricity consumption. The area
was served by the country's only major interconnected generating and
distributing system [3].
This system provided power to both towns and the irrigation projects in
the area, including the Gezira Scheme. Another small, local, interconnected
system furnished neither power in the eastern, northern western and southern
parts of the country a few towns along the White Nile south of Khartoum; and
Port Sudan. About fifty other urban centers in outlying regions, each having
populations of more than 5,000, still did not have a public electricity supply in
1
1982, the last 20th years for which statistical information was available. Rural
electrification was found only in some of the villages associated with the main
irrigation projects.
Approximately 75 percent of the country's total electric power was
produced by the National Electricity Corporation (N.E.C), a state enterprise.
The remaining 25 percent was generated for self-use by various industries
including food processing and sugar factories, textile mills, and the Khartoum
refinery. Private and (N.E.C), electricity generation increased about 50 percent
in the 1980s, to an estimated 900 gigawatt hours in 1989 in attempts to counter
frequent cuts in electric power. (N.E.C), also handled all regular electricity
distribution to the public. In 1989 (N.E.C) power stations had a total generating
capacity of 606 MW, of which about 53 percent was hydroelectric and the
remainder thermal.
The largest hydroelectric plant was at El Rosaries Dam on the Blue Nile;
it had a capacity of 280 MW. Other hydroelectric stations were located at the
Sennar Dam farther downs stream 15 MW and at Khashm al Qirbah Dam on
the Atbarah River; The Sennar and Rosaries dams were constructed originally
to provide irrigation, Sennar in 1925 and Rosaries in 1966. Electric-power
generating facilities were added only when increasing consumer demands had
made them potentially viable (Sennar in 1962 and Rosaries in 1971), yet power
generation in Sudan has never satisfied actual needs [3].
The Grid, in addition to its Rosaries and Sennar hydroelectric plants, had
thermal plants at Bahri in northern Khartoum, where work on a 180-megawatt
(now constrict a new phase on a 200 megawatt and Gerri power station were
work on 480 MW and Khartoum north gas turbine on 70 MW plus kuku gas
turbine power station on 25 MW [2].
In response Sudan's power shortage problems, projects are underway to
add both fossil-fuelled and hydropower generating capacity. The largest of
these projects are the proposed Merowe and Kajbar hydro electric facilities in
northern Sudan. The 1,250 MW Merowe facilities are to be located 250 miles
north of Khartoum at the Nile River's fourth cataract. So far, Egypt has voiced
no major objections to the project's planned diversion of Nile River flows.
2
Construction began in (2007), with completion scheduled for (July 2008). But
the start up could be delayed until late (2008) or early (2009) [2].
1.2 GAS TURBINE IN SUDAN
The old gas turbine station is one of thermal power generation

department which contain all thermal power generation stations (steam, diesel,
coal and gas turbine).The begins of thermal power generation start in 1908 by
steam power generation in burry (old part) and then added the new extantion
in 1982, but this station was closed after burrend in 2003.
Khartoum north steam power station is one of an important part of thermal
generation in Sudan, it consist of two phases phase one that inaugurate in 1985
(2X30 MW) and upgraded on phase two in 1994 (2 unit X 60 MW), Now the
constrict continue in phase three on two unit (2X100 MW). Although the first
gas turbine in Sudan started to run in (kilo 10) area (southern of Khartoum) in
1968. and construction the Kuku gas turbine power station in 1985.The gas
turbine department as an autonomic department in 1991 when (N.E.C) start to
operate the Khartoum north power station .
1.2.1 Khartoum north gas turbine (K.N.G.T)
The location of Khartoum north gas turbine in Bahri city eastern Blue
Nile river and beside Dr sharif steam power station the biggest thermal power
station in Sudan and (K.N.G.T) it is first part of gas turbine station which it
consist of two phases (1&2) .
Phase (1) this is the starting of working of Gas turbine in Sudan in 1991
with two units 20 MW each, the units are relocated from Italy to Khartoum in
1991. The Diesel Oil fired Gas Turbines is being operated as a simple cycle
power plant of (2 x 20 MW). The power generated in the plant is fed into the
(33 kV) transmission line and the extension of an existing substation at
Khartoum North into the grid of (N.E.C), the national utility.1&2 units
3
protected by Nuovo Pignone Company. In 2001 according to the failure in the
generator rotor the (N.E.C) disposition from the unit (2) as a scrap.
Phase (2) this phase was started to build in (January 2001) with two units
(25 MW) for each as designer. These Units are relocated from Germany to
Khartoum from (November 2000) until (April 2001). The Diesel Oil fired Gas
Turbines is being operated as a simple cycle power plant of (2 x 25 MW) [4].
The power generated in the plant is fed into the (110 kV) transmission
line and the extension of an existing substation at Khartoum North into the grid
of NEC, the national utility, (3&4) units protected by AGE Kanis Company in
1973 and work there from 1973 up to 1998, In 2008 Sep according to the
failure in the generator stator the (N.E.C) disposition from the unit (3) as scrap.
1.2.2 Kuku gas turbine
The starting of running of Kuku gas turbine station is in 1985 with two
unit that was protected in 1983 by capacity (10 MW) to unit one and (12 MW)
to unit 2 as designer .In 1992 translated unit 2 to Portsudan to improve the local
city grid .In 1998 the (N.E.C) return the unit and maintenance it and
reoperation the unit in the same position till 2008 when the compressor failure
and sold it as scarp [4].
1.3 LITRATURE REVIEW

