GR 11 Term 1 2019 Ps Resource Pack A PDF
GR 11 Term 1 2019 Ps Resource Pack A PDF
GR 11 Term 1 2019 Ps Resource Pack A PDF
SCIENCES
Grade 11
TERM 1
RESOURCE
PACK
Gr11_Physical_Science_Term1_Resource_Book.indb 1 2018/12/24 8:21:35 AM
Contents
Worksheets 3
Topic 1: Vectors in Two Dimensions 4
Topic 2: Newton’s Laws and Application of Newton’s Laws 13
Topic 3: Atomic Combinations (Molecular Structure) 33
Topic 4: Intermolecular Forces and Chemistry of Water 48
Formal Experiment 59
Technical Instructions 61
Newton’s Second Law of Motion 64
Marking Guidelines 74
Assessments 81
Topic 1: Vectors in Two Dimensions 82
Topic 2: Newton’s Laws and Application of Newton’s Laws 89
Topic 3: Atomic Combinations (Molecular Structure) 101
Topic 4: Intermolecular Forces and Chemistry of Water 113
8. Resolve each of the following vectors into their perpendicular components. In each case
WORKSHEETS
draw a neat, labelled vector diagram (not necessarily to scale).
8.1 A 100 N force which acts at 30° above the horizontal. (6)
8.2 A displacement of 280 m on a bearing of 070°. (6)
8.3 A 400 N force which acts at 50° to the vertical. (6)
8.4 A 500 N force which acts at 40° below the horizontal. (6)
9. Three forces T, F and W act on an object as shown in the diagram below.
F = 300 N
T = 100 N
30° 60°
W = 100 N
Term 1 5
CONSOLIDATION EXERCISE
TOTAL: 40 MARKS
B = 40 N
A = 60 N
C = 10 N
(6)
5. Consider the three forces acting on an object as shown in the diagram below.
T = 500 N
F = 300 N
20° 45°
W = 200 N
5.4 Determine the magnitude and direction of the resultant vertical force. (2)
WORKSHEETS
5.5 Using the tail-to-tail method, draw a neat labelled force diagram and determine the
magnitude and direction of the resultant force acting on the object. (5)
6. The diagram below shows a top view of a tug boat that is pulled by two forces. North is
shown.
Use the component method to find the magnitude and direction of the resultant force
acting on the tugboat. State the direction as a bearing, clockwise from north.
(6)
[40]
Term 1 7
MARKING GUIDELINES
1. Choose forward as the positive (+) direction.
Then: R =+ 50 + ^-180h = - 130 = 130 N ü backwards ü (2)
2. Choose east as the positive (+) direction.
Then: Tx =+ 150 + ^-70h + 100 = 180 m ü eastü (2)
3. Choose upwards as the positive (+) direction.
Then: R =+ 500 + 300 + ^-600h =+ 200 = 200 N ü upwards ü (2)
4. 4.1
8 kmü
(3)
4.2 x2 = 82 {+ 122 {
x = 208 = 14, 42 km {
tan i = 12
8
12
i = tan -1 b 8 l {= 56, 31c
x = 14, 42 km on a bearing of 056, 31c { (5)
5.
F2 = 50 Nü
F3 = 80 Nü F1 = 20 Nü
F4 = 90 Nü
(4)
6.2
WORKSHEETS
R2 = 602 + 402 ü
R = 5 200 = 72, 11 N ü
-1 40
tan i = 40 b l
60 ` i = tan 60 = 33, 69c ü
R = 72, 11 N at 33, 69° below the horizontal ü (7)
6.3 60 Nü
40 Nü
Rü
(3)
7. x2 = 52 + 62 ü
Tx = 61 = 7, 81 km ü
tan i = 65
Term 1 9
30° 60
9.3
Rx =+ 150 + (- 86, 60) = 63, 4 N {right
Ry =+ 259, 81 + 50 + (- 100) = 209, 81 N {up
R2 = 63, 42 + 209, 812 { y = 209,81 N
R = 48 039, 80 = 219, 18 N {
209, 81
tan i =
63, 4
= 63,4
209, 81 n
i = tan -1 d = 73, 19c {
63, 4 üü vector diagram
R = 219, 18 N at 73, 19c above the horizontal {
(8)
CONSOLIDATION EXERCISE
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TOTAL: 40 MARKS
1. A single vector which has the same effect as two or more vectors acting together OR
The vector sum of two or more vectors. üü (2)
2. 2.1
Tx
2
3. = 8 2 + 12 2 ü 12 km
tan i = 12
8 i = tan -1 a 12
8 k = 56, 3° ü
Ɵ
i = tan -1 a 30
60 N
30
tan i = 60 60 k = 26, 6° ü
R = 67, 08 N at 26, 6c above the horizontal ü (6)
Term 1 11
(6)
[40]
WORKSHEETS
Application of Newton’s Laws
WORKSHEET
1. A 3 kg box is resting on a horizontal surface. The coefficient of static friction between
the surface and the box is 0,34.
1.1 Calculate the weight of the box. (2)
1.2 Calculate the maximum force of static friction between the box and the surface. (3)
2. Rugby players are trying to push a 500 kg scrum machine along horizontal ground. The
coefficient of static friction between the scrum machine and the ground is 0,65.
2.1 Calculate the normal force acting on the scrum machine. (2)
2.2 If the players exert a horizontal force of 3 000 N on the scrum machine, will the
scrum machine move? Give a reason for your answer. (3)
3. The brakes on a 20 kg cart are locked so that the rubber wheels cannot turn. A child
pushes horizontally to the right on the cart until it just begins to slide. The maximum
horizontal force he applies is 150 N. After that the child is able to keep the cart sliding
with a horizontal force of 80 N.
3.1 Define a normal force. (2)
3.2 Explain the difference between static and kinetic friction. (2)
3.3 Calculate the coefficients of static and kinetic friction between the rubber wheels
and the ground. (5)
4. A 5 kg box is resting on a plane inclined at 30° to the horizontal. The coefficient of static
friction between the box and the plane is 0,63.
4.1 Define a frictional force. (2)
4.2 Draw a neat, fully labelled force diagram showing all the forces acting on the box.
Now draw and label the horizontal (wx) and vertical (wy) components of the weight
(w) of the box. Label the 30° angle. (6)
4.3 Calculate the maximum static frictional force between the box and the inclined
plane. (4)
4.4 Use a calculation to explain why the box does not slide down the slope. (3)
Term 1 13
35˚
Calculate the normal force acting on the trolley if the mass of the trolley is 6 kg. (4)
6. 6.1 Draw a fully labelled force diagram for the scrum machine in Question 2 (above)
while it is sliding along the ground. (5)
6.2 Draw a fully labelled free-body diagram for the cart in Question 3 (above) before it
starts to move. (5)
6.3 Draw a fully labelled free-body diagram for the box in Question 4 (above). (3)
7. Two trolleys of mass 2 kg and 1 kg are joined together by a light string. A force 25 N is
applied to the 2 kg trolley at 30° to the horizontal. The system moves to the left along a
rough horizontal surface as shown in the diagram below.
25 N
30° 2 kg 1 kg
Rough surface
7.1 Draw a fully labelled force diagram for the 1 kg trolley. (4)
7.2 Draw a fully labelled free-body diagram for the 2 kg trolley. (5)
8. State Newton’s first law of motion. (2)
9. Explain what is meant by the term “inertia”. (2)
10. List three different types of motion and state whether or not a net force is acting during
each type of motion. (6)
11. What property of an object determines how much inertia it has? (1)
12. A teacher is walking along the corridor carrying a full cup of coffee, when a student
runs in front of her. She stops suddenly and spills her coffee. Use Newton’s first law to
explain why the coffee spills forwards when the teacher stops suddenly. (3)
13. Many car passengers have suffered neck injuries when struck by cars from behind. Use
Newton’s first law to explain how headrests help to guard against this type of injury. (4)
WORKSHEETS
right on the box. A frictional force of magnitude 27 N is present between the surface
and the box.
14.1 Draw a force diagram indicating all of the forces acting on the box. (4)
14.2 Calculate the acceleration of the box. (4)
15. Two crates, 4 kg and 6 kg respectively, are connected with a thin inextensible rope. A
force of 89 N is applied to the right. The frictional forces on the 4 kg and 6 kg are 19,6 N
and 29,4 N respectively.
15.1 Calculate the acceleration of the crates. (6)
15.2 Calculate the magnitude of the tension T in the rope that connects the boxes. (2)
16. A man is pulling a 30 kg box to the left along a rough horizontal plane with an
inextensible rope that makes an angle of 45° above the horizontal. He applies a force of
250 N and the coefficient of kinetic friction between the box and the surface is 0,6.
16.1 Draw a fully labelled force diagram for the box. (4)
16.2 Calculate the kinetic frictional force acting on the box. (5)
16.3 Calculate the acceleration of the box. (5)
17. A 2 000 kg truck pulls a 200 kg log with a constant acceleration. The engine of the truck
produces a forward force of 10 000 N. The tow rope makes an angle of 20° with the
horizontal. Ignore the effect of friction, and the mass of the tow rope. The tow rope is
inextensible.
T
20˚
Calculate the:
17.1 acceleration of the truck; and (7)
17.2 magnitude of the tension T in the tow rope between the truck and the log. (2)
18. A force of 300 N, acts downwards on a 30 kg block at 40° to the horizontal as shown in
the diagram below. The block accelerates to the right along a rough horizontal surface.
F = 300 N
40˚
18.1 Calculate the magnitude and direction of the component of the 300 N force that
accelerates the block horizontally. (3)
Term 1 15
18.2 If the acceleration of the block is 2 m·s−2, calculate the magnitude of the frictional
force acting on the block. (4)
18.3 Calculate the vertical force exerted by the block on the plane. (4)
19. A rocket (of mass 2 000 kg) is launched vertically upwards with an acceleration of
20 m·s−2. Calculate the magnitude and direction of the thrust of the rocket’s engines. (4)
20. Two crates, 3 kg and 5 kg respectively, are connected with a thin rope. They are pulled
up a rough plane which is inclined at 30° to the horizontal. A force F is applied parallel
to the plane as shown in the diagram accelerating the system of crates at 2 m·s−2 up
the slope. The frictional forces acting on the 3 kg and 5 kg crates are 10 N and 17 N
respectively.
F
5 kg
T
3 kg
30°
20.1 Draw a fully labelled free-body diagram for each crate. (9)
20.2 Calculate the component of the weight of each crate parallel to the slope. (4)
20.3 Calculate the magnitude of the applied force F and the tension T in the rope. (4)
21. State Newton’s third law of motion. (2)
22. Identify two action-reaction pairs of forces present in each of the following situations:
22.1 A boy pushes a car along the road. (4)
22.2 A light bulb hangs from the ceiling by means of a cord. (4)
22.3 A ball is thrown up into the air. (4)
22.4 A donkey pulls a cart. (4)
23. State Newton’s law of Universal Gravitation. (3)
24. The two moons of Mars are Phobos and Deimos.
Mass of Phobos = 1,1 × 1016 kg
Radius of Phobos = 11,1 km.
The distance between the centres of Mars and Phobos is 9 377 km.
Mass of Mars = 6,4 × 1023 kg.
24.1 Calculate the gravitational force of Mars on Phobos. (4)
24.2 Calculate the magnitude of the gravitational acceleration on the surface of Phobos.
(3)
24.3 By what factor would the acceleration due to gravity differ on the surface of
Deimos, which has half the radius of Phobos and one tenth of its mass? (3)
25. The James Webb Space Telescope will have a mass of 6 500 kg and will orbit the Earth
WORKSHEETS
(mass 6×1024 kg) approximately 1 500 000 km away from its centre. Calculate the
magnitude of the Earth’s gravitational force on the telescope. (3)
26. Mars One is an organisation based in the Netherlands that has put forward plans to land
the first humans on Mars. They aim to establish a permanent human colony there by
2027, with no plan of returning to Earth. The average distance between the centres of
Earth and Mars is 2,25×108 km. The planet has a mass of 6,42×1023 kg, and a radius of
3 380 km.
26.1 Calculate the magnitude of the acceleration due to gravity on the surface of Mars. (3)
26.2 Calculate the magnitude of the weight of a 500 kg spaceship on Mars. (2)
Term 1 17
CONSOLIDATION EXERCISE
TOTAL: 63 MARKS
1. Two blocks (A and B) are connected by light string and set up as shown in the diagram
below.
A
T
3 kg
2 kg B
The string passes over a frictionless pulley. The coefficients of static and kinetic friction
are 0,40 and 0,28 respectively. When the system of masses is released, block A slides
across the table.
1.1 Define a frictional force. (2)
1.2 Calculate the magnitude of the maximum static frictional force acting on block A. (2)
1.3 Calculate the force of kinetic friction acting on the 3 kg block. (3)
1.4 Draw a fully labelled free-body diagram for each block. (6)
1.5 State Newton’s second law. (3)
1.6 Calculate the acceleration of the system of blocks and the magnitude of the tension
T in the string. (6)
2. A 1 000 kg roller coaster free-wheels down a track that is inclined at 60° to the
WORKSHEETS
horizontal.