Gas turbines (GT) have been used for electricity generation in most
countries around the world. In the past, their use has been generally
limited to generating electricity in periods of peak electricity demand.
Gas turbines are ideal for this application as they can be started and
stopped quickly enabling them to be brought into service as required to
meet energy demand peaks. However, due to availability of natural gas
at relatively cheap prices compared to distillate fuels, many countries
around the world, e.g. Jordan, use large conventional GTs as base load
units, while small ones to meet any shortages in available electricity
4
supplies occurring during an emergency or during the peak load demand
periods. Such systems, especially those operating in an open or simple
cycle have the disadvantage of being least efficient and so the unit cost
of generated electricity is relatively high. For example, in Jordan, gas
turbines used as peaking units consumed about 35x103 tones of diesel
fuel, but supplied less than 111 GWh. i.e., 1.3% of electricity generated
in 2005. The average efficiency of GT peaking plants in Jordan over the
last five years was in the range of (20-28%). Such low efficiencies can
be attributed to many reasons, such as, operation mode, poor
maintenance, engine size and age [5]. For the Sudan, in spite of it is one
of the first countries that entered the electricity industry, but it is one of
underdeveloped countries in this field, Electrical grid did not reach
saturation point once, and the average per person in the Sudan, less than
one hundred kilowatt / hours per year which is very low compared the
average per capita in most countries of the world, where the average per
capita is more than ten thousand kilowatt hours per year in several
countries. Up the supply of electricity in Sudan to less than a quarter of
its population cover less electricity than the average 10% of the country.
Electricity tariffs are high compared with the average per capita income,
compared with neighboring countries. Owners of production and service
sectors complain of high electricity tariff, where the electricity is about
20% of the cost of production and services and the electricity supply is
unstable. The rate (63%) of the total electricity produced in the country
comes from the production and thermal (37%) of production water,
which makes the high cost of electricity production and therefore sold at
high prices to consumers as the cost of production of the Kilo-watt /
hour (709) cents in the dollar amount of the cost of the Merowe Dam (4)
cents only. The director general of the national electricity energy
produced from electricity, which had existed before the year 1999 were
all (450) MW them (250) MW of Damazin, and (15) MW from Sennar,
and (150) MW Khartoum north power station.
5
Monopoly of the electricity industry by the Government and not to enter
the investment, Prevention of the evaluate studies of power stations properly
and regularly. The national electricity Corporation has the power of multiple
kinds of ways of power generations. And evaluate the performance of the
(N.E.C) and the calculation of the cost of production is an average production
of each species.
1.4 OBJECTIVES
The objective of this study is to assess the performance five f Gas
Turbine units at Khartoum north and kuku power stations, during period of
three years, from September 2005 up to August 2008, by two factors:-
1- The energy cost at Khartoum North and Kuku gas turbine power
stations.
2- The thermal efficiency of the stations at the local conditions operations.
6
Gas turbine has become in the recent years, the basic item of the modern
energy plants. It is like the other method of power generator system has
advantages and disadvantages [6]:-
Advantages of GTE’s
Simplicity.
Quicker response time.
Weight reduction of 70%.
Faster Acceleration/deceleration.
Modular replacement.
Less vibration.
More economical (when it use as combine cycle).
Disadvantages of GTE’s
Many parts under high stress.
High pitched noise.
Needs large quantities of air.
Large quantities of hot exhaust.
2.1 GAS TURBINE HISTORY
The concepts of a gas turbine are not entirely new at all. The first
recognition of the theory of the gas turbine can be recollected back to 150 BC
where a Greek philosopher and mathematician, Hero, invented a toy (Aeolipile)
that rotated on top of a boiling pot of water. This caused a reaction effect of
hot air or steam that moved several nozzles arranged on a wheel. The aeolipile
is considered by many sources to be the first turbine engine. In 1232, the
Chinese began to use rockets as weapons which follow the same theory as the
7
combustion engine. Then the next recognition of the knowledge and
development of the gas turbine is evident in the sketches drawn by Leonardo da
Vinci in 1500 AD showing a device that would rotate when driven by hot air
flowing up a chimney .This device is the basic theory of a gas turbine itself, it
worked by hot air from the fire which rose upward to pass through a series of
fan like blades that turned the roasting spit. There was then Giovanni Branca
who in 1629 developed a stamping mill that used jets of steam to rotate a
turbine that then rotated to operate machinery. Ferdinand Verbeist built a
model carriage that used a steam jet for power in 1678. However, in 1687, Sir
Isaac Newton announced the three laws of motion. These formed the basis for
the modern propulsion theory.
There were many more advances in the progression to build a gas
turbine. Sir Charles Parson patented a steam turbine which was used to power
a ship in 1897. However, it wasn’t until 1930 when Sir Frank Whittle patented
a design for a gas turbine. He was an Englishman whose patent was for a jet
aircraft engine. Using his ideas, along with the contributions of fellow
scientists, Whittle developed a working gas turbine engine (GTE) in April
1937. His early work on the theory of gas propulsion was based on the
contributions of most of the earlier pioneers of this field.
The reason why the gas turbine appeared so much later than other types
of internal combustion engines was because of the difficulty of finding
materials for the working parts, especially the turbine blades, as they would
have to withstand extremely high temperatures of the burning gas without
melting or weakening.
Whittle then designed the first successful turbojet aero plane, the Gloster
Meteor, flown over Great Britain. After the Second World War the jet engine
became the most popular method of powering aero planes and consequently the
gas turbine rapidly developed to what we have today [7].
A simple gas turbine is comprised of three main sections a compressor,
combustor, and a power turbine. The gas-turbine operates on the principle of
the Brayton cycle, where compressed air is mixed with fuel, and burned under
constant pressure conditions. The resulting hot gas is allowed to expand
8
through a turbine to perform work. In a 33% efficient gas-turbine
approximately (two / thirds) of this work is spent compressing the air, the rest
is available for other work. (Mechanical drive electrical generation).
Figure (2-1) shows the main component of gas turbine open cycle [8].
2.2 GAS TURBINE THEORY

All four processes of the Brayton cycle (Figure 2-2) are executed in
steady flow devices so they should be analyzed as steady-flow processes [8].
Figure (2-2) shows the Brayton cycle diagram
Figure (2-1) open cycle gas turbine component
9
P Qin
T
2 3 3
2
4
1 4 Qout
1
S
V
Figure (2-2): The T-s and P-v diagrams of an ideal Brayton cy
1-2: Compression
2-3: Combustion
3-4: Expansion through Turbine and Exhaust Nozzle
The changes in kinetic and potential energies are neglected, the energy
balance for a steady-flow process can be express, on a unit-mass basis, as
(2-1)
Therefore, heat transfers to and from the working fluid are
(2-2A)
And
(2-2B)
10
Then the thermal efficiency of the ideal Brayton cycle under the cold air-
standard assumptions becomes:-
Compressor and turbine work:-
(2-3)
(2-4)
Heat added to the cycle (one fuel mass unit) :-
(2-5)
The thermal efficiency (η)
(2-6)
- (2-7)
The pressure ratio
(2-8A)
(2-8B)
To isotropic expansion
(2-9A)
(2-9B)
Substitute equations (2-9A) and (2-9B) in (2-7)
η (2-10)
11
2.3 GAS TURBINE CLASSIFICATION
Gas turbines have been used to produce power as well as an engine to

drive pumps, compressors, emergency equipment, etc. It is common to use gas
turbines in power plants and hospitals to produce instant emergency power for
essential services when the main power supply is interrupted. Gas turbines are
ideal for use as an unmanned and remotely controlled unit that can be started
by a telephone or radio link [9].
There are two main types of gas turbine used in the world; first one is the
Aero-derivative which is show in Figure (2-3). The other one is the industrial
which is show in Figure (2-4). Gas turbines have demonstrated their suitability
for heavy duty, continuous, base load operation in power generation, pump and
compressor applications. While they share many similarities, there are times
when their differences make them uniquely more suitable for a specific
application. These differences are not always adequately considered during the
equipment selection phase. As a result operations and maintenance personnel
must deal with them throughout the plants useful life. Schematically there are
little differences between the various types of gas turbines. However,
considering the actual hardware, primarily in the (20,000-horsepower) and
above range, the differences are very significant. Figure (2-3) and (2-4) show
the internal component of aero-derivative and industrial gas turbine.
Figure (2-3): Aero-derivative gas turbine internal parts

12
Figure (2-4): Industrial gas turbine internal parts
In spite of their common background, there is difference between the

aero-derivative and heavy industrial gas turbines. These are weight, combustor
design, turbine design, and bearing design (including the lube-oil system).
Grouping units in the same or similar horsepower output range, the most
obvious difference is in the physical size of the heavy industrial compared to
the aero-derivative gas turbines this physical size difference leads to the
comparisons in table (2-1). The differences between the aero-derivatives and
the hybrid industrial gas turbines are less significant. Size, rotating speed, air
flow, and maintenance requirements are similar for both type machines. The
flexibility of the aero-derivative unit is “weight” and “size” related. For
example, an application convenient to a large source of experienced manpower
(with well-defined base load requirement, and good quality fuel) is
considerably different from an application in a remote environment (away from
skilled labor, good roads, and subject to varying qualities of fuel and loading
conditions). The user must weigh his needs and requirements against the
variety of machines offered. The preference has been to place the aero-
derivative unit’s in remotely located applications and to place the heavy
13
industrial unit in easily accessible base-load applications. This is changing with
the aero-derivative and the heavy frame industrial gas turbines competing on
the same economic level. Table (2-1) comparison between Industrial Gas
Turbines to Aero-Derivative.
Table (2-1): Industrial Gas Turbines Compared To Aero-Derivative

Observation Industrial Compared To
Aero-Derivative
Shaft speed Slower
Air flow Higher
Maintenance time Longer
Maintenance period Larger
2.4. MAJOR COMPONENTS OF A GAS TURBINE
A gas turbine has three main components compressor, combustors

champers and Turbine.
2.4.1 Compressors
Gas turbines use axial and centrifugal compressors. Small gas turbines
use centrifugal compressors while all the larger ones use axial compressors.
2.4.1.1 Axial-Flow Compressors

Axial-flow compressors increase the pressure of the fluid by accelerating
it in the rotating blades and then diffusing it in the stationary blades. A
compressor stage consists of one row of stationary blades and one row of
moving blades. An additional row of fixed blades (inlet guide vanes) is
normally installed at the inlet to the compressor to direct the air at the desired
angle to the first-stage of rotating blades. An additional diffuser is installed at
the compressor discharge. It diffuses the fluid further before entering the
combustors. The overall pressure increase across a compressor of a modern gas
14
turbine varies between 20:1 and 40:1. These compressors are generally more
efficient than centrifugal compressors. They are also usually much smaller and
run at higher speeds. Figure (2.5) show the axial flow compressor for gas
turbine [9].
Figure (2.5) The axial flow compressor for gas turbine
2.4.1.2 Centrifugal Compressors
Lustrates the impellers of a centrifugal compressor. Air is taken at the

center or “eye” of the rotor. It is accelerated by the blades due to high rotational
speeds of the rotor and forced radially out of the rotor at high velocities. The air
is then received by the diffuser, which converts the high velocity to high
pressure. A single compressor stage consists of an impeller mounted on the
rotor and a diffuser mounted in the stator. The air enters the compressor at the
inducer). It goes through a 90%‫ ؛‬turn and is discharged into a diffuser which
normally has a vane less space followed by a vaned section. The air leaves the
diffuser and enters a scroll or collector. The pressure increase per stage of a
centrifugal compressor varies between 1.5:1 and 12:1. Centrifugal compressors
15
have low efficiency than axial-flow compressors. The main advantages are
simplicity, strength, and short length. Figure (2-6) show the centrifugal
compressor and the way of air in and out from the compressor.
Figure (2-6): Centrifugal Compressors
2.4.2 Combustors
The purpose of the combustor is to increase the temperature of the high-

pressure gas. There is a slight pressure drop across the combustors. The three
categories of combustors are: [11].
● Tubular (side combustors)
● Can-annular
● Annular
16
2.4.2.1 Tubular (side combustors) Combustion Chamber
These combustors are normally installed on large European industrial

turbines. Their advantages are:-
● Simple design
● Ease of maintenance
● High longevity
They could be of a “straight-through” or “reverse flow” design. In the

reverse-flow type, air enters the annulus between the combustor can and the
housing. This design has minimal length. Figure (2-7) show inside section of
Tubular combustor type
Figure (2-7): Tubular Combustion Chamber
17
2.4.2.2 Can-Annular Combustion Chamber
Most industrial heavy-duty gas turbines designed to use can-annular

combustors Can-annular combustors are used in aircraft engines due to their
favorable radial and circumferential profiles. These designs are suited for the
large number of fuel nozzles employed in these applications. Annular
combustors are used more commonly in applications having higher
temperatures and low-heat-content gases. There are straight-through and
reverse-flow can-annular combustors. The can-annular cans used in the aircraft
industry are of the straight-through design. The reverse-flow design is normally
used in industrial engines. Annular combustors are normally straight-through
design. Figure (2-8) show Can-annular combustor type
Figure (2-8) Can-annular combustor type
2.4.2.3 Annular Combustion Chamber

The annular combustion chamber is the most common design fitted to
modern jet engines. It consists of a single annular liner inside an annular
18
combustion casing. This design is very compact, cheaper to manufacture and
because it is more efficient it produces less pollution than the other types of
combustion chamber. Figure (2-9) show inside section of annular combustion
chamber
Figure (2-9): Annular Combustion Chamber
2-4-2-4 Combustor Operation
In multiple-type combustors, there is a fuel supply to each flame tube,

but there are only a couple of igniters for all the tubes. When ignition occurs in
the flame tubes having the igniters, the crossfire tubes takes the hot gases from
the hot flame tube to ignite the remainder. This occurs in a matter of one
second. Once the flame detectors confirm stable ignition, the igniter will shut
down. The manufacturers of gas turbines confirm that any fuel can be used if
the necessary changes are made to the fuel system [10].
The most common fuels which are burned in gas turbine are natural gas and
light distillate oil other fuels are also used in certain installations such as
1/ Heavy fuel oil

2/ Propane
3/ Coal gas from a coal gasification plant.
19
2.4.3 Turbine
A turbine is a rotary engine that extracts energy from a fluid flow and
most important of turbine of gas engine
2.4.3.1 Axial-Flow Turbines
As with the compressor, there are two basic types of turbine - Axial-flow
and radial-inflow turbines. The vast majority of gas turbines employ the axial
flow turbines. In the axial flow turbines the gas enters the row of nozzle blades
with high pressure and temperature and expanded there and then leave the
turbine. The radial can handle low mass flows more efficiency than the axial
flow machine and has been widely used in the cryogenic industry as a turbo
expander, and turbo charger for reciprocating engine. Although for all but the
lowest power the axial flow turbines normally the more efficient. Figure (2-10)
show the Axial flow Turbine.
Figure (2-10): Axial-Inflow Turbine
20
2.4.3.2 Radial-Inflow Turbine
The radial-inflow turbine or inward-flow radial turbine consists of a