60˚
2.1 Draw a fully labelled free-body diagram of all the forces acting on the roller coaster. (3)
2.2 Calculate the parallel and perpendicular components of the weight of the roller
coaster with respect to the inclined track. (4)
2.3 The coefficient of friction between the wheels and track is 0,3. Calculate the force of
friction acting on the roller coaster. (3)
2.4 How would the force of friction be affected if the mass of the roller coaster was
increased? Explain your answer. (3)
2.5 Calculate the net force acting on the roller coaster. (3)
2.6 How would the magnitude of the net force change if the angle of the inclined track
was decreased? Assume that friction remains constant. Explain your answer. (2)
2.7 Calculate the acceleration of the roller coaster. (4)
3. Two light ropes are strung between two vertical struts. A mass m of weight w hangs
from the ropes attached to a ring at point Y.
P 60˚
Q
30˚
3.1 Draw a fully labelled free-body diagram of all the forces acting at point Y. (3)
3.2 Are the forces acting at point Y in equilibrium? Explain your answer. (2)
3.3 The tension in rope P is 600 N. Calculate the tension in rope Q. (4)
3.4 Calculate the mass m hanging from the two ropes. (4)
Term 1 19
4. The diagram below shows the circular orbits of two of Jupiter’s moons: Adrastea A and
Megaclite, M.
Use the following data in your calculations.
Orbital radius of A = 1,3 x 108 m
The acceleration due to gravity at A = 7,5 m·s−2
A
Jupiter
M
not to scale
[63]
MARKING GUIDELINES
WORKSHEETS
1.1 w = mg = ^3h^9, 8h = 29, 40 N down{ (2)
1.2 f smax = n sN = ^0, 34h^29, 4h = 10, 00 N{ (3)
2.1 w = mg = ^500h^9, 8h = 4 900 N{
Therefore N = 4 900 N up and perpendicular to the ground { (2)
2.2 f smax = n sN = ^0, 65h^4900h = 3 185 N{
The machine will not move because the applied force of 3 000 N
is less than f smax {ü (3)
3.1 The force exerted by a surface ü on an object in contact with it. ü (2)
3.2 Static friction is the frictional force that occurs between a stationary object and the
surface on which it is resting ü, whereas kinetic friction occurs when an object
slides across a surface. ü (2)
3.3 w = mg = ^20h^9, 8h = 196 N
Therefore N = 196 N{
f smax = n sN
f smax
ns = N = 150 196 {= 0, 77{
fk = n k N
fk
nk = = 80 {= 0, 41{
N 196
Coefficients of static and kinetic friction do NOT have a unit. (5)
4.1 The force that opposes the motion of an object ü and acts parallel to the surface
the object is in contact with. ü (2)
4.2 Normal Force N ü
Friction F s ü
ü The magnitude of the normal
force = the magnitude of wy.
wx
ü The magnitude of the normal
ü wy
30˚ ü force = the magnitude of wx.
30˚
Direction of weight W
NB: Weight should not be shown as a vector because its components have been
included in the diagram. However, we need to show the angle 30° so we can show
the direction of weight.
(6)
Term 1 21
(4)
6. 6.1 6.2 Normal Force N ü
Normal Force N ü
Static Friction f s ü Applied Force F ü
Weight w ü
Weight w ü
(3)
7. 7.1 7.2
ü
ü
ü
(5)
NB Normal force = weight
Tension can be equal to friction or tension can be greater than friction.
Deduct a mark for each of these errors. (4)
8. An object continues in a state of rest or constant velocity unless it is acted upon by a net
WORKSHEETS
force. üü (2)
9. A property of a body which resists any change in its state of motion. üü (2)
10. A body remains at rest.ü The net force is zero. ü
A body travels at constant velocity. ü The net force is zero. ü
A body accelerates. ü The net force is NOT zero. ü (6)
11. Massü (1)
12. The hand exerts a net backward force on the cupü. This net force does not act on the
coffeeü. According to Newton’s first law, the coffee will continue moving forward at
constant velocityü and spill over the front of the cup. (3)
13. The back of the seat exerts a net forward force on the passenger’s backü. This net
force does not act on the passenger’s headü. According to Newton’s first law, the head
will remain at restü (and will be left behind). The neck muscles would experience
tremendous strain as they pull the head forward. A head rest will exert a net force
forward on the headü, so the entire body would accelerate forward. (4)
14. 14.1
Normal Force N ü
Friction f ü Applied Force F = 68 N ü
Weight w ü
(4)
14.2 Choose right as positive:
Fnet = ma
F - f{= ma
68 - 27 = ^8ha{
41 = ^8ha
a = 5, 13 m·s−2 ü to the right ü
(4)
Term 1 23
15. 15.1
T F = 89 N
f = 19,6 N T
6 kg
4 kg
f = 29,4 N
4 kg: 6 kg:
Choose right as positive:
Fnet = ma Fnet = ma
T - f = ^4ha { F - T - f = ^6ha {
T - 19, 6 = 4a 89 - T - 29, 4 = 6a {
T = 19, 6 + 4a { (i) T = 59, 6 - 6a (ii)
Set equation (i) equal to equation (ii)
19, 6 + 4a = 59, 6 - 6a
10a = 40
a = 4 m·s−2 ü to the right ü (6)
16. 16.1
Tension T = 250 N ü
45˚
(4)
16.2 Ty = T sin 45° = ^250hsin 45° = 176, 78 N up{
w = mg = ^30h^9, 8h = 294 N down{
The downward force of box on ground is: Fdown = 294 - 176, 78 = 117, 22 N down
Therefore: N = 117, 22 N up {
fk = nk N = ^0, 6h^117, 22h = 70, 33 N{to the right{ (5)
WORKSHEETS
Fnet = ma
Tx - f{= ma
176, 78 - 70, 33 = ^30ha{
106, 45 = ^30ha
a = 3, 55 m·s−2 ü to the left ü (5)
17. 17.1
F = 10000 N
Tx = T cos 20°{
Truck: Log:
Choose left as positive:
Fnet = ma Fnet = ma
F - Tx = 2 000 a{ Tx = ^200ha{
10 000 - T cos 20° = 2 000a T cos 20° = 200 a { (ii)
T cos 20° = 10 000 - 2 000 a{ (i)
Set equation (i) equal to equation (ii)
10 000 - 2 000a = 200a
10 000 = 2 200a
a = 4, 55 m·s−2 ü to the left ü (7)
17.2 T cos 20° = 200a
T cos 20° = 200^4, 55h{= 910 N (2)
` T = 968, 40 N {
18. 18.1
Term 1 25
Normal Force N ü
ü
Friction F = 10 N ü ü
ü Friction f = 17 N
ü
Weight W ü
(9)
20.2 3 kg:
wx = w sin 30° = ^3h^9, 8hsin 30°{= 14, 7 N down slope{
5 kg: w
wx = w sin 30° = ^5h^9, 8hsin 30°{= 24, 5 N down slope{ 30˚
(4)
20.3 3 kg: 5 kg:
Choose up the slope as positive:
Fnet = ma Fnet = ma
T - f = ^3h(2){ F - T - f = ^5h(2){
T - 10 = 6 F - 16 - 17 = 10
T = 16 N{ F = 43 N{ (4)
21. When object A exerts a force on object Bü, object B simultaneously exerts an oppositely
directed force of equal magnitude on object A.ü (2)
WORKSHEETS
Reaction: Backward force of car on boy.ü
Action: Backward force of foot on road.ü
Reaction: Forward force of road on foot.ü (4)
22.2 Action: Downward force of Earth on light bulb.ü
Reaction: Upward force of light bulb on Earth.ü
Action: Downward force of light bulb on cord.ü
Reaction: Upward force of cord on light bulb.ü (4)
22.3 Action: Upward force of hand on ball.ü
Reaction: Downward force of ball on hand.ü
Action: Downward force of Earth on ball.ü
Reaction: Upward force of ball on Earth.ü (4)
22.4 Action: Forward force of donkey on cart.ü
Reaction: Backward force of cart on donkey.ü
Action: Backward force of hoof on road.ü
Reaction: Forward force of road on hoof.ü (4)
23. Every object in the universe attracts every other object in the universe with a force that
is directly proportional to the product of their massesü and inversely proportional to
the square of the distance between their centres.ü (2)
24. 24.1 F = G m1 m 2
r2
^1, 1 # 1016h^6, 4 # 1023h{
F = ^6, 7 # 10 -11h
^9 377 000h2 {
F = 5, 36 # 1015 N{ towards Mars { (4)
24.2 MPhobos
gPhobos = G
^ d Phobos)
2
^1, 1 # 1016h{
g Phobos = ^6, 7 # 10 h
-11
(3)
^11, 1 # 10 3 {h2
g Phobos = 5, 98 # 10 -3 m .s -2 {
24.3 gPhobos = G M
d2
1 M{ 1M 1 4 M 2
10 10
gDeimos = G 2 = G = 10 # 1 aG 2 k = 5 gPhobos {
a 12 d{k 1
4 d2 d
Term 1 27
25. F = G m1 m
2
2
r
^6 500h^6 # 1024h{
F = ^6, 7 # 10 -11h (3)
^1, 5 # 10 9 {h2
F = 1, 16 N{
26. 26.1 MMars
gMars = G
^ d Mars) 2
^6, 42 # 1023h{
g Mars = ^6, 7 # 10 -11h ^
3 380 # 103h2 {
g Mars = 3, 77 # 10 -3 m.s -2 { (3)
MARKING GUIDELINES
WORKSHEETS
CONSOLIDATION EXERCISE
TOTAL: 63 MARKS
Solutions:
1.1 The force that opposes the motion of an objectü and acts parallel to the surface the
object is in contact with.ü (2)
1.2 f smax = n s N = ^0, 4h^3h^9, 8h{= 11, 76 N{ (2)
1.3 fk = nk N = ^0, 28h^3h^9, 8h{= 8, 23 N{to the left (3)
1.4 3 kg: 2 kg:
Tension T
Normal N One mark for each
Friction F Tension T
correct force which is
also labelled correctly.
Weight W
Weight W
(6)
1.5 When a net force, Fnet, is applied to an object of mass, m, it accelerates in the
direction of the net forceü. The acceleration, a, is directly proportional to the net
forceü and inversely proportional to the massü. (3)
1.6 3 kg: 2 kg:
Choose right as positive: Choose down as positive:
Fnet = ma Fnet = ma
T - f = ^3ha{ w - T = ^2ha{
T - 8, 23 = 3a 19, 6 - T = 2a
T = 8, 23 + 4a{ (i) T = 19, 6 - 2a{ (ii)
Set equation (i) equal to equation (ii)
8, 23 + 4a = 19, 6 - 2a
6a = 11, 37
a = 1, 90 m·s−2 ü to the right and downwards ü (6)
Term 1 29
2.1
mal N
Friction F
2.7 Fnet = ma
7 017, 05{= (1 000{) a
a = 7, 02 m·s−2 ü down the slope ü (4)
3.1 Tension P
ü
Tension Q ü
Weight W ü
(3)
3.2 Yesü Point Y remains at rest therefore the net force acting on point Y is zeroü (2)
WORKSHEETS
600 N üü
w
90˚
60˚
Q
Q
tan 30° = 600 {
Q = 600 tan 30° = 346, 41 N{ (4)
OR Components method:
P = 600 N
30˚ Q
60˚ 30˚
OR Components method:
Py = P sin 60° = ^600hsin 60° = 519, 62 N{
Qy = Q sin 30° = ^346, 41hsin 30° = 173, 21 N{
w = Py + Qy = 519, 62 + 173, 21 = 692, 83 N{
692, 83
m= wg = 9, 8 = 70, 70 kg{ (4)
Term 1 31
4.1 g = G M2
d 2
gd2 ^7, 5{h^1, 3 # 10 8 h {
M= G = ^6, 7 # 10 -11h = 1, 89 # 1027 kg{ (3)
M
4.2 gA = G 2J GMJ = gA d2A
dA
MJ
gM = G 2 GMJ = gM d2M
GMJ = gdA d2 = gM d2 {
M
A M
gA dA 2
34 090{
d 2M = g = # ^1, 3 # 10 8 h2 = 5, 76 # 10 20
M 1
d M2 = 5, 76 # 1020
` dM = 2, 40 # 1010 m{ (3)
WORKSHEETS
(Molecular Structure)
WORKSHEET
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. The type of particle which results from the covalent bonding of atoms is called:
A an ion.
B an atom.
C a molecule.
D an isotope. (2)
4. Consider the methane molecule (CH4). How much energy is required to break the
chemical bonds in the molecule (in kJ.mol−1)?