centrifugal compressor having reverse flow and opposite rotation. These
turbines are used for smaller loads and over a narrower operating range than
the axial turbine. Axial turbines are normally suited for aircraft and power
generation applications. However, they are much longer than radial turbines.
This makes them unsuitable for certain applications. Radial turbines are
normally used for turbochargers and in some types of expanders [9]. Figure (2-
11) show the Radial flow Turbine.
Figure (2-11): Radial-Inflow Turbine
21
This chapter focuses on the calculation of the energy cost (cost of one
kilowatt- hour) at Old gas turbine power stations. The cost including all
variables operation and maintenance items cost. Tables (A-1) and (A-2) shows
some technical data for Khartoum north gas turbine power station and kuku
power station.
3.1 ELECTRICITY COST
In economics, and cost accounting, total cost (or total costs) describes
the total economic cost of production and is made up of variable costs, which
vary according to quantity produced such as raw materials, plus fixed costs,
which are independent of quantity produced such as expenses for assets like
buildings [11].
3.1.1 Fixed cost
It is the Main cost of the power station
1/ land cost
2/ Building cost
3/ Item cost
4/ Power line cost
5/ Design
3.1.2 Variable
1- Salaries & Wages
2- Operational Cost
3- Maintenance Cost
4- General Expenditure
5- Depreciation
6-Insurance
22
3.2 TARIFF OF ELECTRICITY
Tariff is the fees that are paid for the reproduction of the work. Tariff in
electricity is definition as what the customers pay to the (1KWhr). In the power
generation the minimal cost will be by the correct balancing to the calculation
of fixed and operation cost .The main method to compare the ways of
generation power is comparing the annual cost to each. It can reduce the energy
cost by applying some economical factors [12]:-
1/ Decreasing the fixed investment.
2/ Selected the fair unit capacity.
3/ Running the unit in max load .
4/ Use the best type of fuel.
5/ Bulled the station near load area.
The tariff must be:-
1/ Easy to calculate
2/ Animate that customer has a highest consumption
3.2.1 Tariff rate type.

1) Straight Line Meter Rate.
In this method the tariff depend on Kwhr consumption, and Kwhr
had a constant value.
2) Step meter Rate.
According to this type the price of (Kwhr) decreasing by the
increasing of the consumption.
3) Flat Demand Rate.
The rate appear as a constant value to each item in (Kw).
4) Block Rate.
Kwhr price calculate by every part.
5) Two Part Rate.
This way depends on max demand and max consumption.
6) Three Part Rate.
In this method the customer pays constant value in addition of his
Kwhr consumption [13].
23
In this study to evaluate the operation of Old Gas Turbine Power
Stations by applying tow step energy cost and thermal efficiency, the field of
the screech of the study is five gas turbine units and the studding period is three
years from September 2005 up to August 2008.
When calculated the (Kwhr) cost in Old gas turbine stations we calculate
it by operations cost only due to some factors.
1- Majority of this unit came to Sudan as a gift.
2-This unit will sell as scrap after running (no depreciations).
3-All stations holder by government (no land cost, no taxations).
4-The electricity in Sudan is service not investment.
3.2.2 Kilowatt hour (kwhr) Cost Calculation
Item cost component:-

• Salaries & Wages (contain all manpower in the stations).
• Operational cost (fuel oil, lube oil, filters … etc).
• Maintenance cost (spare part, experts).
• General Expenditure (administration target).
• Insurance.
• Depreciation.
To calculate the (kwhr) cost of the stations ignore the Depreciation part
because all of unit will be sold as scrap after used. Table (3-1) shows the
(kwhr) item cost for Sep 2005.
… (3-1)
24
Table (3-1) The (kwhr) item cost for Sep 2005 [17]
Item Cost (SDG) Item cost (%)
Salaries & Wages 51559.94 1.8
Operational cost 2694534.7 93.3
Maintenance cost 67394.4 2.3
General Expenditure 60501.7 2.1
Depreciation 0 0
Insurance 14860 0.5
Total 2888850.7 100
Power output = 6884.05 MWhr

Fuel oil consumed = 3015.68 Ton
For month Sep 2005
Substitute in equation (3-1)
= 0.4196 (SDG)/ (Kwhr)
Table (3-2) shows the monthly (kWhr) cost from (Sep 2005 - Aug 2008).
Figure (3-1) shows the monthly (kwhr) cost for (Sep.2005 to Aug.2008)
25
Table (3-2) The monthly (kwhr) cost (Sep.2005 to Aug.2008)
Month (KWhr ) Cost Month (KWhr) Cost
Sep-05 0.42 Mar-07 0.33
Oct-05 0.48 Apr-07 0.38
Nov-05 0.79 May-07 0.37
Dec-05 0.55 Jun-07 0.38
Jan-06 0.4 Jul-07 0.58
Feb-06 0.82 Aug-07 0.48
Mar-06 0.38 Sep-07 0.49
Apr-06 0.78 Oct-07 0.73
May-06 0.36 Nov-07 0.54
Jun-06 0.37 Dec-07 0.68
Jul-06 0.38 Jan-08 0.87
Aug-06 0.34 Feb-08 1.03
Sep-06 0.38 Mar-08 0.51
Oct-06 0.37 Apr-08 0.48
Nov-06 0.43 May-08 0.6
Dec-06 0.94 Jun-08 0.63
Jan-07 0.48 Jul-08 0.6
Feb-07 0.47 Aug-08 0.64
The average of the kwhr cost per (KWhr) = 0 .54(SDG)
26
27
From table (A-3) the high cost of Kilowatt-hour is the fuel cost because
of gas turbine is high consumption of fuel and the last years the petrol price
was very high. Table (3-3) show the annual item cost per (kwhr) for three
years. Figure (3-3), (3-4) and (3-5) shows the annual item cost.
Table (3-3) Annual item cost per kwhr for three years (Sep 2005 - Aug 2008)
2005-06 2006-07 2007-08
Item (SDG) % (SDG) % (SDG) %
Operational cost 51,231,000 69.8 48,289,790 84.3 63,338,730 64.4
Salaries Wages 724,064.9 1.0 2,363,780 4.2 10,256,440 10.5
Maintenance cost 20,216,790 27.5 2,365,485 4.1 14,563,930 14.8
General Expend 1,047,682 1.4 2,448,660 4.2 9,906,380 10.1
Depreciation 0 0 0 0 0 0
Insurance 178,276.08 0.3 178,276,8 3.2 1,782,768 0.2
Total 73,397,810 100 55,645,990 100 98,243,760 100
Figure (3-3) The (kwhr) item cost percentage for (2005-2006)

28
29
Energy conversion efficiency is the ratio between the useful output of an
energy conversion machine and the input, in energy terms. The useful output
may be electric power, mechanical work, or heat. Energy conversion efficiency
is not defined uniquely, but instead depends on the usefulness of the output. All
or part of the heat produced from burning a fuel may become rejected waste
heat if, for example, work is the desired output from a thermodynamic cycle
[13].
η = (4-1)
In thermodynamics, the thermal efficiency is a dimensionless

performance measure of a thermal device such as an internal combustion
engine, a boiler, or a furnace, for example. The input, to the device is heat,
or the heat-content of a fuel that is consumed. The desired output is mechanical
work, or heat, or possibly both. Because the input heat normally has a
real financial cost, a memorable, generic definition of thermal efficiency (η) is
To calculate the efficiency of power plant stations is to be net output

energy (Kwhr) divided in put energy (as usulal chemical energy) [14].
The efficiency given by:-
Substituted in (4-1):-
30
Where
η = efficiency.
Kw.hr = out put power (KWhr) .
mf = fuel mass used (Kg).
CV = calorific value (Kj/Kg).
4-1 GAS TURBINE EFFEICINCY FACTORS
The thermal efficiency of the stations depends on:

> Ambient condition (temperature and humidity)
> Load
4-1-1 Ambient conditions effective
Base on International Standard Organization (ISO), gas turbine
performance is sensitive to ambient conditions changes. The ambient
temperature will change the performance of the gas turbine. Figure (4-1) shows
the effect of ambient temperature to out put power percentage of rated capacity
of gas turbine. In addition the ambient temperature is also affected to humidity.
Humid air which is denser compared to dry air [15].
Figure (4-1) The effect of ambient temperature Vs Rated capacity output

31
4.1.2 Load
Generally there are three types of load for power generation units
1/Base Load (Continuous Duty)
Which units are designed for continuous operation, where the units do
not stop, except for maintenance work. It works (6000 – 8000) hours per
year.
2/Peak Load
It works in the cases of absolute necessity, It is Started during peak power
demands, usually about once per day. Work about (1, 000) hours per year.
3/ Stand-By
Units designed to operate only in the cases of the black out (system failed) , It
work (50 -100) hours per year. [2].
In the units under study the load of the units always is partial, which
reduces the efficiency of units. Table (4-1) shows the average of load
per hour for (Sep2008-Aug2008) [13].
Table (4-1) The average of load per hour for (Sep2008-Aug2008)

2005-06 to full 2006-07 to full 2007-08 to full
Unit load % load % load %
Kngt1 8.6 43 8.6 43 11.3 57
Kngt3 11.9 48 11.2 45 9.7 39
Kngt4 11.6 47 10.7 43 10.1 40
kuku1 7.1 59 8.3 69 6.7 56
kuku2 6.2 62 7.5 75 6.8 68
4-2 EFFICIENCY CALCULATION

Used fuel in K.N.G.T and Kuku stations is gasoline
To find the thermal efficiency for the stations for the month September 2005
Power out put = 6884.05 MW

Fuel mass = 3015.68 Ton
CV = 46000 kj/kg
32
Substituted in (4-3)
= 17.86%
Table (4-1) contain the monthly thermal efficiency for three years form (Sep 05
to Aug 08) Figure (4-2) shows the old gas turbine power stations monthly
efficiency three years. Figure (4-2), (4-3), (4-4), (4-5) and (4-6) shows the units
monthly efficiency for Years studied.
Table (4-1) monthly thermal efficiency for (Sep05 - Aug 08)

Fuel Fuel
Month MWhr cons η% Month MWhr cons η%
5-Sep 6884.05 3015.68 17.86 7-Mar 9433.32 3832.24 19.24
5-Oct 2549.37 1056.53 18.88 7-Apr 13335.4 5239.94 19.91
5-Nov 582.86 244.91 18.62 7-May 13196.3 5117.92 20.18
5-Dec 1710.66 712.75 18.78 7-Jun 10621.2 9193.08 9.04
6-Jan 4330.13 1687.14 20.09 7-Jul 13728.2 5581.35 19.25
6-Feb 4503.38 1763.24 19.99 7-Aug 18282.2 7453.55 19.2
6-Mar 9326.15 3715.36 19.64 7-Sep 20339.4 8273.14 19.24
6-Apr 10763.4 4419.41 19.06 7-Oct 16293.4 7577.67 16.83
6-May 18812.4 7292.85 20.18 7-Nov 13825.4 5814.66 18.61
6-Jun 19268.3 7722.52 19.52 7-Dec 7748.77 2878.95 21.06
6-Jul 27259.3 11182.1 20.19 8-Jan 4432.73 1841.49 18.84
6-Aug 30556.9 11294.2 21.26 8-Feb 4364.31 1774.8 19.24
6-Sep 26342 10885 18.94 8-Mar 20782.3 8228.39 19.77
6-Oct 19822.9 7747.86 20.02 8-Apr 23211.1 9329.84 19.47
6-Nov 3598.29 1456.55 19.33 8-May 15008.7 6199.78 18.95
6-Dec 955.74 430.922 17.36 8-Jun 13517.6 5551.78 19.17
7-Jan 1279.86 532.70 18.8 8-Jul 13241.2 5302.39 19.54
7-Feb 2509.58 1095.27 17.93 8-Aug 12443.4 5449.9 17.87
33
34
Figure (4-2) U1 K.N.G.T monthly efficiency per studies years
35
Figure (4-5) U1Kuku monthly efficiency per studies years
36
Figure (4-6) U2 Kuku monthly efficiency per studies years
37
5- RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The Gas Plants that exist within the national electricity grid are Gas
Turbine Generating Units which were distributed as following:
- Khartoum North Gas turbine power station (3 units)
- Kuku Gas turbine power station (2 units)
This research concerns with assessing the operation of these units from
September 2005 to August 2008. The research focused on discussing two
important factors:
1- Production Cost of these units compared to sale price.
2- The thermal efficiency of these units.
Regarding the production cost, the maintenance and operating cost was taken
seriously into account in addition to administrative expenses and insurance cost
regardless the cost of installation, land , and taxes because electricity power in
Sudan is provided as a service only.
The energy cost price for one kilowatt hour of old gas turbine power
stations found between (0.38 - 0.8) SDG. And the average cost was (0.54) SDG
which is considered very high compared to sales price (0.237) SDG per
kilowatt-hour.
5-1 THE CAUSESE OF INCREASING ENERGY COST
1- There were a lot of maintenance works that led to increasing in costs,

the cost of spare parts and foreign experts. Besides, the plant had many
maintenance works in February 2008 because the cost of maintenance was %25
from the total expenses.
2- The units were not utilized to their maximum capacity, the matter
which leads to increasing in fuel consumption. Above all, the cost of fuel
impacts on the percentage of production.
Thermal efficiency was the second factor that was used in assessing the
plant .It represents in following formula: the percentage of (production/ fuel)
38
consumption. Found that the thermal efficiency ranged between (18% - 21%)
except in June 2007it is lowest efficiency because of many units work in the
minimum load for long time.
5-2 THE CAUSESE OF DECREASING EFFEICIENCY
1/ The units were not utilized to their maximum capcity.Therefore; it

impacted negatively on production compared to consumption of energy,
besides the impacts of weather.
2/ The abnormal reading can be attributed to operating of many units for
along time .Moreover; they are loaded to their minimum capacity due to some
technical problems concerning the start up and shut down of plants.
From the graphs of the efficiency of units, they are fairly similar. But
there was inefficiency due to maintenance of units. Also the similarity among
graphs can be attributed to the methods of operation of units which was
operated to their minimum capacity.
5-3 RECOMMENDATIONS
Some steps should be taken in order to improve the performance of these
plants:
- The Gas Tribune should exist in the national electricity grid because they are
essential in rushing hours and blackout.
- The old units should be replaced by new ones that do not have technical
problems.
39
References
1-http//www.photius.com/countries/economy/sudaneconomyelectricpower.
(Oct – 2008).
(2008 ‫ )ﻳﻮﻟﻴﻮ‬.‫اﻟﻤﺎﺿﻲ واﻟﺤﺎﺿﺮ‬. ‫ اﻟﻬﻴﺌﺔ اﻟﻘﻮﻣﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎء‬/2
3-http:// www.en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas_turbine(Sep-2008)
4- http://www.lahmeyer.de/projects/ge/khartoum_e.pdf (Dec – 2008)
5-http://www.worldreport-ind.com (Jun-2009)
6- http://www.industrialcard.com (Dec-2008)
7 -Henry Cohen, G. F. C. Rogers, H. I. H. Saravanamuttoo Gas Turbine
Theory
5th Edition (Hardcover - June - 2000)
8- http://www. Rajalakshmi .org
9-Gas Turbine Frame 6 & Combine Cycle Description Operation Training
Programmer (2000).Training Division, Electricity Generation Authority of
Thailand
10- M.L. MATHUR & R.P. SHARMA GAS TURBINE AND JET &
ROCKET PROPLULTION New chand Jain (prop.) Stander
publisher’s distributors, 1705-B, Nai sarak, Delhi-1100, Edition:
2000. Second edition. (2005)
11-http://web.me.unr.edu/me372/Spring2001/Brayton%20Cycle.pdf (Dec-
2008)
12- Dr M. E. Abu goukh Engineering Economy
13-A K .Raja Power Plant Engineering. Amit Prakash Srivastava, Manish
Dwivedi (2006)
14-Meherwan p Byce The Gas Turbine Engineering Handbook Third
edition
15-J.HHORLOCK. Advanced Gas Turbine Cycles. Pergamon.(2003)
. (Software Program)‫ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت ﻟﻠﻬﻴﺌﺔ اﻟﻘﻮﻣﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎء‬- 16
40
Table (A-1) Technical data of K.N.G.T power station
K.N.G.T PHASE (1) K.N.G.T PHASE (2)
Gas Turbine One Identical Units Two Identical Units

Model MS5001 p 5001 N
Manufacture year 1985 1972
Manufacture Nuovo Pignone AGE KANIS (General
(General electric) electric)
Type of fuel Distillate Distillate
Type of control Speedtronic Mark2 Speedtronic Mark1
system
Turbine type 5001 P PG5341 N
Compressor type Axial flow Axial flow
Compressor stages 17 17
Compressor capacity 124 Kg/s 124 Kg/s
Bais load at ISO 21380 kw 24600 Kw
condition
Shaft speed (rpm) 5100 5100
Turbine stages 2 2
Compressor pressure 8 8
Combustors No 10 10
Reduction ratio 5100/3000 5100/3000
Generator ANSALDO AGE KANIS
Manufacture
Generator type TR-2-22-963 S7096/2
Nominal capacity 24600 32000
(Kw)
Power factor 0.8 0.8
Frequency (Hz) 50 50
Generator cooling Air Air
system
41
Table (A-2) Technical data of Kuku power station
Kuku (1) Kuku (2)
Gas Turbine One Identical Units One Identical Units