A 412
B 348
C 1648
D 1996
BOND BOND ENERGY
C–C 348
C=C 619
C=C 835
C-H 412
C=O 799 (2)
O-H 463
O=O 499
Term 1 33
LONG QUESTIONS
1. Copy and complete the following table:
Shape of molecule
(20)
2. A water molecule is polar while a carbon dioxide molecule is non-polar.
2.1 What is the difference between a polar and a non-polar molecule? (4)
2.2 Use electronegativity difference to determine the type of bond present in the
carbon dioxide molecule. (2)
2.3 State the shapes of water and carbon dioxide molecules. (2)
2.4 Explain why carbon dioxide, which contains polar bonds, is non-polar. (2)
3. What is the nature of the charges on the H and O atoms in the H2O molecule?
Explain your answer. (2)
4. H2O can form a dative covalent bond to form H3O+. Use the Lewis diagram for a water
molecule to help explain the idea of a dative covalent bond. (6)
WORKSHEETS
Cl2 H2O BF3 HCl CO2 NH3
5.1 Which of the following molecules is polar covalent and which are non-polar
covalent? (6)
5.2 CO2 contains polar bonds, but is considered to be a non-polar molecule.
Explain why this is so. (3)
5.3 Name the shape of each molecule in the list. (7)
6. Consider a molecule of hydrogen sulfide (H2S).
6.1 Draw the Lewis diagram for hydrogen sulfide. (2)
6.2 Identify the central atom in H2S. (1)
6.3 How many lone pairs of electrons are present in H2S molecule? (1)
6.4 How many bonding pairs of electrons are present in the H2S molecule. (1)
6.5 What is the molecular shape of this molecule? (1)
6.6 Is this an IDEAL or a NON-IDEAL molecular shape? Explain your answer. (3)
7. The table below lists the bond energies of certain covalent bonds.
7.1 Use the information from the table to compare the length and strength of an
O – O bond to the length and strength of an O = O bond. (3)
Consider the chemical equation shown below:
2C2H2 + 7O2 $ 4CO2 + 6H2O
7.2 Calculate the total energy absorbed to break the bonds of the reactants. (5)
7.3 Calculate the total energy released on bond formation of the products. (4)
7.4 How much excess energy was released in the whole reaction? (3)
Term 1 35
CONSOLIDATION EXERCISE
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. A covalent bond will form between two atoms when...
A there is repulsion between the nuclei of two approaching atoms.
B there is attraction between the electrons of two approaching atoms.
C one atom transfers an electron to another atom.
D the potential energy of the atoms is at its lowest. (2)
2. In VSEPR theory, the greatest amount of repulsion between orbitals will be between:
A lone pair and lone pair.
B bonding pair and lone pair.
C bonding pair and bonding pair.
D bonding pair and central atom. (2)
Study the energy diagram below which represents the formation of a covalent bond
between two atoms. Use this diagram to answer Questions 4 and 5.
Potential energy
of the system
(kJ)
Bond length (nm)
-200
-300
-400
WORKSHEETS
A 0 kJ
B 30 kJ
C 330 kJ
D 200 kJ (2)
5. The bond length between the two atoms forming the chemical bond is ...
A 0,200 nm
B 0,370 nm
C 0,240 nm
D 0,050 nm (2)
6. Using the table alongside, calculate the total BOND BOND ENERGY
energy required to break the bonds of the (kJ.mol–1)
O=O 499
A 911 kJ.mol-1
B 1 410 kJ.mol-1
C 2 646 kJ.mol-1
D 3 644 kJ.mol-1 (2)
Term 1 37
LONG QUESTIONS
1. Consider the table below. Redraw this table in your answer books and complete it in the
spaces provided.
CF4
CO2
HBr
NH3
H2O
BF3
(28)
2. Draw Lewis structures for:
2.1 a water molecule.
2.2 a carbon dioxide molecule. (4)
3. 3.1 Define the term electronegativity. (2)
3.2 Consider the following molecules:
F2 HCl CH4 H2 O NH3 SF6
a) Assign electronegativity values to each atom. (6)
b) Calculate the electronegativity difference for the bonds ineach molecule. (6)
c) Identify which of the molecules contain polar covalent or non-polar covalent
bonds. (6)
d) Identify the shapes of each molecule using VSEPR theory. (6)
4. Consider the following list of molecules:
HF BCl3 CF4 NH3 CO2 SCl6
4.1 Draw Lewis diagrams for the molecules HF and NH3 to show the bonding that
takes place. (4)
4.2 Which of the molecules in the list are non-polar? Explain your answer. (6)
4.3 According to VSEPR theory, what are the shapes of molecules
BCl3, CF4, NH3 and SCl6? (4)
4.4 NH3 is said to have a non-ideal shape where SCl6 is said to have an ideal
WORKSHEETS
shape. What is the difference between molecules with these different shape
classifications? (2)
5. For each of the following bonding pairs, say which bond is more polar. Show all
calculations and indicate the partially positive (δ+) and partially negative (δ–) poles on
each bond.
5.1 C – O and C – N (3)
5.2 P – Br and P – Cl (3)
5.3 C – O and C - S (3)
6. Ammonia (NH3) is able to make a dative covalent bond with a hydrogen ion (H+)
forming the ammonium cation (NH4 +)
6.1 Draw the Lewis diagram for a molecule of ammonia. (2)
6.2 Explain why the hydrogen ion can form a dative covalent bond with ammonia. (2)
6.3 Draw a Lewis diagram of the resulting ammonium cation. (3)
Term 1 39
8. Consider the reaction between oxygen and hydrogen which is used to form water:
O2 + 2H2 $ 2 H2O
O=O 498
O-H 463
H-H 436
Using the table of bond energies supplied, calculate the following quantities.
8.1 The amount of energy required to break the bonds in the reactants. (3)
8.2 The amount of energy released on formation of bonds of products. (2)
8.3 The total amount of energy released from the reaction in the formation of H2O. (2)
MARKING GUIDELINES
WORKSHEETS
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1.1 C üü All molecules are made from non-metal atoms only in their structure.
1.2 A üü The electronegativity of O is greater than that of H, thus the shared electron pair
will be closer to the O atom and result in the bond becoming polar. Water is
an asymmetric molecule and will thus will have a definite δ+ and δ− end, hence
polar covalent.
1.3 D üü The central C atom is surrounded by 4 Cl atoms to form a tetrahedral shape.
Tetrahedrons are symmetrical arrangements hence the molecule will be non-
polar covalent due to symmetry.
1.4 C üü There are 4 × C – H bonds in the molecule, thus it is simply 4 × 416 kJ.mol−1 to
give a total amount of energy to break the bonds as 1 648 kJ.mol−1 (8)
LONG QUESTIONS
1. Complete the following table
WHAT IS THE
CENTRAL ATOM IN C ü C ü S ü N ü
THE MOLECULE?
(20)
2. 2.1 A polar molecule – A molecule with a distinct region of charge ü at either end of the
molecule due to one atom having a larger electronegativity than the other. ü
A non-polar molecule – There is no distinct region of charge due to a zero
electronegativity difference between the atoms ü or the molecule is perfectly
symmetrical. ü (4)
2.2 C : 2,5
O : 3,5 } electronegativity difference is 1,0 ü thus bonds are
polar covalent ü (2)
Term 1 41
+
H
x x
üü (for correct diagram)
Ox H H Ox H
(6)
5. 5.1 Polar covalent : H2 O ü HCl ü NH3 ü
Non-polar covalent : Cl2 ü BF3 ü CO2 ü (6)
5.2 CO2 is a symmetrical molecule ü meaning that it does not have two definite
regions of polarity ü, that is, a δ+ side and a δ- side. Even though the bonds are
polar due to the electronegativity difference between C and O, there is no distinct
polarity within the molecule, hence it is non-polar. ü
δ– δ+ δ–
O=C=O (3)
5.3 Cl2: linear ü
H2O: angular ü
BF3: trigonal planar ü
HCl: linear ü
CO2: linear ü
NH3: trigonal pyramidal ü (6)
6. 6.1
WORKSHEETS
Sx
x
ü correct atoms and shape
H H
ü correct electron arrangement (2)
6.2 S ü (1)
6.3 two ü (1)
6.4 two ü (1)
6.5 angular ü (1)
6.6 NON-IDEAL üü- the central atom has lone pairs of electrons around it. ü (3)
7. 7.1 The O = O bond requires more energy to break the bond compared to the
O – O bond. ü
The greater the amount of energy required, the shorter the bond length,ü
thus the O = O bond will be shorter in length in comparison to the O – O bond. ü
(3)
7.2
H H
H C C H + 7x O=O 4x O=C=O + 6x O
H H H H
2 × ( C – C ) = 692 ü + 7 × ( O = O) = 3 458 ü
2 × ( 6 × C – H ) = 4 956 ü
Total energy to break bonds of reactants = 5 648 + 3 458 ü
Total = 9 106 kJ.mol−1 ü (5)
Term 1 43
MARKING GUIDELINES
CONSOLIDATION EXERCISE
TOTAL : 122 MARKS
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. D üü When atoms approach each other, there are both attractive and repulsive
forces between the atoms. Only when these forces are balanced will a covalent
bond be formed and the potential energy of the system will be at its lowest.
(2)
2. A üü Lone pair-lone pair electron repulsions are the largest of all the valance
electron pair repulsions. (2)
3. B üü Br has an electronegativity of 2,8 and H has an electronegativity of 2,1. This
gives an electronegativity difference of 0,7 which makes the bond polar. HBr
is also a linear molecule which will form definite δ+ and δ- ends as a result of
this difference, thus HBr will be polar. (2)
4. C üü The bond energy will be at the position where the potential energy in the
system is the lowest and the bond is stable. This is represented by the lowest
point of the graph and the value is read off the y-axis of the graph. (2)
5. C üü At the point where the potential energy in the system is the lowest is where
the bond is most stable. This is where the atoms now establish a stable
chemical bond and the bond length is fixed. This is now read off the x – axis
of the graph. (2)
6. C üü This is the sum of the bond energies of four C – H bonds and two O = O
bonds as there are 2 moles of O2 in the reactants. This adds up to 2 646
kJ.mol−1. (2)
LONG QUESTIONS
WORKSHEETS
1. Consider the table below. Redraw this table in your answer books and complete in the
space provided.
xx C x ü correct shape
O x O ü electrons arranged correctly (2)
3. 3.1 This is the measure of the amount of attraction ü that an atom exerts on a shared
electron pair ü within a chemical bond. (2)
Term 1 45
H x F HxN x
x
H
Two marks for each correct structure.
(4)
5. 5.1 δ+ δ− ü
C–O EN difference (C – O) = 3,5 – 2,5 = 1,0 ü
C–N EN difference ( C – N) = 3,0 – 2,5 = 0,5 ü (3)
5.2 δ+ δ− ü
P – Cl EN difference (P – Cl) = 3,0 – 2,1 = 0,9 ü
P – Br EN difference (P – Br) = 2,8 – 2.1 = 0,7 ü (3)
5.3 δ+ δ− ü
WORKSHEETS
C – O EN difference ( C - O) = 3,5 – 2,5 = 1,0 ü
C – S EN difference (C – S ) = 2,5 – 2,5 = 0 ü (3)
6.1
üü
(2)
6.2 N has a lone pair of electrons in the ammonia molecule which it can share with the
H+ ion which has an empty valence energy level. üü (2)
6.3 üü for the correct Lewis diagram
ü There is now an arrow replacing the
lone pair of electrons to
indicate dative covalent bond (3)
7.1 The bond energy of a compound is the energy needed to break one mole of its
molecules into separate atoms. üü (2)
7.2 As the bond length gets larger, so the amount of energy required to break the bond
gets smaller. üü (2)
7.3 a) I2 is made up of much larger atoms than in Cl2 and thus has a much greater
bond length. üThe larger the bond length, the less the bond energy. ü (2)
b) I2 is made up of much larger atoms compared to Cl2. ü The larger the atoms,
the larger the bond length between the atoms. ü (2)
c) The more bonds there are between two atoms, the shorter the bond length.ü
This means that the amount of energy required to break the bonds will be
more, thus bond energy will increase.ü The carbon triple bond required
839 kJ.mol-1 of energy to break the bonds while the carbon single bond only
requires 347 kJ.mol-1 to break the bond.ü (3)
8.1 O=O 498 kJ.mol-1 ü
2×H–H 872 kJ.mol-1 ü
Total 1 370 kJ.mol-1 ü (3)
8.2 4 × O – H : 1 852 kJ.mol-1 üü (2)
8.3 Energy released = 1 370 – 1 852 ü
= –482 kJ.mol-1 ü (2)
Term 1 47
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. Which one of the following statements represents the best explanation for the term
‘electronegativity’?
A A measure of the tendency of an atom to attract a bonding pair of electrons.
B A measure of the tendency of an atom to attract an electron.
C A measure of the strength of a covalent bond.
D A measure of the strength of an ionic bond. (2)
2. Sodium chloride (NaCℓ) is a solid which is soluble in water. Which one of the following
describes the intermolecular forces that exist between sodium chloride and water in
solution?
A Ion-dipole
B Dipole-dipole
C Ion-induced dipole
D Induced dipole-dipole (2)
3. Hydrogen bonding is a type of intermolecular force that can exist between the
molecules of certain compounds. Which one of the statements below best describes the
conditions under which hydrogen bonding is most likely to occur? It occurs between:
A small molecules which contain hydrogen atoms.
B molecules in which hydrogen is bonded to small atoms with high
electronegativity.
C large molecules which contain both hydrogen and oxygen atoms.
D molecules in which hydrogen is bonded to small atoms with low
electronegativity. (2)
WORKSHEETS
B The electronegativity difference between C and H atoms is so small as to be
considered non-polar.
C Hexane is a linear molecule hence is symmetrical.
D The charge distribution of electrons within the hexane molecule is symmetrical.
(2)
LONG QUESTIONS
1. Calcium chloride is prepared according to the following balanced chemical equation:
Ca(s) + 2HCl(aq) $ CaCl2(aq) + H2 (g)
Hydrochloric acid is produced for this preparation by the ionisation of hydrogen
chloride gas in water.
1.1 Name the type of bonding that is present in a molecule of hydrogen chloride. (1)
1.2 Define the term ‘electronegativity’. (2)
1.3 Make use of the Pauling scale of electronegativities, as provided in the Periodic
Table, to explain the type of bonding found in hydrogen chloride and crystalline
calcium chloride. (4)
1.4 HCl molecules are described as ‘dipoles’. Explain what is meant by this term. (2)
1.5 Calcium chloride is soluble in water. The structure of its crystal lattice is broken
down by the water molecules to form aqueous ions in solution.
1.5.1 Name the type of crystal lattice of which calcium chloride is an example. (1)
1.5.2 Name the types of intermolecular forces present between:
a) calcium chloride ions in the crystal lattice. (1)
b) the water molecules of the solvent. (1)
c) the water and the crystal lattice. (1)
1.5.3 Using diagrams to illustrate your answer, explain how the crystal lattice of
calcium chloride is broken down during the dissolving process. (5)
2. Use only substances from the list below when answering Question 2.1 to 2.6 (Only
write down the question number and the formula of the substance next to it.) The state
symbols (phase indicators) represent the physical state of each of the substances at room
temperature.
SiO2(s) HCℓ(g) H2O(ℓ) PH3(g) Mg(s) Br2(g) KF(s)
Select one substance from the list that has:
2.1. pure covalent intramolecular bonds. (1)
2.2 a high melting point due to the strong electrostatic attraction between the cations
and anions in the crystal lattice. (1)
2.3 hydrogen bonding intermolecular forces. (1)
Term 1 49
2.4 a very high melting point due to its giant covalent network structure. (1)
2.5 delocalised valence electrons. (1)
2.6 dipole – dipole intermolecular forces. (1)
3. Consider the Table below which shows the boiling points of the halogens.
3.1 Name the specific type of interatomic bond that occurs between atoms in the F2
molecule. (2)
3.2 The table show an increase in the boiling points of the halogens from F2 to I2.
Explain this trend by making reference to the relevant intermolecular force
between the halogen molecules and the factor influencing its strength. (4)
4. Consider the following pairs of substances.
HCl and CO NaCl and CCl4 KBr and H2S CCl4 and Br2
Which of the pairs will have:
4.1 ion-dipole intermolecular forces? (2)
4.2 dipole – dipole intermolecular forces? (2)
4.3 ion – induced dipole intermolecular forces? (2)
4.4 induced dipole – induced dipole intermolecular forces? (2)
5. Water is considered to be a highly remarkable substance that has many properties that
are beneficial to life forms on earth. One of the interesting factors with regards to this is
the fact that ice is able to float on water.
5.1 Explain why ice is able to float on water. (2)
5.2 Why is this beneficial to aquatic life? (1)
CONSOLIDATION EXERCISE
WORKSHEETS
TOTAL: 47 MARKS
1. Hydrogen fluoride (HF) can be prepared by treating calcium fluoride (CaF) with an
acid.
1.1 Define the term ‘electronegativity’. (2)
1.2 Use electronegativity differences to explain the difference in the type of bonding
found in HF and CaF2. (4)
1.3 Using a Lewis diagram, illustrate fully how bonding occurs in CaF2. (4)
1.4 HF is described as a ‘polar molecule’. Explain what is meant by this term. (2)
1.5 In fact, HF is an example of a group of three molecules which exhibit what is
known as hydrogen bonding. What TWO identifying characteristics are crucial in
a molecule being able to exhibit hydrogen bonding? (2)
2. Two crystalline solids, P and Q have melting points of 710oC and 723oC respectively. At
700oC, substance P conducts electricity but Q does not. At 750oC, both P and Q conduct
electricity.
2.1 What can be deduced from the melting points about the relative magnitude of the
forces between the particles in P and Q? (2)
2.2 Explain the difference observed in electrical conductivity between P and Q. (4)
2.3 You are told that one of the solids is barium and the other is potassium iodide.
Which is P and which is Q? (2)
3. Consider the diagram below, showing an arrangement of water molecules in the liquid
phase.
Term 1 51
3.4 Name the specific type of intermolecular force represented by the letter Y in the
diagram. (1)
3.5 State two properties of the oxygen atom that make this type of intermolecular force
(Y) possible. (2)
3.6 What is the partial charge (δ+ or δ–) on the hydrogen atom in a water molecule? (1)
4. Diagram 1 below shows the crystal lattice structure of the giant ionic solid sodium
chloride.
+
Na
-
Cl
Diagram 1
4.1 Define the term ‘ionic bond’. (2)
4.2 With reference to the crystal lattice structure, explain why sodium chloride has a
very high melting point (801 °C). (3)
4.3 Sodium chloride dissolves in water. The ions are surrounded by water molecules as
shown in Diagram 2 below.
ION
Diagram 2
a) Name the specific type of force between the ion and the water molecules. (1)
WORKSHEETS
b) Is the ion shown in the above diagram a sodium ion (Na+) or a chloride ion (Cℓ–
)? Explain. (2)
c) A relatively large amount of water is needed to dissolve a small amount of
sodium chloride. Explain why this is so by referring to the structure of sodium
chloride and the strengths of the forces involved. (4)
5. 5.1 Explain what is meant by the term ‘Heat of vaporisation’. (2)
5.2 Explain why in the early morning just before dawn breaks, the temperature of the
air suddenly drops. (2)
(47)
Term 1 53
MARKING GUIDELINES
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. A üü This question is a direct understanding of the definition so learners must
learn this. (2)
2. A üü Sodium chloride is an ionic compound; water is a dipole. (2)
3. B üü The criteria for a molecule to be able to exert hydrogen bonding
intermolecular forces is when a H atom is bonded to a small atom of high
electronegativity such as N, O or F. (2)
4. D üü Hexane is a non-polar molecule as it is perfectly symmetrical and thus the
distribution of electrons in the electron cloud is symmetrical hence no region
of δ+ or δ-. (2)
LONG QUESTIONS
1.1 Polar covalent bonding ü (1)
1.2 The measure of the tendency of an atom to attract ü a shared pair of electrons ü
within the chemical bond. (2)
1.3 HCl Electronegativity difference = 3,5 – 2,1 = 1,4 ü
CaCl2 Electronegativity difference = 3.5 – 1,0 = 2,5 ü
Pauling scale states that electronegativity difference greater than 2,0 will make the
substance ionic in character. CaCl2 is greater that 2,0 hence will be ionic üwhereas
HCl at 1,4 will be polar covalent in character as Pauling scale states that from 0 to
2,0, substance will be covalent. ü (4)
1.4 HCl molecules have two distinct regions of charge ü δ+ and δ- at either end of the
molecule ü (2)
1.5 1.5.1 Ionic crystal lattice ü (1)
1.5.2 a) ion – ion (ionic) ü
b) hydrogen bonding (dipole) ü
c) ion – dipole ü (3)
.3
Polar water molecules surround the ions in the crystal lattice creating an ion-
dipole intermolecular force. ü A single ion-dipole intermolecular force is not
strong enough to overcome the very strong ion-ion forces within the lattice. ü
WORKSHEETS
More water molecules thus move to surround the ions to create a combined ion-
dipole force that will overcome the forces within the crystal lattice. ü The ions
are then removed from the lattice and go into solution. (5)
2.1 Br2 or PH3 Atoms in the molecule with equal electronegativities, hence electro-
negativity difference of 0, hence a pure covalent bond (non-polar) ü (1)
2.2 KF This is the only ionic substance in the list and contains cations and
anions. These are very strong forces of attraction, thus a very high
boiling point ü (1)
2.3 H2 O H is bonded to the small O atom which has a high electronegativity. ü (1)
2.4 SiO2 This is solid made of covalent bonds only hence called a covalent
network solid. These covalent bonds are very strong hence a very high
melting point. ü (1)
2.5 Mg A pure metal with metallic bonding between atoms, Contains
delocalised valence electrons. ü (1)
2.6 HCl There is an electronegativity difference of 1,4 between atoms, hence it is a
dipole. ü (1)
3. 1 Non-polar ü covalent ü (The electronegativity difference between two F atoms is 0,
hence will be non-polar). (2)
3.2 All halogen molecules will have London/dispersion intermolecular forces between
them ü. The size of the halogen molecules increases as one moves down the Table. This
means that the electron cloud density increases allowing for a greater surface area ü
meaning that there will be more points of contact for intermolecular forces to occur.
There will be stronger intermolecular forces ü between the molecules and more energy
needed ü to overcome these forces. (4)
4.1 KBr and H2S üü (2)
4.2 HCl and CO üü (2)
4.3 NaCl and CCl4 üü (2)
4.4 CCl4 and Br2 üü (2)
5.1 Ice has a lower density compared to liquid water at around temperatures of 4 °C ü. This
is due to the fact that the hydrogen bonding intermolecular forces are further apart in
the solid phase compared to water in the liquid phase at these very cold temperatures. ü
(Thus due to the increase in the distance when the intermolecular forces act in the
solid phase the density of ice decreases and it floats. In the liquid phase at very cold
temperatures, the water molecules can approach each other more closely, hence the
density of water increases at these temperatures). (2)
5.2 Ice will float, cold water will sink ü – thus aquatic life can survive at the bottom of the
ocean/river. (1)
Term 1 55
CONSOLIDATION EXERCISE
TOTAL: 47 MARKS
1.1 The measure of the amount of attraction ü an atom has on a shared pair of electrons ü
(2)
1.2 HF : electronegativity difference = 1,9 ü
CaF : electronegativity difference = 3,0 ü
HF will be expected to be covalent ü although it does have some ionic character due to
the relatively large electronegativity difference. CaF2 will be strongly ionic ü due to a
very high electronegativity difference. (4)
1.3
(4)
1.4 δ+ δ −
HF has two distinct regions of charge on the molecule üü H − F (2)
1.5 The H atom in the molecule must be bonded to a small atom ü of very high
electronegativity.ü (2)
2.1 Very high melting points indicate that there are very strong intermolecular forces
between the particles in each solid. üü (2)
2.2 At 700oC, both P and Q are still in the solid phase. The fact that P is able to conduct
electricity tells us it must have charges that are free to move in the solid phase ü. This
means that P must be a metal with delocalised electrons hence the conductivity ü. Q
has no free charges in the solid phase ü thus will not be able to conduct electricity,
thus Q cannot be a metallic substance. Q conducts when molten therefore it is an ionic
substance. ü (4)
2.3 P = Barium ü (metallic substance thus has delocalised electrons hence conductivity)
Q = Potassium iodide ü (ionic substance where the ions are held in the crystal lattice
and not free to move) (2)
3.1 A bond that exists within a molecule between the atoms in that molecule. ü (1)
3.2 Polar ü covalent bond ü (It will be polar due to the electronegativity difference
between H and O) (2)
3.3 This is the force of attraction between molecules in a system. üü (2)
3.4 Hydrogen bonding intermolecular force. ü (1)
3.5 O is a very small atom in terms of its atomic size. ü
O has a very high electronegativity. ü (2)
3.6 δ+ ü
WORKSHEETS
(H will not have any electrons near its nucleus as the high electronegativity of O will
pull the shared electron pair away from the H atom and towards itself, leaving the H
atom δ+) (1)
4.1 Force of attraction that occurs between cations and anions in a crystal lattice üü
(Bond formed by transfer of electrons) ü (2)
4.2 The Na+ cations are surrounded by C4− anions and vice versa. This means that there are
many strong electrostatic forces of attraction ü between the cations and anions leading
to very strong inter-particle (inter-ionic) forces. ü Large amounts of energy will be
needed to overcome these forces, ü hence a very high melting point. (3)
4.3 a) Ion-dipole intermolecular force ü (1)
4.3 b) Na+ ü – the O end of the water molecule is attracted to the ion. The O end is δ−
thus it is attracted to a positive ion, hence the sodium cation. ü (2)
4.3 c) The ion-dipole force between the water molecule and the ion is a strong
intermolecular force, yet is not stronger that the ion-ion electrostatic forces within
the crystal lattice. üü Water thus needs to accumulate around an ion so that the
combined ion-dipole intermolecular forces üeventually will overcome the ion-ion
forces ü and the ion is only then removed from the lattice and goes into solution.(4)
5.1 This is the amount of energy one mole of water will absorb before it is able to escape to
the gaseous phase üü (2)
5.2 Energy is absorbed by the water molecules that sit on grass and plants (dew) just before
the sun rises. ü This allows the water molecule to escape to the gas phase with a certain
kinetic energy. This means that energy is taken away from the system hence it begins to
feel much colder as there is less energy in the system’s surroundings. ü (2)
Term 1 57
If your class is carrying out the experiment using laboratory apparatus and
taking down their own results, you must set up your classroom appropriately
and give the learners the relevant instructions. You may find it useful to
refer to the Technical Instructions which precede the Learner’s Instructions
while preparing for this experiment.
If the learners are proceeding with the virtual experiment, then continue
with the NECT programme by using the information, handouts and marking
guidelines contained in this section of this Resource Book.
Formal Experiment
TECHNICAL INSTRUCTIONS
Newton’s Second Law of Motion: When a net force, Fnet, is applied to an object of mass, m,
it accelerates in the direction of the net force. The acceleration, a, is directly proportional to
the net force and inversely proportional to the mass.