Model GT 35 A GT 35 C
Manufacture year 1983 1983
Manufacture AEEA STAL AEEA STAL
Type of fuel Distillate Distillate
Type of control system Computer control Computer control
Turbine type GT 35 A GT 35 C
Compressor type Axial flow Axial flow
Compressor stages
Low pressure 7 7
High pressure 10 10
Compressor capacity 95 Kg/s 95 Kg/s
Bais load at ISO 12000 kw 1000 Kw
condition
Power Shaft speed 3000 3000
(rpm)
Turbine stages
Low pressure 2 2
High pressure 1 1
Power Turbine 3 3
Compressor pressure 8 8
Combustors No 7 7
Generator AEEA STAL AEEA STAL
Manufacture
Generator type GTP1050 cz GTP1050 cz
Nominal capacity 1450 14250
(Kva)
Power factor 0.8 0.8
Frequency (Hz) 50 50
Generator cooling Air Air
system
42
Table (A-3) shows the monthly item cost for kwhr for three years
KWh cost for power generation in month Sep 2005
Item Cost(SDG) % Age of Item cost
Salaries & Wages 51.55994 1.784790723
Depreciation 0 0
Insurance 14.86 0.514391408
Total 2888.85074 100
Actual send out power 6884.053 MWh
Fuel Oil Consumed 3015.678 Ton
Cost of KWh 0.419643884 SDG
KWh cost for power generation in month Oct 2005
Salaries & Wages 51.155 4.21788964
Depreciation 0 0
Insurance 14.8564 1.224956615
Total 1212.8103 100
KWh cost for power generation in month Nov 2005
Salaries & Wages 52.2 11.39937107
Depreciation 0 0
Insurance 14.85 3.242924528
Total 457.92 100
43
continue table (A-3)
KWh cost for power generation in month Des 2005
Salaries & Wages 51.55 5.52870508
Depreciation 0 0
Insurance 14.8564 1.593339557
Total 932.4064 100
KWh cost for power generation in month Jan 2006
Salaries & Wages 52.05 3.027594914
Depreciation 0 0
Insurance 14.8564 0.86415295
Total 1719.1864 100
KWh cost for power generation in month Fep 2006
Salaries & Wages 98.71 2.679119102
Depreciation 0 0
Insurance 14.85 0.403048512
Total 3684.42 100
44
KWh cost for power generation in month Mar 2006
Salaries & Wages 48.65 1.355460391
Depreciation 0 0
Insurance 14.8564 0.413921105
Total 3589.1864 100
KWh cost for power generation in month Apr 2006
Salaries & Wages 102.3 1.213119277
Depreciation 0 0
Insurance 14.8564 0.176173854
Total 8432.8064 100
KWh cost for power generation in month May 2006
Salaries & Wages 52.77 0.774059385
Depreciation 0 0
Insurance 14.8564 0.217921847
Total 6817.3064 100
45
KWh cost for power generation in month Jun 2006
Salaries & Wages 49.68 0.691495705
Depreciation 0 0
Insurance 14.8564 0.206786167
Total 7184.4264 100
KWh cost for power generation in month Jul 2006
Depreciation 0 0
Insurance 14.8564 0.14292261
Total 10394.7164 100
Fuel Oil Consumed 1056.605 Te
KWh cost for power generation in month Aug 2006
Salaries & Wages 56.14 0.535570179
Depreciation 0 0
Insurance 14.8564 0.141728621
Total 10482.2864 100
46
Continue table (A-3)
Salaries & Wages 57 0.562285089
Depreciation 0 0
Insurance 14.8564 0.146553196
Total 10137.2064 100
Salaries & Wages 107.66 1.469957474
Depreciation 0 0
Insurance 14.8564 0.202844847
Total 7324.0214 100
Salaries & Wages 65.75 4.220109621
Depreciation 0 0
Insurance 14.8564 0.953545803
Total 1558.0164 100
47
KWh cost for power generation in month Dec 2006
Salaries & Wages 143.31 16.0159339
Depreciation 0 0
Insurance 14.8564 1.660310658
Total 894.7964 100
Salaries & Wages 65.2 10.50483803
Depreciation 0 0
Insurance 14.8564 2.393620792
Total 620.6664 100
Salaries & Wages 65.91 5.615639748
Depreciation 0 0
Insurance 14.8564 1.265789567
Total 1173.6864 100
48
Salaries & Wages 72.7 2.353591399
Depreciation 0 0
Insurance 14.8564 0.48096142
Total 3088.8964 100
Salaries & Wages 65.93 1.294395732
Maintenance cost 168 3.298323721
Depreciation 0 0
Insurance 14.8564 0.291673908
Total 5093.4964 100
Salaries & Wages 65.63 1.340592537
Depreciation 0 0
Insurance 14.8564 0.303464558
Total 4895.5964 100
49
Depreciation 0 0
Insurance 14.8564 0.366133431
Total 4057.6464 100
Fuel Oil Consumed 9193.082 Te
Salaries & Wages 790.57 9.92865764
Depreciation 0 0
Insurance 14.8564 0.186579442
Total 7962.5064 100
Salaries & Wages 799.07 9.039809281
Depreciation 0 0
Insurance 14.8564 0.168069159
Total 8839.4564 100
50
Salaries & Wages 815.29 8.131014237
Depreciation 0 0
Insurance 14.8564 0.148165193
Total 10026.9164 100
Fuel Oil Consumed 8273142 Ton
Salaries & Wages 1618.66 13.70228479
Depreciation 0 0
Insurance 14.8564 0.125762435
Total 11813.0664 100
Salaries & Wages 773.3 10.21264381
Depreciation 0 0
Insurance 14.8564 0.196202148
Total 7571.9864 100
51
KWh cost for power generation in month Dec 2007
Salaries & Wages 792.13 15.02538038
Depreciation 0 0
Insurance 14.8564 0.281801044
Total 5271.9464 100
Salaries & Wages 792.13 20.44619913
Operational cost 1755 45.29948301
Depreciation 0 0
Insurance 14.8564 0.383468512
Total 3874.2164 100
Salaries & Wages 745.39 16.62278466
Depreciation 0 0
Insurance 14.8564 0.331309433
Total 4484.1464 100
52
Salaries & Wages 770.66 7.283262962
Depreciation 0 0
Insurance 14.8564 0.140403119
Total 10581.2464 100
Salaries & Wages 761.97 6.894597647
Depreciation 0 0
Insurance 14.8564 0.134426422
Total 11051.6964 100
Salaries & Wages 768.16 8.47493306
Depreciation 0 0
Insurance 14.8564 0.163907253
Total 9063.9064 100
53
Salaries & Wages 781.89 9.131843171
Maintenance cost 1814 21.18605368
Depreciation 0 0
Insurance 14.8564 0.173510743
Total 8562.2364 100
Salaries & Wages 782.37 9.847862811
Depreciation 0 0
Insurance 14.8564 0.187000766
Total 7944.5664 100
Salaries & Wages 854.49 10.68402785
Depreciation 0 0
Insurance 14.8564 0.18575547
Total 7997.8264 100
54
Table (A-5) efficiency of U 1(K.N.G.T) (Sep 2005 - Aug 2008)
month MWhr F. con η%
Sep-05 1430 694 16
Oct-05 36 24 12
Nov-05 16.5 5 26
Dec-05 264 146 14
Jan-06 1222.32 527.5 18
Feb-06 1216.38 518 18
Mar-06 2446.45 1049 18
Apr-06 3367.94 1449.85 18
May-06 2992.82 1237.58 19
Jun-06 2666.73 1121.06 19
Jul-06 3635.27 1552.22 18
Aug-06 5497.84 2018.76 21
Sep-06 4210.8 1816.3 18
Oct-06 2726.72 1074.47 19
Nov-06 686.37 276.556 19
Dec-06 145.2 66.79 17
Jan-07 259.96 106.5 19
Feb-07 584.1 241.3 19
Mar-07 608.95 243.516 20
Apr-07 1945.68 708.312 21
May-07 0 0 0
Jun-07 0 0 0
Jul-07 0 0 0
Aug-07 0 0 0
Sep-07 0 0 0
Oct-07 0 0 0
Nov-07 0 0 0
Dec-07 0 0 0
Jan-08 0 0 0
Feb-08 0 0 0
Mar-08 5085.75 2084.49 19
Apr-08 5915.39 2444.75 18
May-08 4929.7 1908.23 20
Jun-08 2649.7 1010.05 21
Jul-08 2092.3 772.83 21
Aug-08 7596.61 3586.42 17
55
Table (A-5) efficiency of U 3 (K.N.G.T) (Sep 2005 - Aug 2008)
Sep-05 2078 857.74 18
Oct-05 1114 447.19 19
Nov-05 372 151.74 19
Dec-05 904 350.72 20
Jan-06 0 0 0
Feb-06 434 180.86 19
Mar-06 1710 653.76 20
Apr-06 2348 930.58 19
May-06 6052 2281.78 21
Jun-06 5988 2387.44 20
Jul-06 9238 3907.97 18
Aug-06 8796 3250.02 21
Sep-06 8122 3543.55 18
Oct-06 5192 2006.9 20
Nov-06 916.8 366.9 19
Dec-06 395.2 181.93 17
Jan-07 436 178.685 19
Feb-07 716 286.42 20
Mar-07 0 0 0
Apr-07 0 0 0
May-07 0 0 0
Jun-07 0 0 0
Jul-07 3090 1308.86 18
Aug-07 4332 1766.14 19
Sep-07 4969 2120.19 18
Oct-07 3786 1635.98 18
Nov-07 4000 1688.83 19
Dec-07 896.6 399.305 18
Jan-08 0 0 0
Feb-08 0 0 0
Mar-08 187.4 85.8 17
Apr-08 5132 2082.3 19
May-08 2048 867.33 18
Jun-08 0 0 0
Jul-08 0 0 0
Aug-08 0 0 0
56
Table (A-5) efficiency of U 4 (K.N.G.T) (Sep 2005 - Aug 2008)
Sep-05 1540 756.6 15
Oct-05 762.1 354.24 17
Nov-05 152 71.78 17
Dec-05 328 135.32 19
Jan-06 1950 748.07 20
Feb-06 1918 723.58 21
Mar-06 4014 1572.55 20
Apr-06 4996 1982.97 20
May-06 5494 2192.84 20
Jun-06 5000 2041.46 19
Jul-06 5012 2204.59 18
Aug-06 6508 2427.82 20
Sep-06 5506 2364.67 18
Oct-06 5328 2211.24 19
Nov-06 1046 458.06 18
Dec-06 256 119.76 17
Jan-07 444 192.335 18
Feb-07 1032 492.56 16
Mar-07 3762 1747.5 17
Apr-07 8002 3259.84 19
May-07 7208 2924.88 19
Jun-07 3778 1621.17 18
Jul-07 4000 1772.84 18
Aug-07 5296 2299.67 18
Sep-07 7048 2986.63 18
Oct-07 6560 2854.5 18
Nov-07 5880 2624.39 18
Dec-07 2804 1226.11 18
Jan-08 2330 985.035 19
Feb-08 1916 796.735 19
Mar-08 6610 2695.13 19
Apr-08 4138 1779.06 18
May-08 3836 1670.8 18
Jun-08 7328 3151.22 18
Jul-08 5962 2563.32 18
Aug-08 0 0 0
57
Table (A-5) efficiency of U 1 (Kuku) (Sep 2005 - Aug 2008)
Sep-05 1370.7 500.69 21
Oct-05 575.7 201.18 22
Nov-05 10.3 3.605 22
Dec-05 115 40.255 22
Jan-06 263.9 93.675 22
Feb-06 237.2 83.04 22
Mar-06 327.4 113.985 22
Apr-06 122.8 42.98 22
May-06 0 0 0
Jun-06 2630.9 1027.14 20
Jul-06 4696.21 1713.69 21
Aug-06 4764.6 1707.59 22
Sep-06 3629.6 1313.52 22
Oct-06 3112.8 1136.81 21
Nov-06 203.2 73.366 22
Dec-06 32.2 11.176 23
Jan-07 60.9 21.924 22
Feb-07 206.1 74.99 22
Mar-07 2041.8 730.107 22
Apr-07 2382.8 881.062 21
May-07 2093.1 754.609 22
Jun-07 4178.24 6575.73 4.9
Jul-07 2710.2 1003.75 21
Aug-07 4182.5 1612.74 20
Sep-07 3821.5 1429.26 21
Oct-07 806.5 334.656 19
Nov-07 0 0 0
Dec-07 241.078 117.6 16
Jan-08 0 0 0
Feb-08 1488.8 553.929 21
Mar-08 4684.6 1739.56 21
Apr-08 3230.1 1199.73 21
May-08 0 0 0
Jun-08 0 0 0
Jul-08 0 0 0
Aug-08 0 0 0
58
Table (A-5) efficiency of U 2 (Kuku) (Sep 2005 - Aug 2008)
Sep-05 534.7 500.69 8
Oct-05 86.1 29.995 22
Nov-05 10.3 3.603 22
Dec-05 116.6 40.225 22
Jan-06 935 317.893 23
Feb-06 714.7 257.758 21
Mar-06 921.1 326.06 22
Apr-06 38.6 42.98 7
May-06 4454.6 1580.65 22
Jun-06 3180.5 1145.43 21
Jul-06 4942.8 1803.65 21
Aug-06 5284.2 1890.01 21
Sep-06 5130.3 1846.95 22
Oct-06 3660.7 1318.44 22
Nov-06 783.1 281.664 22
Dec-06 143.5 51.266 22
Jan-07 93.5 33.26 22
Feb-07 0 0 0
Mar-07 3096 1111.07 22
Apr-07 1085.3 390.73 22
May-07 3992.5 1438.43 22
Jun-07 2770.5 996.179 22
Jul-07 4046.8 1495.91 21
Aug-07 4608.2 1775 20
Sep-07 4635.4 1737.06 21
Oct-07 5050.5 2643.9 15
Nov-07 4029 1501.44 21
Dec-07 3869.39 1135.94 27
Jan-08 2150.8 856.456 20
Feb-08 1022.06 424.136 19
Mar-08 4345.5 1623.42 21
Apr-08 4937.1 1824 21
May-08 4307.7 1753.42 19
Jun-08 3630.5 1390.51 20
Jul-08 5277.4 1966.24 21
Aug-08 4942.2 1863.14 21
59
Figure (4-2) monthly efficiency for three years
Figure (3-1) (kwhr) monthly cost per month for three years