EXPERIMENT
Fnet = ma
APPARATUS:
Pulley
Slotted masses
12 V AC power supply
Conducting leads
Ticker timer
Ticker tape
Trolley track
Trolley
10 g slotted mass holder with 4 × 10 g mass pieces
Light inextensible string
Clamp (to hold the pulley on the track)
Freely running (almost frictionless) pulley
Books (to raise one end of the trolley track)
Mass meter
Prestik
Term 1 61
METHOD
11.1 If the gaps between the dots on the tape increase gradually along the length of
the tape, the trolley is accelerating. Lower the height of the track a little (by
removing a book or two). Repeat the procedure from step 6.
11.2 If the gaps between the dots on the tape are of equal length, the trolley is
running at constant velocity. Move on to Part B of the procedure.
EXPERIMENT
8. Start the timer and release the trolley and the mass holder so that the trolley
accelerates down the track as the mass holder falls to the ground.
9. Repeat steps 6 to 8 four more times, by moving one of the four slotted mass pieces
from the trolley to the mass holder each time.
Term 1 63
NAME: GRADE:
Formal Experiment
NEWTON’S SECOND LAW OF MOTION
THEORY
Newton’s Second Law of Motion: When a net force, Fnet, is applied to an object of mass, m,
it accelerates in the direction of the net force. The acceleration, a, is directly proportional to
the net force and inversely proportional to the mass.
Fnet = ma
APPARATUS
12 V AC power supply
Conducting leads
Ticker timer
Ticker tape
Trolley track
Trolley
10 g slotted mass holder with 4 × 10 g mass pieces
Light inextensible string
Clamp (to hold the pulley on the track)
Freely running (almost frictionless) pulley
Books (to raise one end of the trolley track)
Mass meter
Prestik
METHOD
String
EXPERIMENT
A. Setting up a friction compensated track
1. Clamp a pulley to the one end of the track.
2. Place a stopper on the track in front of the pulley to stop the trolley before it bumps
into the pulley.
3. Position the track at the edge of a table so that when a weight is hung from the pulley
it can fall freely to the ground.
4. Connect the ticker timer to the AC power pack with the two connecting leads.
5. Position the ticker timer on the other end of the track. Ensure it is firmly in place by
attaching it to the track with some Prestik.
6. Raise the end of the track which has the ticker timer unt on it by placing a few books
under it.
7. Measure a length of ticker tape equal to the length of the track + 10 cm. Run the
ticker tape through the ticker timer and attach the tape to one end of the trolley.
8. Place the trolley on the raised end on the track and hold it in a position which will
allow it to run down the track to the other end.
9. Start the ticker timer and release the trolley, allowing it to run freely down the track
while it pulls the tape through the timer.
10. Stop the timer when the trolley reaches the stopper at the other end.
11. Examine the ticker tape as follows:
Term 1 65
11.1 If the gaps between the dots on the tape increase gradually along the length of
the tape, the trolley is accelerating. Lower the height of the track a little (by
removing a book or two). Repeat the procedure from step 6.
11.2 If the gaps between the dots on the tape are of equal length, the trolley is
running at constant velocity. Move on to Part B of the procedure.
(7)
EXPERIMENT
5.2 Mark off consecutive segments of five gaps between dots until you have three
consecutive segments of five gaps on each tape.
5.3 Record the length of each of the segments for each tape in the table below.
5.4 Calculate the average speed in the first and last segment.
5.5 Calculate the acceleration of the trolley.
Mass on Force of Segment Segment Segment Average Speed Average Speed Acceleration
holder holder 1 2 3 1 3 v3 - v1
(m) (mg) (v1) (v3) 0, 2
Segment 1 Segment 3
0, 1 0, 1
(kg) ( ) (m) ( ) (m) ( ) ( ) ( )
(17)
Term 1 67
Deduce the relationship between the acceleration of the trolley and the net force
EXPERIMENT
acting on the trolley. (5)
9. Calculate the gradient of the graph. Show the coordinates that you use for this
calculation on the graph. (4)
10. What quantity does the gradient of the graph represent? Explain briefly. (4)
11. Compare the value of the gradient of the graph with the total mass of the
accelerating system. Calculate the % error. (Total mass = 300 g) (6)
CONCLUSION
12. (2)
Term 1 69
PART C 50 MARKS
AIM: To verify the relationship between acceleration and mass of the
system when a constant net force acts on it.
VARIABLES
Independent variable: (2)
Dependent variable: (2)
Control variable: (2)
METHOD
Write down the method for this part of the investigation. (5)
EXPERIMENT
(m) b1l Segment 1 Segment 3
m 0, 1 0, 1
(kg) (kg−1) (m) (m) (m) (m.s−1) (m.s−1) (m.s−2)
6. Describe the relationship between acceleration and the inverse of mass. (2)
Term 1 71
6. Give a reason why it is much more useful to plot a graph of acceleration against the
inverse of mass, than it is to plot a graph of acceleration against mass. (5)
EXPERIMENT
CONCLUSION
7. (3)
Term 1 73
Formal Experiment
MARKING GUIDELINES
110 MARKS
Newton’s Second Law of Motion: When a net force, Fnet, is applied to an object of mass, m,
it accelerates in the direction of the net force. The acceleration, a, is directly proportional to
the net force and inversely proportional to the mass.
Fnet = ma
PART B 50 MARKS
AIM: To verify the relationship between acceleration a nd
net force on a system of constant mass.
0 0
Weight ü Weight ü
EXPERIMENT
0,20 0,20 54,0 61,0 66,0 0,54 0,66 0,60 ü
0,030 0,29 ü 62,0 68,0 79,0 0,62 ü 0,79 ü 0,85 ü
0,040 0,39 86,0 98,0 109,0 0,86 1,09 1,15 ü
0,050 0,49 90,5 105,0 118,0 0.91 1,18 1,35 ü
y = 2,8529x
Acceleration vs Net force
for a trolley system of fixed mass
1,60
1,40
1,20
1,00
Acceleration (m× s-
0,60
force (for constant mass).
ü Correct choice of axes: Independent
variable on x-axis (c.o.e.)(Net force)
ü Appropriate scale on x-axis with label and
0,40 SI units
ü Appropriate scale on y-axis with label and
SI units
ü Points plotted correctly.
0,20
ü Best fit straight-line graph.
ü Extended back to cut the y-axis (Must be
the same straight-line as the graph)
0,00
0,00 0,10 0,20 0,30 0,40 0,50 0,60
Net force (N)
Term 1 75
9. Calculate the gradient of the graph. Show the coordinates that you use on the graph.
Dy
gradient = Da or Dx methodü
DF Using the appropriate values of the two coordinatesü
1, 40 - 0, 0
= 0, 49 - 0, 0 shown on the graphü
= ! 2, 86 accurate calculation ü SI units not required. (4)
10. What quantity does the gradient of the graph represent? Explain briefly.
F = ma ü F
therefore a = m ü (Newton’s second law)
From the graph: a = kF where k is the gradient of the graph.ü
1
Therefore k = m ü OR The gradient equals the inverse of the mass of the system. (4)
11. Compare the value of the gradient of the graph with the total mass of the accelerating
system. Calculate the % error.
Find the inverse of the gradient ü (0,350)
Compare inverse of gradient with the total mass of the accelerating system.ü
Comment on % error
CONCLUSION
12. The acceleration is directly proportional to the net force üprovided the mass of the system
remains constant.ü (2)
EXPERIMENT
through.
The average of the acceleration could be calculated. This would give a more reliable result.
(1)
PART C 50 MARKS
AIM: To verify the relationship between acceleration and mass of the
system when a constant net force acts on it.
1. VARIABLES
Independent variable: Mass (of the system) üü (2)
Dependent variable: Acceleration (of the system) üü (2)
Control variable: Constant net force üü (2)
2. METHOD
Write down the method for this part of the investigation.
Learners will use their own words – they must essentially plan in a similar way. (5)
1. Hang one slotted mass on the mass hanger. ü
2. Place the remainder of the slotted mass pieces on the trolley. ü
3. Attach the ticker tape and the mass hanger to the trolley. ü
Term 1 77
2,00
1,80
EXPERIMENT
1,60
1,40
1,20
Acceleration (m× s-
1,00
)
0,80
2
0,60
0,40
0,20
0,00
0,00 0,50 1,00 1,50 2,00 2,50 3,00 3,50 4,00
Inverse of mass (kg-1)
Term 1 79
However to confirm the inverse relationship we should then plot the graph of acceleration
against the inverse of mass. ü
By plotting it in the first place we have saved time and effort. ü (5)
7. CONCLUSION:
The acceleration of the system is inverselyü proportional to its massü
provided the net force remains constant. ü (3)
The magnitude and direction of the resultant force in the horizontal plane is ...
A 150 N to the right.
B 200 N to the left.
ASSESSMENTS
C 175 N to the right.
D 25 N to the left. (2)
6. Refer to question 1.5. The magnitude and direction of the resultant force in the
vertical plane is ...
A 180 N down.
B 123,11 N upwards.
C 170 N upwards.
D 123,11 N downwards. (2)
LONG QUESTIONS
1. A horizontal force of 300 N is applied to an object to the right while an upward
vertical force of 400 N is applied at the same time.
1.1 Define a vector. (2)
1.2 Define a resultant vector. (2)
1.3 Draw a neat, fully labelled vector diagram of these forces in the Cartesian
plane, using the tail-to-head method. (2)
1.4 Determine the magnitude and direction of the resultant force acting on the
object. (4)
[10]
2. The following four forces act on an object. A 40 N force acts vertically upwards,
a 30 N force acts horizontally to the right, a 90 N force acts at 45° below the
horizontal and to the left and a 50 N force acts horizontally to the left.
2.1 Draw a neat, fully labelled vector diagram of the four forces in the Cartesian
plane (not necessarily to scale). (4)
2.2 Determine the magnitude and direction of the horizontal and vertical
components of the 90 N force. (6)
2.3 Determine the magnitude and direction of the resultant force acting on the
object. (5)
[15]
Term 1 83
3. An aircraft flies 30 km north, then 40 km east, then 60 km south and then 60 km west.
3.1 Define displacement. (2)
3.2 Draw a neat, fully labelled vector diagram (tail-to-head method) of these
displacements. Draw in the resultant displacement (R). (5)
3.3 Draw a neat, fully labelled vector diagram (tail-to-tail method) of
the resultant horizontal (Rx) and vertical (Ry) components of these
displacements. Draw in the resultant displacement (R). (5)
3.4 Calculate the magnitude and direction of the resultant displacement of the
aircraft. State the direction as a bearing. (4)
[16]
4. A large crate is pulled along horizontal ground by a chain which makes an angle
of 30° above the ground. The chain applies a force of 500 N.
4.1 Draw a neat, fully labelled vector diagram of the force applied by the chain
as well as the horizontal and vertical components of the 500 N force. (3)
4.2 Calculate the magnitude of the force with which the crate is pulled along the
ground by the chain. (2)
4.3 Calculate the magnitude of the force with which the crate is lifted by means
of the chain. (2)
4.4 List any other forces which act on the crate in the horizontal and vertical
planes. (3)
[10]
6. Consider the following three forces which act simultaneously on the same object:
F1 = 600 N acts on a bearing of 330°, F2 = 400 N acts on a bearing of 270°,
F3 = 400 N acts on a bearing of 190°.
6.1 Use a ruler, pencil, protractor and a scale of 1 cm : 100 N to find the
magnitude and direction of the resultant force (using the tail-to-head
method). Label your vector diagram clearly. (10)
6.2 State the magnitude and direction of a fourth force F4 which could be
applied to the object so that the resultant force on the object becomes zero. (2)
[12]
MARKING GUIDELINES
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. C üü R = ^+30h + ^-50h + (+ 40) = + 20 N to the right [CL2] (2)
2. D üü The maximum resultant force is achieved when the two forces act in the
same direction:
R = ^+50h + ^ +80 h = +130 N
The minimum resultant force is achieved when the two forces act in
opposite directions:
R = ^+80h + ^-50h = +30 N
Any resultant force between 30 N and 130 N can be achieved by
increasing the angle between the two forces, from 0° to 180°.
It is impossible to obtain a resultant of 20 N from these two forces. [CL2] (2)
ASSESSMENTS
3. C üü
180 N
100 N 100 N
180 N
R2 = 1002 + 1802
R2 = 42 400
R = 42 400 = 205, 91 N [CL2] (2)
4. B üü
x
6 km
Ө
8 km
i = tan -1 a 68 k = 36, 9c
Bearing is measured clockwise from north, therefore the bearing is
90° – 36,9° = 053,1° [CL3] (2)
5. D üü Fx = F cos i = 350 cos 60c = 175 N to the right
Rx =+ 175 - 200 = - 25 N therefore Rx = 25 N to the left [CL2] (2)
6. B üü Fy = F sin i = 350 sin 60° = 303, 11 N upwards
Ry =+ 303, 11 - 180 = +123, 11 N upwards [CL2] (2)
Term 1 85
LONG QUESTIONS
1.1 A physical quantity which has magnitude ü (size) and direction ü. [CL1] (2)
1.2 The sum of two or more vectors. üü [CL1] (2)
1.3
2.1 One TICK for each of the forces shown in their correct places and if the 45° is not
shown take off one mark.
[CL2] (4)
2.2 Fx = F cos i = 90 cos 45° {= 63, 64 N { to the left ü
Fy = F sin i = 90 sin 45° {= 63, 64 N { downwards ü [CL2] (6)
2.3 Rx = + 30 - 50 - 63, 64 = - 83, 64 N therefore Rx = 83, 64 N üto the left
Ry =+ 40 - 63, 64 = - 23, 64 N therefore Ry = 23, 64 N üdownwards
R2 = 83, 642 + 23, 642
R = 86, 92 N {
23, 64
i = tan -1 c m = 15, 8° {
83, 64
R = 86, 92 N at 15,8° below the horizontal axis and to the left ü [CL3] (5)
60 km
60 km [CL2] (5)
ASSESSMENTS
ü Correct resultant (−1 any error)
30 km 30 km
20 km [CL3] (5)
5.1 A vector has both magnitude ü and direction ü, whereas a scalar has
magnitude only ü [CL1] (3)
Term 1 87
5.2 F2 = 65 N
F1 = 35 N
45˚
30˚
F3 = 50 N
[CL2] (3)
F1 =600 N (6cm) ü
F3 =400 N (4cm) ü
10˚
ü
ü
Rü 30˚
R = 7, 8 cm {
i = 9°
R = 780 N {bearing 279° { [CL3] (10)
ASSESSMENTS
2. The magnitude of the gravitational force exerted by one body on another body
is F. When the distance between the centres of the two bodies is doubled, the
magnitude of the gravitational force, in terms of F, will now be …
A 1F
4
B 1F
2
C 2F
D 4F (2)
3. Two forces, F and T, are applied on a crate lying on a frictionless, horizontal
surface, as shown in the diagram below. The magnitude of force T is greater than
that of force T.
Term 1 89
5. A laptop rests on a table. According to Newton’s 3rd law, what is the reaction force
to the weight of the laptop?
A The upward force of the table on the laptop.
B The upward force of the laptop on the Earth.
C The downward force of the Earth on the laptop.
D The normal force on the laptop. (2)
(2)
LONG QUESTIONS
1. Two blocks of masses 15 kg and 4 kg respectively are connected by a light
inextensible string, P. A second light inextensible string, Q, attached to the 4 kg
block, runs over a light frictionless pulley. A constant horizontal force of 280 N
pulls the second string as shown in the diagram below. The magnitudes of the
tensions in P and Q are T1 and T2 respectively. Ignore the effects of air resistance.
280 N
4 kg
15 kg
ASSESSMENTS
2.1.1 State Newton’s THIRD law in words. (2)
2.1.2 Calculate the tension in the string. (3)
The coefficient of static friction (μs) between the unknown mass X and the surface
of the table is 0,15.
2.1.3 Calculate the minimum value of mass X that will prevent the blocks from
moving. (5)
The block of unknown mass X is now replaced with a block of mass 4,5 kg. The
2 kg block now accelerates downwards. The coefficient of kinetic friction (μk)
between the 4,5 kg block and the surface of the table is 0,10.
2.1.4 Calculate the magnitude of the acceleration of the 4,5 kg block. (5)
2.2 A small hypothetical planet A has a mass of 4,5 × 1020 kg and a radius of 450 km.
Calculate the gravitational force (weight) that planet A exerts on a 800 kg car on
this planet’s surface. (4)
[19]
Term 1 91
3. A learner constructs a push toy using two blocks with masses 2 kg and 4 kg
respectively. The blocks are connected by a massless, inextensible cord.
The learner then applies a force of 30 N at an angle of 25° to the 2 kg block by
means of a light rigid rod, causing the toy to move across a flat, rough, horizontal
surface, as shown in the diagram below.
30 N
The coefficient of kinetic friction (μk) between the surface and each block is 0,20.
3.1 State Newton’s Second Law of Motion in words. (2)
3.2 Calculate the magnitude of the kinetic frictional force acting on the 4 kg block.(3)
3.3 Draw a labelled free-body diagram showing ALL the forces acting on the
2 kg block. (5)
3.4 Calculate the magnitude of the:
3.4.1 kinetic frictional force acting on the 2 kg block. (3)
3.4.2 tension in the cord connecting the two blocks. (5)
[21]
4. A block of unknown mass hangs stationary from the ceiling by means of two
strings as shown in the diagram below.
5. An empty lift of mass 800 kg is accelerated upwards at 2 m.s-2 from the ground
floor of an office building.
5.1 Draw a labelled free-body diagram of the accelerating lift, showing the forces
acting on the lift. Your diagram should reflect the relative sizes of the forces. (3)
5.2 State Newton’s second law. (2)
5.3 Calculate the tension in the lift cable while the empty lift is accelerated
upwards. (4)
5.4 The lift cable is able to withstand a maximum tension of 18 kN. Determine
the maximum cargo mass that the lift can carry while accelerating upwards
at 2 m.s-2. (5)
[14]
6. Block X has a mass of 4 kg and Block Y has a mass of 2 kg. Block X is placed on
a rough table that has a coefficient of static friction of 0,18. Block X and Block Y
ASSESSMENTS
are joined by a light, inextensible string over a frictionless pulley and Block Z is
placed on top of Block X as shown in the diagram below.
The system, as shown in the diagram, is only just at rest and on the limit of sliding.
6.1 Determine the tension in the rope joining Block X and Block Y while the
system is at rest. (2)
6.2 Define frictional force. (2)
6.3 State the magnitude of the frictional force required for Block X to be at rest. (2)
6.4 Calculate the minimum mass of Block Z to stop Block X from sliding. (5)
Block Z is removed and the system starts accelerating.
6.5 State Newton’s second law. (2)
6.6 Draw a labelled, free-body diagram for Block Y while it is accelerating. (2)
The magnitude of the acceleration of the system is 2,5 m.s–2.
6.7 Calculate the tension in the rope joining the blocks. (3)
6.8 Calculate the frictional force acting on Block X while it is accelerating. (3)
6.9 State two reasons why the frictional force between Block X and the surface is
smaller than the value stated in Question 6.3. Briefly explain your answer. (4)
[25]
Term 1 93
MARKING GUIDELINES
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. A üü (Related to the definition) [CL1] (2)
m1 m2
2. A üü F=G
r2
Fnew = G m1 m2 2 = G m1 m 2
= 1 `G m12m2 j = 1 F [CL3] (2)
^2rh 4r2 4 r 4
3. B üü Since F is greater than T, the net force acts to the left, therefore the
acceleration is also left. [CL2] (2)
4. C üü Fnet = ma
F - w = ma
ASSESSMENTS
F - mg = ma 13 gk
F = mg + ma 13 gk
F = 4 mg = 4 w [CL4] (2)
3 3
5. B üü Weight of laptop = Downward force of Earth on laptop.
Reaction force = Upward force of laptop on Earth. [CL2] (2)
6. C üü If the reading on scale (the upward force) is less than his weight (the
downward force), the net force on him acts downwards. The direction
of his acceleration is also down. [CL3] (2)
M1
7. B üü Initially a = g
M1 + M 2
2M
When M1 is doubled, a = 2M + M g
'
1 2
LONG QUESTIONS
1.1 When a net force is applied to an object of mass, m, it accelerates in the direction
of the net force. ü The acceleration, a, is directly proportional to the net force and
inversely proportional to the mass. ü [CL1] (2)
Term 1 95
1.2 Tension in Q (T 2)
Tension in P (T1)
Weight w
[CL3] (3)
1.3 Choose up as positive:
4 kg: 15 kg:
Fnet = ma Fnet = ma
T2 - W4kg - T1 = ^4ha { T1 - W 15kg = ^15ha {
280 - 39, 2 - T1 = 4a T1 - 147 = 15a
240, 8 - T1 = 4a T1 = 147 + 15a { (ii)
T1 = 240, 8 - 4a { (i)
Set equation (i) equal to equation (ii)
240, 8 - 4a = 147 + 15a
93, 8 = 19a
` a = 4, 94 m .s -2 {
T1 = 240, 8 - 4a = 240, 8 - 4^4, 94h = 221, 04 N { [CL3] (6)
1.4 P ü Since the 15 kg mass has the greater inertia ü [CL4] (2)
m1 m2
2.2 F = G
r2
^4, 5 # 1020h^800h {
F = ^6, 67 # 10 -11h
^450 # 10 3 {h2
F = 118, 58 N { towards the centre of the planet. ü [CL3] (4)
“Force of attraction” does not specify the direction of the force. The direction of
the force is towards the centre of the planet. Attraction describes the type of force
that acts on the car.
3.1 When a net force is applied to an object of mass, m, it accelerates in the direction
of the net force. ü The acceleration, a, is directly proportional to the net force and
inversely proportional to the mass. ü [CL1] (2)
3.2 fk = nk .N = ^0, 20 {h^4h^9, 8 {h = 7, 84 N { [CL2] (3)
ASSESSMENTS
3.3 Normal N
[CL2] (5)
3.4.1 Fy = F sin 25° = 30 sin 25° = 12, 68 N { downwards
Fdown = Fy + W = 12, 68 + 19, 6 = 32, 28 N { downwards
Therefore: N = 32, 28 N upwards
fk = nk .N = ^0, 20h^32, 28h = 6, 46 N { [CL3] (3)
3.4.2 Fx = F cos 25° = ^30hcos 25° = 27, 19 N { to the right
Choose right as positive:
2 kg: 4 kg:
Fnet = ma Fnet = ma
Fx - T - fk = ^2ha T - fk = ^4ha
27, 19 - T - 6, 46 = 2a { T - 7, 84 = 4a {
20, 73 - T = 2a T = 7, 84 + 4a (ii)
T = 20, 73 - 2a { (i)
Set equation (i) equal to equation (ii)
20, 73 - 2a = 7, 84 + 4a
12, 89 = 6a
a = 2, 14 m$s -2
T = 20, 73 - 2a = 20, 73 - 2^2, 14h = 16, 45 N { [CL3] (5)
4.1 Yes ü. The block remains at rest, ü therefore the net force is zero. ü [CL2] (3)
4.2 T1x = T1 cos 40° = 450 cos 40° {= 344, 72 N { [CL2] (2)
Term 1 97
5.1
Tension T
ü
T is greater than w
ü
Weight w
ü [CL2] (3)
5.2 When a net force is applied to an object of mass, m, it accelerates in the direction
of the net force. ü The acceleration, a, is directly proportional to the net force and
inversely proportional to the mass. ü [CL1] (2)
6.4 f smax = n sN
19, 6 {= ^0, 18 {h^mh(9, 8 {)
m = 11, 11 kg {
mz = 11, 11 - 4 = 7, 11 kg { [CL3] (5)
6.5 When a net force is applied to an object of mass, m, it accelerates in the direction
of the net force. ü The acceleration, a, is directly proportional to the net force and
inversely proportional to the mass. ü [CL1] (2)
6.6
Tension T ü
ASSESSMENTS
6.7 Choose down as positive. Working with the net force on Y:
Fnet = ma
w - T{= ^2h(2, 5){
19, 6 - T = 5
T = 14, 6 N { upwards on the 2 kg block [CL3] (3)
6.8 Fnet = ma
T - f = ^4h(2, 5)
14, 6 - f = 10
f = 4, 6 N { to the left { [CL3] (3)
6.9 The coefficient of kinetic friction is always less than üü the coefficient of static
friction.
The weight of the block has decreased, therefore the normal force has decreased. ü
f is directly proportional to the normal force N. ü [CL4] (4)
7.1 The granite block continues to move at its initial speedü (of 80 km.h−1) when
the truck stops because there is no net force acting on the block. üAccording to
Newton’s First Law, üthe block continues in its state of constant velocity until it
crashes into the cab of the truck (until a net force acts on it). ü [CL 3] (4)
80 # 1000{ = 22,22 m.s−1 ü
7.2 80 km.h−1 = [CL 2] (3)
60 # 60{
7.3 vi2 = 22,22 m.s−1 vf = 0 m.s−1 ∆x = 38,2 m
v = v 2 + 2a∆xü
f i
0 = (22,22)2 + 2a(38,2) ü
a = − 6,46 m.s−2 ü = 6,46 m.s−2 backwardsü [CL 3] (4)
7.4 Fnet = maü
= (10 800 + 160 000) × 6,46ü
= 1 103 368 N (or 1,10 × 106 N)ü [CL 4] (3)
Term 1 99
7.5 The block of granite should be held firmly in place in the trailer (restrained by
straps to prevent it from moving forwards or backwards while the truck is in
motion. ü [CL 3] (1)
8.1 When a body A exerts a force on body B, body B simultaneously exerts a force of
the same magnitude but in the opposite direction on body A. üü (Newton’s 3rd
Law. ONLY 1 MARK IF IT IS JUST STATED AS THE LAW (WITHOUT THE
LAW STATED IN WORDS).
The astronaut exerts force on the power pack, pushing it away from him. üThe
power pack exerts force on the astronaut pushing him in the opposite direction.