Assessment of The Gas Turbine Performance at Khartoum North and Kuku Power Stations

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Assessment of The Gas Turbine Performance at Khartoum North and Kuku Power Stations

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Assessment of The Gas Turbine Performance at Khartoum North and Kuku Power Stations

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

University Of Khartoum

Assessment of the Gas Turbine Performance at

A Thesis Submitted In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement of the

All the thanks and gratitude to the research supervisor Dr.

Finally, thanks are due to my family members for their emotional

The objective of this research is to assess the performance of the

1. Calculation of the average cost of producing unit of energy

‫وﺟﺪت اﻟﺪراﺳﺔ ان ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﺗﻜﻠﻔﺔ وﺣﺪة اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺠﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺤﻄﺘﻴﻦ هﻮ ) ‪ ( 0.54‬ﺟﻨﻴﻪ‬

TABLE NAME Page

(Kwhr) item cost for Sep 2005………………………………………... 25

Monthly (kwhr) cost from (Sep 2005 to Aug 2008)………………...... 26

Calorific Value……………………………….. KJ/Kg

Power generation is an important issue today; Demand is outweighing

1.2 GAS TURBINE IN SUDAN

The old gas turbine station is one of thermal power generation

1.2.1 Khartoum north gas turbine (K.N.G.T)

1.2.2 Kuku gas turbine

1.3 LITRATURE REVIEW

2.1 GAS TURBINE HISTORY

2.2 GAS TURBINE THEORY

Figure (2-1) open cycle gas turbine component

Figure (2-2): The T-s and P-v diagrams of an ideal Brayton cy

3-4: Expansion through Turbine and Exhaust Nozzle

Therefore, heat transfers to and from the working fluid are

Heat added to the cycle (one fuel mass unit) :-

The thermal efficiency (η)

Substitute equations (2-9A) and (2-9B) in (2-7)

Gas turbines have been used to produce power as well as an engine to

Figure (2-3): Aero-derivative gas turbine internal parts

In spite of their common background, there is difference between the

Table (2-1): Industrial Gas Turbines Compared To Aero-Derivative

2.4. MAJOR COMPONENTS OF A GAS TURBINE

A gas turbine has three main components compressor, combustors

2.4.1.1 Axial-Flow Compressors

Figure (2.5) The axial flow compressor for gas turbine

2.4.1.2 Centrifugal Compressors

Lustrates the impellers of a centrifugal compressor. Air is taken at the

Figure (2-6): Centrifugal Compressors

The purpose of the combustor is to increase the temperature of the high-

These combustors are normally installed on large European industrial

They could be of a “straight-through” or “reverse flow” design. In the

Figure (2-7): Tubular Combustion Chamber

Most industrial heavy-duty gas turbines designed to use can-annular

Figure (2-8) Can-annular combustor type

2.4.2.3 Annular Combustion Chamber

Figure (2-9): Annular Combustion Chamber

2-4-2-4 Combustor Operation

In multiple-type combustors, there is a fuel supply to each flame tube,

1/ Heavy fuel oil

2.4.3.1 Axial-Flow Turbines

Figure (2-10): Axial-Inflow Turbine

The radial-inflow turbine or inward-flow radial turbine consists of a

Figure (2-11): Radial-Inflow Turbine

3.1 ELECTRICITY COST

3.2.1 Tariff rate type.

3.2.2 Kilowatt hour (kwhr) Cost Calculation

Item cost component:-

Power output = 6884.05 MWhr

= 0.4196 (SDG)/ (Kwhr)