ü This push will help him reach the spaceship because there is no air resistance
(or frictional forces) acting on him in Space. ü Once he starts moving towards
the spaceship he will continue to move at constant velocity. ü [CL 4] (6)
8.2 There exists a force of attraction between any two objects in the universe. üThe
force is directly proportional to the product of their masses üand inversely
proportional to the square of the distance between their centres.ü [CL 1] (3)
8.3 g = Gm {
r2 67 # 10 -11) {(6, 4 # 10 22)
(6,
3, 8 = {
r2 [CL 3] (5)
r = 1, 1234 # 10 {= 1, 06 # 10 6 m .s -2 {
12
Therefore for the same launch speed (vi) he jumps higher on Mars. [CL 4] (5)
ASSESSMENTS
2. Which molecule has only six bonding electrons?
A C2H4
B C2F6
C H2 O
D NF3 (2)
3. What set of data would hydrogen sulfide, H2S, be expected to have?
A 1 Trigonal planar
B 2 Pyramidal
C 2 Angular
D 3 Pyramidal
(2)
4. Which ONE of the following best describes the bond formed between an H+ ion
and the NH3 molecule to form an NH +4 ion?
A covalent bond
B dative covalent bond
C ionic bond
D hydrogen bond (2)
Term 1 101
(2)
B
oxygen chlorine angular
C
chlorine oxygen linear
ASSESSMENTS
D
sulfur chlorine linear
(2)
10. Which of the following substances has polar covalent bonds between its atoms,
but its molecule is non-polar?
A H2 O
B H
C HCℓ
D CCℓ4 (2)
LONG QUESTIONS
1.1 Study the following list of substances:
Hg I2 SF6 KI PCℓ3 Ne C H2 O
For each statement below choose a substance that displays those properties. You
can choose a substance once, more than once or not at all.
1.1.1 A substance that conducts electricity when molten but not when solid. (1)
1.1.2 A substance that forms a covalent crystal lattice. (1)
1.1.3 A substance that consists of non-polar molecules containing polar bonds. (1)
1.1.4 Its molecules have two lone pairs on the central atom. (1)
1.1.5 A substance which has delocalised electrons. (1)
1.1.6 Its molecules have a non-ideal shape. (1)
1.1.7 A substance which consists of monatomic molecules. (1)
1.2 Refer to the bond energies supplied below:
A B
C−C C=C
Term 1 103
3. 3.1 CO2(g), SO2 and CO(g) are some of the air pollutants in the South African
atmosphere.
3.1.1 CO has a dative covalent bond. Draw the Lewis structure for a carbon
monoxide molecule and use it to help explain the idea of a dative
covalent bond. (3)
3.1.2 Explain why you would expect the CO molecule to be polar. (2)
3.1.3 What is the nature of the partial charges on (i.e. the polarity of) the C
and O atoms in the CO molecule? Explain your answer. (2)
3.2 Consider the gases CO2 and SO2.
3.2.1 Refer to Lewis Diagrams and the VSEPR theory. Compare the shapes
of a CO2 molecule and a SO2 molecule, both of which contain two
oxygen atoms bonded to one other atom. (4)
3.2.2 Comment on the polarity of both the CO2 and SO2 molecules. In each
ASSESSMENTS
instance, explain your answer with reference to the molecular shape. (4)
[15]
4. Sulfur forms many compounds by reacting with other elements.
4.1 Three of these compounds are sodium sulfide, SOCℓ2, SF2 and two other
fluorides.
4.1.1 Draw Lewis diagrams to show the bonding in:
a) sodium sulfide (3)
b) SF2 (2)
4.1.2 There are two possible ways of drawing the Lewis diagram of SOCℓ2.
Draw the two possible Lewis structures. Explain how you arrived at
each of the structures. (5)
4.1.3 Use the valence shell electron pair repulsion (VSEPR) theory to
deduce the shapes of the following molecules:
a) SF2 (2)
b) BeCℓ2 (2)
4.2 Sulfur is in group 16 and period 3 of the Periodic Table.
4.2.1 Define the terms:
a) Electronegativity (2)
b) Bond polarity (2)
4.2.2 Give reasons for your answers to the next two questions.
Identify the type of bonds that form in
a) SF2 (3)
b) H2S (3)
[24]
Term 1 105
5.1.1 What type of particles are represented by the crosses (X)? (1)
5.1.2 What type of chemical bond holds the atoms in this molecule together? (1)
5.2 The relative amount of energy (in kJ.mol-1) required to break the bond in
each of the hydrogen halide molecules is shown below.
H–F 569
H – Cℓ 432
H – Br 366
H–I 298
One of the important properties of the hydrogen halides is that they dissolve
in water to form acids. For example, hydrogen chloride reacts with water to
form hydrochloric acid.
To form an acid the bond between the hydrogen and the halogen atoms
must be broken and ions are formed. The stronger the acid the more
molecules that split up to form ions.
5.2.1 Which ion must be formed to make a solution acidic? (1)
5.2.2 Which of the hydrogen halides would you expect to react with water
to form the strongest acid? Explain your answer. (3)
[6]
6. A learner studies fluorine and carbon and the bonds that atoms of each can
form with other atoms. Fluorine is a reactive element that can react with water
and with many metals. Carbon is a very special element because it is one of the
elements in the food we eat, the clothes we wear and the fuel in our cars.
6.1 Write down the number of electrons in the valence energy level of an atom of:
6.1.1 fluorine. (1)
6.1.2 carbon. (1)
6.2 Describe what is meant by the term ‘covalent bond’. (2)
6.3 Write down the Lewis structure for:
6.3.1 F2 (2)
6.3.2 HCN (2)
6.4 Write down the name of the type of bond between particles in molecules of:
6.4.1 F2 (1)
6.4.2 HF (1)
6.5 Write down the molecular shape as predicted by the VSEPR model of:
6.5.1 BF3 (2)
6.5.2 CH4 (2)
6.5.3 HF (2)
6.6 The table below shows bond lengths and bond energies for different bonds
between two carbon atoms.
Bond Length (pm) Energy (kJ·mol-1)
A C−C 154 348
B C=C 134 614
6.6.1 Describe the relationship between bond length and bond energy as
ASSESSMENTS
shown in the above table. (2)
6.6.2 Which one of the bonds (A, B or C) will be the weakest? Explain. (3)
[20]
Term 1 107
MARKING GUIDELINES
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. B üü ∆ electronegativity = 3,0 – 1,2 = 1,8 which implies that the bond is
polar covalent. However, Mg is a metal bonding with the non-metal Cℓ,
therefore the bond is ionic. This is the compound which is ionic with
some covalent character. [CL3] (2)
2. D üü Nitrogen has three unpaired electrons which it is able to share with
the three fluorine atoms. There are three bonds around each nitrogen
atoms. Each bond consists of a shared pair of electrons. Therefore, this
compound has 6 bonding electrons (six electrons involved in chemical
bonds). [CL2] (2)
3. C üü There are two bonding pairs because two hydrogen atoms are attached
to the sulfur atoms. The two lone pairs of sulfur repel each other
strongly so the shape of H2S is similar to that of water. It is angular (or
bent). [CL2] (2)
4. B üü The hydrogen ion bonds with the ammonia molecule by attaching to
the lone pair of electrons. This type of covalent bond where one atom
donates both electrons to form the bond is called a dative covalent
bond. [CL3] (2)
5. C üü Nitrogen is non-polar because it consists of three non-polar covalent
bonds. CO2 is non-polar because its molecule is linear, with the effect of
the two polar covalent bonds directed in opposite directions, resulting
in an overall non-polar molecule. [CL2] (2)
6. A üü Pb is a metal with delocalised electrons to carry charge through the
substance. PbBr2 in molten form dissociates into its ions (cations and
anions). These ions are free to carry charge throughout the molten
liquid. [CL2] (2)
7. C üü Hydronium ions are formed when a hydrogen ion (H+ ion) attaches
itself to one of the lone pairs of electrons of a water molecule. This kind
of bond is called a dative covalent bond. [CL3] (2)
8. D üü Carbon has four electrons in the outermost energy level of its atoms.
This Lewis structure is the only one which correctly shows carbon
atoms with four valence electrons. [CL4] (2)
9. B üü The element X has six valence electrons therefore it is either a sulfur or
an oxygen atom. The element Y must belong to the halogens because
it has seven valence shell electrons. The only possible choices are
narrowed to choices B and D. However, there are two lone pairs on
atom X, so the shape of the molecule will be angular. [CL4] (2)
LONG QUESTIONS
1.1.1 KI ü An ionic solid conducts electric current ONLY when molten or dissolve
in water. (1)
1.1.2 Cü Carbon as diamond is a covalent crystal lattice. (1)
1.1.3 SF6ü The six fluorine atoms are arranged symmetrically around the sulfur
atom therefore the overall charge distribution in the molecule is symmetrical – a
non-polar molecule. (1)
1.1.4 H2Oü The oxygen atom has two lone pairs on it in a water molecule. (1)
1.1.5 Hgü Mercury is a metal therefore it has delocalised electrons. (1)
ASSESSMENTS
1.1.6 H2Oü or PCℓ3ü Shapes are angular (bent) and trigonal pyramidal (each of these
shapes has lone pairs around the central atom, therefore it has a non-ideal shape). (1)
1.1.7 Neü Neon is a noble (inert) gas. Its molecules consist of one atom only
(therefore monatomic). (1)
Because of the choices that learners must make from the list of substances, the
overall cognitive level of this question is Level 3. It requires learners to have a
good understanding and knowledge of molecular geometry and bonding. [CL3]
1.2.1 The bond energy is the amount of energy required to break all the chemical
bonds in one mole of the substance.ü [CL1] (1)
1.2.2 Bü [CL2] (1)
The greater the bond energy the shorter the bond length.
1.2.3 The first bond that forms in a double bond has the same bond energy as a single
bond. It is a non-polar covalent bond between the two carbon atoms. ü The
second bond that forms has slightly less bond energy as it is a less stable bond.ü
OR It breaks more easily than the first single bond. (This is a result of the
orientation of the electron orbitals when the bond is formed.) [CL4] (2)
[11]
2.1.1 a) b) [CL2] (4)
Term 1 109
2.1.4 The methane molecule has a tetrahedral shape.ü Its polar covalent bonds are
arranged symmetrically within the moleculeü therefore the overall electron
distribution within the molecule is symmetrical ü– and the molecule is non-polar.
ü Lewis diagram with dipoles shown
[CL3] (4)
2.1.5 a) NH3 ü
b) CH4 ü
c) CO2 or CO or NO ü [CL3] (3)
2.2.1 The bond length is the average distance between the nuclei of two bonded atoms.üü
[CL1] (2)
2.2.2 a) 120 pmü [CL3] (1)
b) 800üü kJ.mol -1
[CL2] (2)
c) Bond energy: the amount of energy per mole of the substance required to
break the double bond between the carbon and oxygen atoms.ü [CL2] (1)
2.2.3 LONGER THAN ü The sulfur atom is larger than the carbon atomü therefore
the bond length will be longer (the attraction between the two atoms will be
less). [CL4] (2)
2.2.4 At point D there is very little (or no) force übetween the two atoms because the
atoms are fairly far apart from one another. ü [CL3] (2)
[25]
3.1.1
üü
Dative covalent bond occurs when one atom contributes both electrons (from a
lone pair of electrons) to the bond. ü In this case oxygen donates the electrons
to the dative covalent bond.ü [CL4] (4)
3.1.2 ∆ electronegativity = 3,5 – 2,5 = 1,0ü
Polar covalent bond
The molecule is linear therefore it is a dipole (polar molecule). ü [CL2] (2)
3.1.3 Oxygen is more electronegative than carbon therefore the shared pairs of
electrons will be more strongly attracted to oxygen ü making it slight negative
(δ-). Carbon will be δ+. ü [CL3] (2)
3.2.1 The CO2 molecule is linear.ü It’s shape is ideal since there are no lone pairs in
the molecule.ü
The SO2 molecule is angular (bent) üsince there are two lone pairs on the
central atom (S).ü [CL4] (4)
3.2.2 The CO2 molecule is non-polarü because although the bonds are polar covalent,
they are arranged symmetrically in the molecule, so the overall electron
distribution is also symmetrical.ü The SO2 molecule has a bent structure since
the lone pairs repel each other strongly. Oxygen is more electronegative than
sulfur,ü therefore the oxygen atoms will be slightly negative (δ-) and the sulfur
atom will be slightly positive (δ+)ü (a polar molecule). [CL3] (4)
4.1.1 a)
ü Correct sodium ion
ü Two sodium ions
ü Correct sulfide ion [CL3] (3)
b)
ü Correct number of electrons sulfur atom
ü Correct fluoride ions
[CL3] (2)
ASSESSMENTS
4.1.2 a) b)
üü One mark
for each
Sulfur is the central atom with its six valence electrons.ü Oxygen also has
six valence electrons and chlorine has seven valence electrons.ü In the first
molecule sulfur and oxygen form a double bond between them; in the second
molecule there is a dative covalent bond between sulfur and oxygen.ü [CL4] (5)
4.1.3 a) SF2 Angular ü Two lone pairs on sulfur atom repel each other
ü causing the shape to be bent (angular). [CL3] (2)
b) BeCℓ2 Linear ü An ideal shape as there are no lone pairs on Be.ü
[CL2] (2)
4.2.1 a) Electronegativity: a measure of the tendency of an atom in a molecule to
attract the bonding electrons.üü [CL1] (2)
b) Bond polarity: A non-polar covalent bond is one in which the electron
density is shared equally between the bonding atoms, ü and a polar covalent
bond is one in which the electron density is shared unequally between the
bonding atoms.ü [CL1] (2)
4.2.2 a) SF2 Polar covalent bondsü
∆ electronegativity ü (method) = 4,0 – 2,5 = 1,5ü [CL2] (3)
b) H2S Polar covalent bondsü
∆ electronegativity = 2,5 – 2,1 = 0,4ü [CL2] (2)
[21]
Term 1 111
the energy required to break a single covalent bond between the carbon atoms.ü
[CL4] (3)
[20]
ASSESSMENTS
2. The gecko is a small lizard that can climb up a smooth glass window. The gecko
has millions of microscopic hairs on its toes and each hair has thousands of pads
on its tip. The result is that the molecules in the pads are extremely close to the
glass surface on which the gecko is climbing.
What is the attraction between the gecko’s toe pads and the glass surface?
A dative covalent bonds
B covalent bonds
C ionic bonds
D van der Waals forces (2)
Questions 3. and 4. refer to the graph below.
Term 1 113
4. The tendency for boiling point to increase from H2S to H2Te is due to…
A stronger London intermolecular forces.
B stronger polar covalent bonds.
C increasing molecular polarity.
D stronger dipole-dipole intermolecular forces.
6. The fact that noble gases liquefy can be given as evidence for the existence of …
A covalent bonds.
B dipole-dipole forces.
C hydrogen bonds.
D London forces. (2)
8. The graph shown below gives the boiling points of the hydrides of group 14, 15,
16 and 17 elements.
ASSESSMENTS
Water, hydrogen fluoride and ammonia have higher boiling points than expected,
which suggests that these substances have stronger intermolecular forces between
their molecules.
Which of the following does not contribute to the unexpectedly high boiling
points of these three substances?
Nitrogen, oxygen and fluorine ……
A have small atoms.
B are non-metals.
C have high electronegativities.
D are bonded to hydrogen atoms. (2)
Term 1 115
LONG QUESTIONS
1. Water exists as a liquid at room temperature, but methane exists as a gas at this
temperature. The molar mass of water is 18 g.mol-1 and that of methane is
16 g.mol-1. Explain, by discussing their intra- and intermolecular forces, why
these two substances of similar molar mass exist in different phases at room
temperature. [6]
2. H2O and CCℓ4 are both liquids that also act as solvents for other substances. CCℓ4
has been used in the dry-cleaning business, but because it is toxic, it is no longer
used for this commercially.
The table below gives information about these two substances.
Substance Viscosity (kg.m-1.s) Surface tension (J.m-2)
2.1 Determine the types of bonds in each of these substances. Justify your answer. (3)
2.2 Draw Lewis dot diagrams for:
a) H2O
b) CCℓ4 (4)
2.3 Identify the specific type of intermolecular forces in each compound. (2)
2.4 Explain the differences in viscosity and the surface tension of these two
substances as shown in the data in the table above. (5)
2.5 KCℓ and I2 are both solids at room temperature. Which of these substances
will dissolve most readily in CCℓ4? Explain briefly. (3)
[17]
3.1 Consider the following information for the compounds CF4 and NH3 at
standard pressure.
3.1.1 What evidence is there in the table that suggests that NH3 molecules
experience stronger intermolecular forces than CF4? (1)
3.1.2 Explain fully why CF4 is insoluble in water but NH3 is soluble. (5)
3.1.3 Ammonia dissolves in water to form the ammonium anion.
(a) Write down the ionic equation for the reaction. (1)
ASSESSMENTS
(b) Explain the formation of a dative covalent bond in ammonia. (2)
3.2 The graph below shows the relationship between the boiling points of
the hydrides of group VI elements, namely H2W, H2X, H2Y and H2Z, and
molecular mass.
Term 1 117
Methanol CH3OH 65
Ethanol C2H5OH 79
Propanol C3H7OH 97
Butanol C4H9OH 117
5.1 Draw a graph of the boiling points (on the y-axis) against the number of
carbon atoms in the molecule (on the x-axis). Start with the temperatures
from 60°C. Draw the line of best fit for the data. (5)
5.2 Describe the trend in the boiling points of the alcohols. (2)
5.3 Name the strongest intermolecular forces in these substances. (1)
5.4 Explain the trend that this data shows about boiling points of alcohols, with
reference to the intermolecular forces. (2)
5.5 Methanol (CH3OH) has a boiling point of 65°C whereas ethane (C2H6) boils
at – 164°C. Explain why these two substances have such wide differences in
their boiling points even though they have the same molecular mass. (4)
[14]
6. The boiling points of four compounds of hydrogen at standard pressure are given
in the table below.
CH4 -164
NH3 −33
H2O 100
SiH4 −112
6.2 Fully explain the difference in boiling points between CH4 and
6.2.1 NH3. (3)
6.2.2 SiH4. (3)
6.3 Explain why the boiling points of NH3 and H2O differ by referring to
electronegativity, the molecular shapes and the intermolecular forces in
these substances. (4)
6.4 Select a substance from the table above which has
6.4.1 polar molecules. (1)
6.4.2 non-polar molecules. (1)
[14]
7. The properties of water play an important role for survival on Earth.
7.1 Explain why the density of water decreases when it freezes. (3)
7.2 Give ONE reason why this decrease in the density of water is important for
ASSESSMENTS
life on Earth. (2)
7.3 Briefly explain, by referring to the unique property of water involved, how
water regulates temperatures on Earth. (2)
7.4 Which ONE of intermolecular forces or intramolecular forces is stronger?
Explain your answer using water as an example. (3)
7.5 Water evaporates slower than eucalyptus oil. Explain this statement in terms
of intermolecular forces. (3)
[13]
Term 1 119
MARKING GUIDELINES
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. B üü It is the small atom with high electronegativity that is bonded to a
hydrogen atom that allows hydrogen bonds to form between molecules
of a substance. [CL2] (2)
2. D üü It is the force between the molecules of glass and the molecules in the
pads of gecko’s toes that allows it climb the smooth glass surface. The
other choices here concern intramolecular forces (chemical bonds). The
gecko does not bond permanently with the glass! [CL3] (2)
4. D üü The molecules of H2S, H2Se and H2Te are polar, therefore the
intermolecular forces between them are dipole-dipole forces. The forces
become stronger as the size of the molecules increases. [CL2] (2)
5. D üü CH3F does not have hydrogen bonding because the fluorine atom
is attached to the carbon atom (not to a hydrogen atom). HCℓ has
dipole-dipole forces (not hydrogen bonds). CH3OH has dipole-dipole
forces, but its strongest intermolecular forces are hydrogen bonds. The
only correct answer is therefore CCℓ4 which does have London forces
between its molecules. [CL3] (2)
6. D üü The noble gases are non-polar substances. The fact that they liquefy
gives evidence that forces exist between their molecules in the liquid
phase. These forces are London forces. [CL2] (2)
9. D üü Hydrogen chloride has one polar covalent bond between its atoms. It
has dipole-dipole intermolecular forces between its molecules. [CL 3] (2)
LONG QUESTIONS
1. Both methane and water have polar covalent bonds between their atoms.ü
∆ electronegativity C-H = 2,5 – 2,1 = 0,4
∆ electronegativity H-0 = 3,5 – 2,1 = 1,4
(for calculating ∆ electronegativity correctly) ü
The bond between oxygen and hydrogen is more polar than that between carbon
and hydrogen.
Water has an angular structure, whereas methane is tetrahedral. The electron
ASSESSMENTS
distribution in the water molecule is asymmetrical, but it is symmetrical in the
methane molecule.ü
Water molecules are polar; methane molecules are non-polar.ü
The intermolecular forces between water molecules are hydrogen bond (dipole-
dipole) forces which are much strongerü than the London forces (induced
dipole-induced dipole forces) that exist between methane molecules,ü therefore
water is a liquid and methane is a gas at room temperature. [CL 4] [6]
2.1 Water: polar covalent bondü
CCℓ4: polar covalent bondü
The differences in electronegativity in each of these bonds is greater than 0. [CL 2] (3)
2.2
Term 1 121
3.1.1 The melting and boiling points of NH3 are much higher than those of CF4
therefore it takes more energy to overcome the intermolecular forces in NH3.
[CL2] (2)
3.1.2 CF4 molecules are non-polar molecules; they have London forces between them.
ü Water molecules are polar molecules with stronger hydrogen bonds between
them. ü If CF4 is added to water, the water molecules are so strongly attracted to
each other that they will not move apart to allow CF4 molecules to mix in with
them. ü Therefore CF4 is insoluble in water.
NH3 molecules are polar molecules with hydrogen bonding force between them.
üBecause these forces are of comparable strength to the forces between water
molecules, ammonia molecules will mix with water molecules ü– ammonia will
dissolve in water. [CL3] (5)
3.1.3 a) NH3(g) + H2O(ℓ) → NH4 (aq) + OH (aq) ü
+ −
[CL3] (1)
b) The lone pair of electrons on the NH3 molecule is donated to form the bond
ü with the H+ ion that is removed from the water molecule. ü [CL3] (2)
3.2.1 The boiling point of H2W is much higher that expected. üü [CL2] (2)
3.2.2 Water (or H2O) üü [CL2] (2)
3.2.3 Water molecules have much stronger intermolecular forces between their
molecules than the other hydrides of group VI elements do. ü This occurs
because hydrogen is bonded to oxygen which is a very small atom ü with high
electronegativity ü. Hydrogen bonds exist between water molecules; dipole-
dipole forces exist between the molecules of the other substances. ü [CL3] (4)
[17]
5.1
Graph of Boiling Point against Number of Atoms
of Carbon in the Alcohol Molecule
120
100
90
80
70
60
0 1 2 3 4 5
Number of atoms of carbon in the alcohol molecule
ASSESSMENTS
ü Appropriate title for the graph
ü Axes labelled correctly with SI unit (y-axis)
ü Appropriate scales on axes
ü Points plotted correctly
ü Line of best fit (straight line) [CL2] (5)
5.2 The boiling point increases at a steady rate üas the number of carbon atoms in
the alcohol molecule increases.ü [CL3] (2)
5.3 Hydrogen bonds ü [CL2] (1)
5.4 As the number of carbon atoms in the molecules increases, the size of the
molecules also increases.ü The intermolecular forces between the molecules
become stronger because there are more points of contact available on the bigger
molecules.ü [CL3] (2)
5.5 Methanol has hydrogen bonding between its molecules whereas ethane which
is a non-polar substance ü has weaker London forces between its molecules.ü
Hydrogen bonding forces are the strongest type of intermolecular force; ü
London forces are the weakest forces between moleculesü therefore there is a
wide difference between their boiling points. [CL3] (4)
6.1 The boiling point is the temperature at which the vapour pressure of a liquid is
equal to the atmospheric pressure.üü [CL1] (2)
6.2 NH3 is a polar molecule which has strong hydrogen bonds between its
molecules.ü CH4 is a non-polar molecule with weaker London forces between
its molecules.ü It takes much more energy to overcome the forces between the
molecules of NH3 ü therefore its boiling point is much higher than that of CH4.
[CL3] (3)
Term 1 123
6.3 NH3 and H2O both have polar molecules with hydrogen bonds between them.
ü The electronegativity difference between N and H is 3,0 – 2,1 = 0,9 whereas
the electronegativity difference between H and O is 3,5 – 2,1 = 1,4.ü The
covalent bonds inside the water molecule are more polar than those in the NH3
molecule.ü Water molecules have an angular shape, whereas NH3 molecules
are trigonal pyramidal.ü This allows each water molecule to form two hydrogen
bonds with two other water molecules making the intermolecular forces in water
much stronger than those in NH3. ü [CL4] (4)
6.4.1 NH3 or H2O ü [CL2] (1)
6.4.2 CH4 or SiH4 ü [CL2] (1)
[14]
7.1 Hydrogen bonds between water molecules act in particular directions.ü When
ice crystallises, this directional property of hydrogen causes the molecules to
align next to each in a more open structure than they do when water is liquid.ü
Water’s volume increases as the molecules move into their positions in the
crystal, therefore its density decreases.ü [CL3] (3)
7.2 Water freezes from the top down so, ice forms on the surface of water first while
the bottom of the lake, dam, river or ocean remains liquid. üThe sheet of ice
over the top of a frozen lake insulates the water below it from the colder air in
the atmosphere. In this way plants and animals that live in water are able to do so
under the sheet of ice.ü [CL2] (2)
7.3 Water has a very high specific heat capacity. (It takes a large amount of energy to
be absorbed per kg of water to raise the temperature of water by 1°C).ü Water
also releases a large amount of energy per kg when its temperature drops by 1°C.
In this way water acts as a heat reservoir – and regulates the temperatures on
Earth.ü [CL3] (2)
7.4 Intramolecular forces are stronger than intermolecular forces. ü In water the
polar covalent bond between hydrogen atoms and oxygen atoms requires more
energy to breakü, that the energy required to overcome the hydrogen bonding
forces that keep the molecules together in liquids and solids.ü [CL3] (3)
7.5 Eucalyptus oil molecules are non-polar molecules with weaker London forces
between them.ü Water molecules have stronger hydrogen bonds between their
molecules.ü It takes more energy to release a water molecule from the surface
than it does to release molecules of eucalyptus oil.ü [CL3] (3)